Post on 22-Jan-2022
1SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
INDEX_____________________________________________
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................7
1.MOTIVATION ...............................................................................................................8
2.PURPOSEANDSCOPE ................................................................................................10
2.1Keyproblems ........................................................................................................ 10
2.2Tutorials’Goals ..................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1Whatthesystemdoesnotdo......................................................................... 11
3.STATEOFART ............................................................................................................ 13
3.1IntelligentTutoringSystems.................................................................................. 13
3.1.1ExistingITSforcognitivesupport .................................................................... 14
3.2Multi‐AgentSystems............................................................................................. 16
4.SHARE‐it.....................................................................................................................18
4.1ContributionsandObjectives ................................................................................ 18
4.2SHARE‐itMASStructure ........................................................................................ 19
4.2.1PatientAgent.................................................................................................. 20
4.2.2EnvironmentAgent......................................................................................... 21
4.2.3VehicleAgent ................................................................................................. 21
4.2.4HomeAgent ................................................................................................... 21
4.2.5CaregiverAgent.............................................................................................. 22
5.INTELLIGENTTUTORIALS............................................................................................23
5.1Targetpopulation ................................................................................................. 23
5.2FactsandAssumptions.......................................................................................... 25
SPECIFICATION.........................................................................................................................26
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6.CONCEPTS..................................................................................................................26
6.1UserProfile ........................................................................................................... 26
6.2ADLs...................................................................................................................... 29
6.3Interactionworkflow............................................................................................. 30
6.4Ontologies ............................................................................................................ 32
7.ACTORS......................................................................................................................34
7.1User ...................................................................................................................... 34
7.2Caregiver............................................................................................................... 34
7.3Otheractors.......................................................................................................... 35
7.4Hierarchyofactors................................................................................................ 35
8.TUTORIALS’PERFORMANCE ......................................................................................37
8.1Scenarios .............................................................................................................. 37
8.1.1Scenario1:Albertotakeshisdrugs ................................................................. 38
8.1.2Scenario2:Pietrogoestothechurch ............................................................. 39
8.1.3Scenario3:Francescacookspasta .................................................................. 40
8.1.4Scenario4:Annadoesthehousework ............................................................ 41
8.1.5Scenario5:Stefanoreceivesthevisitofafriend............................................. 42
8.2Activities’Description ........................................................................................... 43
8.2.1Domestics....................................................................................................... 44
8.2.2Dressing.......................................................................................................... 46
8.2.3Cooking .......................................................................................................... 48
8.2.4Medical .......................................................................................................... 53
8.2.5Grooming ....................................................................................................... 54
9.REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................................... 57
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9.1Actors’interaction ............................................................................................... 57
9.2FunctionalRequirements ...................................................................................... 58
9.3Non‐FunctionalRequirements .............................................................................. 59
9.3.1Look&Feelrequirements ................................................................................ 60
9.3.2Usabilityrequeriments ................................................................................... 60
9.3.3Operationalrequirements .............................................................................. 60
9.3.4SupportandMaintenancerequirements ........................................................ 61
9.4UseCases.............................................................................................................. 62
9.4.1UseCasesDiagrams........................................................................................ 62
9.4.2UseCasesSpecification .................................................................................. 64
10.RISKANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... 67
10.1NewProblems..................................................................................................... 67
10.1.1UsersandCaregiversProblems..................................................................... 67
10.1.2Follow‐upProblems...................................................................................... 67
10.2Risks.................................................................................................................... 68
10.2.1Personnelshortfalls ...................................................................................... 68
10.2.2Developingthewrongfunctions ................................................................... 68
10.2.3Continuousstreamofrequirementschanges ............................................... 68
10.2.4Tableofrisks ................................................................................................ 69
IMPLEMENTATION...................................................................................................................70
11.TUTORIALS’MODULERELATIONS............................................................................ 70
11.1DLAPackage:TutorialList .................................................................................... 72
11.2DLAPackage:SelectedTutorial ............................................................................ 72
11.3DLAPackage:ConfirmationTutorialSteps ............................................................ 73
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11.4DLAPackage:ContextualTutorials ....................................................................... 73
12.JADEX.......................................................................................................................74
12.1IntroductiontoJADEX ........................................................................................ 74
12.1.1TheBDIModelofJADEX ............................................................................... 74
12.1.2AgentSpecification....................................................................................... 75
12.2Tutorials’JADEXclasses....................................................................................... 76
12.2.1ListofTutorials ............................................................................................. 76
12.2.2ContextualTutorials ..................................................................................... 77
13.RULE‐BASEDEXPERTSYSTEM ..................................................................................80
13.1JESS..................................................................................................................... 80
13.2KnowledgeBase.................................................................................................. 81
13.3WorkingMemory................................................................................................ 83
14.MEDIARECORDING.................................................................................................. 84
TESTING................................................................................................................................... 86
15.TESTCASES............................................................................................................... 86
15.1TestingCycles...................................................................................................... 86
15.1.1PlanofAction ............................................................................................... 87
15.1.2Experimentation........................................................................................... 88
16.OUTCOMES .............................................................................................................. 89
16.1Tutorials’ExperimentationResults...................................................................... 89
16.1.1Scenario1:Albertotakeshisdrugs .............................................................. 89
16.1.2Scenario2:Pietrogoestothechurch........................................................... 92
16.1.3Scenario3:Francescacookspasta ............................................................... 94
CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................................96
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17.TEMPORALANDECONOMICANALYSIS ................................................................... 96
17.1TemporalAnalysis ............................................................................................... 96
17.2EconomicAnalysis............................................................................................... 98
18.CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................ 101
18.1Futurelinesofresearch..................................................................................... 101
APPENDIX............................................................................................................................... 103
A1.GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................. 103
A1.1Medicalterms................................................................................................... 103
A1.2Technicalterms ................................................................................................ 105
A2.STORYBOARDS ...................................................................................................... 107
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 110
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INTRODUCTION___________________________________________
First part of this document is intended to give readers a general idea of the project in its
extension.Theintroductionofthedocumentisdedicatedtoexplainthepurposeandgoalsof
the project, followed by a brief introduction of the context were Intelligent Tutorials were
developed:SHARE‐itproject.
Second part of the document, starting from chapter 6, focuses on the specification of the
system, describing some important concepts, establishing a hierarchy of actors, analyzing
requirements and obtainingUse Cases. There is also a section dedicated to planwhich risks
mightariseastheprojectstartsandhowtomitigatethem.
Thirdpartof thedocument, starting fromchapter11,describes the technologiesused in the
implementationof the system,andhow thecodehasbeenprogrammed inorder todevelop
thesystem.
