Post on 16-Apr-2017
Skill Development in Rural Areas through CBVT
R. NarasimhamChairman,
Expert Committee for Developing courses in Vocational Rehab, Rehab Social Work etc…
(Rehabilitation Council of India)
National Congress on Skill Development &
Entrepreneurship – 2014 Mumbai
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Introduction As per Census 2001 there is a
varying urbanization in different parts of the country, leaving a 61.53% in the rural areas.
The problems faced by the disabled is compounded by multifarious handicaps such as hunger, disease, squalor, illiteracy and a daily battle for the basic necessities of life in the villages.
Despite the difference in the urbanization, a total of 74.8% of the disabled population lives in the rural areas.
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CBR a Necessity• Community Based Rehab as understood today is a
necessity and not just a tool to get noticed by public for several reasons.
• Most prominent among them being the lack of access for the pwd living in rural and far flung areas.
• Services & skills for management of pwd are only available in urban & at the most in district level towns.
• CBR is both simple & complex for the type of services they render.
• Institutions have been providing episodic services on medical intervention, family guidance & counseling, and ability aids.
• The present paper looks at another important component of economic rehab & empowerment of pwd living in the rural & semi urban areas.
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What is CBR? CBR is in a way part of empowerment of the pwd living in far
flung areas. “CBR is a strategy within general community development for
rehabilitation, equalization of opportunities and social inclusion of all children and adults with disabilities. CBR is implemented through the combined efforts of people with disabilities themselves, their families and communities, and the appropriate health, education, vocational and social services” 8 – World Health Organization (1994)
"A strategy within community development for the rehabilitation, equalization of opportunities and social integration of all people with disabilities" - United Nations
"CBR is a strategy for enhancing the quality of life of disabled people by improving service delivery, by providing more equitable opportunities and by promoting and protecting their human rights” - Einar Helander, Expert on CBR
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CBR - How• Many institutions follow community-oriented
approaches. Services are provided at the level of community through an outreach clinic or camp based approach.
• Program is guided by the institution and directed by the availability of the resources. Mostly they are disability specific.
• The patients and community are only the beneficiaries. e.g. as and when appliances like wheelchair, tricycle, or calipers become available, they get distributed whether it is appropriate or not. However, these strategies are inadequate to respond to the needs and expectations of the disabled and their community.
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Now the Issues
Projected Population of pwd by 2016*Projected Population Projected Number of pwd
assuming 70% live in Areas
Disability Male Female Total Male Female Total Rounded to millions
Locomotor 75,87,297 44,74,268 1,20,61,565 53,11,108 31,31,988 84,43,096 8.45Visual Impairment
19,23,258 5,94,523 25,17,781 13,46,281 4,16,166 17,62,447
1.76Intellectual Disabilities (MR)
15,14,811 9,57,878 24,72,689 10,60,368 6,70,515 17,30,883
1.73Speech Impaired
9,68,628 8,12,893 17,81,521 6,78,040 5,69,025 12,47,065
1.25Hearing Impaired
16,89,962 15,97,794 32,87,756 11,82,793 11,18,455 23,01,248
2.30Total 1,36,83,956 84,37,356 2,21,21,312 95,78,590 59,06,149 1,54,84,739
About 15 million
*Institute of Applied Manpower Research6CBVT @ Nat Cong
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Literacy Levels of different categories NSSO (2002) Study
(Per 1000 ) Disability Illiterate Primary FunctionalIlliteracy
Middle Secondary & above
Mentalretardati
on
866 106 97.2% 24 3
MentalIllness
591 215 80.6% 102 89
Blindness 773 141 91.4% 45 41Low
vision738 172 91.0% 45 43
Hearing 646 231 87.7% 70 50Speech 670 235 90.5% 57 38Locomoto
r447 292 73.9% 136 124
Alldisabiliti
es
547 254 80.1% 106 92
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Education & Skills of pwd Education VRC Emp.
Exch.Camp in rural area
Illiterate 9.9% 0.4% 40.3%< 8th Std 25.7% 12.7% 42.1%
Less than 8th 35.6% 13.1% 82.4%
8th to 10th 14.5% 21.8% 6.2%SSC + 49.9% 65.1% 11.4%Vocational Skills
20.8% 30.2% 3.2%
NSSO 1.9%
Survey of DDRCs In a Status survey conducted in 50 DDRCs on a stratified
sampling method covering all the States/ UTs in the country for the Min. of SJE, I had the opportunity to visit more than 30 DDRCs and compiled information through other experienced Rehab Professionals who covered the other 20 DDRCs
It is found that the DDRCs have made a dent in reaching the rural disabled at grass root level.
