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Energies2011, 4, 1258-1277; doi:10.3390/en4091258
energiesISSN 1996-1073
www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
Review
Tools for Small Hydropower Plant Resource Planning and
Development: A Review of Technology and Applications
Petras Punys *, Antanas Dumbrauskas, Algis Kvaraciejus and Gitana Vyciene
Water and Land Management Faculty of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Kaunas,
Akademija, 10 Universiteto Str., LT-53361, Lithuania; E-Mails: antanas.dumbrauskas@lzuu.lt (A.D.) ;algis.kvaraciejus@lzuu.lt (A.K.); gitana.vyciene@lzuu.lt (G.V.)
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: petras.punys@lzuu.lt or
punys@hidro.lzuu.lt; Tel.: +370-37-752-337; Fax: +370-37-752-392.
Received: 27 June 2011; in revised form: 22 August 2011 / Accepted: 22 August 2011 /
Published: 26 August 2011
Abstract: This paper reviews and compares software tools for the planning and design of
small hydropower (SHP) plants. The main emphasis is on small scale hydropower resource
assessment computer tools and methodologies for the development of SHP plants
corresponding to a preliminary or prefeasibility study level. The paper presents a brief
evaluation of the historic software tools and the current tools used in the small hydro
industry. The reviewed tools vary from simple initial estimates to quite sophisticated
software. The integration of assessment tools into Geographic Information System (GIS)
environments has led to a leap forward in the strengthening of the evaluation of the power
potential of water streams in the case of the spatial variability of different factors affectingstream power. A number of countries (e.g., Canada, Italy, Norway, Scotland and the US)
have re-assessed their hydropower capacities based on spatial information of their water
stream catchments, developing tools for automated hydro-site identification and deploying
GIS-based tools, so-called Atlases, of small-scale hydropower resources on the Internet.
However, a reliable assessment of real SHP site feasibility implies some on the ground
surveying, but this traditional assessment can be greatly facilitated using GIS techniques
that involve the spatial variability of catchment characteristics.
Keywords:small hydropower (SHP); GIS; software tools for SHP assessment
OPEN ACCESS
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1. Introduction
The assessment of SHP sites for development represents a relatively high proportion of overall
project costs. A high level of experience and expertise is required to accurately conduct this
assessment. Over the last several decades, a variety of computer-based assessment tools have been
developed to address this problem and enable a prospective developer to make an initial assessment of
the economic feasibility of a project before spending substantial sums of money. These tools range
from simple first estimates to quite sophisticated programs. However, a reliable assessment of real
economically feasible potential implies some on the ground surveying of possible sites and their
electricity generation potential. Thus, the advent of Geographic Information System (GIS) software
has been of enormous use as a way of capturing the range of information required, which is discussed
further in this paper. These technologies can store spatial catchment information of a proposed SHP
site in a GIS database and use it for decisions on whether to proceed with SHP plant development.
This paper reviews software tools and interactive maps/atlases that are deployed publicly on the
Web and that indicate the locations of SHP sites and their main features. The main goal of these tools
are the identification of potential SHP sites and the evaluation their energy output and environmental
feasibility. Compatibility with environmental considerations is a crucial issue for the development of
an SHP site before proceeding with a feasibility study.
This paper is based on the experience and expertise of the countries in which hydropower is highly
developed, where specialised hydro software tools are extensively used for planning and designing
SHP plants from a preliminary resource or site assessment up to a feasibility study. Only publicly
available software assessment tools for SHP site development, which can be found in the available
literature with clearly described computing algorithms, are presented. Obviously, for commercial
software, the exact algorithms are mostly commercially sensitive, although, in some cases, their main
features may be publicly available.
A comprehensive overview of the computer-based assessment tools used a decade ago for
predicting the energy output of a particular small hydro scheme is given in [1]. The International Small
Hydro Atlas also presents valuable information on SHP assessment tools and methodologies used all
over the world [2].
The main aim of these software tools is to find a rapid and reasonably accurate means of predicting
the energy output of a particular hydro scheme. These predictions involve establishing the head andthe flow duration data that give the time variability of water discharge sufficiently accurately for
capacity sizing of the plants. The first of these aims is a relatively simple matter of physical
measurement, together with some hydraulic loss calculations concerning pipe materials, water
velocities, and other variables. The second is much more difficult for SHP site investigation, and this
part of the problem is the most intractable. There is no problem in assessing natural stream water
energy from long time river flow records, which is not true for short period flow records and which is
even more complicated for ungauged sites. Needless to say, the accuracy of hydrological analysis is
crucial for the cost effectiveness of a hydro scheme [3].
In the US, the first GIS layers of SHP potential (
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proximity analysis. Based on these datasets, an interactive hydropower atlas was developed, which is
now available for public display on the Web [5].
To better understand the hydro resources available at the regional and local scales, a GIS study to
determine the quantity and size of potential micro-hydro projects within a sample county in the US
was performed [6]. A GIS-based map of the county was constructed with layers for property
ownership and boundaries, elevation, stream locations and federal and state protected areas. Using a
basin-specific GIS application, StreamStats [7], capable of computing estimates of streamflow
at ungauged sites and estimated elevation change, the stream power was calculated using a
conventional formula.
For a preliminary hydropower site assessment in a Brazilian river catchment, a software coupled
with GIS and remote sensing data (satellite images) was used and generated a digital elevation model
(DEM) and incorporated river flow data of the catchment [8].
GIS techniques were used to identify suitable SHP sites in Tanzania [9], and the outcome was amap with an index that aggregated hydrologic, demographic, economic and other attributes. Later, in
South Africa, a preliminary assessment of micro- and macro-hydro power potential was undertaken by
estimating the actual energy calculated from digital maps of river basins and runoff [10].
In India, a hilly stream catchment was considered for the assessment of hydropower potential using
spatial tool GIS and a hydrological model [11]. In this country, prospective sites for SHP development
were determined using remote sensing data (satellite images) [12]. The application of GIS to the site
selection of a small run-of-river hydropower project by considering engineering, economic and
environmental criteria and the social impact was also employed [13].
In Sri Lanka, a user friendly GIS was developed and applied to effectively create, store, manipulate,analyse and present the information relevant for the identification, investigation, design, monitoring
and control of the operations of proposed and existing mini-hydropower plants [14]. In South Korea, a
GIS-based methodology to identify suitable SHP sites by geospatial criteria was proposed [15].
In Europe, one of the first attempts to include spatial catchment attributes to estimate small-scale
hydropower potential at any location was made by [16].
