Post on 26-Nov-2014
SMART NANOTEXTILES FOR BABY CLOTHING
Abstract
The development of smart nanotextiles has the potential to revolutionize the functionality of our clothing
and the fabrics in our surroundings Nanoscale manipulation results in new functionalities for intelligent
textiles including self-cleaning sensing actuating and communicating This is made possible by such
developments as new materials fibers and finishings inherently conducting polymers carbon nanotubes
and antimicrobial nanocoatings These additional functionalities have numerous applications
encompassing healthcare sports military applications and fashion The wearer and the surrounding
environment may be monitored in an innocuous manner giving continuous updates of individual health
status or environmental hazards More generally smart textiles become a critical part of the emerging
area of body sensor networks incorporating sensing actuation control and wireless data transmission
The last decade has witnessed a rapid increase of interest in new sensing and monitoring devices
including wearable wireless devices and sensor networks for several personal applications such as
healthcare well being amp lifestyle protection and safety Smart Wearable Systems (SWS) are sensor-
based integrated systems on body-worn platforms offering pervasive personalized solutions for
continuous non-invasive monitoring of body and external parameters including feedback to the user
Several wearable solutions based on perimetric fixing using the body segments and the circular body part
(eg head arm wrist and leg) are available today either in RampD prototype (the majority) or commercial
products Furthermore new developments emerging from the miniaturization of electronics and materials
processing have being leading to the integration of multiple smart functions into textiles without being a
burden The paper presents and discusses the main issues involved in the development of the area ie user
requirements technologies research and development of integrated systems as well as future challenges
to be met in order to reach a market with reliable and high value-added products
INTRODUCTION
The Textile industry occupies an important place in the Economy of the country because of its
contribution to the industrial output employment generation and foreign exchange earnings The textile
industry encompasses a range of industrial units which use a wide variety of natural and synthetic fibres
to produce fabrics The textile industry can be broadly classified into two categories the organized mill
sector and the unorganized mill sector Considering the significance and contribution of textile sector in
national economy initiative and efforts are being made to take urgent and adequate steps to attract
investment and encourage wide spread development and growth in this sector
Natural fibres can be defined as bio-based fibres or fibres from vegetable and animal origin Based
on their origin natural fibres can also be classified as cellulosic (from plants) and protein (from animals)
Excluded here are mineral fibres such as asbestos that occur naturally but are not bio -based Other
natural fibres as defined for this policy are of plant origin cellulosic and renewable These other
natural fibres are produced in considerably smaller volumes compared to cotton the largest natural
fibre (average 25 million tones per year) and are als o much lower than production of wool and jute
(2-3 million tones) Globally the natural fibres industry provides employment to millions of
people largely small scale marginal) farmers and proces sors Natural fibres are more environment
friendly than synthetic fibres both in terms of production and their disposal Natural fibres are
completely bio-degradable Natural fibre can thus play a key role in the emerging ldquogreenrdquo economy
Technology is becoming increasingly prominent in our daily lives in many ways alleviating and
in other ways fueling the demands of modern living Huge opportunities exist in the textile market to
extend the functionality and performance of textiles to meet these demands Intelligent textiles represent
the next generation of fibres fabrics and articles produced from them They can be described as textile
materials that think for themselves for example through the incorporation of electronic devices or smart
materials Many intelligent textiles already feature in advanced types of clothing principally for
protection and safety and for added fashion or convenience
The fashion industry is facing new challenges ldquointelligent textilesrdquo ldquosmart clothesrdquoldquoi-wearrdquo and
ldquofashion engineeringrdquo are only a few of the keywords which will revolutionize new and old industry
within the next 5 to 10 years The integration of high-technology into textiles eg modern
communication or monitoring systems or the development of new materials with new functions has just
started with timidity but the branch already propagates an enormous boom for this sector Especially
applications for the health sector eg clothes with extern monitoring systems are already today
anticipating a great demand Developments in telecommunication information technology and
computers are the main technical tools for Telemedicine (Telecare Telehealth e-health) now being
introduced in health care Telemedicine - medicine at a distance - provides among the many possibilities
offered the tools for doctors to more easily consult each other For individuals eg with chronic diseases
ldquoTelemedicinerdquo means the possibility to stay in contact with their health care provider for medical advice
or even to be alerted if something begins to go wrong with their health This opens up new possibilities
for personalized health and health care In line with this ongoing cutting edge research in fields such as
textiles medical sensors and mobile communication could pave the way to a better life for a large number
of patients The results of the researches will indeed make a positive impact on the quality of life for
individuals in the real world
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
i) To extract the fibre from Aloe vera Plant
ii) To make fabric and evaluate the properties
iii) To construct baby clothing
iv) To incorporate smartness into the clothing
v) To evaluate the smart textiles
METHODOLOGY
1 ALOE VERA
Aloe vera also known as the true or medicinal aloe is a species of succulent plant in the genus
Aloe that is believed to have originated in the Sudan Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-
stemmed succulent plant growing to 60ndash100 cm (24ndash39 in) tallspreading by offsets The leaves
are thick and fleshy green to grey-green with some varieties showing white flecks on the upper
and lower stem surfaces The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth The
flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall each flower pendulous with
a yellow tubular corolla 2ndash3 cm (08ndash12 in) long Like other Aloe species Aloe vera forms
arbuscular mycorrhiza a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in
soil
Aloe vera grows in arid climates and is widely distributed in Africa India and other arid
areas The species is frequently cited as being used in herbal medicine Many scientific studies
of the use of aloe vera have been undertaken some of them conflicting Despite these limitations
there is some preliminary evidence that Aloe vera extracts may be useful in the treatment of
wound and burn healing minor skin infections Sebaceous cyst diabetes and elevated blood
lipids in humans
Aloe Vera contains 160 important biologic compounds to protect and regenerates the
skin and it gives a very soft sensation Aloe Vera a plant having good medicinal values which
also has been extensively used in cosmetics and medicines is now being experimented by the
weavers in Tamil Nadu to manufacture textile and apparel products
Hence with this fact the investigator selected Aloe Vera fibre for the study
2 SMART AND INTELLIGENT TEXTILE
There is a substantive difference between the terms Smart and Intelligent Smart materials or textiles can
be defined as the materials and structures which have sense or can sense the environmental conditions or
stimuli whereas intelligent textiles can be defined as textile structures which not only can sense but can
also react and respond to environmental conditions or stimuli These stimuli as well as response could be
thermal chemical mechanical electric magnetic or from other source
21 Definition and Classification of Smart Textiles
Smart textiles are defined as textiles that interact with their surroundings Smart textiles are also
defined as textiles that can sense and react to environmental conditions or stimuli from mechanical
thermal chemical electrical or magnetic sources
211 Components in smart textiles
Three components may be present in smart textiles (materials)
Sensors
Actuators
Controlling units
The sensors provide a nerve system to detect signals Some of the materials act only as sensors and some
as both sensors and actuators Actuators act upon the signals and work in coordination with the
controlling unit to produce an appropriate output
212 Types of smart textiles
According to functional activity smart textiles can be classified in three categories
a Passive Smart Textiles The first generations of smart textiles which can only sense the
environmental conditions or stimulus are called Passive Smart Textiles
b Active Smart Textiles The second generation has both actuators and sensors The actuators act
upon the detected signal either directly or from a central control unit Active Smart textiles are
shape memory chameleonic water-resistant and vapour permeable (hydrophilicnon porous)
heat storage thermo regulated vapour absorbing heat evolving fabric and electrically heated
suits
c Ultra Smart Textiles Very smart textiles are the third generation of smart textiles which can
sense react and adopt themselves to environmental conditions or stimuli A very smart or
intelligent textile essentially consists of a unit which works like the brain with cognition
reasoning and activating capacities The production of very smart textiles is now a reality after a
successful marriage of traditional textiles and clothing technology with other branches of science
like material science structural mechanics sensor and actuator technology advance processing
technology communication artificial intelligence biology etc
New fibre and textile materials and miniaturized electronic components make the preparation of smart
textiles possible in order to create truly usable smart clothes These intelligent clothes are worn like
ordinary clothing providing help in various situations according to the designed applications
213 General methods of incorporating smartness into textiles
Textile to behave smartly it must have a sensor an actuator (for active smart textiles) and a controlling
unit (for very smart textiles) These components may be fiber optics phase change materials shape
memory materials thermo chromic dyes miniaturized electronic items etc These components form an
integrated part of the textile structure and can be incorporated into the substrate at any of the following
levels
Fiber spinning level
Yarnfabric formation level
Finishing level
The active (smart) material can be incorporated into the spinning dope or polymer chips prior to spinning
eg lyocell fiber can be modified by admixtures of electrically conductive components during production
to make an electrically conductive cellulosic fiber Sensors and activators can also be embedded into the
textile structure during fabric formation eg during weaving Many active finishes have been developed
which are imparted to the fabric during finishing The electronic control units can be synchronized with
each other during finishing Techniques such as micro encapsulation are generally preferred for
incorporation of ldquosmartness imparting materialrdquo in the textile substrate However the correct material and
