ETHNOGRAPHY OF SPEAKING

Communicative Competence: the ability to know how to use language in order to do certain things that people do with that language.

Communicative competence is the key component of social competence.

Ethnography of speaking: a description of all the factors that are relevant in understanding how that particular communicative event achieve its objective. 

Dell Hymes (1974) made a formula to identify the factors.

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-GS Setting and Scene

: Setting refers to time and place (physical circumstances) e.g.: living room: Scene refers to psychological setting (situation)

or cultural definition of the occasion.e.g.: seriousness, happiness

P Participants: Speaker and audiencee.g.: speaker-hearer, addressor-addressee, sender-receiver.

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G

E Ends: Purpose or goals of the utterances or communication event.

A Act Sequence: Form and order of the event.Different forms will have a different kinds of language and different things to talk about.

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-GK Key

: tone, manner in which a particular message is conveyed.Example: serious, sarcastic, mocking → know by the gesture, posture, etc

I Instrumentalities: the choice of channel.Channel: oral, written, telegraphic, and actual forms of speech employed → language, dialect, code, register, that is chosen.

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G

N Norms of interaction and interpretation: Social rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reactions.Example: loudness, silence

 G Genre

: type or kind of utterancese.g.: poems, proverbs, riddles, prayers, lectures

S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G

SPEAKING formula is a very necessary reminder that talk is a complex activity.

To make the talk to be successful, the speaker must reveal the sensitivity and awareness of each of the 8 factors.

Explain how consideration of when and how are deeply involved in doing (choose one) asking for a date or giving bad news.