In Switzerland, using the ArcGIS 9.2 Spatial Analyst extension, a DEM for a small catchment area
(2800 km2), and numerical flow data, suitable SHP locations were identified, and their characteristics
were compared with those of plants already in operation [17]. A project called SMART that considers
numerical methods, GIS databases and public cadastre for SHP development presents an interactive
GIS- and Web-based SHP atlas [18,19]. This atlas (SMART Web-GIS) displays possible SHP sites by
taking into account various limiting environmental factors and provides SHP plant power characteristics.
On the agenda of recent SHP conferences organised in Lausanne (Switzerland) and Vancouver
(Canada), one of many items discussed was the new computer tools for SHP site assessment using GIS
technologies [2023].
The main aim of this study was to review publicly available software tools and interactive
Web-based maps designated for SHP site identification, with the assessment corresponding to levels
from reconnaissance up to pre-feasibility studies.
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The overall objectives of the study were to:
Review computer programs and interactive maps on the Internet that are publicly available and
designated for hydropower resource evaluation for SHP planning and designing purposes;
Determine the possibilities for their practical application, stressing their main features; Reveal the possibilities of current applications of GIS technologies for conducting
hydropower studies;
Summarise good practices of these technologies for hydropower resource assessment and real
site location by means of automated GIS procedures.
2. Methodology
The study object is small-scale hydropower resources or potential that are needed for planning and
designing SHP plants. Computer programs intended for modelling hydromechanical equipment (for
instance, turbines), such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD); civil, geotechnical and other
relevant hydropower engineering; and project cost issues including detailed design studies, are
considered beyond the scope of this paper and are not discussed.
Neither SHP resources nor SHP plants have been distinguished according to any component. In
common practice, a virtual size limit is fixed for small hydropower plants. Their size, usually
determined by installed capacity, varies greatly from a few kilowatts to 50 MW [24].
According to their purpose, software tools and interactive maps (atlases) deployed on the Web and
designated for hydropower resource development can be distinguished between resources planning and
designing studies (Figure 1).
Figure 1.Software tools used for hydropower assessment.
Reconnaissance resource studies or the first SHP planning level are conducted to find potential
energy sources and to estimate the energy available in streams and may not be too site specific. In the
past, to conduct this initial hydropower assessment, contour maps were typically used, assisted by
standard computer programs. Based on the available head and mean annual flow or flow duration
curve (FDC) in the stream, the capacity and energy output were determined. These hydrologic
characteristics were determined using common methods. This classical methodology, which became
more accurate, convenient and rapid, is aided by GIS based tools and other GIS integrated solutions.
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Design software is used for performing real hydropower projects, falling under prefeasibility or
even feasibility studies, after which a final design is made or construction is initiated. Hydrologic data
analysis assisted by specialised hydrologic software estimates the flow available for energy development
and is a first crucial component of a hydropower project, clearly determining its feasibility. A variety
of information resulting from a range of publications in open sources, conference proceedings and
internet resources on the application of computer programs and integrated GIS for the planning and
design of small hydropower plants was collected and analysed.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Conventional Software Tools for SHP Assessment
Computer software designated for SHP assessment can be integrated or not into GIS (i.e., using the
spatial data of a catchment). Only the latest computer-based packages have integrated GIS tools orvice versasome of them are a part of GIS (Figure 1). To assess river flow, there are two main
approaches: the flow duration curve (FDC) and the simulated streamflow (model) methods. A less
accurate intermediate approach is based on the mean annual flow (MAF), which can also be used in
some programs. Table 1 summarises the software packages applied for hydropower studies.
Most of these software tools were developed nearly two decades ago, and some of them
(for instance, RETScreen) have been constantly improved. At that time, some programs were
regarded as promising, but ultimately they did not find a practical application. For instance, HydrA
(European Atlas of Small scale hydropower resources), a PC-based software package, which was first
developed in the UK and later in Spain, was designed for rapidly estimating small-scale hydropowerpotential at any location, at gauged or ungauged sites, to identify suitable turbine types [16]. The same
fate occurred with the Lithuanian SHP atlas [25] because a relatively narrow hydropower market could
not support its practical application.
The integrated method for power analysis (IMP) is a convenient tool for evaluating small-scale
hydroelectric power sites [26,27]. By utilising IMP (combined with the relevant meteorological and
topographical data), in approximately one day of in-house study, an experienced user can evaluate all
aspects of an ungauged hydro site, which includes a power study, the development of a flood
frequency curve and a fish habitat analysis.
RETScreen, a very easy to use Microsoft Excel-based software, was developed by Natural
Resources Canada and is available free from their website [28,29]. It enables the user to facilitate
project development in various renewable energy and energy efficiency projects, which includes
assessment of the potential for hydro based on the FDC or MAF of the site. It also determines the main
financial information for the project, including initial capital cost and payback, and calculates avoided
CO2emissions.
PEACH software is dedicated to preliminary studies of hydropower sites [30,31]. It considers all
technical engineering methods, usually used at these preliminary stages, and also deals with economic
and financial analysis of hydropower schemes.
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Table 1.Overview of conventional software tools for SHP assessm
Software Tools F
Name Developer
Applicable
countries Hydrology
Power
andenergy
Co
Integrated method for power
analysis (IMP) [27]
Natural Resources
Canada and POWELInternational Model +
RETScreen [29]Natural Resources
CanadaInternational FDC +
PEACH [31]
ISL Bureau
dIngnieurs Conseils,
France
International FDC +
Hydropower Evaluation
Software
(HES) [33]
Department of Energy,Idaho Engineering and
Environmental
Laboratory, USA
USA MAF
SMART Mini Idro [18] ERSE SpA, Italy Italy FDC +
Hydrohelp [34]Gordon J.L and OEL-
HydroSys, CanadaInternational FDC +
Modified and updated from the International Small Hydro Atlas [2].
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The Hydropower Evaluation Software (HES) enables the user to account for environmental, legal
and institutional constraints in the US [32,33]. It uses environmental attributes and federal land code
data to generate a project environmental suitability factor.
Software SMART MINI IDRO based on the Excel platform is intended for preliminary SHP
studies [18]. Power and energy are calculated using FDC and the type of turbine. Preliminary
economic and financial estimates are also available.
HydroHelp includes a series of programs that enables hydro engineers to develop detailed
preliminary cost estimates for power plant sites by providing expert advice throughout the design-cost
process [34]. It offers a six-turbine selection feature to help promoters and designers choose the most
appropriate turbine for a given site and market conditions.
3.2. GIS Applications for Evaluating Hydropower Potential
A variety of geographic information system (GIS) definitions are in use. For the purposes of thispaper, they can be simply described as a system integrating hardware, software, and data for capturing,
managing, analysing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information [35]. GIS
enables one to view, understand, interpret, and visualise data in many ways that reveal relationships,
patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS also can be outlined as a
suite of computer-based decision support tools for the integration of spatial data from different sources
and for the analysis, manipulation and display of these data. It is, therefore, a powerful tool for the
management of water bodies, such as river basins, with large amounts of spatially distributed data with
all the advantages of a computer capability.