the correct method must be selected based on a variety of considerations
Micro-encapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a
coating to give small capsules many useful properties In a relatively simplistic form a
microcapsule is a small sphere with a uniform wall around it The material inside the
microcapsule is referred to as the core internal phase or fill whereas the wall is sometimes
called a shell coating or membrane Most microcapsules have diameters between a few
micrometers and a few millimeters
The definition has been expanded and includes most foods Every class of food ingredient has
been encapsulated flavors are the most common The technique of microencapsulation depends
on the physical and chemical properties of the material to be encapsulated
Without citations this article may be argumentative It is cautioned that the information below
may not be correct as the current definitions and processes in this article can allow most
powders mixed with other liquids to be considered microencapsulated if the liquid serves to
protect it in any way The data below needs citations to be considered factual These citations do
not currently exist
Many microcapsules however bear little resemblance to these simple spheres The core may be a
crystal a jagged adsorbent particle an emulsion a suspension of solids or a suspension of
smaller microcapsules The microcapsule even may have multiple walls
22 Smart materials
A smart polymer or material can be described as a material that will change its characteristics according
to outside conditions or stimuli The following table shows the fundamental characteristics of any
difference in traditional high performance and smart materials
Category Fundamental material
characteristics
Fundamental system behaviors
Natural materials (stone wood)
fabricated materials (steel
aluminum concrete
Materials have given
properties and are acted upon
Materials have no or limited
intrinsic active response capability
but can have good performance
properties
High performance materials
polymers composites
Material properties are
designed for specific purposes
Very good performance properties
Smart materials Property-
changing and energy exchanging
materials
Properties are designed to
respond intelligently to
varying external conditions or
stimuli
Smart materials have active
responses to external stimuli and
can serve as sensors and actuators
The input can be temperature pH or magnetic or electric field The output can be change in length
viscosity color or conductivity
Input (stimulus) rarr Active material rarr Output (response)
E-textiles also known as electronic textiles are fabrics that enable computing digital
components and electronics to be embedded in them Part of the development of wearable
technology they are known as intelligent clothing or smart clothing because they allow for the
incorporation of built-in technological elements in everyday textiles and clothes Electronic
textiles do not strictly encompass wearable computing because emphasis is placed on the
seamless integration between the fabric and the electronic elements such as cables
microcontrollers sensors and actuators
RECENT UPDATE
Mamagoose Baby Pyjamas
Smart clothes technologies could help to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) commonly
known lsquocot deathrsquo The Belgian company Verhaerth Design and Development and the University of
Brussels (VUB) have developed a new type of pyjamas which is shown on Figure 7 that monitor babies
during the sleep The new pyjamas are very aptly called ldquoMamagooserdquo and they draw on technology
used in two specific applications The analogue biomechanics recorder experiment and the respiratory
inductive plethysmograhph suit The Mamagoose pyjamas have five special sensors positioned over the
chest and stomach three to monitor the infantrsquos heart beat and two to monitor respiration This double
sensor system guarantees a high level of
measuring precision The special sensors are actually built into the cloth and have no direct contact with
the body thus creating no discomfort for the baby The pyjamas are made of two parts the first which
comes into direct contact with the baby can be machine-washed and the second which contains the
sensor system can be washed by hand The pyjamas come in three sizes are made of non-allergic
material and have been especially designed to keep the sensors in place during in use The control unit
with alarm system is connected to the pyjamas and continuously monitors and processes the signals
received from five sensors It is programmed with an alarm algorithm which scans the respiration
pattern to detect unexpected and possibly dangerous situations Mamagoose prototypes have been
tested on many babies in different hospitals environments and conditions These include babies of
various weights and sizes when they are different lsquomoodsrsquo such as calm nervous or upset and when
they are sleeping in different positions To date the results have been extremely promising
CONCLUSION
1048715 Smart textiles are making their way to the market
1048715 Standardization helps in gaining market acceptance for a new product and increases
confidence in product quality (Euratex survey)
1048715 There will soon be a need for standards (definitions test methods product specifications) for
smart textile products
1048715 Knowledge is among manufacturers researchers users etc a joint effort is necessary
1048715 Help us to inventorize the situation and the needs
REFERENCSE
httpelmduedutwdatacos09610221038ASmart20Nanotextiles-20A20Review20of
20Materials20and20Applicationspdf
httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentrt0634g103m0615t
httpwwwsciencedailycomreleases200810081018191929htm
httpwwwualbertaca~jag3smart_textilesPage_3html
httpenwikipediaorgwikiE-textiles
httptectexntuwordpresscom20100211introduction
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTextile
httpsmartgarmentsblogspotcom200712intelligent-textiles-in-medicalhtml
httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article121172wearable-electronic-clothes1asp
httpenwikipediaorgwikiUS_standard_clothing_size
INTRODUCTION
The Textile industry occupies an important place in the Economy of the country because of its
contribution to the industrial output employment generation and foreign exchange earnings The textile
industry encompasses a range of industrial units which use a wide variety of natural and synthetic fibres
to produce fabrics The textile industry can be broadly classified into two categories the organized mill
sector and the unorganized mill sector Considering the significance and contribution of textile sector in
national economy initiative and efforts are being made to take urgent and adequate steps to attract
investment and encourage wide spread development and growth in this sector
Natural fibres can be defined as bio-based fibres or fibres from vegetable and animal origin Based
on their origin natural fibres can also be classified as cellulosic (from plants) and protein (from animals)
Excluded here are mineral fibres such as asbestos that occur naturally but are not bio -based Other
natural fibres as defined for this policy are of plant origin cellulosic and renewable These other
natural fibres are produced in considerably smaller volumes compared to cotton the largest natural
fibre (average 25 million tones per year) and are als o much lower than production of wool and jute
(2-3 million tones) Globally the natural fibres industry provides employment to millions of
people largely small scale marginal) farmers and proces sors Natural fibres are more environment
friendly than synthetic fibres both in terms of production and their disposal Natural fibres are
completely bio-degradable Natural fibre can thus play a key role in the emerging ldquogreenrdquo economy
Technology is becoming increasingly prominent in our daily lives in many ways alleviating and
in other ways fueling the demands of modern living Huge opportunities exist in the textile market to
extend the functionality and performance of textiles to meet these demands Intelligent textiles represent
the next generation of fibres fabrics and articles produced from them They can be described as textile
materials that think for themselves for example through the incorporation of electronic devices or smart
materials Many intelligent textiles already feature in advanced types of clothing principally for
protection and safety and for added fashion or convenience
The fashion industry is facing new challenges ldquointelligent textilesrdquo ldquosmart clothesrdquoldquoi-wearrdquo and
ldquofashion engineeringrdquo are only a few of the keywords which will revolutionize new and old industry
within the next 5 to 10 years The integration of high-technology into textiles eg modern
communication or monitoring systems or the development of new materials with new functions has just
started with timidity but the branch already propagates an enormous boom for this sector Especially
applications for the health sector eg clothes with extern monitoring systems are already today
anticipating a great demand Developments in telecommunication information technology and
computers are the main technical tools for Telemedicine (Telecare Telehealth e-health) now being
introduced in health care Telemedicine - medicine at a distance - provides among the many possibilities
offered the tools for doctors to more easily consult each other For individuals eg with chronic diseases
ldquoTelemedicinerdquo means the possibility to stay in contact with their health care provider for medical advice
or even to be alerted if something begins to go wrong with their health This opens up new possibilities
for personalized health and health care In line with this ongoing cutting edge research in fields such as
textiles medical sensors and mobile communication could pave the way to a better life for a large number
of patients The results of the researches will indeed make a positive impact on the quality of life for
individuals in the real world
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
i) To extract the fibre from Aloe vera Plant
ii) To make fabric and evaluate the properties
iii) To construct baby clothing
iv) To incorporate smartness into the clothing
v) To evaluate the smart textiles
METHODOLOGY
1 ALOE VERA
Aloe vera also known as the true or medicinal aloe is a species of succulent plant in the genus
Aloe that is believed to have originated in the Sudan Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-
stemmed succulent plant growing to 60ndash100 cm (24ndash39 in) tallspreading by offsets The leaves
are thick and fleshy green to grey-green with some varieties showing white flecks on the upper
and lower stem surfaces The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth The
flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall each flower pendulous with
a yellow tubular corolla 2ndash3 cm (08ndash12 in) long Like other Aloe species Aloe vera forms
arbuscular mycorrhiza a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in
soil
Aloe vera grows in arid climates and is widely distributed in Africa India and other arid
areas The species is frequently cited as being used in herbal medicine Many scientific studies
of the use of aloe vera have been undertaken some of them conflicting Despite these limitations
there is some preliminary evidence that Aloe vera extracts may be useful in the treatment of
wound and burn healing minor skin infections Sebaceous cyst diabetes and elevated blood
lipids in humans
Aloe Vera contains 160 important biologic compounds to protect and regenerates the
skin and it gives a very soft sensation Aloe Vera a plant having good medicinal values which
also has been extensively used in cosmetics and medicines is now being experimented by the
weavers in Tamil Nadu to manufacture textile and apparel products
Hence with this fact the investigator selected Aloe Vera fibre for the study
2 SMART AND INTELLIGENT TEXTILE
