SKELETAL SYSTEM

The Skeletal System

from

Various Authors

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

e.g. TENDON & LIGAMENTS- large amounts of collagen

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

e.g. DERMIS & CAPSULES of organs

Fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Bone Cells

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Cranium

Frontal (1)• forehead• roof of nasal cavity• roofs of orbits• frontal sinuses• supraorbital foramen• coronal suture

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Cranium

Parietal (2)• side walls of cranium• roof of cranium• sagittal suture

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Cranium

Occipital (1)• back of skull• base of cranium• foramen magnum• occipital condyles• lambdoid suture

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Cranium

Temporal (2)• side walls of cranium• floor of cranium• floors and sides of orbits• squamous suture• external acoustic meatus• mandibular fossa• mastoid process• styloid process• zygomatic process

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Cranium

Sphenoid (1)• base of cranium• sides of skull• floors and sides of orbits• sella turcica• sphenoidal sinuses

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Cranium

Ethmoid (1)• roof and walls of nasal cavity• floor of cranium• wall of orbits• cribiform plates• perpendicular plate• superior and middle nasal conchae• ethmoidal sinuses• crista galli

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Facial Skeleton

Maxillary (2)• upper jaw• anterior roof of mouth• floors of orbits• sides of nasal cavity• floors of nasal cavity• alveolar processes• maxillary sinuses• palatine process

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Facial Skeleton

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Facial Skeleton

Palatine (2)• L shaped bones located behind the maxillae• posterior section of hard palate• floor of nasal cavity• lateral walls of nasal cavity

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Facial Skeleton

Zygomatic (2) • prominences of cheeks• lateral walls of orbits• floors of orbits• temporal process

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Facial Skeleton

Lacrimal (2)• medial walls of orbits• groove from orbit to nasal cavity

Nasal (2)• bridge of nose

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Facial Skeleton

Vomer (1)• inferior portion of nasal septum

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Facial Skeleton

Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)• extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity

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Facial Skeleton

Mandible (1)• lower jaw• body• ramus• mandibular condyle• coronoid process• alveolar process• mandibular foramen• mental foramen

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Infantile Skull

Fontanels – fibrous membranes

5. What are the major features of a bone? (anatomy)

6. Describe the main features of the skull as seen from the lateral, frontal, internal, and inferior views.(axial skeleton)

7. What is the importance of the vertebral column? (axial skeleton)

a. What are the functions of the vertebral column? b. What are its 4 major curvatures? c. Why are there regional differences in the

vertebrae?

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Skeletal Organization

5. What are the major features of a bone? (anatomy)

6. Describe the main features of the skull as seen from the lateral, frontal, internal, and inferior views.(axial skeleton)

7. What is the importance of the vertebral column? (axial skeleton)

a. What are the functions of the vertebral column? b. What are its 4 major curvatures? c. Why are there regional differences in the

vertebrae?

WHAT ARE FUNCTIONS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN?

• Supports-– the weight of the head and the trunk;

• Protects-– the spinal cord;

• For exit of -– spinal nerves from the spinal cord;

• Site for-– Muscle attachment;

• Allows movement of-– Head and trunk;

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Vertebral Column

• cervical vertebrae (7)• thoracic vertebrae (12)• lumbar vertebrae (5)• sacrum • coccyx

WHAT ARE THE 4 MAJOR CURVATURES OF THE

VERTEBRAL COLUMN?• Cervical region

– Anterior curvature

• Thoracic region– Posterior curvature (abnormal post. curvature-kyphosis;

abnormal lateral curvature-scoliosis)

• Lumbar region– Anterior curvature (abnormal ant.curvature-lordosis;

abnormal lateral curvature-scoliosis )

• Sacral & coccygeal regions– Posterior curvature

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Vertebral Column

• cervical curvature• thoracic curvature• lumbar curvature• sacral curvature• rib facets• vertebra prominens• intervertebral discs• intervertebral foramina

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Cervical Vertebrae

• Atlas – 1st; supports head• Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head• transverse foramina• bifid spinous processes• vertebral prominens – useful landmark

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Thoracic Vertebrae

• long spinous processes• rib facets

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Lumbar Vertebrae

• large bodies• thick, short spinous processes

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Sacrum

• five fused vertebrae• median sacral crest• posterior sacral foramina• posterior wall of pelvic cavity• sacral promontory

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Coccyx

• tailbone• four fused vertebrae

8. What is the thoracic cage? Why is it important? What makes up the thoracic cage? (axial skeleton)

9. What are the bones of the pectoral girdle and the upper limb? Why are these important? (appendicular skeleton)

10.What are the bones of the pelvic girdle and the lower limb? (appendicular skeleton)

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Thoracic Cage

• Ribs• Sternum• Thoracic vertebrae• Costal cartilages• Supports shoulder girdleand upper limbs• Protects viscera• Role in breathing

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Ribs

• True ribs (7)• False ribs (5)

• floating (2)

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Rib Structure

• Shaft• Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae• Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae• Costal cartilage – hyaline cartilage

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Sternum

• Manubrium• Body• Xiphoid process

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Pectoral Girdle

• shoulder girdle • clavicles• scapulae• supports upper limbs

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Clavicles

• articulate with manubrium• articulate with scapulae (acromion process)