Land and forest surveys were the first applications of real GIS. Later, GIS technology was
successfully applied to visualise water resources and river networks. Very rapid accumulation of
GIS-based data encouraged the development of GIS analysis tools. GIS users from different fields
could easily share information and compare spatially referenced data, overlay different GIS layers and
obtain new information.
The first steps of GIS applications for the estimation of hydropower resource in river basins were
made in the UK [16]. In many countries, spatial data are provided for free, which makes many tasks of
specific fields easily resolvable.
An especially important step in GIS history was the development of DEM (Digital Elevation
Model). They enable the study of land forms and, in a very short time, can access many hydrological
and morphometric characteristics of a river basin. The input data for DEM generation comes from
different sources, e.g., raw LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data, old topographical maps,
satellite images or aerial photography. Each source requires different technologies for data processing
and gives a different result considering DEM accuracy and costs of data processing. Analysing DEM
together with other data layers (e.g., soil data, land use, and protected areas) more based and accurate
estimations of hydropower planning are obtained that take the already existing network of hydropower
into consideration. A general GIS application flowchart for estimating hydropower resources is
presented in Figure 2.Using LIDAR technology only for SHP projects is currently too expensive and cannot compete
with the common practice of DEM generation [23,36]. However, this situation is rapidly changing
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because this technology is used in very different practical fields (such as geodetic works, flood
mapping, forests, and road development). By overlaying a segmented river network over the DEM, the
elevation drop for each river reach can be obtained easily. By integrating runoff time series, flow
duration curves, and annual flow data in GIS based models, power and energy maps can be produced.
More detailed steps are described in Figure 3.
Figure 2.GIS hydropower assessment tool. General model process flowchart.
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Figure 3. Detailed scheme of GIS application for hydropower estimation in the river
basin: (a) The river basin foreseen for hydropower development. A-catchment area,
H-elevation drop, Q- stream flow, P-stream power; (b) The river split into equal reaches
(h5, h6, h7-elevation of water level at the end of river reach). The input data: hydrographic
network and DEM of river basin; (c) Estimation of stream segment catchment area. The
input data: hydrographic network and river catchment area with DEM; (d) Calculation of
monthly river flow for every segment to obtain the input data from GIS layers;
(e) Calculation of hydropower potential; (f) Evaluation of limiting factors for every reach
(such as protected areas, agriculture, and forests).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
12
3
4
5
7 8
9
10
H10
H9
P10=9,81Q10H10
P9=9,81Q9H9
P1=9,81Q1H1
.
Q8Q9
Q10
(f)
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The input data are the hydrographic network layer and the digital elevation model. First, the river
course is automatically divided into equal segments using the usual tools of GIS (Figure 3b). Second,
at each division point going down from the upstream and using a specially developed GIS tool and the
DEM, the basin area up to the determined section is calculated (Figure 3c). With the catchment area
and applying the usual methods of hydrological calculations, the monthly basin runoff is computed
(Figure 3d). With the elevation drop and runoff for each section, the stream power can be easily
calculated (Figure 3e). This procedure is performed for each river segment from the upper to the lower
reaches of the river and estimates all of the potential. It is absolutely clear that multiple environmental
considerations reduce the likelihood that a site may be developed to its physical potential. Therefore,
screening out sites within parks and other environmentally sensitive or excluded areas will result in the
actual hydropower potential (Figure 3f).
Analysing the application of GIS software for potential assessments, the common ArcGIS tools
developed by ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) are generally used. Especially suitabletools are ArcGIS Spatial Analyst and the recently developed ArcGIS extension, ArcHydro [37], which
allows the user to set a number of hydrological parameters used by hydrologic models as input data.
Many hydrological models as they are today, without the use of GIS for the preparation of input data,
cannot be used. Each hydrological model requires much of the input data prepared by other means, and
the use of GIS would be either impossible or uneconomic. Using the DEM of the river basin, soils and
land cover thematic layers and the river network, the number of required input data for the hydrological
model, a sub-basin separation procedure and similar can be quickly and efficiently calculated.
The same can be said of 1D or 2D hydraulic models. Only with the proper tools of GIS can a
detailed digital model of the surface be developed for the river bed and its valley, including the erecteddams as well as the surface roughness distribution along the river bed [38].
A separate case of GIS application is the development of the map with a spatial distribution of FDC
parameters. The parameters of the FDC obtained at the point of gauging stations are transferred to the
attribute table of the new GIS layer and are later used for spatial analysis. By applying appropriate
methods for the spatial interpolation of these parameters, their values can be determined for the
ungauged river basins.
3.3. Review of Case Studies for SHP Assessment Based on GIS Tools
An analysis of the advanced experience in a number of countries using GIS technology for the
assessment of hydropower resources and potential construction sites is analysed. Some countries have
developed interactive maps of these resources, which are available on websites indicating site locations
and the main technical and economical parameters, enabling users freely obtain the necessary
information, while others do not display the data on the Internet or provide it to a limited extent.
3.3.1. Canada
In 2007, the Rapid Hydropower Assessment Model (RHAM) developed by KWL [39] was used to
assess the run-of-river hydroelectric potential for the Province of British Columbia (BC), Canada, for
an area of approximately 950 thousand square kilometres [20]. Over 8000 potential hydroelectric
opportunities were identified. A powerful geographic information systems-based computer model
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enabled the assessment to be completed in four months. RHAM was developed using an ArcGIS 9.2
platform with the Spatial Analyst extension from ESRI Canada. GIS data sources incorporated into the
model included DEM data from Natural Resources Canada and hydrology data from the B. C. Ministry
of Environment (Table 2). RHAM was run for the entire province.
Table 2.Data sources for hydropower assessment [39].
Dataset Data Type Accuracy Source Description
Canadian Digital
Elevation Data
DEM/1:250K
resolutionGeobase Continuous representation of surface relief
Normal Annual
Runoff Isolines
Vector/500 mm
contour intervalLRDW Normal annual depth of runoff
BC Watershed AtlasVector/based on
1:20K mapping
LRDW/Water
Management
Branch
Topographic reference for mapped
hydrologic features
HYDAT Data 2005 TabularWater Survey
Canada (WSC)
Daily flow data recorded and archived by
WSC for all of Canada.