There is a substantive difference between the terms Smart and Intelligent Smart materials or textiles can
be defined as the materials and structures which have sense or can sense the environmental conditions or
stimuli whereas intelligent textiles can be defined as textile structures which not only can sense but can
also react and respond to environmental conditions or stimuli These stimuli as well as response could be
thermal chemical mechanical electric magnetic or from other source
21 Definition and Classification of Smart Textiles
Smart textiles are defined as textiles that interact with their surroundings Smart textiles are also
defined as textiles that can sense and react to environmental conditions or stimuli from mechanical
thermal chemical electrical or magnetic sources
211 Components in smart textiles
Three components may be present in smart textiles (materials)
Sensors
Actuators
Controlling units
The sensors provide a nerve system to detect signals Some of the materials act only as sensors and some
as both sensors and actuators Actuators act upon the signals and work in coordination with the
controlling unit to produce an appropriate output
212 Types of smart textiles
According to functional activity smart textiles can be classified in three categories
a Passive Smart Textiles The first generations of smart textiles which can only sense the
environmental conditions or stimulus are called Passive Smart Textiles
b Active Smart Textiles The second generation has both actuators and sensors The actuators act
upon the detected signal either directly or from a central control unit Active Smart textiles are
shape memory chameleonic water-resistant and vapour permeable (hydrophilicnon porous)
heat storage thermo regulated vapour absorbing heat evolving fabric and electrically heated
suits
c Ultra Smart Textiles Very smart textiles are the third generation of smart textiles which can
sense react and adopt themselves to environmental conditions or stimuli A very smart or
intelligent textile essentially consists of a unit which works like the brain with cognition
reasoning and activating capacities The production of very smart textiles is now a reality after a
successful marriage of traditional textiles and clothing technology with other branches of science
like material science structural mechanics sensor and actuator technology advance processing
technology communication artificial intelligence biology etc
New fibre and textile materials and miniaturized electronic components make the preparation of smart
textiles possible in order to create truly usable smart clothes These intelligent clothes are worn like
ordinary clothing providing help in various situations according to the designed applications
213 General methods of incorporating smartness into textiles
Textile to behave smartly it must have a sensor an actuator (for active smart textiles) and a controlling
unit (for very smart textiles) These components may be fiber optics phase change materials shape
memory materials thermo chromic dyes miniaturized electronic items etc These components form an
integrated part of the textile structure and can be incorporated into the substrate at any of the following
levels
Fiber spinning level
Yarnfabric formation level
Finishing level
The active (smart) material can be incorporated into the spinning dope or polymer chips prior to spinning
eg lyocell fiber can be modified by admixtures of electrically conductive components during production
to make an electrically conductive cellulosic fiber Sensors and activators can also be embedded into the
textile structure during fabric formation eg during weaving Many active finishes have been developed
which are imparted to the fabric during finishing The electronic control units can be synchronized with
each other during finishing Techniques such as micro encapsulation are generally preferred for
incorporation of ldquosmartness imparting materialrdquo in the textile substrate However the correct material and
the correct method must be selected based on a variety of considerations
Micro-encapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a
coating to give small capsules many useful properties In a relatively simplistic form a
microcapsule is a small sphere with a uniform wall around it The material inside the
microcapsule is referred to as the core internal phase or fill whereas the wall is sometimes
called a shell coating or membrane Most microcapsules have diameters between a few
micrometers and a few millimeters
The definition has been expanded and includes most foods Every class of food ingredient has
been encapsulated flavors are the most common The technique of microencapsulation depends
on the physical and chemical properties of the material to be encapsulated
Without citations this article may be argumentative It is cautioned that the information below
may not be correct as the current definitions and processes in this article can allow most
powders mixed with other liquids to be considered microencapsulated if the liquid serves to
protect it in any way The data below needs citations to be considered factual These citations do
not currently exist
Many microcapsules however bear little resemblance to these simple spheres The core may be a
crystal a jagged adsorbent particle an emulsion a suspension of solids or a suspension of
smaller microcapsules The microcapsule even may have multiple walls
22 Smart materials
A smart polymer or material can be described as a material that will change its characteristics according
to outside conditions or stimuli The following table shows the fundamental characteristics of any
difference in traditional high performance and smart materials
Category Fundamental material
characteristics
Fundamental system behaviors
Natural materials (stone wood)
fabricated materials (steel
aluminum concrete
Materials have given
properties and are acted upon
Materials have no or limited
intrinsic active response capability
but can have good performance
properties
High performance materials
polymers composites
Material properties are
designed for specific purposes
Very good performance properties
Smart materials Property-
changing and energy exchanging
materials
Properties are designed to
respond intelligently to
varying external conditions or
stimuli
Smart materials have active
responses to external stimuli and
can serve as sensors and actuators
The input can be temperature pH or magnetic or electric field The output can be change in length
viscosity color or conductivity
Input (stimulus) rarr Active material rarr Output (response)
E-textiles also known as electronic textiles are fabrics that enable computing digital
components and electronics to be embedded in them Part of the development of wearable
technology they are known as intelligent clothing or smart clothing because they allow for the
incorporation of built-in technological elements in everyday textiles and clothes Electronic
textiles do not strictly encompass wearable computing because emphasis is placed on the
seamless integration between the fabric and the electronic elements such as cables
microcontrollers sensors and actuators
RECENT UPDATE
Mamagoose Baby Pyjamas
Smart clothes technologies could help to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) commonly
known lsquocot deathrsquo The Belgian company Verhaerth Design and Development and the University of
Brussels (VUB) have developed a new type of pyjamas which is shown on Figure 7 that monitor babies
during the sleep The new pyjamas are very aptly called ldquoMamagooserdquo and they draw on technology
used in two specific applications The analogue biomechanics recorder experiment and the respiratory
inductive plethysmograhph suit The Mamagoose pyjamas have five special sensors positioned over the
chest and stomach three to monitor the infantrsquos heart beat and two to monitor respiration This double
sensor system guarantees a high level of
measuring precision The special sensors are actually built into the cloth and have no direct contact with
the body thus creating no discomfort for the baby The pyjamas are made of two parts the first which
comes into direct contact with the baby can be machine-washed and the second which contains the
sensor system can be washed by hand The pyjamas come in three sizes are made of non-allergic
material and have been especially designed to keep the sensors in place during in use The control unit
with alarm system is connected to the pyjamas and continuously monitors and processes the signals
received from five sensors It is programmed with an alarm algorithm which scans the respiration
pattern to detect unexpected and possibly dangerous situations Mamagoose prototypes have been
tested on many babies in different hospitals environments and conditions These include babies of
various weights and sizes when they are different lsquomoodsrsquo such as calm nervous or upset and when
they are sleeping in different positions To date the results have been extremely promising
CONCLUSION
1048715 Smart textiles are making their way to the market
1048715 Standardization helps in gaining market acceptance for a new product and increases
confidence in product quality (Euratex survey)
1048715 There will soon be a need for standards (definitions test methods product specifications) for
smart textile products
1048715 Knowledge is among manufacturers researchers users etc a joint effort is necessary
1048715 Help us to inventorize the situation and the needs
REFERENCSE
httpelmduedutwdatacos09610221038ASmart20Nanotextiles-20A20Review20of
20Materials20and20Applicationspdf
httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentrt0634g103m0615t
httpwwwsciencedailycomreleases200810081018191929htm
httpwwwualbertaca~jag3smart_textilesPage_3html
httpenwikipediaorgwikiE-textiles
httptectexntuwordpresscom20100211introduction
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTextile
httpsmartgarmentsblogspotcom200712intelligent-textiles-in-medicalhtml
httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article121172wearable-electronic-clothes1asp
httpenwikipediaorgwikiUS_standard_clothing_size
applications for the health sector eg clothes with extern monitoring systems are already today
anticipating a great demand Developments in telecommunication information technology and
computers are the main technical tools for Telemedicine (Telecare Telehealth e-health) now being
introduced in health care Telemedicine - medicine at a distance - provides among the many possibilities
offered the tools for doctors to more easily consult each other For individuals eg with chronic diseases
ldquoTelemedicinerdquo means the possibility to stay in contact with their health care provider for medical advice
or even to be alerted if something begins to go wrong with their health This opens up new possibilities
for personalized health and health care In line with this ongoing cutting edge research in fields such as
textiles medical sensors and mobile communication could pave the way to a better life for a large number
of patients The results of the researches will indeed make a positive impact on the quality of life for
individuals in the real world
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
i) To extract the fibre from Aloe vera Plant
ii) To make fabric and evaluate the properties
iii) To construct baby clothing
iv) To incorporate smartness into the clothing
v) To evaluate the smart textiles
METHODOLOGY
1 ALOE VERA
Aloe vera also known as the true or medicinal aloe is a species of succulent plant in the genus
Aloe that is believed to have originated in the Sudan Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-
stemmed succulent plant growing to 60ndash100 cm (24ndash39 in) tallspreading by offsets The leaves
are thick and fleshy green to grey-green with some varieties showing white flecks on the upper
and lower stem surfaces The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth The
flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall each flower pendulous with