Last part, starting from chapter 15, has been dedicated to explain in depth how the testing
phaseran,whichweretheresultsobtainedandhowdeviationsweretreated.Atemporaland
economic analysis of the project is also included, aswell as a section dedicated to state the
conclusionsandtodrawsomefuturelinesofresearch.
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1.MOTIVATION
Nowadays, improvements inthequalityof lifeareraisingsociety’s lifeexpectancy.Therefore,
governments are currently searching for new solutions to cope with the ageing of the
population,whichdemandsalternatives fortakingcareofelderlypeople.Affordableassistive
systemsforpatientsstayingaloneathomeareconsideredtobeasolutiontoinstitutionsand
geriatrics,sothatitisfeasibletotakecareofolderadultsremotely.
A considerable amount of systems have been developed to help people compensate for the
physical and sensory deficits that may accompany aging. Many of these do not rely on
computertechnology,suchasliftchairsorergonomichandles.However,anincreasingnumber
ofdevicesrelyonadvancedcomputer‐basedtechnologies[31].
Therealizationofacompletesystemfortheaidoftheelderlytobeemployedinacomplexand
real environment such as a health‐care institution or a home requires a tight integration of
Assistive Technologies (AT), which can support elderly peoplewith cognitive impairments in
oneormoreofthefollowingways:
(1)byhelpingalleviatethesocialisolationthatmaystemfrommobilityissues,
(2)bydelayingtheirlossofresidualskillsandcognitivedecline,and
(3)byrelievingcaregiversfromtheneedoffulltimecare.
Additionally, institutionalizationhasanenormous financial cost, notonly foreldersand their
caregivers but also for UE governments, which normally pay for nearly 60% of their annual
nursinghomebill [28].Therefore, themajorscaleusesofATrepresentsapotentialsavingof
enormousamountsofmoney.
The main purpose of using Intelligent Tutorials (IT) in the context of AT is to develop an
intelligentandsemi‐autonomoussystemforelderlypeoplewithdisabilitiestoassistthemona
daily routine, so they do not have to entirely depend on a caregiver. This possibility would
increasetheirqualityoflifeand,atthesametime,delaytheirinstitutionalization.
Anothermotivationpointincreatingsuchanassistivetoolliesintheimprovementoftheuser’s
acceptance, mainly in terms of the impact the use of intelligent systems providingmedical
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serviceshasonelders.MuchofthereluctancetousethesesystemssimplyarosebecauseAT
devices do not fit naturally into the process of care and, as a result, using them requires
additionaleffort. It is also true,butperhapsdangerous, toascribe someof the reluctance to
use AT upon the technophobia or computer illiteracy of healthcare workers and caregivers.
Therefore, IT have been designed to be perceived beneficial by users, because otherwise,
independentlyofitstruevalue,theywillprobablyberejected.
Issueswhichneedtobeaddressedwhendesigningand implementing ITare:communication,
knowledgerepresentation,human‐machineinteractionandsymbolicreasoning,onlytonamea
few. The philosophy underlying this application is to enhance the quality of Elder care by
employing an infrastructure of expert systemswhich cooperate in order to provide services.
Thisrequiresthedesignofintelligentagentsendowedwithadvancedlearningcapabilities,able
to process symbolic reasoning and easy to interact with humans at a high level. Therefore,
creatingsuchatutoringserviceconsequentlypresentsanimportantchallenge.
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2.PURPOSEANDSCOPE
This bachelor thesis has as its main purpose the development of an application to help
individuals suffering fromdementiaorpost‐stroke to carryout indoordailyactivities, so that
theydonothavetoentirelydependonacaregiver.Usershaveavailableapersonalizedrange
of tutorialsaccording to theirphysical andcognitive impairment,whichalso determineshow
theinformationisdisplayedintermsofinteraction.
Futhermore,ITareconceivedasanassistivetooltobeusedonadailybasisfortheworkoutof
userswithdisabilities throughbasicActivitiesofDaily Living (ADLs), so that theworseningof
theirmentalfacultiesanddeclinephysicalcapacitiescanbedelayedintime.
ThemostrelevantkeyissuesrelatedtotheeldercarethatITtriestosettlearedescribedinthe
nextsection.
2.1Keyproblems
Average life expectancy in the European Union is one of the highest in the world and is
continuingtorise[14].In2000, itwas74.7yearsformenand81.1yearsforwomen;in2010,
accordingtoEurostat’sbasescenario,itwillbe79.7and85.1yearsrespectively[30].
Ontheonehand, increasing longevityand increasingsurvival toacuteaccidentsanddiseases
implyanincreasedprevalenceofchronicmorbidityanddisability.Subjectsaffectedbychronic
diseasesoroutcomesofacuteevents,suchasdementiaorstroke,representaheterogenous
category of individuals [15]. Moreover, different conditions can be often combined with
different severity in individuals users, impairing their self‐dependency and worsening their
qualityoflife.
On the other hand, elderly people account for a high percentage of hospitalisation in most
European countries. Social services are placed under considerable pressure since it iswidely
recognised that hospitalization is sometimes not related to the patient’s acute medical
condition, but to the need for rehabilitation or for social reasons, such as the lack of family
supportorabsenceofeconomicalmeans.
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Consequently,hospitalizationisnotseenasanappropiatealternativeduetoitscost:thereisan
urgentneedofdelayingusers’institutionalization,facilitatingaccesstospecialistcarefacilities
andusingtechnologicalsolutiontosupporttheirroutinesathome.
2.2Tutorials’Goals
Goals tobepursuedby ITaredividedaccording to two relevantactors:users,whomightbe
abletocarryoutsimpledailyactivitiesathomewiththeassistanceoftutorials,andcaregivers,
whomightberelievedfromtheeffortthatsupposessupportingusersthrougheverybasictask
alongtheday.
Inordertoverifythat ITaresuccessfullyachievingthedefinedgoals, thefollowingobjectives
havetobeattained:
‐ Toincreasethegradeofusers’self‐dependency
‐ Toenhancethecognitivefunctioningandphysicalabilitiesofusers
‐ Topartiallyrelievethecaregiver’seffortinsupportingtheuser
The ambitious goal of providing support for elderswith the use of intelligent systems is not
merely aimed at automating certain tasks. The implementation of IT is motivated by the
necessityofprovidingconstantcareandsupportforpeoplewithdisabilities,providingdecision
making,remindingandwarningfunctionality.Suchcomplextasksnecessarilyinvolveteamsof
technologies,intelligentsensorsandphysician’sknowledge.