Hydrologic Zones Vector/1:2M LRDW29 regions of hydrologically similar areas
in BC
Using DEM and mean annual run-off information, the unique algorithm of RHAM can identify
every significant stream and river within a given area, their respective flow rates throughout the year,
and the maximum elevation drops along each reach within a given distance. The model does this by
running both a topographical and a hydrological analysis simultaneously. RHAM calculates the
amount of hydroelectric power available on all streams in a study area, screening out sites within parks
and environmentally sensitive areas, and estimates project costs.
Although the model performed well from the beginning, KWL made adjustments to ensure that it
provided accurate results. For example, in some flat areas, the engineers corrected the DEM data to
ensure that streams flowed in the correct direction.
RHAM can also assess the suitability of hydroelectric development in a given area, taking into
account economic, environmental and social factors, and can assess storage hydro and clustered
developments. For British Columbia, this software tool is available on the Internet [40]. RHAM is
being applied in other parts of the world to unlock hydroelectric potential.
3.3.2. France
For the evaluation of hydro potential at a regional scale in France, an innovative numerical
methodology was developed by combining GIS, the hydrologic and hydrographic characteristics of
sub-basins and rainfall maps [41]. Taking into account the existing capacities and the potential of
existing non-hydroelectric dams, the tool made it possible to evaluate the residual hydropower
potential. The results, together with the outcomes of other studies, were presented on maps for each of
the main river basins that covered all of France. Much data collection was required, which covered
the following:
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Hydrologic and hydrographic characteristics of the basins;
Rainfall and runoff distribution;
Characteristics of existing capacities, non-hydroelectric dams, already identified projects, and
Various types of environmental protection, which could interfere with the development of
hydroelectric projects.
Regarding existing environmental protection, a ranking process was proposed for identified
hydro resources, resulting in four categories of potential from available for development to
non-exploitable potential.
3.3.3. Italy
A methodology to evaluate the residual hydropower potential in Italy, taking into account the
current uses (such as irrigation and drinking water), with a numerical technique coupled with a GIS
was proposed [42]. The model applied through GIS technology coupled the hydrological and
hydrographical characteristics of nearly 1,500 interconnected sub-basins and rainfall maps. Maps of
maximum and residual hydropower potential were produced and were found to be quite helpful tools
to support the power authorities decision makers and other stakeholders in creating energy master
plans and in implementing small hydro plants.
The macro-basin borders were obtained from the Italian digital elevation model (90 m 90 m
definition grid), through an ArcGIS tool called Hydrology modelling. The rainfall distribution over
each elementary basin was the main parameter used to determine the flow and consequently to
calculate the hydropower potential. The input data were taken from the mean rainfall map, which wasprocessed by the so-called spline interpolation method. The water stream discharge was obtained
using the runoff coefficients. The maximum hydropower potential was determined using maps of
water resource availability (that is, the discharge profiles of each river) and the related geodetic heads.
Water withdrawals, including instream (ecological) flow requirements, were taken into account to
determine the real residual hydropower potential for a pilot catchment. A detailed description of this
interactive GIS and Web-based map, VAPIDRO ASTE, can be found at [18].
3.3.4. Norway
To fully understand the potential for small hydro (50 kW to 10 MW), the Norwegian Water and
Energy Directorate (NVE) developed a new method for resource mapping using GIS technology
between 2002 and 2004 [4346]. The method involved identifying waterfalls with the potential for
hydro development and then adding available hydrological data and cost figures for intakes,
waterways, and power stations. ArcGIS standard hydrologic analysis was used to derive runoff.
Certain limitations were set with regard to the river slope, elevation, runoff volume, maximum usable
flow, installed power, and production. The plant design was fixed automatically as soon as the head
and flow were known, and the power output and generation capacity was automatically calculated.
This study identified 18 million MWh of potential.
A second generation version of this methodology, which resulted in the preparation of the Small
Hydropower Atlas, corrected some weaknesses of the earlier method. These weaknesses included
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possible mistakes in the data used to build the DEM (25 m 25 m grid cells), the lack of high-quality
data on distribution lines, the difficulties in assessing the correct cost for access roads, the inability of
the model to include specific local conditions, and a conservative cost estimate that leads to cost
figures that are too high.
Potential sites for small hydropower (NVE Atlas) are now available on the Internet, which provides
developers with the location of prospective SHP plants, their power capacity and the main economic
estimate, which is the total investment divided by the mean annual generation capacity, i.e., the cost of
kWh produced [47].
3.3.5. Scotland
Hydrobot is a combined GIS and financial assessment tool to identify micro-hydro schemes [48]. It
was first conceived as a university project and operated as a series of processes rather than a single
model. The model was first used for a study commissioned by the Forum for Renewable EnergyDevelopment in Scotland on behalf of the Scottish Government to assess the nations remaining hydro
potential [49]. Hydrobot can be applied to any land area within Scotland and the top sites supplied to
those developers.
Hydrobot is based on a surface flow model derived from elevation data in a 10 m 10 m grid
across the whole of Scotland. Every watercourse has been modelled to give the FDC at any point. The
accuracy of the predicted flows has been tested against measured flows away from established gauging
stations and also examined by the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency. Hydrobot can be
accessed at [50].
3.3.6. The United States
The Virtual Hydropower Prospector (VHP) is a GIS application designed to assist users in locating
and assessing natural stream water energy resources in the United States [51]. It was developed as part
of the Small Hydropower Resource Assessment and Technology Development Project conducted at
the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) with the support of the U.S. Department of Energy Wind and
Hydropower Technologies Program.
The intended use of VHP is to obtain a broad overview of water energy resources in an area of
interest or to perform a preliminary development feasibility assessment of particular sites of interest.The location of features and the associated attribute information are for indication only. Actual on-site
locations, measurements, and evaluations must be undertaken to verify information presented by VHP
and assess true development feasibility. VHP was designed and developed using ESRIs commercial
GIS software, ArcIMS 9.0, for the Web and mapping interface. Its main features are as follows:
GIS tool on the Internet;
No special software or licenses required for use;
Displays 500,000 water energy resource sites and 130,000 feasible project sites throughout
the U.S.;
Displays context features needed to perform preliminary feasibility assessments;
Provides tools for locating and selecting features of interest, and
Goes beyond geographic location and provides attribute information about selected features.
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The first step in using this tool is to select one of the 20 U.S. hydrologic regions using the Region
Selector available on the Internet (Virtual Hydropower Prospector)[5]. Each region selected will open
a new map window for that region.
3.3.7. Concluding Remarks
The general features of GIS integrated software for preliminary SHP site assessment are presented
in Table 3. The analysis of conventional hydro software tools for a preliminary SHP site assessment
shows that, over the past 15 years, they have evolved considerably and can now account for a complex
evaluation of the river basin. In particular, a large step in SHP assessment was the integration of these
software tools into the GIS environment, the penetration of GIS to the Web and the advent of remote
sensing techniques.
In general, for the application of GIS for assessing hydropower potential, several typical
components can be identified:
Gathering of river basin hydrological characteristics and associated attribute information as
spatial GIS data and later using them for broad-based analysis;
Development of a DEM for the river basin using a variety of primary sources as input data for
GIS database development and for later use in the hydropower potential evaluation;
Development of SHP assessment tools as specialised GIS extensions and integrating them into
GIS systems;
Performance of SHP evaluation and presentation of the results by GIS tools and their interactive
use on the Internet.In a review of GIS applications in precedent worldwide cases, not all of the steps listed above in the
cases analysed were found, but some components are always available. Developers of hydropower
software tools generally do not develop GIS tools themselves but prefer using standard ones or those
created by others. For instance, the GIS application StreamStats is capable of computing estimates of
streamflow at ungauged sites [7]. In countries with more advanced technology, they do not need to
produce the DEM because it has already been developed for the whole country. Many countries have
also created GIS databases of the hydrographic network and protected areas, soils and other areas.
Among the cases not mentioned, it is possible to list the countries that have introduced advanced
weather and water quality monitoring systems that automatically send data from monitoring points
directly to GIS databases and are available on the Web (e.g., the US). In the context of SHP potential
assessment using GIS tools in different countries, the required resources are quite different.
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Energies 2011, 4
Table 3.GIS-based Small Hydropower Atlases on the Internet.
SHP Atlas on the Internet Features
Name DeveloperApplicable
countriesAccessibility
Hydrology
Powerand
energy
PossibleSHP
sites
NVE Atlas. Potential
for SHP plants [47]
Norwegian Water
Resources and Energy
Directorate (NVE)
Norway
Open access,
interactive
Web-based maps
MAF + +
Virtual Hydropower
Prospector (VHP) [5]
Idaho National
LaboratoryUS
Open access,
interactive
Web-based maps
MAF + +
RHAM [40]Kerr Wood Leidal
Associates Ltd (KWL)
British
Columbia,
Canada
Open access,
interactive
Web-based maps
MAF/
FDC+ +
Hydrobot [50]Nick Forrest Associates
Ltd. et al.Scotland Limited access FDC + +
VAPIDRO ASTE [18] ERSE SpA, Italy
Open access,
interactive
Web-based maps
MAF + +
MAF: Mean annual flow; FDC: Flow duration curve.
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Energies 2011, 4 1273
In most proposed hydropower assessment tools, GIS is often used for the presentation of results in
the form of digital maps, which is very convenient for users. With those maps, the user can also
perform a limited number of GIS operations (queries, etc.). Before moving the data into the GIS
database, complex hydrological modelling can be performed, and only simulation results are later
transferred to the database. An example is the development of the VAPIDRO-ASTE tool [18]. Some
modules are directly integrated into the GIS environment, and some of them operate as a standalone,
which performs the necessary calculations and integrates the result into the GIS database.
GIS applications for hydropower potential assessment may have a quite different approach, which
obviously depends on the form of the input data resources and possibilities, to integrate developed
tools into the GIS environment because there were a variety of tools developed before the appearance
of the GIS software. Therefore, it is more useful to use them separately from GIS and then transfer the
results into GIS.
4. Conclusions
During the last 15 years, hydropower assessment tools based on computer software have improved
considerably, accounting particularly for the complex integration of river catchment attributes. This
improvement is due mainly to the advent of geographic information systems (GIS).
With recent advances in GIS technology and the increased availability of high-quality topographic
and hydrologic data, it is now possible to rapidly assess power potential on a widespread basis
while maintaining a relatively high level of detail. In most countries, GIS data are free of charge.
For hydropower project studies, remote sensing (e.g., LIDAR), which is becoming cost effective
compared with conventional surveying, has represented a leap forward in producing digital
elevation models, especially in areas that are difficult to access.
Using DEM and regional hydrologic data, these software tools are able to calculate the amount of
hydropower available on all streams in a study area, screening out sites within environmentally
sensitive or excluded areas, and to estimate project costs.
A number of countries (e.g., Canada, Italy, Norway, Scotland and the US) have re-assessed their
hydropower capacities based on the spatial information of their water stream catchments, developed
tools for automated hydro-site identification and published Web-based GIS tools, the so-called
Atlas of small-scale hydropower resources, for open use. Their experience can be applied to other
parts of the world to unlock hydropower potential.
It is absolutely clear that a reliable assessment of real SHP site feasibility implies some on the
ground surveying, but this traditional assessment can be greatly facilitated with computer
programs if the GIS technique involving the spatial variability of catchment characteristics
is integrated.
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Energies 2011, 4 1274
Acknowledgement
This paper is based on the findings of the EU partially funded projects, Small Hydro Action for the
Promotion of efficient solutions (SHAPES; 20072010; No. TREN/07/FP6EN/S07.74894/038539)and Stream Map for Small Hydropower in the EU (SHP STREAMMAP; 20092012;
No. IEE/08/697/SI2.529232). The project coordinator was the European Small Hydropower Association
(ESHA). The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.
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SMALL HYDRO
POWER PLANTS
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Small hydropower project
A successful small hydropower project depends on a big reservoir of experience,
because the challenges are diverse and intricate.
Alstoms small hydro projects cover a wide range of situations:
Run-of-river plants built on flood-prone alluvial plains, to reservoirs built in narrow rockyvalleys.
Remote-controlled facilities powering isolated local networks to team managed free-dischargesubsystems in large dams connected to national grids.
Minimal heads as low as a few metres to high heads of up to 1,000 m. Fixed conditions to sudden or seasonal variations.
Cost to performance considerations and shorter delivery expectations make every small hydro
project a unique endeavour. Technical ingenuity and far-sighted project management are needed
to balance all the constraints of excavation, grid code requirements, environmental legislation,
discharge and head variations and water particle content. Because Alstom is an experienced
global hydropower leader, we have the know-how to face these challenges head-on.
Experience of a global leader
As a leading turbine designer and manufacturer we offer the widest possible range of original
equipment in modular solutions to reduce costs and speed delivery times. Working with you we
select and then enhance a modular solution with custom engineering to ensure the perfect
configuration and implementation. Our goal is to capture the full hydro potential of every site
while taking into account landscape integration and lifetime environmental impact.
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Small plants
big challenges
Clean Power, Clear Solutions04How Alstom is helping you meet the challengesof energy sustainability
A complete portfolio10For all heads and discharge rates
Technological know-how16Global experience, local expertise
Advanced tehnologies18Driven by customer value
Small hydro06We offer all the options
Proven solutions12Backed by innovation
03
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Our Power generation offering is based on a deep understanding of power
markets and our customers needs. It is organised around three levers
to maximise the return of assets over their entire lifecycle.