a yellow tubular corolla 2ndash3 cm (08ndash12 in) long Like other Aloe species Aloe vera forms
arbuscular mycorrhiza a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in
soil
Aloe vera grows in arid climates and is widely distributed in Africa India and other arid
areas The species is frequently cited as being used in herbal medicine Many scientific studies
of the use of aloe vera have been undertaken some of them conflicting Despite these limitations
there is some preliminary evidence that Aloe vera extracts may be useful in the treatment of
wound and burn healing minor skin infections Sebaceous cyst diabetes and elevated blood
lipids in humans
Aloe Vera contains 160 important biologic compounds to protect and regenerates the
skin and it gives a very soft sensation Aloe Vera a plant having good medicinal values which
also has been extensively used in cosmetics and medicines is now being experimented by the
weavers in Tamil Nadu to manufacture textile and apparel products
Hence with this fact the investigator selected Aloe Vera fibre for the study
2 SMART AND INTELLIGENT TEXTILE
There is a substantive difference between the terms Smart and Intelligent Smart materials or textiles can
be defined as the materials and structures which have sense or can sense the environmental conditions or
stimuli whereas intelligent textiles can be defined as textile structures which not only can sense but can
also react and respond to environmental conditions or stimuli These stimuli as well as response could be
thermal chemical mechanical electric magnetic or from other source
21 Definition and Classification of Smart Textiles
Smart textiles are defined as textiles that interact with their surroundings Smart textiles are also
defined as textiles that can sense and react to environmental conditions or stimuli from mechanical
thermal chemical electrical or magnetic sources
211 Components in smart textiles
Three components may be present in smart textiles (materials)
Sensors
Actuators
Controlling units
The sensors provide a nerve system to detect signals Some of the materials act only as sensors and some
as both sensors and actuators Actuators act upon the signals and work in coordination with the
controlling unit to produce an appropriate output
212 Types of smart textiles
According to functional activity smart textiles can be classified in three categories
a Passive Smart Textiles The first generations of smart textiles which can only sense the
environmental conditions or stimulus are called Passive Smart Textiles
b Active Smart Textiles The second generation has both actuators and sensors The actuators act
upon the detected signal either directly or from a central control unit Active Smart textiles are
shape memory chameleonic water-resistant and vapour permeable (hydrophilicnon porous)
heat storage thermo regulated vapour absorbing heat evolving fabric and electrically heated
suits
c Ultra Smart Textiles Very smart textiles are the third generation of smart textiles which can
sense react and adopt themselves to environmental conditions or stimuli A very smart or
intelligent textile essentially consists of a unit which works like the brain with cognition
reasoning and activating capacities The production of very smart textiles is now a reality after a
successful marriage of traditional textiles and clothing technology with other branches of science
like material science structural mechanics sensor and actuator technology advance processing
technology communication artificial intelligence biology etc
New fibre and textile materials and miniaturized electronic components make the preparation of smart
textiles possible in order to create truly usable smart clothes These intelligent clothes are worn like
ordinary clothing providing help in various situations according to the designed applications
213 General methods of incorporating smartness into textiles
Textile to behave smartly it must have a sensor an actuator (for active smart textiles) and a controlling
unit (for very smart textiles) These components may be fiber optics phase change materials shape
memory materials thermo chromic dyes miniaturized electronic items etc These components form an
integrated part of the textile structure and can be incorporated into the substrate at any of the following
levels
Fiber spinning level
Yarnfabric formation level
Finishing level
The active (smart) material can be incorporated into the spinning dope or polymer chips prior to spinning
eg lyocell fiber can be modified by admixtures of electrically conductive components during production
to make an electrically conductive cellulosic fiber Sensors and activators can also be embedded into the
textile structure during fabric formation eg during weaving Many active finishes have been developed
which are imparted to the fabric during finishing The electronic control units can be synchronized with
each other during finishing Techniques such as micro encapsulation are generally preferred for
incorporation of ldquosmartness imparting materialrdquo in the textile substrate However the correct material and
the correct method must be selected based on a variety of considerations
Micro-encapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a
coating to give small capsules many useful properties In a relatively simplistic form a
microcapsule is a small sphere with a uniform wall around it The material inside the
microcapsule is referred to as the core internal phase or fill whereas the wall is sometimes
called a shell coating or membrane Most microcapsules have diameters between a few
micrometers and a few millimeters
The definition has been expanded and includes most foods Every class of food ingredient has
been encapsulated flavors are the most common The technique of microencapsulation depends
on the physical and chemical properties of the material to be encapsulated
Without citations this article may be argumentative It is cautioned that the information below
may not be correct as the current definitions and processes in this article can allow most
powders mixed with other liquids to be considered microencapsulated if the liquid serves to
protect it in any way The data below needs citations to be considered factual These citations do
not currently exist
Many microcapsules however bear little resemblance to these simple spheres The core may be a
crystal a jagged adsorbent particle an emulsion a suspension of solids or a suspension of
smaller microcapsules The microcapsule even may have multiple walls
22 Smart materials
A smart polymer or material can be described as a material that will change its characteristics according
to outside conditions or stimuli The following table shows the fundamental characteristics of any
difference in traditional high performance and smart materials
Category Fundamental material
characteristics
Fundamental system behaviors
Natural materials (stone wood)
fabricated materials (steel
aluminum concrete
Materials have given
properties and are acted upon
Materials have no or limited
intrinsic active response capability
but can have good performance
properties
High performance materials
polymers composites
Material properties are
designed for specific purposes
Very good performance properties
Smart materials Property-
changing and energy exchanging
materials
Properties are designed to
respond intelligently to
varying external conditions or
stimuli
Smart materials have active
responses to external stimuli and
can serve as sensors and actuators
The input can be temperature pH or magnetic or electric field The output can be change in length
viscosity color or conductivity
Input (stimulus) rarr Active material rarr Output (response)
E-textiles also known as electronic textiles are fabrics that enable computing digital
components and electronics to be embedded in them Part of the development of wearable
technology they are known as intelligent clothing or smart clothing because they allow for the
incorporation of built-in technological elements in everyday textiles and clothes Electronic
textiles do not strictly encompass wearable computing because emphasis is placed on the
seamless integration between the fabric and the electronic elements such as cables
microcontrollers sensors and actuators
RECENT UPDATE
Mamagoose Baby Pyjamas
Smart clothes technologies could help to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) commonly
known lsquocot deathrsquo The Belgian company Verhaerth Design and Development and the University of
Brussels (VUB) have developed a new type of pyjamas which is shown on Figure 7 that monitor babies
during the sleep The new pyjamas are very aptly called ldquoMamagooserdquo and they draw on technology
used in two specific applications The analogue biomechanics recorder experiment and the respiratory
inductive plethysmograhph suit The Mamagoose pyjamas have five special sensors positioned over the
chest and stomach three to monitor the infantrsquos heart beat and two to monitor respiration This double
sensor system guarantees a high level of
measuring precision The special sensors are actually built into the cloth and have no direct contact with
the body thus creating no discomfort for the baby The pyjamas are made of two parts the first which
comes into direct contact with the baby can be machine-washed and the second which contains the
sensor system can be washed by hand The pyjamas come in three sizes are made of non-allergic
material and have been especially designed to keep the sensors in place during in use The control unit
with alarm system is connected to the pyjamas and continuously monitors and processes the signals
received from five sensors It is programmed with an alarm algorithm which scans the respiration
pattern to detect unexpected and possibly dangerous situations Mamagoose prototypes have been
tested on many babies in different hospitals environments and conditions These include babies of
various weights and sizes when they are different lsquomoodsrsquo such as calm nervous or upset and when
they are sleeping in different positions To date the results have been extremely promising
CONCLUSION
1048715 Smart textiles are making their way to the market
1048715 Standardization helps in gaining market acceptance for a new product and increases
confidence in product quality (Euratex survey)
1048715 There will soon be a need for standards (definitions test methods product specifications) for
smart textile products
1048715 Knowledge is among manufacturers researchers users etc a joint effort is necessary
1048715 Help us to inventorize the situation and the needs
REFERENCSE
httpelmduedutwdatacos09610221038ASmart20Nanotextiles-20A20Review20of
20Materials20and20Applicationspdf
httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentrt0634g103m0615t
httpwwwsciencedailycomreleases200810081018191929htm
httpwwwualbertaca~jag3smart_textilesPage_3html
httpenwikipediaorgwikiE-textiles
httptectexntuwordpresscom20100211introduction
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTextile
httpsmartgarmentsblogspotcom200712intelligent-textiles-in-medicalhtml
httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article121172wearable-electronic-clothes1asp
httpenwikipediaorgwikiUS_standard_clothing_size
METHODOLOGY
1 ALOE VERA
Aloe vera also known as the true or medicinal aloe is a species of succulent plant in the genus
Aloe that is believed to have originated in the Sudan Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-
stemmed succulent plant growing to 60ndash100 cm (24ndash39 in) tallspreading by offsets The leaves
are thick and fleshy green to grey-green with some varieties showing white flecks on the upper
and lower stem surfaces The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth The
flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm (35 in) tall each flower pendulous with
a yellow tubular corolla 2ndash3 cm (08ndash12 in) long Like other Aloe species Aloe vera forms
arbuscular mycorrhiza a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in
soil
Aloe vera grows in arid climates and is widely distributed in Africa India and other arid
areas The species is frequently cited as being used in herbal medicine Many scientific studies
of the use of aloe vera have been undertaken some of them conflicting Despite these limitations
there is some preliminary evidence that Aloe vera extracts may be useful in the treatment of
wound and burn healing minor skin infections Sebaceous cyst diabetes and elevated blood
lipids in humans
Aloe Vera contains 160 important biologic compounds to protect and regenerates the
skin and it gives a very soft sensation Aloe Vera a plant having good medicinal values which
also has been extensively used in cosmetics and medicines is now being experimented by the
weavers in Tamil Nadu to manufacture textile and apparel products
Hence with this fact the investigator selected Aloe Vera fibre for the study
2 SMART AND INTELLIGENT TEXTILE
There is a substantive difference between the terms Smart and Intelligent Smart materials or textiles can
be defined as the materials and structures which have sense or can sense the environmental conditions or
stimuli whereas intelligent textiles can be defined as textile structures which not only can sense but can
also react and respond to environmental conditions or stimuli These stimuli as well as response could be
thermal chemical mechanical electric magnetic or from other source
21 Definition and Classification of Smart Textiles
Smart textiles are defined as textiles that interact with their surroundings Smart textiles are also
defined as textiles that can sense and react to environmental conditions or stimuli from mechanical
thermal chemical electrical or magnetic sources
211 Components in smart textiles
Three components may be present in smart textiles (materials)
Sensors
Actuators
Controlling units
The sensors provide a nerve system to detect signals Some of the materials act only as sensors and some
as both sensors and actuators Actuators act upon the signals and work in coordination with the
controlling unit to produce an appropriate output
212 Types of smart textiles
According to functional activity smart textiles can be classified in three categories
a Passive Smart Textiles The first generations of smart textiles which can only sense the
environmental conditions or stimulus are called Passive Smart Textiles
b Active Smart Textiles The second generation has both actuators and sensors The actuators act
upon the detected signal either directly or from a central control unit Active Smart textiles are
shape memory chameleonic water-resistant and vapour permeable (hydrophilicnon porous)
heat storage thermo regulated vapour absorbing heat evolving fabric and electrically heated
suits
c Ultra Smart Textiles Very smart textiles are the third generation of smart textiles which can
sense react and adopt themselves to environmental conditions or stimuli A very smart or
intelligent textile essentially consists of a unit which works like the brain with cognition
reasoning and activating capacities The production of very smart textiles is now a reality after a
successful marriage of traditional textiles and clothing technology with other branches of science
like material science structural mechanics sensor and actuator technology advance processing
technology communication artificial intelligence biology etc
New fibre and textile materials and miniaturized electronic components make the preparation of smart
textiles possible in order to create truly usable smart clothes These intelligent clothes are worn like
ordinary clothing providing help in various situations according to the designed applications
213 General methods of incorporating smartness into textiles
Textile to behave smartly it must have a sensor an actuator (for active smart textiles) and a controlling
unit (for very smart textiles) These components may be fiber optics phase change materials shape
memory materials thermo chromic dyes miniaturized electronic items etc These components form an
integrated part of the textile structure and can be incorporated into the substrate at any of the following
levels
Fiber spinning level
Yarnfabric formation level
Finishing level
The active (smart) material can be incorporated into the spinning dope or polymer chips prior to spinning
eg lyocell fiber can be modified by admixtures of electrically conductive components during production
to make an electrically conductive cellulosic fiber Sensors and activators can also be embedded into the
textile structure during fabric formation eg during weaving Many active finishes have been developed
which are imparted to the fabric during finishing The electronic control units can be synchronized with
each other during finishing Techniques such as micro encapsulation are generally preferred for
incorporation of ldquosmartness imparting materialrdquo in the textile substrate However the correct material and
the correct method must be selected based on a variety of considerations
Micro-encapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a
coating to give small capsules many useful properties In a relatively simplistic form a
microcapsule is a small sphere with a uniform wall around it The material inside the
microcapsule is referred to as the core internal phase or fill whereas the wall is sometimes
called a shell coating or membrane Most microcapsules have diameters between a few
micrometers and a few millimeters
The definition has been expanded and includes most foods Every class of food ingredient has
been encapsulated flavors are the most common The technique of microencapsulation depends
on the physical and chemical properties of the material to be encapsulated
Without citations this article may be argumentative It is cautioned that the information below
may not be correct as the current definitions and processes in this article can allow most
powders mixed with other liquids to be considered microencapsulated if the liquid serves to
protect it in any way The data below needs citations to be considered factual These citations do
not currently exist
Many microcapsules however bear little resemblance to these simple spheres The core may be a
crystal a jagged adsorbent particle an emulsion a suspension of solids or a suspension of
smaller microcapsules The microcapsule even may have multiple walls
22 Smart materials
A smart polymer or material can be described as a material that will change its characteristics according
to outside conditions or stimuli The following table shows the fundamental characteristics of any
difference in traditional high performance and smart materials
Category Fundamental material
characteristics
Fundamental system behaviors
Natural materials (stone wood)
fabricated materials (steel
aluminum concrete
Materials have given
properties and are acted upon
Materials have no or limited
intrinsic active response capability
but can have good performance
properties
High performance materials
polymers composites
Material properties are
designed for specific purposes
Very good performance properties
Smart materials Property-
changing and energy exchanging
materials
Properties are designed to
respond intelligently to
varying external conditions or
stimuli
Smart materials have active
responses to external stimuli and
can serve as sensors and actuators
The input can be temperature pH or magnetic or electric field The output can be change in length
viscosity color or conductivity
Input (stimulus) rarr Active material rarr Output (response)
E-textiles also known as electronic textiles are fabrics that enable computing digital
components and electronics to be embedded in them Part of the development of wearable
technology they are known as intelligent clothing or smart clothing because they allow for the
incorporation of built-in technological elements in everyday textiles and clothes Electronic
textiles do not strictly encompass wearable computing because emphasis is placed on the
seamless integration between the fabric and the electronic elements such as cables
microcontrollers sensors and actuators
RECENT UPDATE
Mamagoose Baby Pyjamas
Smart clothes technologies could help to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) commonly
known lsquocot deathrsquo The Belgian company Verhaerth Design and Development and the University of
Brussels (VUB) have developed a new type of pyjamas which is shown on Figure 7 that monitor babies
during the sleep The new pyjamas are very aptly called ldquoMamagooserdquo and they draw on technology
used in two specific applications The analogue biomechanics recorder experiment and the respiratory
inductive plethysmograhph suit The Mamagoose pyjamas have five special sensors positioned over the
chest and stomach three to monitor the infantrsquos heart beat and two to monitor respiration This double
sensor system guarantees a high level of
measuring precision The special sensors are actually built into the cloth and have no direct contact with
the body thus creating no discomfort for the baby The pyjamas are made of two parts the first which
comes into direct contact with the baby can be machine-washed and the second which contains the
sensor system can be washed by hand The pyjamas come in three sizes are made of non-allergic
material and have been especially designed to keep the sensors in place during in use The control unit
with alarm system is connected to the pyjamas and continuously monitors and processes the signals
received from five sensors It is programmed with an alarm algorithm which scans the respiration
pattern to detect unexpected and possibly dangerous situations Mamagoose prototypes have been
tested on many babies in different hospitals environments and conditions These include babies of
various weights and sizes when they are different lsquomoodsrsquo such as calm nervous or upset and when
they are sleeping in different positions To date the results have been extremely promising
CONCLUSION
1048715 Smart textiles are making their way to the market
1048715 Standardization helps in gaining market acceptance for a new product and increases
confidence in product quality (Euratex survey)
1048715 There will soon be a need for standards (definitions test methods product specifications) for
smart textile products
1048715 Knowledge is among manufacturers researchers users etc a joint effort is necessary
1048715 Help us to inventorize the situation and the needs
REFERENCSE
httpelmduedutwdatacos09610221038ASmart20Nanotextiles-20A20Review20of
20Materials20and20Applicationspdf
httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentrt0634g103m0615t
httpwwwsciencedailycomreleases200810081018191929htm
httpwwwualbertaca~jag3smart_textilesPage_3html
httpenwikipediaorgwikiE-textiles
httptectexntuwordpresscom20100211introduction
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTextile
httpsmartgarmentsblogspotcom200712intelligent-textiles-in-medicalhtml
httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article121172wearable-electronic-clothes1asp
httpenwikipediaorgwikiUS_standard_clothing_size
21 Definition and Classification of Smart Textiles
Smart textiles are defined as textiles that interact with their surroundings Smart textiles are also
defined as textiles that can sense and react to environmental conditions or stimuli from mechanical
thermal chemical electrical or magnetic sources
211 Components in smart textiles
Three components may be present in smart textiles (materials)
Sensors
Actuators
Controlling units
The sensors provide a nerve system to detect signals Some of the materials act only as sensors and some
as both sensors and actuators Actuators act upon the signals and work in coordination with the
controlling unit to produce an appropriate output
212 Types of smart textiles
According to functional activity smart textiles can be classified in three categories
a Passive Smart Textiles The first generations of smart textiles which can only sense the