2.2.1Whatthesystemdoesnotdo
IT are intented to support certain ADLs1 with the purpose of getting users to be more
independentondailyroutineswhiletheyexercisetheircognitiveabilitiessuchascoordination
1Refertosection6.2fordetailedexplanationoftheADLs
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andattention.Collaboration fromcaregivers is required inorder to fulfill the initial and final
conditionsandsolveanyunexpectedproblem.
The range of tutorials designed do not contemplate those involving the user’ mobility on
activitiessuchaswalkingaroundthehouseortransferringfrombedstochairs.ITnotintended
neithertosubstitutecaregiversnortobeatoolforrehabilitation,althoughitcanhelpfulforthe
users’functionalenhancement.
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3.STATEOFART
ITarebasedontwodifferentsystems:
• theconceptualpatterncorrespondtothe IntelligentTutoringSystems(ITS),whichare
based on the learner model, a model constructed from observation of interactions
betweenalearnerandalearningsystemorinstructionalenvironment[27].
• the technology used for IT implementation as an intelligent service is a Multi‐Agent
System(MAS),whereseveralagentsconsideredtobeautonomousentitiesinteractwith
eachotherinordertoshareacommongoalopursuetheirowninterests.
Following, both systems are introduced as well as some similar existing systems to be a
referenceintheAIfieldregardingtechnologiesforthecognitivesupport.
3.1IntelligentTutoringSystems
Many traditional instructional tutorials present learners with facts and concepts. These
methods are effective in exposing people to large amounts of information and testing their
recall. By contrast, other systems use simulations and other highly interactive learning
environmentsthatrequirepeopletoapplytheirskills[8].
ITStypicallyrelyonthreetypesofknowledge,organizedintoseparatesoftwaremodules[9]:
‐ Theexpertmodule represents subjectmatter expertise and provides the systemwith
knowledgeofwhatisbeingtaught.Itisacomputerrepresentationofadomainexpert's
subjectmatterknowledge and problem‐solving ability. Regarding IT, expertmodule is
representedbythemedicalknowledge,speciallyintermsofguidelinesfortheproper
designandspecification.
‐ The learner module represents what the user does and does not know letting the
system know who it is teaching. It evaluates each user's performance to determine
his/herknowledge,perceptualabilities,andreasoningskills.
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‐ The instructormoduleenablesthesystemtoknowhowtoteachaccordingtotheuser
profile,byencodinginstructionalstrategiesusedviatheITSuserinterface.
Plus,ITSincludeasubsystemforthe interfacemodule,whichprovidesthemeansforthefinal
usertointeract,usuallythroughaGraphicalUserInterface(GUI)andsometimesthrougharich
simulationofthetaskdomaintheuserisbeingtoldtodo.
3.1.1ExistingITSforcognitivesupport
COACH (CognitiveOrthosis forAssisting aCtivities atHome). A very similar system to IT in
termsoffunctionality,uniquelyaimedatusersaffectedbydementiaandbasedonprompting.
COACHisaprototypeofanintelligent,supportiveenvironmentbeingdevelopedtohelppeople
withdementiacompleteADLswith lessdependenceonacaregiver.Thisworkrepresentsone
of first clinically tested supportive devices to use artificial intelligence techniques. It uses a
personal(desktop)computerandasinglevideocameratounobtrusivelytrackauserduringan
ADL. By sophisticated estimation of a user’s progress through a task using Bayesian filtering
techniques,COACHprovidespre‐recorded(visualorvideo)cuestotheuserwhennecessary.
Thissystemisdividedindifferentmodules,eachofwhichhasadifferentandessentialtaskslike
identifying the users position, deciding to take certain steps depending on the state, or
promptingsomeoftheavailableactions[21].
COACHusesanubiquitousmodelingtechniquethatcanadapttousersovertime:thePOMDP
model.Theideaistohaveasinglemodelandlearningtechniquethatcanbeeasilyappliedto
different tasks,without theneed to re‐engineerthemodel. Thekey strengthsof thePOMDP
model are that it is able to deal with uncertainty, it is easy to specify, it can be applied to
differenttaskswith littlemodification,and it isableto learnandadapttochangingtasksand
situations[16].
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MAPS (Memory Aiding Prompting System). Another system which also uses tutoring
techniquesaswellasAItechnologiesisMAPS,whichbreaksdownataskintoconstituentparts
andusesimagesandverbalinstructionsforpromptingeachstep.TheMAPSprojecthasbeen
designed using the perspective that high functioning assistive technology has two equally
importantuserinterfaces:thepersonwithcognitivedisabilitiesandthecaregiver.
Computationally enhanced prompting systems can provide a bridge to independence.
Unacceptableabandonmentratesforhighfunctioningassistivetechnologyarepartiallydriven
bydifficultiesin(re)configurationofthedevice;typicallybyacaregiverwho isnotnecessarily
technicallysavvy[4].MAPSprovidesanenvironmentinwhichcaregiverscancreatescriptsthat
canbeusedbypeoplewithcognitivedisabilities,sothatthesystemismanuallypersonalized
forthespecificneedsoftheuser.
This system is strongly based on hardware: a PDAprovides error correction functionality via
dynamicscriptingand‘panicbutton’functionality,whileaPCbasedapplicationprovidestools
for script creation,modificationand sharingwithotherusers. Severaldifferent interfacesare
displayeddependingontheuser(patient,installer,caregiver).
LISTEN’s Reading Tutor.This device is a good example of an ITS aimed at userswith similar
capabilitiestoIT’stargetpopulation:userswithlowreadingabilityandlowcognitiveskills.
TheReadingTutorinterveneswhenthereadermakesmistakes,getsstuck,clicksforhelp,oris
likelytoencounterdifficulty.Itmayintervenebeforeastory(e.g.topreviewnewvocabulary),
beforeasentence(e.g.toinsertanautomaticallygeneratedcomprehensionquestion),duringa
sentence(e.g. togivehelponaword),and/orafterastory(e.g. torevieworpost‐testwords
from the story). The system respondswith assistancemodeled after expert reading teachers
butadaptedtothetechnology’scapabilitiesandlimitations[17].
Itsinterfaceisdesignedtokeeptheinteractionsimpleandtofocusattentiononthetext.Users
pickwhichstorytoreadnext,whicharecomposedofafewtypesofsteps.
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LISTEN’salsopursue theupdateof theuser cognitive state,continuallyestimating theusers’
readingabilitybasedonhowlongtheyhesitatebeforeeachwordtheyread.Thesystemlater
usesthisdatatoadjustthelevelofstoriesitchoosesonitsturn.