It takes competitive assets to keepelectricity affordable. We enable
power companies to compete
successfully in the marketplace
and provide affordable electricity to
consumers. We help you reduce the
cost of electricity through:
Efficiency improvements
CAPEX reduction / scaling up
Capacity Factor increase
(renewable)
Lead time reduction
Competitive O&M
Competitive financing
Clean generation is one way ofdemonstrating environmental
responsibility. Another is lowering
resource usage, visual impact and
noise pollution. In both cases, we
can help you meet or exceed
regulations and environmental
standards. That is why Alstom
innovates in the following areas:
Renewable portfolio
Natural resource optimisation
Pollutants control
(SOx, NOx, PM, mercury)
CO2 emission reduction & CCS
Land use, visual impact and noise
Water intensity reduction
& recyclability
Intermittent power generation is agrowing challenge of energy security,
as is maintaining an aging installed
base and adapting it to changing
market conditions. We help you
tackle both issues so that you can
enjoy dependable operations with:
Maintainability and outage
time reduction
Operational and fuel flexibility
Lifetime extension
and power uplift
Designs and service for improved
availability and reliability
Climate packages
Energy storage
04
How Alstom is helping youClean Power
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ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY : A GLOBAL CHALLENGE
people globally lacks electricity.
1 in 5of renewable energies in global
electricity generation.
Only20%rise of the global energy-related
carbon dioxide emissions could
happen by 2035.
A 20%
05
meet the challenges of energy sustainabilityClear Solutions
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Our Hydro PlantLifeprogramme segments operation and maintenance into three service
modules, adapted to the age and condition of each plant.
ASSESSIt begins with assessment of the site. We offer: hydro assets audit, condition assessments, reverse
engineering, lifetime forecast analysis and technical site surveys.
SECURE & EXTENDOur proactive services focus on securing operations and extending lifetime: modernisation and cost of
ownership, lifetime extension, operations, maintenance and emergency repair, condition monitoring,
penstock and gate security, customer support line, spare parts and training.
RESET & UPGRADEWhen a big change is necessary, we can help with: change of operating pattern, upgrading,
environmentally-friendly upgrade, or as-is replacement.
Hydro PlantLife
Alstom provides a complete range for small hydro.Our equipment covers up to 30 MW per unit, with heads up to 1,000 m and discharge rates up to 200 m3/s. While we recommend our
turnkey capabilities and Plant IntegratorTMservices for the ultimate in cost-effectiveness, reliability and availability, we can also work with
variable scopes down to single component solutions.
COMPREHENSIVE PERSPECTIVE:Alstom can take care of all customer requirements throughout the life of the plant from technologydevelopment, engineering and project design, equipment manufacture, project erection and commissioning, operation and maintenance,through to refurbishment and life extension. This comprehensive capability means that Alstom is able to fully understand and meet the
customers requirements throughout all phases of the plants life, whilst always delivering the optimum solution.
MAXIMISING LIFETIME VALUE:Alstoms goal is to devise a solution that creates the most value for your plant investment over the entire
life cycle. That is why we offer new solutions, retrofits, refurbishments or upgrades tailored and optimised according to your specific needs.
MODULAR, SCALEABLE PLATFORMS: all our small hydro solutions are built using modular concepts. Once the ideal turbine type has beendetermined a standard design can be picked and the configuration developed to perfectly suit your project concept. By working with triedand tested designs with standardised interfaces, Alstom ensures that the planning, procurement and installation is rapid and cost effective.All our designs take into account the full lifecycle and optimise questions of operation and maintenance, mitigating risk at all stages.
POSSIBLE SCOPES:Alstom provides a range of scopes, including plant integration expertise to optimise the complete plant configuration,custom engineering to solve site specific challenges, single components to integrated turnkey systems or plants or off-the shelf technology
from Alstom or partner suppliers.
06
We offeSmall hydro
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Mitigate your risksEvery small hydro plant owner is seeking to reduce risk and
secure their return on investment, before, during and after
construction. Choosing Alstom is a wise decision because,as a one-stop-shop with a global track record, we are ideally
positioned to mitigate project risks such as:
construction cost overruns schedule shifts and delays failure to meet performance guarantees
recurring outages unpredictable operation and maintenance costs
Key benefits
GLOBAL LEADER: Alstom has commissioned almost 1,000 small hydro power plants (SHPP) worldwide. In the last decade alone,Alstom has commissioned 3.3 GW and more than 130 plants with units up to 30 MW, covering all types of turbines and plant arrangements.
UNEQUALLED COMPUTATIONAL & TEST RESOURCES: Alstom small hydro projects have access to the latest know-how, R&D, modellingand test tools developed for large hydro projects in our Global Technology Centres.
UNPARALLELED PORTFOLIO OF MODULAR DESIGNS: no other company can offer such a comprehensive portfolio of modular, scaleableand proven technologies and designs covering every element of a SHPP. Because we design and build all plant components, we are ideallypositioned to integrate the individual plant elements most efficiently.
GREEN SOLUTIONS AND ENVIRONMENT: Alstoms constant commitment to R&D for greener solutions allows customers to implementenvironmentally-friendly projects, such as oil-free hydrostatic bearings, fish-friendly turbines and compact footprints.
TURNKEY EXPERIENCE: Alstom designs and supplies its own turbines, generators and control systems. Customers therefore have a singlesource for all their needs, simplifying project management and ensuring projects are delivered on time and on budget.
OUR COMPREHENSIVE RANGE: because we have a comprehensive range of turbines, you can be sure to find the exact design thatperforms optimally for your project.
GLOBAL FOOTPRINT WITH LOCAL PRESENCE: with technology centres worldwide, Alstom has an in-depth knowledge of the specifichydro needs of local markets and it has the local knowledge to design products that are ideal for local conditions.
Whether plant owners require a new facility or are simply looking to upgrade or renew
an existing installation, Alstom has the experience, know-how and mix of technologies
to provide the right solution.
Alstoms SHPP Solutions Application Range
07
all the options
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Small hydro power plant in Gallur (Spain)
1 x 1.6 MW SAM
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Bulb family:very low & low heads
Alstoms Bulb family, comprising Bulb and PIT solutions, is idealfor run-of-river projects with high to very high discharges.
The straight water passage and horizontal axis improves
hydraulic behaviour and allows low submergence.
A further benefit of Alstoms bulb solutions is their outstanding
ability to handle significant head and discharge variations due to
the double regulated arrangement.
