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Skeletal Organization7.5 p. 205 – p. 259
206 bones in human body
Made up of 2 parts:◦ Axial Skeleton◦ Appendicular Skeleton
http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/introduction/tutorial.html
Basics
Skull◦ Cranium◦ Face
Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage
◦ Ribs ◦ Sternum
Axial Skeleton
Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs
Appendicular Skeleton
Condyle Crest Epicondyle Facet Fissure Fontanel Foramen Fossa Head Linea
Meatus Process Ramus Sinus Spine Suture Trochanter Tubercle Tuberosity
Terms Used to Describe Skeletal Structures (Table 7.4 p. 208)
Axial Skeleton
Cranial bones
Facial bones
Skull
Cranial Bones
Frontal bone Parietal Bone Temporal Bones Occipital Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone
Cranial Bones
Frontal Bone◦ Forehead◦ Bone under eyebrows◦ Superior portion of eye
orbits Parietal Bones
◦ Most superior and lateral walls of cranium
◦ Sagittal suture at midline◦ Coronal suture where
they meet the frontal bone
Cranial Bones
Temporal Bones: inferior to the parietal bones◦ Joined at squamous sutures◦ External acoustic meatus◦ Styloid process◦ Zygomatic process◦ Mastoid process◦ Jugular foramen◦ Internal acoustic meatus◦ Carotid
Cranial Bones
Occipital Bone◦ Joined to parietal bones anteriorly by the
lambdoid suture◦ Foramen magnum
Surrounds lower part or brain, allows spinal cord to connect to brain
◦ Occipital condyles
Cranial Bones
Sphenoid Bone◦ Spans width of the skull◦ Forms floor of cranial cavity◦ Stella turcica◦ Foramen ovale◦ Optic canal◦ Superior orbital fissure◦ Sphenoid sinuses
Cranial Bones
Ethmoid Bones◦ Anterior to
sphenoid bone◦ Forms roof of nasal
cavity◦ Crista galli◦ Cribriform plates◦ Superior and
middle nasal conchae
Cranial Bones
http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/menu/menu.html
Cranial Bones Link
Facial Bones
Maxillae Palantine Bones Zygomatic Bones Lacrimal Bones Nasal Bones Vomer Bone Inferior Nasal Conchae Mandible
Facial Bones
Maxillae (maxillary bones) ◦ Upper jaw◦ Keystone bones – all other bones join with the
maxillae bones◦ Upper teeth in alveolar margin◦ Palantine processes – anterior portion of hard
palate◦ Paranasal sinuses
Palantine Bones: form posterior portion of hard palate◦ Failure to develop forms a cleft palate
Facial Bones
Zygomatic Bones◦ Cheek bones◦ Eye sockets
Lacrimal Bones◦ Medial portion of each eye socket◦ Groove to serve as passage way for tears
Nasal bones◦ Small bones forming bridge of the nose
Facial Bones
Vomer Bone◦ Nasal septum
Inferior Nasal Conchae◦ Thin, curved bones from the lateral walls of the
nasal cavity Mandible
◦ Lower jaw◦ Body◦ Rami◦ Lower teeth in alveoli (alveolar margin)
Facial Bones
Only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with another bone
Suspended in neck approximately 2cm above the larynx
Movement of tongue Attachment for neck muscles
Hyoid Bone
Use your books and computers to summarize the development of the skull. Focus in fetal development through adolescence.
Bullet points or paragraph
Be prepared to present all or a portion to the class.
Skull Development
Vertebral Column Regions:
◦ Cervical◦ Thoracic◦ Lumbar◦ Sacral
Shapes vary Intervertebral discs
◦ Separate and cushion vertebrae
Body / centrum Vertebral arch Vertebral
foramen Pedicles
Vertebral Column Terminology
Transverse processes Spinous processes Superior and inferior articular
facets Anterior/posterior longitudinal
ligaments
C1 – C7 Neck region of spine First two vertebrae: atlas and axis
Cervical Vertebrae
Cervical Vertebrae Smallest vertebrae Transverse process contains foramina for
the vertebral arteries to pass through
T1 – T12 Larger than cervical vertebrae Connect with ribs
Thoracic Vertebrae
L1 – L5 Sturdiest vertebrae Massive bodies, short spinous processes
Lumbar Vertebrae
Fusion of 5 vertebrae Superiorly connects with L5 inferiorly connects with coccyx Alae: articulate with hips Median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral canal Sacral haitus
Sacrum
Fusion of three irregularly shaped vertebrae “tailbone”
Coccyx
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Parts of Vertebrae
Identify the pictures using your notes.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, axis, atlas
Thoracic Cage
- Ribs- Sternum- Costal Cartilage
12 pairs of ribs (24 total) True Ribs
◦ First 7 pairs of ribs◦ Vertebrosternal ribs
False ribs:◦ Next 5 pairs of ribs◦ Do not reach sternum directly◦ Last 2 pairs of the false ribs are sometimes called
floating ribs
Ribs
Sternum Midline of anterior
portion of thoracic cage
3 parts:◦ Manubrium◦ Body◦ Xiphoid process
Appendicular Skeleton
Shoulder girdle Clavicles Scapulae (scapula)
Support of upper limb and muscle attachment
Pectoral Girdle
Slender, rod like bones
Elongated S-shape Base of the neck Run from the
manubrium to the scapulae
Clavicle
Broad, triangular in shape
Either side of the upper back
Spine Acromion process and
coracoid process form the top of the shoulder
Glenoid cavity – articulates with the head of the humerus
Scapulae
Humerus Radius Ulna Hand
◦ Carpals◦ Metacarpals◦ Phalanges
Upper Limb
Scapula elbow Head fits into the
glenoid cavity of the scapula
Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle
◦ Both provide muscle attachment
Humerus
Thumb side of the forearm
Shorter than the ulna
Head articulates with the ulna (radial notch) and the humerus
Radius
Longer than the radius
Articulates with the humerus (trochlear notch)
Ulna
Wrist◦ 8 small carpals in two
rows◦ All together called
carpus Palm
◦ 5 bones, in line with each finger
Fingers◦ Phalanges◦ 2 bones in thumb◦ 3 bones in fingers
Hands
Hip bones◦ Ilium◦ Ischium◦ Pubis
Symphysis pubis
Male pelvis is more slender than the female pelvis◦ Female ilium
is wider
Pelvic Girdle
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Foot:
◦ Tarsals◦ Metatarsals◦ Phalanges
Lower Limb
Longest bone in the body
Connects hip to knee
Greater trochanter, lesser trochanter
Lateral and medial chondyle articulate with tibia
Femur
Kneecap Covers joint
between femur and tibia
Patella
Tibia: shin bone Larger of the two Articulates at the
knee with the femur
Medial portion of lower leg
Fibula Bears no body
weight Lateral portion of
the leg Protrudes from
ankle
Fibula and Tibia
Tarsals (form the tarsus)◦ Talus: forms medial
portion of ankle◦ Calcaneus: heel bone
Metatarsals: 5 bones◦ Form foot
Phalanges◦ Toes
Big toe (2 bones) other 4 toes (3 bones)
Foot