3.2Multi‐AgentSystems
Agent‐basedsystemstechnologyisparticularlyattractiveforcreatingsoftwarethatoperatesin
environmentsthataredistributed,suchaseldercare institutionsandusers’home.AsATget
morematureandaddressincreasinglycomplexapplications,theneedforsystemsconsistingof
multipleagentsthathaveapeer‐to‐peercommunicationisbecomingapparent[14].
A MAS is a system composed of multiple interacting software entities called Agents which
continouslyperformmultiplefunctions:perceptionofdynamicconditionsintheenvironment,
reasoningtointerpretperceptions,anddeterminationoftheactionstosolveproblems[32].
Figure1.MultiplefunctioningAgent
Agentscollaborateamongthemselvesinteractingthroughasetofreciprocalactionstoachieve
thepursuedobjectivesusingparticularmechanismsandprotocols.
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An agent dynamically constructs explicit control plans to guide its choices among situation‐
triggered behaviors. Each agent composing a MAS may have its own task and role, and
sometimesastrongernotionisadded(Beliefs,Desires,Intentions)[26].AgentsandMulti‐Agent
Systemsareusedasametaphortomodelcomplexdistributedprocesses.
Adistributedsystemisconsideredtobeacollectionofindependentsystemsthatappeartothe
usersasasinglesystem.Bothhardwareandsoftwarecomponents,whicharedistributedand
connectedbynetwork,coordinateandcommunicateitsactionsthroughmessagesinorderto
reachagoal.Communicationisestablishedbyaaclient‐serverprotocol.
Bothapproachessharethenotionof‘distributedness’.Theareaofdistributedagentcomputing
istheareainwhichtheseapproachesintersect,enablingandsupportinglarge‐scale,secureand
heterogeneousprocesses.
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4.SHARE‐it
SHARE‐it(SupportedHumanAutonomyforRecoveryandEnhancementofcognitiveandmotor
abilitiesusingInformationTechnologies)projectaddressestheissuesofenhancingthequality
oflifeandindependenceofelderlypeoplewithcognitiveandphysicaldysfunctions.Thegoalof
SHARE‐itistodevelopascalable,adaptivesystemofadd‐onstosensorandassistivetechnology
sothattheycanbemodularlyintegratedintoanintelligenthomeenvironmenttoenhancethe
individual’s autonomy. The system is designed to inform and assist the user and caregivers
throughmonitoringandmobilityhelp.
4.1ContributionsandObjectives
SHARE‐it is composedbyconjunctionofdifferentelements, suchas sensornetworks, robotic
platformsoraMASinchargeofprovidingassistiveservices.ITisoneofthesemultipleservices
that SHARE‐it project offers, guiding users on how to carry out daily activities such as
housekeepingorcookingaccordingtothegradeoftheirdisability.
Moreover, thisproject isplannedtocontributetothedevelopmentofthenextgenerationof
assistive devices for older persons or people with disabilities, so that they can be self‐
dependentas longaspossible.SHARE‐it is focusedonadd‐onstobecompatiblewithexisting
technologiesandtoachieveaneasierintegrationintoexistingsystems.
Inthiscontext,SHARE‐itmakessignificantcontributionstofundamental,long‐termresearchin
thefollowingareas[22]:
• C1. Sensor‐based environment perception, knowledge acquisition and representation,
high‐levelreasoningandgoalseekingbehaviorsinarealworld.
• C2.Verifyingsoftwareadaptationtohumanwithspecialneeds:bothatdesignandrun‐
timetoestablishsafety,regulatoryandsecurityrequirements.
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• C3. Incorporating shared autonomy: ensuring that software components can be
designedtooperateinagivenintelligentambianceandadapttopossiblechangesboth
intheneedsoftheuserorintheenvironment.
TheobjectivesofSHARE‐itare:
• O1. To explore the benefits of the concept of situated intelligence to build elements
(add‐ons)thatwillenhancetheautonomyofthetargetusergroup intheirdailylifein
theirpreferredenvironment.
• O2.Toinvestigateandimplementinnovativeformsofsharedautonomy.
• O3. To build appropriate add‐ons to standardized technologies to provide ubiquitous
sensing,computationandassistance.
• O4.Tobuildadaptiveinterfacesforthetargetgroup.
• O5. To target the various human‐delivered assistance and caretaking services as
effectivelyaspossible.
4.2SHARE‐itMASStructure
Oneof the software components of SHARE‐it is theMAS,which in charge of the knowledge
engineering,retrievinginformationfromtheenvironment,reasoningtointerpretperceptions,
andactingtopursuefixedgoals.AgentsgettheirinputdatafromotherelementswithinSHARE‐
it,suchthesensornetwork,themedicalhistorystoredintheserver,orthemobilityplatforms.
TheMASiscomposedby5differentsagentsinteractingamongthemselvesinordertoachieve
thedesiredgoals:PatientAgent,EnvironmentAgent,VehicleAgent,HomeAgentandCaregiver
Agent,eachofthemprovidingdifferentservices,asitisillustratedintheMASschemabelow.
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Figure2.DistributionofSHARE‐itAgents
4.2.1PatientAgent
ThePatientAgentencasesmostofthecognitivesupportservicesorientedtotheusersuchas
IT(theserviceisalsoknownasADLTutor).Aninstantiationofthisagentshouldprovideallthe
availableandpermittedservicestoeachusersuchassecurity,mobility,monitoringandhelp.
Those services will be offered depending on the user disability, so that not only a complex
profilingworkhastobedonewiththeuser,butalsoadefinitionoftheservicestobelaunched
andhowtoadaptthemtotheuser.
ThePatientAgentisinchargeofallthefunctionsrelatedtoADLs,suchaskeepingatrackofthe
currentADLsbeingperformedby theuser in order todetermine if something importanthas
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beenforgotten.Thisagentisalsoresponsibleformanagingremindersandrequestinghelpfrom
caregiversondemandorunderasetofparticularcircumstances.
4.2.2EnvironmentAgent
TheEnvironmentAgentgathers informationfromtheenvironmentandgives it semanticmeaning
relatingittoontologicalconcepts(e.g.thelocation)usedbytheagentsystem[33].
Intermsoffunctionalities,thisagentisinchargeofthereadingfromthesensornetwork,filtering
data with a given criteria, managing positioning information and actuator status, and detecting
possibleemergencysituations.
ThisagentrepresentsanimportantinputfortheITservice,sinceitisresponsibleofinformingnot
onlyaboutthecurrentpositionoftheuserbutalsoaboutthetimeofchanging.
4.2.3VehicleAgent
The Vehicle Agent is intended to keep track of different status indicators (stability, battery
change level, hardware failures, etc). This agent tracks users’ navigation efficiency, and
dependingontheirprofile,theagentmakedecisionsaboutthedegreeofcontroluserswould
haveonthenavigation[20].
ThemostremarkableroloftheVehicleAgentisthefalldetection,whichretrievesinformation
comingfromthesensorsinthemobileplatform,triggeringthesendingofanalarmviaSMSto
thecaregiverincaseofafalldetection[33].
4.2.4HomeAgent
TheHomeAgent is in chargeof retrieving the knowledgeextractedbyotherMASagents, storing
the information and delivering it when requested. Therefore, the Home Agent is not directly
connected to the sensors or interfaces, but it is closely connected to other agents related to
mobilityinordertorespondtodatabasequeries[33].
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The Home Agent has an important role for the IT service, since it stores the user profile and
managesanyupdatemadebydoctorsorcaregivers.
4.2.5CaregiverAgent
TheCaregiverAgentisinchargeofdeliveringinformationaboutthestatusofeldersandtheir
environment to caregivers. Keeping in mind that the informal caregivers are not necessarily
technicalormedicalexperts,theinformationisshowninaverysimpleandintuitivemanner[33].
One of the aspects to be carefully considered is the privacy when access to data. This agent
guaranteesthatonlyauthorizedsubjectsaccesstheinformationrelatedtothoseuserstheyarein
chargeof.
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5.INTELLIGENTTUTORIALS
ITareconceivedasanassistivetooltoexerciseuserswithdisabilitiesonadailybasisthrough
theperformanceofindoorADLs.ItcomposesauserserviceofthePatientAgent,integratedat
the same time within SHARE‐it MAS. Tutorials are displayed to the user through the touch
screen assembled on robotic assistive devices. Information inputs are retrieved from the
environmentsensors (EnvironmentAgent)andtheroboticassistivedevices (VehicleAgent) in
ordertotriggertutorials’activationdependingontheuserprofile(HomeAgent).
EachoftheselectedADLstobeperformedwithITsupportisdividedintoseveralsimplesteps
whereinstructionsaretextuallydisplayedaswellasaudiorecorded.Avideoaccompaniesthe
instruction given, guiding users on how to perform the task. Only when the current step is
completed,userscanmoveforwardtothenextstep.Usersarealsoabletorequesthelpincase
ofneed.
OneofthemainpurposesofITistodelayusers’institutionalization,makingthemeasytostay
at home with a reasonably good level of comfort. It is frequent that elderly people with
cognitiveandphysicaldysfunctionsgetworseas timegoesbybecauseof theage factorand
personalconditions.TheIT’sintelligentlayerisresponsiblefortheselectionofthesuitableset
of tutorials each user is able to perform according to his/her disability status, and the
adaptationoftheircontentwheneverthesystemisinformedaboutchangesintheuserprofile.
Dependingonthecertaincontext(e.g.thesystemdetectsthattheuserisinthekitchenviaa
networkofsensors),theserviceselectsasubsetofcontextualtutorialstheusercanperformin
thatlocationaccordingtohis/herprofile.
5.1Targetpopulation
Fromtheservice’spointofview,peoplewithdisabilitiesareviewedashavingcertainpotential
ofindependentliving,eachpersonhavinganindividualneedofassistance.Naturally,thelevel
of independence strongly depends on the individual level of disability. IT are conceived to
support the independence level each user presents, offering different types and degrees of
24SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
assistance.Thislevelofgranularityinsupportingusersisseenasanimprovementinthereview
oftheuser’scurrenthealthstatus,which isakeypieceforenhancingtheirskills inshortand
longterms.
Different groups of elders are characterized by large variations in well‐being, disability, and
health care needs. IT target population has to be put into groups, so that a number of
individuals as large as possible can achieve benefits as effectively as possible. Therefore,
differentgroupsofdisabilitiesareclassifiedasbasicusergroupssharingcertaincharacteristics
[15]. Thisclassificationwouldbeuseful todefinetutorials’ typeof interactionwithend‐users
accordingtotheirprofile.
Figure3.Disabilities’featuresaffectingITtargetpopulation
The typical user defined by the medical team is an elderly patient, with cognitive and/or
physical disabilities on mild or moderate degree, co‐morbid conditions, functional loss from
multipledisabilities,leadingtoimpairedself‐dependency.
Inordertogetabetterdefinitionofthetargetpopulation,mostcommonconditionswithhigh
prevalenceareconsidered2.
2RefertoannexA1.1forafurtherextensiveexplanationoftheconsidereddisabilities
25SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
5.2FactsandAssumptions
ThemainfactsandassumptionstobeconsideredbeforethespecificationanddesignofITare
listed below. They provide a good vision of the IT service’s boundaries. Functional and non‐
functionalrequirementsmustperfectlyfitallthefollowingpoints.
• ADLsaretheconceptinwhichITarebased.Theycanbelooselydefinedasaclusterof
simpleandexplicitactionsthataredoneforapurpose.
• Activitiestocarryoutbyusinganyofthetutorialsshouldnotbelongtimeconsumingso
theuserdoesnotgetdistractedorlost.
• Itistakenforgrantedthattheinitialconditionsfortheactivitiestostartarefulfilledby
thecorrespondingcaregivers.
• Actions to carry out individually to complete an activity are adjusted to the current
physicalandcognitiveconditionsofusersatanytime.
• The responsiveness of IT can be characterized by the action‐reaction principle:
whenevertheuseriswillingtomoveforwardtothenextstep,thesystemwillassume
s/hehasalreadycompletedcurrentstep.
• Usershavethechancetostartovercertainstepssothattheactionstakenbeforedonot
disruptonthetutorial’sperformance.
• Althoughtherangeofready‐to‐servetutorialsdependsonthecontextwheretheuseris
located,alltheothertutorialsareavailableatanytime.
• Doctors and geriatricians together with caregivers are responsible for updating the
currentcognitiveandphysicialconditionofusersontheircorrespondingprofile.
• ITarelikelytobeextended,sothatotherrequiredtutorialsdevelopinthefuturewillbe
compatibleandeasytointegratewihthecurrentsystem.
• Italianisthelanguageusedfortheinteractionbetweenthesystemandend‐users.The
resultingsystemwouldbeflexibleenoughtoacceptotherlanguagesconfiguration.
26SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
SPECIFICATION___________________________________________
6.CONCEPTS
The following section is dedicated to make an introduction of several concepts with an
importantroleonthedefinitionofITservice:userprofile,whichfeaturesgroupsofend‐usersin
ordertocontextualizeandselectthemostconvenienttutorialsaccordingtotheirhealthstatus;
ADLs, activities in which procedural tutorials are based; ontologies, entities which get its
semanticmeaningfromthe input/output informationthatagentshandle;and IT’s interaction
workflow,whichisakeyfactorforthesuccessoftheservice,asitdefineshowend‐usersaccess
toavailablefunctionalitieswheninteractingwiththesystem.
6.1UserProfile
The medical team supervising the specification of IT has considered two type of chronic
disabilities concerning its target population: cognitive impairment and mixed impairment.
Followingdescriptionhavebeendetailedbydoctorsandgeriatricians.
Disability deriving from cognitive impairment: Dementia. Users presenting a mild grade of
dementiamight present progressive difficulties but can follow established routines at home,
whileuserswithamoderategradeofdementiapresentasignificantimpairedabilitytoperform
simpledailyactivitiessuchasbathingordressingastheybecomedisorientedeveninfamiliar
surroundings.
Typically, intellectual and other cognitive functions decline inexorably over 2 to 10 years.
Depressionaffectsupto40%ofpatientswithdementia,usuallyonamildormoderatestate,
andmaycausevegetativesymptomssuchaswithdrawal,weightlossorinsomnia.Alzheimeris
aformofdementia[7].
27SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Disabilityderivingfrommixedimpairment:Post‐stroke.Strokeisaleadingcauseofdisability.
Among survivors, 40%have amoderate functional impairment and 15% to 30% are severely
disabled.
After a stroke,many people cannot do activities that require fine coordination, so that they
cannot move their hands precisely or coordinate the movement of their hands and eyes.
Patientsmay learn newways to do activities such as fastening clothes, opening and closing
containers, and getting objects that are too far to reach. Some patients are partially or
completelyblindinoneorbotheyes.Speechtherapistsmightbenecessarytoretrainpatients
to use those muscles involved in speaking and breathing and also help with swallowing
problems[15].
Inadditiontochronicdegenerativeconditionssuchasdementiaorpost‐stroke,standardusers
might be affected by general declines inmotor coordination, visual and auditory acuteness,
muscleandbonestrength,mobility,andsensoryperceptionsofstimuli(heatandcold)[7].
MentalFunctions:
Consciousness,Orientation(time,place,person),Intellectual(incl.Retardation,dementia),Energyanddrivefunctions,Sleep,Attention,Memory,Emotionalfunctions,Perceptualfunctions,Higherlevelcognitivefunctions,Language
NeuromuscularMovementRelatedFunctions:
Mobilityjoint,Musclepowerandtone,Involuntarymovements
SensoryFunctionsandPain:
Seeing,Hearing,Vestibular(incl.Balancefunctions),Pain
SpeechFunctions: Voice
Figure4.GeneraldeclinestobeconsideredfortheIT’suserprofile
Afterseveraldiscussionswiththemedicalteam,thefinaluserprofilewasspecifiedtakinginto
consideration thepreviousqualifiers listed,but summarizing its contentto themost relevant
anddescriptivefeatures.
28SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
The grade of affection a user can present is expressed using quantifiers: 0 ‐ none, 1 ‐ mild
degree, 2 ‐ moderate degree and 3 ‐ severe degree. However, since users suffering from a
severedegreeofimpairmentarenotconsideredastargetpopulation,thisgradeisnotusedto
evaluate any of the user profile’s qualifiers except from sound impairment, as tutorials are
supportedbysoundandtextatthesametime.
Neglectaffectionreferstoaconditionwhichreducesaperson’sabilitytolook,listenormake
movementsinonehalfoftheirenvironment.Therefore,itsquantifiersarerangeddifferently:0
‐none,1‐left,2–right.
Aphasiaaffection refers toa languagedisorderwhich ispresentedwhen there isdifficulty in
usingorunderstandingspokenandwrittenlanguage.Dualquantifiersareusedinthiscase:0–
usernotaffected,1–useraffected.
Following,theuserprofilespecificationispresented.Thequalifiersincludedarediverseenough
tofacilitatethedivisionofthetargetpopulationintogroupsofuserssharingsimilaritiesintheir
profile.
USERPROFILEQUALIFIERS QUANTIFIERS
Visualimpairment 0‐none1‐milddegree2‐moderatedegree
Soundimpairment 0‐none1‐milddegree2‐moderatedegree3‐severedegree
Finecoordination 0‐none1‐milddegree2‐moderatedegree
Aphasia 0‐no1–yes
Neglect 0‐none1‐leftside2‐rightside
Dementia 0‐none1‐milddegree2‐moderatedegree
29SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
6.2ADLs
The selected activities listed below refer to daily tasks whose procedural tutorial might be
displayedtoeldersdependingonthetypeofdisabilitytheypresent.Thecomplexityofevery
taskalsodefines thenumberof steps its tutorial is composedby (e.g. cookingpasta tutorial
complexitydiffersdependingonthegradeofaphasia,dementiaandneglectauserpresents).
This classification has been specifiedwith the support of themedical team, considering the
mostcommonADLsthatatypicaluserperforms,andcategorizingthemaccordingtolocations.
Each of the tutorials has been classified, at the same time, according to the grade of
impairmentauserispermittedtohaveforitsperformance.
The process of featuring tutorials according to the type of impairment considered (cognitive
andmixed)isamustinordertoimplementtheiradaptabilitytothecurrentuserprofile.
CATEGORY TUTORIALS COGNITIVE MIXED
Washingthedishes Mild MildDOMESTICS
Washingclothesbyhand Mild Mild
Goingoutdoors Mild MildDRESSING
Puttingshoeson Moderate Moderate
Preparingcoffee Mild Mild
Cookingpasta Mild/Moderate Mild/Moderate
Makingasandwich Moderate ModerateCOOKING
Preparingcoldsoup Mild Mild
MEDICAL Takingdrugs Moderate Moderate
Morninggrooming Mild MildGROOMING
Brushingteeth Moderate Moderate
Figure5.Tutorials’classificationaccordingtogradesofcognitive/mixedimpairment
30SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
It is important to remark that“Putting shoeson” and“Brushing teeth” tutorialsareaimedat
usersonoccupationtherapy.Therefore,thesetutorialsarenotaimedatuserswithmilddegree
ofdisabilities.
6.3Interactionworkflow
Due to the type of disabilities presented by IT’s target population, most of them implying
degenerationoftheusers’cognitiveabilities, interactionworkflowdefiningtutorials’ lifecycle
might change from a standard level of comprehension to an easy level where constant
interactionispursued.