environmental conditions or stimulus are called Passive Smart Textiles
b Active Smart Textiles The second generation has both actuators and sensors The actuators act
upon the detected signal either directly or from a central control unit Active Smart textiles are
shape memory chameleonic water-resistant and vapour permeable (hydrophilicnon porous)
heat storage thermo regulated vapour absorbing heat evolving fabric and electrically heated
suits
c Ultra Smart Textiles Very smart textiles are the third generation of smart textiles which can
sense react and adopt themselves to environmental conditions or stimuli A very smart or
intelligent textile essentially consists of a unit which works like the brain with cognition
reasoning and activating capacities The production of very smart textiles is now a reality after a
successful marriage of traditional textiles and clothing technology with other branches of science
like material science structural mechanics sensor and actuator technology advance processing
technology communication artificial intelligence biology etc
New fibre and textile materials and miniaturized electronic components make the preparation of smart
textiles possible in order to create truly usable smart clothes These intelligent clothes are worn like
ordinary clothing providing help in various situations according to the designed applications
213 General methods of incorporating smartness into textiles
Textile to behave smartly it must have a sensor an actuator (for active smart textiles) and a controlling
unit (for very smart textiles) These components may be fiber optics phase change materials shape
memory materials thermo chromic dyes miniaturized electronic items etc These components form an
integrated part of the textile structure and can be incorporated into the substrate at any of the following
levels
Fiber spinning level
Yarnfabric formation level
Finishing level
The active (smart) material can be incorporated into the spinning dope or polymer chips prior to spinning
eg lyocell fiber can be modified by admixtures of electrically conductive components during production
to make an electrically conductive cellulosic fiber Sensors and activators can also be embedded into the
textile structure during fabric formation eg during weaving Many active finishes have been developed
which are imparted to the fabric during finishing The electronic control units can be synchronized with
each other during finishing Techniques such as micro encapsulation are generally preferred for
incorporation of ldquosmartness imparting materialrdquo in the textile substrate However the correct material and
the correct method must be selected based on a variety of considerations
Micro-encapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a
coating to give small capsules many useful properties In a relatively simplistic form a
microcapsule is a small sphere with a uniform wall around it The material inside the
microcapsule is referred to as the core internal phase or fill whereas the wall is sometimes
called a shell coating or membrane Most microcapsules have diameters between a few
micrometers and a few millimeters
The definition has been expanded and includes most foods Every class of food ingredient has
been encapsulated flavors are the most common The technique of microencapsulation depends
on the physical and chemical properties of the material to be encapsulated
Without citations this article may be argumentative It is cautioned that the information below
may not be correct as the current definitions and processes in this article can allow most
powders mixed with other liquids to be considered microencapsulated if the liquid serves to
protect it in any way The data below needs citations to be considered factual These citations do
not currently exist
Many microcapsules however bear little resemblance to these simple spheres The core may be a
crystal a jagged adsorbent particle an emulsion a suspension of solids or a suspension of
smaller microcapsules The microcapsule even may have multiple walls
22 Smart materials
A smart polymer or material can be described as a material that will change its characteristics according
to outside conditions or stimuli The following table shows the fundamental characteristics of any
difference in traditional high performance and smart materials
Category Fundamental material
characteristics
Fundamental system behaviors
Natural materials (stone wood)
fabricated materials (steel
aluminum concrete
Materials have given
properties and are acted upon
Materials have no or limited
intrinsic active response capability
but can have good performance
properties
High performance materials
polymers composites
Material properties are
designed for specific purposes
Very good performance properties
Smart materials Property-
changing and energy exchanging
materials
Properties are designed to
respond intelligently to
varying external conditions or
stimuli
Smart materials have active
responses to external stimuli and
can serve as sensors and actuators
The input can be temperature pH or magnetic or electric field The output can be change in length
viscosity color or conductivity
Input (stimulus) rarr Active material rarr Output (response)
E-textiles also known as electronic textiles are fabrics that enable computing digital
components and electronics to be embedded in them Part of the development of wearable
technology they are known as intelligent clothing or smart clothing because they allow for the
incorporation of built-in technological elements in everyday textiles and clothes Electronic
textiles do not strictly encompass wearable computing because emphasis is placed on the
seamless integration between the fabric and the electronic elements such as cables
microcontrollers sensors and actuators
RECENT UPDATE
Mamagoose Baby Pyjamas
Smart clothes technologies could help to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) commonly
known lsquocot deathrsquo The Belgian company Verhaerth Design and Development and the University of
Brussels (VUB) have developed a new type of pyjamas which is shown on Figure 7 that monitor babies
during the sleep The new pyjamas are very aptly called ldquoMamagooserdquo and they draw on technology
used in two specific applications The analogue biomechanics recorder experiment and the respiratory
inductive plethysmograhph suit The Mamagoose pyjamas have five special sensors positioned over the
chest and stomach three to monitor the infantrsquos heart beat and two to monitor respiration This double
sensor system guarantees a high level of
measuring precision The special sensors are actually built into the cloth and have no direct contact with
the body thus creating no discomfort for the baby The pyjamas are made of two parts the first which
comes into direct contact with the baby can be machine-washed and the second which contains the
sensor system can be washed by hand The pyjamas come in three sizes are made of non-allergic
material and have been especially designed to keep the sensors in place during in use The control unit
with alarm system is connected to the pyjamas and continuously monitors and processes the signals
received from five sensors It is programmed with an alarm algorithm which scans the respiration
pattern to detect unexpected and possibly dangerous situations Mamagoose prototypes have been
tested on many babies in different hospitals environments and conditions These include babies of
various weights and sizes when they are different lsquomoodsrsquo such as calm nervous or upset and when
they are sleeping in different positions To date the results have been extremely promising
CONCLUSION
1048715 Smart textiles are making their way to the market
1048715 Standardization helps in gaining market acceptance for a new product and increases
confidence in product quality (Euratex survey)
1048715 There will soon be a need for standards (definitions test methods product specifications) for
smart textile products
1048715 Knowledge is among manufacturers researchers users etc a joint effort is necessary
1048715 Help us to inventorize the situation and the needs
REFERENCSE
httpelmduedutwdatacos09610221038ASmart20Nanotextiles-20A20Review20of
20Materials20and20Applicationspdf
httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentrt0634g103m0615t
httpwwwsciencedailycomreleases200810081018191929htm
httpwwwualbertaca~jag3smart_textilesPage_3html
httpenwikipediaorgwikiE-textiles
httptectexntuwordpresscom20100211introduction
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTextile
httpsmartgarmentsblogspotcom200712intelligent-textiles-in-medicalhtml
httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article121172wearable-electronic-clothes1asp
httpenwikipediaorgwikiUS_standard_clothing_size
212 Types of smart textiles
According to functional activity smart textiles can be classified in three categories
a Passive Smart Textiles The first generations of smart textiles which can only sense the
environmental conditions or stimulus are called Passive Smart Textiles
b Active Smart Textiles The second generation has both actuators and sensors The actuators act
upon the detected signal either directly or from a central control unit Active Smart textiles are
shape memory chameleonic water-resistant and vapour permeable (hydrophilicnon porous)
heat storage thermo regulated vapour absorbing heat evolving fabric and electrically heated
suits
c Ultra Smart Textiles Very smart textiles are the third generation of smart textiles which can
sense react and adopt themselves to environmental conditions or stimuli A very smart or
intelligent textile essentially consists of a unit which works like the brain with cognition
reasoning and activating capacities The production of very smart textiles is now a reality after a
successful marriage of traditional textiles and clothing technology with other branches of science
like material science structural mechanics sensor and actuator technology advance processing
technology communication artificial intelligence biology etc
New fibre and textile materials and miniaturized electronic components make the preparation of smart
textiles possible in order to create truly usable smart clothes These intelligent clothes are worn like
ordinary clothing providing help in various situations according to the designed applications
213 General methods of incorporating smartness into textiles
Textile to behave smartly it must have a sensor an actuator (for active smart textiles) and a controlling
unit (for very smart textiles) These components may be fiber optics phase change materials shape
memory materials thermo chromic dyes miniaturized electronic items etc These components form an
integrated part of the textile structure and can be incorporated into the substrate at any of the following
levels
Fiber spinning level
Yarnfabric formation level
Finishing level
The active (smart) material can be incorporated into the spinning dope or polymer chips prior to spinning
eg lyocell fiber can be modified by admixtures of electrically conductive components during production
to make an electrically conductive cellulosic fiber Sensors and activators can also be embedded into the
textile structure during fabric formation eg during weaving Many active finishes have been developed
which are imparted to the fabric during finishing The electronic control units can be synchronized with
each other during finishing Techniques such as micro encapsulation are generally preferred for
incorporation of ldquosmartness imparting materialrdquo in the textile substrate However the correct material and
the correct method must be selected based on a variety of considerations
Micro-encapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a
coating to give small capsules many useful properties In a relatively simplistic form a
microcapsule is a small sphere with a uniform wall around it The material inside the
microcapsule is referred to as the core internal phase or fill whereas the wall is sometimes