Study has found that on an average 1697 pwd per year per DDRC were provided with different types of services during 2002 – 2007
A total of 97,757 with a statistical average of about 19551.4 ability aids per year have been distributed at an average of 3910.3 per Centre per year.
The largest constituent of beneficiaries is those receiving Hearing Aids followed by Others (mostly Calipers, crutches, special shoes etc...) and then Tricycles.
Hardly a total of 1,634 out of 3,81,748 constituting an insignificant percentage of the total pwd covered have been provided with vocational services. There is a dire need in this area 9CBVT @ Nat Cong
Districts covered in the Study
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Beneficiaries of DDRCs in the Country
Vocational Training
92%
2%4%
2%
None Acquired Skills B. Ed Others
Educational Status of Beneficiaries
Education Number %ageIlliterate 64 32.5Literate 4 2.1< 8 81 41.1Less than 8th 149 75.7Secondary 22 11.2Sr Secondary 15 7.6Graduate 6 3.0Post Graduate 5 2.5Above Secondary 48 24.3
197
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School Dropout rates in Tamilnadu*
Level Now (2007) 10 years agoPrimary School(5th Std)
2.7% 15.85%
Middle School (8th Std)
5.22% 32.54%
High School 42.55% 63.87%+ 2 69.45% 81.40%*Muthukumaran Committee
Even now only 30.55% go for higher education among non – disabled. We deal with adults who left schools 10 years ago – the 81.4%Workout for the pwd with reference to the Literacy levels – NSSO study reports only 9.2% go beyond + 2
Vocational Rehabilitation Vocational training & employment are the final
and most vital component of social inclusion of the pwd.
The Ministry of Labour is mandated to carry out these tasks among the population with as many as 5200 ITIs providing training in 128 technical and non technical trades with an annual intake of about 7.5 lakhs.
There are 21 Vocational Rehabilitation Centres for Handicapped (VRCs) in the country. Other than these, penetration of skill training has been limited to sporadic efforts by the NGOs
All these VRCs are in urban areas but they do carry out outreach services. 12CBVT @ Nat Cong
Outreach Programs Needless to say most of the Services for the pwd are
in urban areas and the services to the rural areas are provided through Outreach Services.
Conducting Outreach Programs or under the name of Community Based Rehabilitation is not new. As early as the early 1940s, the Christian Medical College & Hospital at Vellore in South India has been taking their medical & preventive services to the rural areas in a radius of more than 50 miles, focusing mainly on communicable diseases & Leprosy which was endemic in that area then.
Subsequently NGOs working with the disabled also started the CBR work, but confined it to the disability they served and services are confined to basic techniques of therapy.
The concept of CBR in Vocational Rehabilitation was started in VRC Delhi (Estt 1971) in 1974 and is now a regular feature of its services in all VRCs. 13CBVT @ Nat Cong
Evaluation in progress at Bijwasan
Concept Development Finding that the Rehab Camps yielded only limited success a new
skill development program to train the disabled was initiated The Author had opportunity to introduce community based
vocational training (CBVT) while working in Ahmedabad at Pirana ( 18 Kms) in 1989.
A customized skill development program was developed in assembling and repair of 2 – Band Radios. (That was the Market then) 10 persons with Locomotor disabilities were included. The program was coordinated by the Dargah authorities
Since then several such programs were conducted by the Author in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
Now all the VRCs carry out CBVT programs as part of their regular service.
Over 250 modules have been developed. This is not an exhaustive list but covers many traditional, urban and rural based, technical, non technical, animal husbandry, poultry, farm equipment and agricultural operations.
Education is not a constraint. Training is provided suited to abilities. 14CBVT @ Nat Cong
Concept The concept works on the premise that a job does not
necessarily require long term training, but skills could be acquired in certain operations of the Job.
Even certain components of the Job/ Job operations can provide a livelihood
Even the highly qualified people use only a few of the theoretical and practical knowledge and skills acquired by them during their education or professional training.
The long term training and higher education may help them in gaining better access and immediate placement in a better status in a job.
However, since most of the pwd are less educated and live in inaccessible areas, it is necessary that the pwd are given vocational training in marketable skills.