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Scapulae

• spine• supraspinous fossa• infraspinous fossa

• acromion process• coracoid process• glenoid cavity

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Upper Limb

• Humerus• Radius• Ulna• Carpals• Metacarpals• Phalanges

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Humerus

• head• greater tubercle• lesser tubercle• anatomical neck• surgical neck• deltoid tuberosity• capitulum• trochlea• coronoid fossa• olecranon fossa

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Radius

• lateral forearm bone• head• radial tuberosity• styloid process

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Ulna

• medial forearm bone• trochlear notch• olecranon process• coronoid process• styloid process

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Wrist and Hand

• Carpals (16)• trapezium• trapezoid• capitate• scaphoid• pisiform• triquetrum• hamate• lunate

• Metacarpals (10)

• Phalanges (28)• proximal phalanx• middle phalanx• distal phalanx

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Pelvic Girdle

• Coxae (2)• supports trunk of body• protects viscera

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Coxae

• hip bones•acetabulum

• ilium• iliac crest• iliac spines• greater sciatic notch

• ischium• ischial spines• lesser sciatic notch• ischial tuberosity

• pubis• obturator foramen• symphysis pubis• pubic arch

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Greater and Lesser Pelves

Greater Pelvis• lumbar vertebrae posteriorly• iliac bones laterally• abdominal wall anteriorly

Lesser Pelvis• sacrum and coccyx posteriorly• lower ilium, ischium, and pubis bones laterally and anteriorly

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Male and Female Pelves

Female• iliac bones more flared• broader hips• pubic arch angle greater• more distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities• sacral curvature shorter and flatter• lighter bones

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Lower Limb

• Femur• Patella• Tibia• Fibula• Tarsals• Metatarsals• Phalanges

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Femur

• longest bone of body• head• fovea capitis• neck• greater trochanter• lesser trochanter• linea aspera• condyles• epicondyles

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Patella

• kneecap• anterior surface of knee• flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon

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Tibia

• shin bone• medial to fibula• condyles• tibial tuberosity• anterior crest• medial malleolus

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Fibula

• lateral to tibia• long, slender• head• lateral malleolus• does not bear any body weight

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Ankle and Foot

• Tarsals (14)• calcaneus• talus• navicular• cuboid• lateral cuneiform• intermediate cuneiform• medial cuneiform

• Metatarsals (10)

• Phalanges (28)• proximal• middle• distal

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Ankle and Foot

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Life-Span Changes

• decrease in height at about age 30• calcium levels fall• bones become brittle• osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts• spongy bone weakens before compact bone• bone loss rapid in menopausal women• hip fractures common• vertebral compression fractures common

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Clinical Application

Types of Fractures

• green stick• fissured• comminuted• transverse• oblique• spiral

Human Anatomy and Physiology I

Unit 4 Part A: The Skeletal System

Oklahoma City Community College

The Bones of theHuman Skeletonand Cranium

Bones of the Cranium

Frontal View

Frontal

Frontal View

Parietal

Frontal View

Temporal

Frontal View

Nasal

Frontal View

Vomer

Frontal View

Zygoma

Frontal View

Maxilla

Frontal View

Mandible

Frontal View

FrontalParietal

Temporal

Zygoma

Nasal

Vomer

Maxilla

Mandible

Frontal View

Bones of the Orbit

Nasal

Sphenoid

Bones of the Orbit

Ethmoid

Bones of the Orbit

Lacrimal

Bones of the Orbit

Lacrimal

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Bones of the Orbit

Nasal

Lateral View

Frontal

Lateral View

Parietal

Lateral View

Temporal

Lateral View

Nasal

Lateral View

Zygoma

Lateral View

Maxilla

Lateral View

Mandible

Lateral View

Sphenoid

Lateral View

Occipital

Lateral View

Mastoid Process

Lateral View

External Auditory Meatus

Lateral View

Frontal

Nasal

ZygomaMaxilla

Mandible

Parietal

Sphenoid

Temporal

Occipital

External Auditory Meatus

Mastoid Process

Lateral View

Superior View

Frontal

Superior View

Parietal

Superior View

Temporal

Superior View

Vomer

Superior View

Sphenoid

Superior View

Occipital

Superior View

ForamenMagnum

Superior View

VomerFrontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

ForamenMagnum

Sphenoid

Superior View

Inferior View

Inferior View

Inferior View

Inferior View

Inferior View

Occipital Bone

Inferior View

Inferior View

Inferior View

Inferior View

Inferior View

Occipital Bone

Inferior View

Sutures

Sagittal

Sutures

Frontal(Coronal)

Sutures

Squamous

Sutures

Lambdoid

Sutures

Frontal(Coronal)

Sagittal

Squamous

Lambdoid

Sutures

Bones of the Skeleton

Clavicle

Scapula

Costals (Ribs)

Sternum

Vertebra

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Sternum

ClavicleScapula

Costals (Ribs)Humerus

VertebraUlna

Radius

Bones of the Hand

Carpals

Bones of the Hand

Metacarpels

Carpals

Bones of the Hand

Phalanges

Metacarpals

Carpals

Bones of the Hand

8. What is the thoracic cage? Why is it important? What makes up the thoracic cage? (axial skeleton)

9. What are the bones of the pectoral girdle and the upper limb? Why are these important? (appendicular skeleton)

10.What are the bones of the pelvic girdle and the lower limb? (appendicular skeleton)

Sacrum

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Ilium

Ischium

Femur

Fibula

SacrumPubis

Patella

Tibia

Bones of the Foot

Bones of the Foot

Tarsals

Bones of the Foot

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Bones of the Foot

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals