Post on 01-Jul-2015
description
Holistic Power Supply and Delivery Chain – Foundations for a Smart Grid
Stephen Lee
Senior Technical Executive Power Delivery & Utilization
April 29, 2009
US-China Green Energy Council (UCGEC)Smart Grid SeminarPalo Alto, California
2
Outline Of Presentation
• Key Messages
– Avoid hype
– Consider all parts together (Holistic approach)
– Remove deficiencies in foundations
– Implement new solutions
• Useful References
• Holistic Power Supply & Delivery Chain
• Conclusions
3
Useful Public References
• www.iso-ne.com/pubs/whtpprs/smart_grid_report_021709_final.pdf
• EPRI (www.epri.com)– Facilitate the development of a
smart grid interoperability roadmap for NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
– Vision for a Holistic Power Supply and Delivery Chain (#1018587)
– The Green Grid (#1016905)• North American Electric Reliability
Corporation (www.nerc.com)– About NERC -> Understanding the
Grid -> Reliability Concepts / Terminology / Technical Reports
– NASPI (http://www.naspi.org)• Stephen Lee (LinkedIn)
http://www.linkedin.com/in/stylee
IEEE Power and Energy MagazineSept/Oct 2007
4
Smart Grid: Hype Cycle
Smart Smart GridGrid
Need an Objective Assessment of the Potential for Smart Transmission and the Path to Achieve it
5
Current State – Power Grid Operations
2-4 Sec scan rates
Limited to info from lines and transformers at substations
MW, MVAR, KV breaker status
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
8
9
1011
12 13
14
15
1617
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
8
9
1011
12 13
14
15
1617
Limited Grid Visibility
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Smart Transmission State – Power Grid Operations
750 +282j
250 +84j
100 +62j
20 + 8j
276 + 120j
130 + 8j
300 + 100j
750 + 262j 440
+ 200j
120 + 11j
350 + 150j
227 + 420j 704 + 308j
2
3
4
5
7
6
1
8
9
1011
12 13
14
15
1617
176 +88j
Higher speed scan rates
Allows more frequent analysis of system state
Enhanced Grid Visibility
7
End-uses & DR
Distribution SystemTransmission System
Energy Storage
Fuel Supply System
Fuel Source/Storage
Power Plants
Renewable Plants
Data CommunicationData Communication
Wide Area ControlWide Area Control
Sensors
Controllers
ZIP
M
Dynamic Load ModelsDynamic Power Plant Models
End-to-End Power Delivery Chain Operation & Planning
Monitoring, Modeling, Analysis, Coordination & ControlMonitoring, Modeling, Analysis, Coordination & Control
8
North America Electricity Interconnections
9
Independent System Operators / Regional Transmission Operators (ISO/RTO)
10
North America Electricity Balancing Authorities
11
New Challenges for a Smart Grid
• Need to integrate:
– Large-scale stochastic (uncertain) renewable generation
– Electric energy storage
– Distributed generation
– Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
– Demand response (smart meters)
• Need to deploy and integrate:
– New Synchronized measurement technologies
– New sensors
– New System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS)
12
Foundations Need Strengthening
• End-to-End Situational Awareness• Alarm Management and Real-Time Root-
Cause Diagnosis• Dynamic Models of all Generators and
Loads
• Faster System Restoration• System Integrity Protection Schemes
– Faster reflex actions on wide-area problems
– Measurement-based safety nets to prevent cascading blackouts, e.g., load shedding, islanding/separation, damping
13
Why Accurate Models of Loads (Electricity Consumption) and Generators Are Needed?
• Inadequacy of current model data– Inaccurate voltage recovery
simulation after disturbances– Uncertainty about generator
reactive power capabilities• Implications
– Uncertainty about the stability margin of the power grid
– Hidden risk of cascading blackouts, or
– Under utilization of available transmission capacity for greater economic benefits
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (seconds)
Vol
tage
(pu
)
Hassayampa 500 kV
MeasuredSimulated H=0.3Simulated H=0.03
Simulated H=0.05Simulated H=0.1Simulated H=0.2Simulated H =0.5
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Major Power System Disturbances
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Duration in Hours
Lo
ad
Lo
st in
GW
1 - 2003 NE
2 - 1965 NE
3 - 1977 NYC
4 - 1982 WSCC 5 - 1996 WSCC
6 - 1996 WSCC
7 - 1998 MW
Restoration Objectives: ▪ Minimize Duration of Outages ▪ Minimized Unserved Loads ▪ Avoid Equipment Danage
Source: NSF/EPRI Workshop on Understanding and Preventing Cascading Failures in Power Systems, Oct 28, 2005.
Effective System Restoration Can Reduce The Societal Impact Of Widespread Blackouts
Extensive (magnitude & duration) blackouts cost Billions of $ to the economy
15
New Solutions Are Needed
• Optimal end-to-end commitment and dispatch by ISO/RTO as backstop for system reliability
• Virtual Service Aggregators serving as Energy Balancing Authorities– Dispatch and control stochastic renewable generation– Dispatch and control (and own?) large scale energy storage
plants– Manage demand response proactively– Manage smart electric vehicle charging
• “Virtual” Vertically Integrated Utilities– Own/operate Generation/renewable/storage, some transmission,
& Virtual Service Aggregator– Interstate ownership and operation (overcome NIMBY-ism)
• National/Continental Backbone Transmission Grid– Holistic transmission planning– Virtual RTO– Transmission toll collection system
http://www.energypulse.net/centers/author.cfm?at_id=259
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Potential Role of the Virtual Service Aggregator (Virtual Vertically Integrated Utility)
TraditionalCentral StationPower Plants
TraditionalCentral StationPower Plants
Large-ScaleRenewableResources
Large-ScaleRenewableResources
Large-ScaleEnergyStorage
Large-ScaleEnergyStorage
TransmissionGrid
TransmissionGrid
Real RegionalControl Center
Real RegionalControl Center
VirtualService
Aggregator
VirtualService
Aggregator
End Usesand
DistributedResources
End Usesand
DistributedResources
FinancialSettlement ofNet Difference
Power Flow
FinancialTransaction
LoadsLoads
PHEVsPHEVs
DistributedGeneration& Storage
DistributedGeneration& Storage
S
17
Conclusions
• Urgent Need to Make the Bulk Power System Really Smart
• Failure to Make this a High Priority would Jeopardize the Modernization of the Electric Power System
• Key Messages:
– Avoid hype
– Consider all parts together (Holistic approach)
– Remove deficiencies in foundations
– Implement new solutions
THANK YOU!slee@epri.com