Specific skills suited to the local employment market are developed and training is provided in one of the operations of an occupation. 15CBVT @ Nat Cong
Objectives Provide vocational training suited to local
employment market in one of the operations in a job profile through short term program
Training in these skills is best conducted by community members who, with minimal assistance, can easily transfer their skills and knowledge to people with disabilities.
Creation of micro and macro income-generation opportunities:
Help pwd access micro and macro income-generation activities, including obtaining financial credit through existing systems.
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Administrative aspect Preliminary contacts with local NGO/ CBO and encourage
them to conduct a Camp to screen suitable pwd training. Study employment opportunities available in the area,
general educational attainment in the community, availability of training facilities, skilled workers / craftsman and other infrastructure
Skills required to suit local market and can be acquired in a period of not more than 3 months identified
pwd who can undergo the identified skill training are selected. Selection based on physical and intellectual abilities. Education may not be the sole criterion, even though it may be one of them.
Syllabus with weekly and daily targets of skills to be achieved should be worked out.
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Adm - Contd
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Select a local trainer/ skilled person/ artisan . Orient him through the regular trainer of the Institute in the management of the disabled, and techniques of transfer of skills.
Persuade the local N.G.O. to provide space to conduct the training for the period, pay honorarium to the local trainer and where feasible meet the cost of raw material required.
Provide all technical know-how in the conduct of the training and also Tools and Equipment, Scholarship, conducting the test and certification.
Provide post-training follow up to ensure placement services either in the form of wage paid employment or self-employment or any other Supported Employment
Also arrange either through donations or otherwise Tool-kits to those completing the training and also ability aids.
Success Stories Skill Training in House Wiring & repair of
domestic appliances – Dahanu Rd – Locomotor & Hearing impairments
Training in Children’s garments – Amravati – Locomotor & Hearing Impairments
Training in Radio Assembly – Wada – Locomotor disabilities
Training in manufacture of Sanitary Pads and screen Printing – Bhiwandi Intellectual Impairment
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Post Training rehab During a survey carried out after about
one year it was found almost 83% were found engaged in economic activities.
Some were formed into Self Help Groups to take up production work
Group Self employment opportunities were created and required assistance provided
Specific training suited to local employers were provided. 20CBVT @ Nat Cong
Group Employment – Devanahalli, Bangalore Rural dist
Collaboration: Panchayat/ Block Dev OfficeNo trained: 15 persons (Including 5 girls) No. of hours: 120 hrsContent: House wiring, fitting of fans, assembling decorative bulbs, use of amplifiers and other related workOutput: 6 assisted in finding jobs with local contractorsAnother Six helped to form a group. Group Loan was procured for setting a Central Call Centre for electrical repair, hiring of Amplifiers, lighting for marriages/ functions
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Self Help Group, Kaiwara, Kolar Dist• Collaborator: NABARD, MS Ramiah Medical
College, Kaiwara Samsthanam• No. Trained: 20 • No. of hours: 120 • Content: book binding, manufacture of note
books, envelopes, spiral binding and rubber stamp making
• Space & Infrastructure facilities by Kaiwara Samsthanam & M.S. Ramiah Medical College
• Result: Formed Self Help Group. Machinery was provided by NABARD for initial start
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Modular Employment Skills• Dte Genl of Emp & Trg have identified more than 250
skills which can be acquired in 60 to 500 hrs under the Skill Development Program of the Govt.
• While some of them can be accessed by the pwd also, major issue is disability, distance and destitution.
• Almost all the Training Programs are in urban areas and the skills are also in urban based occupations –technical & non technical
• The time frame provided is not adequate for some of the skills especially for pwmr
• Skill training program for pwd especially for the rural and less literate has to be custom made
• Repetition of the same training program may be avoided unless there is scope for economic rehabilitation.
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Conclusion Services, especially vocational, are available in the rural areas also
for the pwd. There are weaknesses and constraints in delivery. Rehab professionals have to make spl efforts to swim along and
gain access to these services. We can organize CBVT programs in addition to the present educative
and therapeutic services rendered in the CBR CBVT has to be tailored to suit employment market in the area and
learning constraints of each group of disability. It should not be static. The examples of syllabus portrayed
are suggestive and should be tailored to the needs of local market.
Present Employment Modular Skills, though good to some extent are repeated ad nauseum and are not accessible to pwd because of distances, disability & destitution
Majority of these training programs are conducted by Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) or other similar organizations.
The Institutions working for pwd may work in collaboration with them to design syllabus for these CBVT programs
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Community Ownership Participating pwd Strengthen
families
Perfect CBVT ProgramCBR Worker Internal &
External Resources
Stimulus
Select appropriate vocational skill
Skill Training Referral Services Assistive
Technology
Pervasive Attitude
Multi sectoral Linkages
Employment/ Self Employment Opportunities
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CBVT in Flower Bouquet - VRC Guwahati
Number: 16 (Male & Female)Duration: 1 Month (120 hrs)Eligibility: 6th Standard, Edu not a constraintDisability : Locomotor & Hearing Impairment.Emp. Potentiality: Self Employment
• TOOLS & RAW MATERIALChisel , Knife, Bamboo Basket ( Different Varieties), Flowers (Varieties), Paste, Thermacol, Objective:
• OperationsBunches and Bouquets, Flower Basket, Flower Vase, Life size bouquet
• Skills: Concept on Floral Supplies and Equipment , Wire and Taping Technique , Floral Design Forms, Round Bouquet-Silk, Care and Handling of Fresh Flowers, Floral Containers, Flower and Foliage(Plant) Identification, Floral Pricing, Showpiece with Fresh Flowers 26CBVT @ Nat Cong
Syllabus for CBVT in RepairingOf Domestic Appliances (Electrical)
Sl.No
Topics Period
1. Introduction to electricity. 1 week
2. Safety ,precautions ,server tools, their uses. 1 week
3. Typical graphical symbols for electrical diagrams. 1 week
4. Types of electricity, define voltage, current and resistance, Ohm’s law, electrical power, energy and their measurements.
1 week
5. What is electrical circuit, types, use of switches, holders, sockets and their types?
1 week
6. Different types of conductors, common types of electrical wires and their usesColour codes of wires and types of wire joints.
1 week
7. Define cycle phase and frequency. Introduction to multimeter, Ohmmeter, Ammeter and Volt meter.Connecting and use of these meters.Soldering practice.
1 week
8. What is earthing and why is it done.Study of capacitors and fuse wire.
1 week
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Syllabus for CBVT in RepairingOf Domestic Appliances
(Electrical) - contd9. Faults and Remedies:
a) Electrical Iron (simple, automatic)b) Table fan and Table Lampc) Ceiling fan, regulator.d) Domestic lights.e) House wiring, replacing fuse etc.
2 weeks
10. Faults and Remedies:a) Electrical Bell / switch.b) Electrical heater, geyser.c) Tube light, street light andd) Staircase wiring.
1 week
11. Assembly of bulbs in series and parallel and running lights decoration lighting.
1 week
12. Test the single phase and three phase motor for open circuit.Short circuiting and testing of earth with the help of test Lamp and with Multimeter.
1 week
13. Dismantling and assembly of a single phase A.C. Motor 1 week
14. Dismantling and assembly of three phase motor. 1 week
15. Revision and test 1. week
16 TOTAL 15 weeks
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Module on Stitching of bags – for pwmrSl No
Skills to be developed Number of Hours
1 Pedaling the sewing machine 20
2 Pedaling with belt attached to Head 20
3 Fix Foot & Pedal (Move Paper Straight) 15
4 Move Cloth 15
5 Fix Needle & Stitch holes in paper & then cloth (No thread)
15
6 Stitch Cloth with thread (threading the needle by others unless the Trainee can do it)
20
7 Stitch bags 15
8 Stitch bags on motorized machines 15
9 Stitch body of nighties (No sleeves) 10
10 Revision & test 5
Total 150
Since continuous stitching or pedaling will be initially uncomfortable it may be reduced to 4 hours per day, the rest of the day being used for money concepts & simulated shopping. From Exercise 6 onwards they will work for at least 6 hours per day just as they would, in a work setting with the employer.
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Amantramaksharam Nasti: Nasti Moolam anaushadham: Ayogyoh Purusho Nasti: Yojakastatra Durlabhaha
Every letter a Mantra; Every root a medicine;No person is totally useless; User is hard to locate
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R. NarasimhamConsultant (Vocational Rehabilitation)Chennai / HyderabadPhone: 040 – 4020 2698Mobile: 98407 14181/ 80088 88747Email- rnsimham@gmail.comWebsite: www.aidthedisabled.org