called a shell coating or membrane Most microcapsules have diameters between a few
micrometers and a few millimeters
The definition has been expanded and includes most foods Every class of food ingredient has
been encapsulated flavors are the most common The technique of microencapsulation depends
on the physical and chemical properties of the material to be encapsulated
Without citations this article may be argumentative It is cautioned that the information below
may not be correct as the current definitions and processes in this article can allow most
powders mixed with other liquids to be considered microencapsulated if the liquid serves to
protect it in any way The data below needs citations to be considered factual These citations do
not currently exist
Many microcapsules however bear little resemblance to these simple spheres The core may be a
crystal a jagged adsorbent particle an emulsion a suspension of solids or a suspension of
smaller microcapsules The microcapsule even may have multiple walls
22 Smart materials
A smart polymer or material can be described as a material that will change its characteristics according
to outside conditions or stimuli The following table shows the fundamental characteristics of any
difference in traditional high performance and smart materials
Category Fundamental material
characteristics
Fundamental system behaviors
Natural materials (stone wood)
fabricated materials (steel
aluminum concrete
Materials have given
properties and are acted upon
Materials have no or limited
intrinsic active response capability
but can have good performance
properties
High performance materials
polymers composites
Material properties are
designed for specific purposes
Very good performance properties
Smart materials Property-
changing and energy exchanging
materials
Properties are designed to
respond intelligently to
varying external conditions or
stimuli
Smart materials have active
responses to external stimuli and
can serve as sensors and actuators
The input can be temperature pH or magnetic or electric field The output can be change in length
viscosity color or conductivity
Input (stimulus) rarr Active material rarr Output (response)
E-textiles also known as electronic textiles are fabrics that enable computing digital
components and electronics to be embedded in them Part of the development of wearable
technology they are known as intelligent clothing or smart clothing because they allow for the
incorporation of built-in technological elements in everyday textiles and clothes Electronic
textiles do not strictly encompass wearable computing because emphasis is placed on the
seamless integration between the fabric and the electronic elements such as cables
microcontrollers sensors and actuators
RECENT UPDATE
Mamagoose Baby Pyjamas
Smart clothes technologies could help to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) commonly
known lsquocot deathrsquo The Belgian company Verhaerth Design and Development and the University of
Brussels (VUB) have developed a new type of pyjamas which is shown on Figure 7 that monitor babies
during the sleep The new pyjamas are very aptly called ldquoMamagooserdquo and they draw on technology
used in two specific applications The analogue biomechanics recorder experiment and the respiratory
inductive plethysmograhph suit The Mamagoose pyjamas have five special sensors positioned over the
chest and stomach three to monitor the infantrsquos heart beat and two to monitor respiration This double
sensor system guarantees a high level of
measuring precision The special sensors are actually built into the cloth and have no direct contact with
the body thus creating no discomfort for the baby The pyjamas are made of two parts the first which
comes into direct contact with the baby can be machine-washed and the second which contains the
sensor system can be washed by hand The pyjamas come in three sizes are made of non-allergic
material and have been especially designed to keep the sensors in place during in use The control unit
with alarm system is connected to the pyjamas and continuously monitors and processes the signals
received from five sensors It is programmed with an alarm algorithm which scans the respiration
pattern to detect unexpected and possibly dangerous situations Mamagoose prototypes have been
tested on many babies in different hospitals environments and conditions These include babies of
various weights and sizes when they are different lsquomoodsrsquo such as calm nervous or upset and when
they are sleeping in different positions To date the results have been extremely promising
CONCLUSION
1048715 Smart textiles are making their way to the market
1048715 Standardization helps in gaining market acceptance for a new product and increases
confidence in product quality (Euratex survey)
1048715 There will soon be a need for standards (definitions test methods product specifications) for
smart textile products
1048715 Knowledge is among manufacturers researchers users etc a joint effort is necessary
1048715 Help us to inventorize the situation and the needs
REFERENCSE
httpelmduedutwdatacos09610221038ASmart20Nanotextiles-20A20Review20of
20Materials20and20Applicationspdf
httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentrt0634g103m0615t
httpwwwsciencedailycomreleases200810081018191929htm
httpwwwualbertaca~jag3smart_textilesPage_3html
httpenwikipediaorgwikiE-textiles
httptectexntuwordpresscom20100211introduction
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTextile
httpsmartgarmentsblogspotcom200712intelligent-textiles-in-medicalhtml
httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article121172wearable-electronic-clothes1asp
httpenwikipediaorgwikiUS_standard_clothing_size
The active (smart) material can be incorporated into the spinning dope or polymer chips prior to spinning
eg lyocell fiber can be modified by admixtures of electrically conductive components during production
to make an electrically conductive cellulosic fiber Sensors and activators can also be embedded into the
textile structure during fabric formation eg during weaving Many active finishes have been developed
which are imparted to the fabric during finishing The electronic control units can be synchronized with
each other during finishing Techniques such as micro encapsulation are generally preferred for
incorporation of ldquosmartness imparting materialrdquo in the textile substrate However the correct material and
the correct method must be selected based on a variety of considerations
Micro-encapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a
coating to give small capsules many useful properties In a relatively simplistic form a
microcapsule is a small sphere with a uniform wall around it The material inside the
microcapsule is referred to as the core internal phase or fill whereas the wall is sometimes
called a shell coating or membrane Most microcapsules have diameters between a few
micrometers and a few millimeters
The definition has been expanded and includes most foods Every class of food ingredient has
been encapsulated flavors are the most common The technique of microencapsulation depends
on the physical and chemical properties of the material to be encapsulated
Without citations this article may be argumentative It is cautioned that the information below
may not be correct as the current definitions and processes in this article can allow most
powders mixed with other liquids to be considered microencapsulated if the liquid serves to
protect it in any way The data below needs citations to be considered factual These citations do
not currently exist
Many microcapsules however bear little resemblance to these simple spheres The core may be a
crystal a jagged adsorbent particle an emulsion a suspension of solids or a suspension of
smaller microcapsules The microcapsule even may have multiple walls
22 Smart materials
A smart polymer or material can be described as a material that will change its characteristics according
to outside conditions or stimuli The following table shows the fundamental characteristics of any
difference in traditional high performance and smart materials
Category Fundamental material
characteristics
Fundamental system behaviors
Natural materials (stone wood)
fabricated materials (steel
aluminum concrete
Materials have given
properties and are acted upon
Materials have no or limited
intrinsic active response capability
but can have good performance
properties
High performance materials
polymers composites
Material properties are
designed for specific purposes
Very good performance properties
Smart materials Property-
changing and energy exchanging
materials
Properties are designed to
respond intelligently to
varying external conditions or
stimuli
Smart materials have active
responses to external stimuli and
can serve as sensors and actuators
The input can be temperature pH or magnetic or electric field The output can be change in length
viscosity color or conductivity
Input (stimulus) rarr Active material rarr Output (response)
E-textiles also known as electronic textiles are fabrics that enable computing digital
components and electronics to be embedded in them Part of the development of wearable
technology they are known as intelligent clothing or smart clothing because they allow for the
incorporation of built-in technological elements in everyday textiles and clothes Electronic
textiles do not strictly encompass wearable computing because emphasis is placed on the
seamless integration between the fabric and the electronic elements such as cables
microcontrollers sensors and actuators
RECENT UPDATE
Mamagoose Baby Pyjamas
Smart clothes technologies could help to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) commonly
known lsquocot deathrsquo The Belgian company Verhaerth Design and Development and the University of
Brussels (VUB) have developed a new type of pyjamas which is shown on Figure 7 that monitor babies
during the sleep The new pyjamas are very aptly called ldquoMamagooserdquo and they draw on technology
used in two specific applications The analogue biomechanics recorder experiment and the respiratory
inductive plethysmograhph suit The Mamagoose pyjamas have five special sensors positioned over the
chest and stomach three to monitor the infantrsquos heart beat and two to monitor respiration This double
sensor system guarantees a high level of
measuring precision The special sensors are actually built into the cloth and have no direct contact with
the body thus creating no discomfort for the baby The pyjamas are made of two parts the first which
comes into direct contact with the baby can be machine-washed and the second which contains the
sensor system can be washed by hand The pyjamas come in three sizes are made of non-allergic
material and have been especially designed to keep the sensors in place during in use The control unit
with alarm system is connected to the pyjamas and continuously monitors and processes the signals
received from five sensors It is programmed with an alarm algorithm which scans the respiration
pattern to detect unexpected and possibly dangerous situations Mamagoose prototypes have been
tested on many babies in different hospitals environments and conditions These include babies of
various weights and sizes when they are different lsquomoodsrsquo such as calm nervous or upset and when
they are sleeping in different positions To date the results have been extremely promising
CONCLUSION
1048715 Smart textiles are making their way to the market
1048715 Standardization helps in gaining market acceptance for a new product and increases
confidence in product quality (Euratex survey)
1048715 There will soon be a need for standards (definitions test methods product specifications) for
smart textile products
1048715 Knowledge is among manufacturers researchers users etc a joint effort is necessary
1048715 Help us to inventorize the situation and the needs
REFERENCSE
httpelmduedutwdatacos09610221038ASmart20Nanotextiles-20A20Review20of
