SIM DLA: A N SEMANTIC IMILARITY M DESCRIPTION L R I -I...

SEMANTICS IN GISCIENCE SIMILARITY REASONING SIM − DLA OUTLOOK

SIM − DLA: A NOVEL SEMANTIC

SIMILARITY MEASURE FOR DESCRIPTION

LOGICS REDUCING INTER-CONCEPT TO

INTER-INSTANCE SIMILARITY

Krzysztof Janowicz and Marc Wilkes

Münster Semantic Interoperability Lab (MUSIL)Institute for Geoinformatics

University of Muenster, Germany{janowicz|marc.wilkes}@uni-muenster.de

June 4, 2009

SIM − DLA KRZYSZTOF JANOWICZ AND MARC WILKES

1 SEMANTICS IN GISCIENCEGeoinformationSpatial Data InfrastructureSemantic Enablement Layer

2 SIMILARITY (REASONING) IN GISCIENCEADL Gazetteer InterfaceSimCat Gazetteer InterfaceSIM-DL Server and Plugin

3 SIM − DLAWhy SIM − DLA?The Similarity Tableau for SHIA Simplified Example

4 DISCUSSION & OUTLOOK

GEOINFORMATION

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE (OGC SERVICES)

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE: OGC SERVICES

� Show me Hills, Forests, Rivers, [Feature Type] ... at [Loc] →WFS� Show me a map of this area→WMS

� Water gauge? [Stimulus Type] ... at [Loc][Time] → SOS→WPS� [Sensor] move to [Loc][Time] → SPS

� Flooding! [Event Type] ... at [Loc][Time] → SAS→WNS

YET ANOTHER LAYER CAKE

ADL GAZETTEER INTERFACE

Based on a Feature Type Thesaurus (> 1000 types)SIM − DLA KRZYSZTOF JANOWICZ AND MARC WILKES

SIMCAT GAZETTEER INTERFACE

Based on a Feature Type OntologySIM − DLA KRZYSZTOF JANOWICZ AND MARC WILKES

SIM-DL SERVER AND PLUGIN

WHY SIM − DLA?

THE CHALLENGE

� SIM-DL is a structural measure; it requires the normalizationof concept descriptions and recursively compares the (syntactic)structure of the normalized descriptions for similarity.

� Feature type ontologies require expressive description logicssuch as OWL-DL; a structural approach fails to support these DLs.

� Why not use an ABox-based similarity measure?

� Most feature type ontologies cannot be populated so far. Fea-tures are stored in shape-files, geo-databases, GML files, satelliteimages,...

−→ Can we learn from the history of subsumption reasoningand switch to a tableau-based approach?

WHY SIM − DLA?

THE IDEA

−→ Reduce the problem of inter-concept similarity to inter-instance similarity?

� How to get or compute the instances required for comparison?

� From the completion tree of a modified tableau algorithm asused for satisfiability checking. Instead of trying to find one (clash-free) model, generate a set of proxy individuals for comparison.

� How to compute similarity between proxy individuals?

� Reuse existing similarity framework, i.e., functions, contexts,similarity modes, and the alignment procedure from SIM-DL.

� Jaccard similarity coefficient of co-occurrence

� Network measures for role hierarchies and neighborhood� . . .

THE SIMILARITY TABLEAU FOR SHI

THE SIMILARITY TABLEAU FOR SHI. . .The t-rule:Condition: C1 t C2 ∈ L(x) and x is not indirectly blocked.Action: Create three t-successors w , y , z of x with:L(w) := (L(x)\{C1 t C2}) ∪ {C1}L(y) := (L(x)\{C1 t C2}) ∪ {C2}L(z) := (L(x)\{C1 t C2}) ∪ {C1, C2}

. . .The ∀-rule:Condition: (∀R.C) ∈ L(x), x is not indirectly blocked.Action:

If there is an R-neighbor y of x and C /∈ L(y):L(y) := L(y) ∪ {C}.

If there is no R-neighbor y of x , create two ∀-successors y , z of x with:L(y) := L(x) (y will then be blocked)L(z) := L(x) ∪ {∃R.C}.

≥ and ≤-rules . . .

A SIMPLIFIED EXAMPLE

SIM − DLA: A SIMPLIFIED EXAMPLE

A SIMPLIFIED EXAMPLE

SIM − DLA: ALIGNMENT MATRIX (FOR MAX. SIMILARITY)

� a) selecting individuals for comparison

� b) selecting assertions for comparison

� c) . . .

DISCUSSION & OUTLOOK

Support more expressive DL (e.g., cardinality restrictions)Integration into existing reasoners (e.g. FaCT, Pellet)Approximation and optimization (thresholds –> roles)Evaluation of SIM − DLA (Human Participants Test)

Conceptualization of and reasoning about eventsConcepts change over time (ecology of concepts)

QUESTIONS?

Thank you!

SimCat Project Website: sim-dl.sourceforge.net

Münster Semantic Interoperability Lab: musil.uni-muenster.de

International Conference on Geospatial Semantics: www.geosco.org

Semantic Enablement Community at 52◦North: 52north.org/semantics

The SIM-DL server, plug-in and user interfaces are free and open source software andcan be downloaded at the SimCat project website.

NAVIGATION

QUERY-BY-EXAMPLE

SIMILARITY REASONING

1 Definition of application area and intended audience2 Selection of search (query) and target concepts3 Transformation of concepts to canonical form4 Definition of an alignment matrix for concept descriptors5 Application of constructor specific similarity functions6 Determination of standardized overall similarity7 Interpretation of the resulting similarity value(s)

COMPLEXITY?

� EXPTIME-complete, but

’[...]This shows that, at the beginning of the new millennium, evenan EXPTIME-algorithm is no longer automatically considered tobe impractical in the DL community.’(Baader & Sattler; An Overview of Tableau Algorithms for Description Logics (2000))

−→ Optimization and Approximation

THE ADL GAZETTEER WEB INTERFACE & THESAURUS

SIM DLA: A N SEMANTIC IMILARITY M DESCRIPTION L R I -I...

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