Bulb: best performanceHEADS UP TO 15 M; OUTPUT UP TO 20 MWAlstoms Bulb solutions are undoubtedly the worlds most reliable.
Furthermore, the latest developments in hydraulic profile design
ensure the highest levels of efficiency over significant discharge
variations.
PIT: cost effectivenessHEADS UP TO 20 M; OUTPUT UP TO 25 MWPIT is an evolution of Bulb turbines specifically designed for
small hydro applications. While Bulb designs have the generator
submerged and directly coupled to the turbine, PIT solutions use
a gearbox to increase the generator speed and allow alternative
positioning of the generator. This enables an open pit above
the turbine for easy maintenance access, cost efficient installation
and service.
S-type family:low heads, more powerS-type turbines are an evolution of traditional Kaplan turbinesspecifically developed for small hydro applications.
Alstoms scalable S-type solutions rely on standardised, proven
designs, guaranteeing reliability and cost-effectiveness.
Alstom has extensive experience with over 70 units commissioned
in the last decade.
SAM: best performance and optimised costHEADS UP TO 40 M; OUTPUT UP TO 25 MWSAM is Alstoms upstream elbow, the latest evolution of S-type
solutions featuring a horizontal axis, straight draft tube and double
regulated turbine directly coupled to the generator. It is dedicated to
run-of-river, low height dam projects, with high discharge rates and
wide variations in head and discharge. Compared to other S-type
turbines, Alstoms SAM solutions offer higher performance, greater
reliability and reduced excavation.
SAXO: simple and compactHEADS UP TO 25 M; OUTPUT UP TO 10 MWWhen space is limited, for example when integrating into an
existing plant, a SAXO solution can be the ideal answer.
Alstoms SAXO is equivalent to a vertical axis SAM connected to an
elbow-type draft tube for a compact, efficient solution.
10
For all headsA complete
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For more than 100 years, Alstom has been a leading force in hydropower having
installed more than 25% of the total global hydropower capacity.
Vertical Kaplan family:broad rangeVertical Kaplan turbines provide high efficiency over a broadrange of heads and discharge rates.
KV: easy site adaptationHEADS UP TO 50 M; OUTPUT UP TO 30 MWAlstoms vertical axis double-regulated Kaplan solutions are
compact and minimise the civil works required.
They also cover the greatest range of power and discharge rates.Their numerous technical possibilities facilitate the adaptation
to project and site constraints.Application Range of Low Head Solutions
Alstoms SHPP Kaplan Family
11
nd discharge ratesportfolio
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Francis family:medium head solutionsFrancis turbines are the most widely used and highly efficientturbines in the world.
Alstom has commissioned more than 130 units up to 30 MW in the
last decade. Our complete range of standardised Francis turbines
for SHPPs offer wide adaptability for unequalled efficiency levels
and drastically reduced cavitation risk.
Francis Horizontal Single discharge (FHS)HEADS UP TO 350 M; OUTPUT UP TO 15 MWThis is often the preferred SHPP Francis solution since it reduces
civil works and turbine-generator submergence. It also provides
easier access for maintenance and simplified erection.
Francis Horizontal Double discharge (FHD)HEADS UP TO 100 M; OUTPUT UP TO 20 MWSimilar to the single discharge arrangement but better suited
to higher discharges.
Francis Vertical arrangement (FV)HEADS UP TO 400 M; OUTPUT UP TO 30 MWSuitable for larger plants with a higher power output.
Application Range of Medium Head Solutions
Alstoms SHPP Francis Family
Application Range of High Head Solutions
Alstoms SHPP Pelton Family
12
Backed byProven solutions
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Leveraging our experience and global network, we offer unique solutions based on
proven state-of-the-art technologyand project-specific research and development.
Pelton family:for high headsPeltons are the turbine of choice for high heads, fastresponse and rapid power output adjustment capability.
The characteristics of Pelton turbines make them ideal for
peak production, ancillary services such as network frequency
and voltage regulation, reactive power production and reservegenerating capacity.
The vast majority of Alstoms Pelton units have forged runnersto reduce mechanical fatigue and use two bearing technology
for a more compact powerhouse. Hard coatings for silt abrasion
protection are available.
Vertical 4- to 6-jet Pelton (PV)HEADS UP TO 1000 M; OUTPUT UP TO 30 MWThese turbines deliver high power and, because of the Multi-jet
arrangement, are suitable for a wide operating range.
Horizontal 2-jet Pelton (PH)HEADS UP TO 1000 M; OUTPUT UP TO 25 MWThese are the ideal solution when cost-effective configurations are
needed.
Patented solutionsAlways at the forefront of innovation, Alstom provides patented
designs such as the Hooped Pelton runner which has a number of
significant advantages.
First, each bucket is manufactured separately and is attached to the
runner by two hoops. This effectively separates the hydraulic and
torque transmission functions between the bucket and the hoops
respectively, which increases reliability, consequently, greatly and
reduces inspection frequency.
Second, vibrations are reduced by as much as 90%.
Third, with this component design, the supply chain can be
optimised to speed delivery times and, later, damaged buckets can
be replaced individually providing further savings.
Last, smaller component sizes allow higher quality materials and
the application of better silt abrasion protection coatings.
13
nnovation
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Alstom offers a complete portfolio of power generation
equipment and services for all fuel types. By 2030 theworld will have seen a significant change in the powergeneration mixwith an increased share of CO2-free andrenewable power. Alstom will continue to play a strong
role in the booming hydropower market.
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Specialist production sites embedded in the global Alstom network
Grenoble (France)Global Technology Centre
Manufacturing
Vadodara (India)Global Technology Centre
Manufacturing
Birr (Switzerland)Global Technology CentreManufacturing
Sorel-Tracy (Canada)Global Technology Centre
Manufacturing
Taubat (Brazil)Manufacturing
Bilbao (Spain)Manufacturing
Levallois-Perret (France)Headquarters
Tianjin (China)Global Technology CentreManufacturing
GTC Global Technology CentreAlstoms Global Technology Centres are advanced research and development locations
where we pursue fundamental research and/or run state-of-the-art hydraulic scale
model testing. Alstoms test rigs are capable of simulating operating conditions
identical to those in a hydropower plant so that we can study and verify complex
hydraulic phenomena that are still beyond the scope of the most advanced computer
simulations. The benefits flow back into our standard modular designs and custom
engineering projects.
Alstom has Global Technology Centres in Grenoble (France the lead centre),
Vadodara (India), Sorel-Tracy (Canada), Birr (Switzerland), Taubat (Brazil) and Tianjin
(China). Further R&D facilities and resources are based around the world.
Using common platforms for product development across all facilities promotes
effective international collaboration.
Solving low head challengesThe lower the head, the more important the hydraulic profile.
Therefore, besides the right turbine type, the perfect hydraulic
pathway needs to be determined to ensure that power output is
optimal even when discharge and levels vary. Low heads also drive
turbines at relatively low speeds while generating high torques
posing mechanical challenges. As a turbine specialist with a
long OEM (original equipment manufacturer) heritage and globalportfolio of successful projects, Alstom can reliably solve these
challenges.
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Global experienceTechnologica
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Project highlights worldwideThanks to our global footprint, Alstom has an excellent portfolio of international small hydro references.
Our local reach and know how complements our global technology to optimise each project.
SANTA F (BRAZIL)2 x 15 MW SAM (head: 33 m)
Originally conceived as two KVs, Alstomproposed two horizontal SAMs to better
exploit the full site and project potentialwhile limiting environmental impact.
GALLUR (SPAIN)1 x 1.6 MW SAM (head: 20 m)
In the Spanish province of Zaragoza thehistoric Canal Imperial de Aragn has been
an important waterway for almost 400 yearsthat is being increasingly used for modern
SHPPs. The Gallur plant supplies electricityto some major industries such as Opel,
Tudor and Vicasa that have recently settledin the area.
SEYRANTEPE (TURKEY)2 x 28 MW FV (head: 32 m)
The 31 m Seyrantepe dam is built on thePeri water of the Euphrates and it powers
two units with an installed capacity of56 MW. Coming into operation in 2008,
annual average production has been about
180 million kWh.
MILLER CREEK (CANADA)1 x 3.5 MW PH (head: 762 m) and
1 x 30 MW PV (head: 668 m)The Miller Creek run-of-river project on atributary of the Lillooet captures water atelevations of 1,100 m and 1,200 m with
a 3 m high wall creating a two hectarereservoir. The water then travels through a
4 km steel penstock to the 31 MW stationon the lower reach of the creek.
OURINHOS (BRAZIL)3 x 15 MW PIT (head: 11 m)
Ourinhos was a significant technicalaccomplishment, thanks to the three Alstom
15 MW Pit turbines which deliver a total of45 MW from a head of only 10 m.
After 40,000 hours it has already inspired
several other run of the river plants in Braziland parts of the Amazon.
DALVATN (NORWAY)1 x 10 MW FHS (head: 190 m)
Dalvatn power plant in Rogaland wasoriginally built in 1922 and had an installed
capacity of 15 MW. In 1978 the old station(called Sauda II) was demolished replaced
with a plant with an installed capacity of24 MW. In 2006, the 10 MW FHS was
added with a new waterway tunnel in themountains.
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ocal expertiseknow-how
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Plant Integrator optimising the value chainThe Plant Integrator approach creates real value for our customers by optimising the entire value chain and the overall plant performance.
This approach goes beyond the typical product compilation simply aimed at reducing costs. As an OEM, EPC and O&M provider, Alstom
has a unique perspective that allows the analysis of the whole plant and the full lifecycle as an integrated system. Using proven models
and established benchmarks, specific investment costs can be understood in their true context. Customers benefit from a greater range of
options to determine the solutions that are best-suited to their needs. These help them achieve their business objectives and consequently,
better serve their markets.
MICADUR for durable generatorsDeveloped and improved over 40 years, Alstoms Micadur process
results in a Class F insulation system for the stator windings that
gives outstanding electrical and mechanical properties. The result is
excellent long-term durability under all operating conditions.
Control and automation technologiesIn 2010, Alstom completed the development of the next generation
of its small hydro power plant control and automationportfolio. While maintaining a high level of availability and
performance, the new portfolio is focused on meeting essential
requirements of cost-effectiveness, simplicity and reliability.
SMARTCONTROL SXControl system with the latest proven technologies for
harsh real-time industrial environments.
SMARTGEN
A brushless excitation based on low maintenance technology,
which eliminates the need for regular cleaning to remove
carbon dust.
NEYRPICT.SLGA universal electronic governor based on proven technology and
designed for all types of hydro turbines, it is robust, fast and easy to
use or upgrade.
Drivenby customer value
We help you to maximise power output and profitability fromhydraulic studies to plant configuration and from construction to
maintenance.
Hydraulic innovation processApproximately forty new turbine hydraulic profiles are designed and
tested each year. Alstoms continuous hydraulic innovation processimproves performance and operating range from year to year,
maintaining Alstoms hydropower solutions as the global reference.
River water quality oil-free solutionsWater bearings make a plant greener because we completely avoid
oil lubrication of water path components. Furthermore, water is
highly incompressible making water bearings stiffer than their
oil counterparts which reduces vibration and noise and increases
reliability.
OIL-FREE HUB FOR KAPLANThe Kaplan includes self-lubricated blade bushings and waterfilled
hubs.
HYDROSTATIC WATER BEARINGSAnother oil-free solution with a self-centring system that also acts
as a shaft seal.
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Advanced technologies
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Rail transport
Electrical grid
Power generation
Alstom is a global leader in the world of power generation,power transmission and rail infrastructure and sets the benchmark for
innovative and environmentally friendly technologies.
Alstom builds the fastest train and the highest capacity automated metro
in the world, provides turnkey integrated power plantsolutions and associated services for a wide variety of energysources, including hydro, nuclear, gas, coal, wind, solar thermal,
geothermal and ocean energies. Alstom offers a wide range of solutionsfor power transmission, with a focus on smart grids.
Alstom
Alstom Poweroffers solutions which allow their customers togenerate reliable, competitive and eco-friendly power.
Alstom has the industrys most comprehensive portfolio of thermaltechnologies coal, gas, oil and nuclear and holds leading positions inturnkey power plants, power generation services and air quality control
systems. It is also a pioneer in carbon capture technologies.
Alstom offers the most comprehensive range of renewable power
generation solutions today: hydro power, wind power, geothermal, biomassand solar. With ocean energies, we are developing solutions for tomorrow.Alstom is one of the world leaders in hydro power,
the largest source of renewable energy on the planet.
Power generation
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Europe, Middle East and Africa
Alstom Hydro4, avenue Andr Malraux92309 Levallois-Perret CedexFrance
North America
Alstom Hydro Canada Inc.1350 chemin St-Roch
J3R 5P9 Sorel-Tracy, QubecCanada
Latin America
Alstom Hydro Energia Brasil LtdaAv. Charles Schneider12040-001 TaubatBrazil
China
Tianjin Alstom Hydro Co., LtdGaofeng Road, Beichen DistrictTianjin 300400
China
Asia
Alstom Projects India Ltd HydroManejaVadodara 390 013India
Alstom Renewable Power4, avenue Andr Malraux92309 Levallois-Perret Cedex
France
www.alstom.com