20Materials20and20Applicationspdf
httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentrt0634g103m0615t
httpwwwsciencedailycomreleases200810081018191929htm
httpwwwualbertaca~jag3smart_textilesPage_3html
httpenwikipediaorgwikiE-textiles
httptectexntuwordpresscom20100211introduction
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTextile
httpsmartgarmentsblogspotcom200712intelligent-textiles-in-medicalhtml
httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article121172wearable-electronic-clothes1asp
httpenwikipediaorgwikiUS_standard_clothing_size
22 Smart materials
A smart polymer or material can be described as a material that will change its characteristics according
to outside conditions or stimuli The following table shows the fundamental characteristics of any
difference in traditional high performance and smart materials
Category Fundamental material
characteristics
Fundamental system behaviors
Natural materials (stone wood)
fabricated materials (steel
aluminum concrete
Materials have given
properties and are acted upon
Materials have no or limited
intrinsic active response capability
but can have good performance
properties
High performance materials
polymers composites
Material properties are
designed for specific purposes
Very good performance properties
Smart materials Property-
changing and energy exchanging
materials
Properties are designed to
respond intelligently to
varying external conditions or
stimuli
Smart materials have active
responses to external stimuli and
can serve as sensors and actuators
The input can be temperature pH or magnetic or electric field The output can be change in length
viscosity color or conductivity
Input (stimulus) rarr Active material rarr Output (response)
E-textiles also known as electronic textiles are fabrics that enable computing digital
components and electronics to be embedded in them Part of the development of wearable
technology they are known as intelligent clothing or smart clothing because they allow for the
incorporation of built-in technological elements in everyday textiles and clothes Electronic
textiles do not strictly encompass wearable computing because emphasis is placed on the
seamless integration between the fabric and the electronic elements such as cables
microcontrollers sensors and actuators
RECENT UPDATE
Mamagoose Baby Pyjamas
Smart clothes technologies could help to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) commonly
known lsquocot deathrsquo The Belgian company Verhaerth Design and Development and the University of
Brussels (VUB) have developed a new type of pyjamas which is shown on Figure 7 that monitor babies
during the sleep The new pyjamas are very aptly called ldquoMamagooserdquo and they draw on technology
used in two specific applications The analogue biomechanics recorder experiment and the respiratory
inductive plethysmograhph suit The Mamagoose pyjamas have five special sensors positioned over the
chest and stomach three to monitor the infantrsquos heart beat and two to monitor respiration This double
sensor system guarantees a high level of
measuring precision The special sensors are actually built into the cloth and have no direct contact with
the body thus creating no discomfort for the baby The pyjamas are made of two parts the first which
comes into direct contact with the baby can be machine-washed and the second which contains the
sensor system can be washed by hand The pyjamas come in three sizes are made of non-allergic
material and have been especially designed to keep the sensors in place during in use The control unit
with alarm system is connected to the pyjamas and continuously monitors and processes the signals
received from five sensors It is programmed with an alarm algorithm which scans the respiration
pattern to detect unexpected and possibly dangerous situations Mamagoose prototypes have been
tested on many babies in different hospitals environments and conditions These include babies of
various weights and sizes when they are different lsquomoodsrsquo such as calm nervous or upset and when
they are sleeping in different positions To date the results have been extremely promising
CONCLUSION
1048715 Smart textiles are making their way to the market
1048715 Standardization helps in gaining market acceptance for a new product and increases
confidence in product quality (Euratex survey)
1048715 There will soon be a need for standards (definitions test methods product specifications) for
smart textile products
1048715 Knowledge is among manufacturers researchers users etc a joint effort is necessary
1048715 Help us to inventorize the situation and the needs
REFERENCSE
httpelmduedutwdatacos09610221038ASmart20Nanotextiles-20A20Review20of
20Materials20and20Applicationspdf
httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentrt0634g103m0615t
httpwwwsciencedailycomreleases200810081018191929htm
httpwwwualbertaca~jag3smart_textilesPage_3html
httpenwikipediaorgwikiE-textiles
httptectexntuwordpresscom20100211introduction
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTextile
httpsmartgarmentsblogspotcom200712intelligent-textiles-in-medicalhtml
httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article121172wearable-electronic-clothes1asp
httpenwikipediaorgwikiUS_standard_clothing_size
E-textiles also known as electronic textiles are fabrics that enable computing digital
components and electronics to be embedded in them Part of the development of wearable
technology they are known as intelligent clothing or smart clothing because they allow for the
incorporation of built-in technological elements in everyday textiles and clothes Electronic
textiles do not strictly encompass wearable computing because emphasis is placed on the
seamless integration between the fabric and the electronic elements such as cables
microcontrollers sensors and actuators
RECENT UPDATE
Mamagoose Baby Pyjamas
Smart clothes technologies could help to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) commonly
known lsquocot deathrsquo The Belgian company Verhaerth Design and Development and the University of
Brussels (VUB) have developed a new type of pyjamas which is shown on Figure 7 that monitor babies
during the sleep The new pyjamas are very aptly called ldquoMamagooserdquo and they draw on technology
used in two specific applications The analogue biomechanics recorder experiment and the respiratory
inductive plethysmograhph suit The Mamagoose pyjamas have five special sensors positioned over the
chest and stomach three to monitor the infantrsquos heart beat and two to monitor respiration This double
sensor system guarantees a high level of
measuring precision The special sensors are actually built into the cloth and have no direct contact with
the body thus creating no discomfort for the baby The pyjamas are made of two parts the first which
comes into direct contact with the baby can be machine-washed and the second which contains the
sensor system can be washed by hand The pyjamas come in three sizes are made of non-allergic
material and have been especially designed to keep the sensors in place during in use The control unit
with alarm system is connected to the pyjamas and continuously monitors and processes the signals
received from five sensors It is programmed with an alarm algorithm which scans the respiration
pattern to detect unexpected and possibly dangerous situations Mamagoose prototypes have been
tested on many babies in different hospitals environments and conditions These include babies of
various weights and sizes when they are different lsquomoodsrsquo such as calm nervous or upset and when
they are sleeping in different positions To date the results have been extremely promising
CONCLUSION
1048715 Smart textiles are making their way to the market
1048715 Standardization helps in gaining market acceptance for a new product and increases
confidence in product quality (Euratex survey)
1048715 There will soon be a need for standards (definitions test methods product specifications) for
smart textile products
1048715 Knowledge is among manufacturers researchers users etc a joint effort is necessary
1048715 Help us to inventorize the situation and the needs
REFERENCSE
httpelmduedutwdatacos09610221038ASmart20Nanotextiles-20A20Review20of
20Materials20and20Applicationspdf
httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentrt0634g103m0615t
httpwwwsciencedailycomreleases200810081018191929htm
httpwwwualbertaca~jag3smart_textilesPage_3html
httpenwikipediaorgwikiE-textiles
httptectexntuwordpresscom20100211introduction
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTextile
httpsmartgarmentsblogspotcom200712intelligent-textiles-in-medicalhtml
httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article121172wearable-electronic-clothes1asp
httpenwikipediaorgwikiUS_standard_clothing_size
used in two specific applications The analogue biomechanics recorder experiment and the respiratory
inductive plethysmograhph suit The Mamagoose pyjamas have five special sensors positioned over the
chest and stomach three to monitor the infantrsquos heart beat and two to monitor respiration This double
sensor system guarantees a high level of
measuring precision The special sensors are actually built into the cloth and have no direct contact with
the body thus creating no discomfort for the baby The pyjamas are made of two parts the first which
comes into direct contact with the baby can be machine-washed and the second which contains the
sensor system can be washed by hand The pyjamas come in three sizes are made of non-allergic
material and have been especially designed to keep the sensors in place during in use The control unit
with alarm system is connected to the pyjamas and continuously monitors and processes the signals
received from five sensors It is programmed with an alarm algorithm which scans the respiration
pattern to detect unexpected and possibly dangerous situations Mamagoose prototypes have been
tested on many babies in different hospitals environments and conditions These include babies of
various weights and sizes when they are different lsquomoodsrsquo such as calm nervous or upset and when
they are sleeping in different positions To date the results have been extremely promising
CONCLUSION
1048715 Smart textiles are making their way to the market
1048715 Standardization helps in gaining market acceptance for a new product and increases
confidence in product quality (Euratex survey)
1048715 There will soon be a need for standards (definitions test methods product specifications) for
smart textile products
1048715 Knowledge is among manufacturers researchers users etc a joint effort is necessary
1048715 Help us to inventorize the situation and the needs
REFERENCSE
httpelmduedutwdatacos09610221038ASmart20Nanotextiles-20A20Review20of
20Materials20and20Applicationspdf
httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentrt0634g103m0615t
httpwwwsciencedailycomreleases200810081018191929htm
httpwwwualbertaca~jag3smart_textilesPage_3html
httpenwikipediaorgwikiE-textiles
httptectexntuwordpresscom20100211introduction
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTextile
httpsmartgarmentsblogspotcom200712intelligent-textiles-in-medicalhtml
httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article121172wearable-electronic-clothes1asp
httpenwikipediaorgwikiUS_standard_clothing_size
REFERENCSE
httpelmduedutwdatacos09610221038ASmart20Nanotextiles-20A20Review20of
20Materials20and20Applicationspdf
httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentrt0634g103m0615t
httpwwwsciencedailycomreleases200810081018191929htm
httpwwwualbertaca~jag3smart_textilesPage_3html
httpenwikipediaorgwikiE-textiles
httptectexntuwordpresscom20100211introduction
httpenwikipediaorgwikiTextile
httpsmartgarmentsblogspotcom200712intelligent-textiles-in-medicalhtml
httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article121172wearable-electronic-clothes1asp
httpenwikipediaorgwikiUS_standard_clothing_size