Oneofthemorerelevantaspectsofthesystemconceptionistheunderstandingprocessofthe
tutorials’ instructions:it islikelythattheusermightgetdistractedorsimplyforgetwhats/he
wastoldtodo.Elderlypopulationarelikelytoretainmoreinformationwhentheyinteractas
opposed to when they are just being told facts. Therefore, the system pursues a constant
interactionandrevisiononwhattheuserisdoingsos/hecanbeguidedeasily.Thisindividual
comprehension is guaranteed by using confirmation messages every time the user goes
forwardtothefollowingstep.
There are also certain steps considered to be dangerous, as they involve risky tasks such as
turning on the electric cooker. The realization of these steps would be time‐controlled for
safetyreasons.
Regarding the functionality of the service, certain options have to be within reach of users
when performing a tutorial: requesting help at any step or exiting the tutorial are options
availablefortheuser,whoshouldconfirmtheactionpriorto itsexecution.Thepossibilityof
sendinganalertmightbealsoavailableatthefirststep,whentheuserchecksifalltheitems
arearranged.Ifanyofthemismissing,analertissenttothecaregiverandthetutorialcanbe
cancelled. Both functionalities giving help and sending alerts are implemented as another
servicewithinSHARE‐it,whoseinteractionwithITismanagedbytheMAS.
31SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
STEP 1.
Check items
Confirm
message
Message: alert reported
to the caregiver
STEP N
Confirm
HELP
Confirm
EXIT
Confirm
message
EXIT
STEP N+1
YES
NO
NO
YES
onwards
onwards
click EXIT click HELP
backwards
Message: help
requested to caregiver
Confirm
ALERT
click ALERT
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO
Figure6.InteractionworkflowforaproperITservice’susability
Final users might participate on the usability validation. It is mainly focused on testing the
human‐systeminteractionwhenfollowingtheworkflowinFigure6,detectingfunctionalerrors
andnewvaluestobeaddedinordertoimprovethesystem.ItisexpectedusersmightuseITon
a daily basis, nomatter which grade of impairment they are affected by, so that it is really
importanttoreceivefeedbackfromdoctorsandgeriatricianspriortoitsdeploymentinorderto
consideranypossibledeviation.
32SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
6.4Ontologies
Anontologyistherepresentationofentities,ideasandevents,alongwiththeirpropertiesand
relations,accordingtoasystemofcategories.Thespecialmotivationforusinganontology is
thatagentsaredealingwithreal‐worldentitieswithdifferentgradesofconnection.Therefore,
avocabulary‐likemechanismisneededtoreferandmanagethem[20].
Following,theontologiesdevelopedpriortothe ITspecificationbythetechnicalandmedical
teamareillustrated.Bothontologiesreferentitiesusedtoimplementthecontextualizationand
selectionoftutorialstobeperformedbyusers.
• ADLtracking.Theontology’sconceptsareusedtodiscriminateasetofpossibleactivities
thattheusercouldbeperforming.
Figure7.ADLOntology
• ADL performance location. It is also highly important to knowwhere an activity is being
performedinordertooffercontextualtutorials.
33SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Figure8.ADL’sLocationOntology
34SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
7.ACTORS
Actors are those subjects/objects which take part in a sequence of activities as part of a
dialoguewiththeITservicetoachievesomegoal.Actorsmaybeendusers,othersystems,or
hardwaredevicesexistingoutsidethesystem.
7.1User
The typical end‐user has been already defined within the IT’s target population. Users
interactingwiththesystemmighthavemildormoderatedisabilitiesaffectingtheirreasoning
capabilities and physical abilities, but are expected to have a low loss of visual and sound
acuteness.
Aprevious introductiontothesystemmustbecarriedoutbycaregivers inordertofacilitate
thehuman‐systeminteraction,testthesystemusability,andstregthentheuserself‐confidence
whenusingnewtechnologiesforthefirsttime.
Actorname:User
Role: Principalactoron the interactionwith the sytemwhosedifficultiesonperformingdaily
activitiesareintentedtobelessened.
Subjectmatterexperience:Novice.Usersinteractswiththesystemforthefirsttime.
Technologicalexperience:Novice.Non‐existentknowledgeoftechnologybasics.
7.2Caregiver
Therearetwotypesofcaregivers:thosewhoareusers’relativesandthosewhoarespecialitsts
paidbyinstitutionstogivecareservicestousers.
Bothtypeofcaregiversareresponsible forthecoverofdailyneedsusersmighthaveandfor
givingsupportontasksuserscanhardlycarryoutbythemselves.Thesetasksdifferfromthose
tobeperformedeverydaysuchasdressingortoileting,andthosethatare importantforthe
independentlivingofusersinthecommunity.
35SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
IntheapplicationofIT,caregivershaveanimportantroleastheyareresponsibleforfulfilling
certainrequirementsinordertoassuretheproperrunningoftutorials.Forinstance,theymust
gatherallthecookingtoolsonthekitchencounterfortheusertoperformthecookingtask,or
they must prepare the right drug dose for the user to take. Additionally, caregivers are
responsible for introducinguserstothe ITapplication,sotheygettoknowhowitworksand
startinteractingwiththesystem.
Actorname:Caregiver
Role: Personal assistant who is responsible for covering clinical needs of individuals with
chronicdiseases,assuringtheircomfortathomeandtrackingtheirrehabilitation.
Subjectmatterexperience:Advanced.Caregiversalreadyhaveastrongexpertiseonassisting
userswhopresentwidelydifferentandheterogenousfunctionalprofiles.
Technologicalexperience:Novice.Non‐existentknowledgeoftechnologybasicsisdemanded.
Caregiversdonotneedtointeractwiththesystemdirectly.
7.3Otheractors
System administrator. In charge of the platform maintenance and the system consistency
track.
Healthprofessionals.Responsibleforthesystemadjustmenttotheusers’requeriments.They
areinchargeofmonitoringusersinordertomakeanevalutionreliableandefficientenoughto
measure their abilities and cognitive functions such as judgment, language, orientation,
calculation,memoryorplanning.
7.4Hierarchyofactors
Following,apriorityisgiventoeachcategoryofactorsinordertomarkitsimportance.
Key Actors. User and Caregiver. Both users are essential for the success of IT as they could
determineifthesystemachievedthedesiredgoals.
36SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
SecondaryActors.Thereareseveralsecondaryactorswhosecontributiontotheproperwork
ofITcannotbemissed:
‐ SystemAdministrators,whosetaskisthemaintanceandupdateofthesystem.
‐ Health Professionals, mainly doctors and geriatricians, who are in charge of deciding
about the needs of the users according to their state, health condition and physical
limitation.
37SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
8.TUTORIALS’PERFORMANCE
Nextsectionsare intendedtodescribe indetailwhich is thecontextwhereITare conceived,
definingthosetasksanend‐usercanperform,whicharetheconditionstodoso,andwherethe
taskshavetotakeplaceinordertobeproperlycompleted.
8.1Scenarios
Scenariosarenarrativedescriptionsoftypical interactionsbetweenthesystemandtheusers.
Typically,itpresentsasituationwhereactorsandITservice,amongotherservicesofSHARE‐it,
takepart.Themaincharacterisatypicaluseraffectedbyseveraloftheconditionsinacertain
gradethatallowhim/hertoperformITwithoutthecaregiversupport.
Methodologyusedfordescribingeachscenarioincludesthefollowingpoints:
Purposeofthescenario:
describeswhichaspectsofthesystemanditsinteractionswiththeuseraretreatedonthescenario.
Userdescription: a description of the typical user for the scenario. The actorrepresentsanindividualofadefinedtargetgroup.
Narrativescenario: describesanexampleof interactionbetweentheuserandthesystem.
Structureofthescenario:
areferencetotheuserprofileandtothosetasksend‐userscancarryoutwithinthecurrentscenario.
RoleoftheITservice: describes the interactions between IT and the technologySHARE‐ituses.
Roleofcommunications:
describeswhichelementsof theSHARE‐it technologyneed tobeavailableandactiveinthescenario.
Thescenariosfollowing introducedhavebeendescribed inthecontextofSHARE‐itprojectby
themedicalandtechnicalteam,andhavebeenusedduringtheexperimentationphaseinorder
totestITservice.
38SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
8.1.1Scenario1:Albertotakeshisdrugs
Purposeofthescenario:thisscenariohighlightshowusefulthemedicaltutorial istosupport
users’therapy.
UserDescription:Albertoisa78yearsoldwholiveswithhisdaughter.Sheworksmostofthe
day. He has been diagnosed with a very early Alzheimer Disease, causing a mild cognitive
disability. His major impairments are related to recent memory and to executive functions
(planningthesequenceofactions).
NarrativeScenario:Albertohastotakesomepillsaspartofhisdrugtherapyafterbreakfast,in
the middle of the afternoon, and at dinner. Since he suffers from memory impairment he
cannotalwaysrememberthat.Early inthemorning,before leavinghome,Alberto’sdaughter
subdivides theproperamountof thedifferentdrugs thathave tobe takenduring theday in
threeboxeswithdifferentcolour.At10:00a.m.thetouchscreenintegratedonthewheelchair
shows a reminder and sound alarm inviting Alberto to take his pills. The corresponding
intelligenttutorialshowstheinstructionsonhowtotakehismedication.Eventually,thesystem
asksAlbertotoconfirmtohavetakenhisdrugs.
Stuctureofthescenario:
Disability Degree Disease ScenarioFunctionalCategory
ActivityofDailyLiving
Cognitive Mild Alzheimer Home Medical Takemedication
Role of the IT service: thepatient‐agent detects that therapy timehas arrived and shows a
reminderfollowedbythecorrespondingtutorialonhowtotaketheprescribedmedicationon
the touch screen. Once the the tutorial workflow is completed, a confirmation message is
shownaskingtheusertoconfirmthatthemedicationhasbeentaken.
RoleofCommunications:Albertorequiresawheelchairtomovearound,equippedatleastwith
on‐boardPCconnectedtotheenvironmentviaWi‐Fi.
39SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
8.1.2Scenario2:Pietrogoestothechurch
Purposeofthescenario:typicalinteractionofauserwithamilddegreeofmixedimpairment
movingfromanindoortoanoutdoorenvironmentonthewheelchair.
UserDescription:Pietroisan80yearsoldmanwholiveswithaninformalcaregiver.Hesuffers
fromamildmixeddisabilityafterstrokewithahemiparesisand impairment intheexecutive
function.
NarrativeScenario:Twoyearsago,Pietrosufferedfromastroke.Herecoveredwellandatthe
momentheneedsonlya lightsupporttowalk. Sometimeshe isnotconfidentenough inthe
sequenceofactionsneededtoreachagoal.TodayisSundayandhiscaregiverhashisdayoff.
AteleveninthemorningPietrogetsareminderthatitistimetogetreadytogotothechurch.
Tutorials on how to put on his shoes and overcoat are displayed on his wheelchair touch
screen.
Stuctureofthescenario:
Disability Degree Disease ScenarioFunctionalCategory
ActivityofDailyLiving
Mixed MildPost‐strokeHemiparesis
Home DressingPutonshoes
Putonovercoat
RoleofITservice:thepatient‐agentengagingalltheservicesavailablefortheuserrequiresthe
home‐agentthesuitedtutorialsforthesituation.Areminderislaunchedpriortotheexecution
ofthetutorialaboutsomebasicissuesrelatedtoprerequisite:
1. Areyouwearingyourshoes?
2. Areyouwearingyourovercoat?
RoleofCommunications:alldevicescommunicatewiththehome‐agentandtheITviaWi‐Fi.
40SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
8.1.3Scenario3:Francescacookspasta
Purpose of the scenario: typical interaction between the system and a user affected by a
moderatedegreeofmixedimpairmentonadailyroutine.
UserDescription:Francesca isa67yearsoldfemalewho livesathome,assistedbyChiara,a
professionalcaregiver.Shehasamoderatemixeddisabilitypost‐stroke.Lastyearshesuffered
fromastrokeofthelefthemisphere:shecannotwalkbutshe’sabletouseherarmsandshe
usesawheelchair.Shesuffersfromaphasiaaswell.
NarrativeScenario:TodayisSundayandChiaraisonherdayoffuntillateafternoon.Francesca
andChiaradecided,yesterday,tohavemaccheronialsugoforlunch.Beforeleavingthehouse,
Chiara arranged all the ingredients and kitchenware (pots, dishes, etc) to cook pasta on the
kitchentable.At12a.m.Francesca ishungry.Shemovesfromthe livingroomtothekitchen
driving her wheelchair on autonomous navigation mode. Francesca ask for help in meal
preparationtothesystemthroughthetouchscreen.Thecorrespondingtutorialshowshowto
cookpastastepbystep.Eachgraphicalrepresentationexactlycorrespondstotherealthingson
thetable,otherwiseaphasiawouldpreventherfromrecognizingtheexactobjects.
Stuctureofthescenario:
Disability Degree Disease ScenarioFunctionalCategory
ActivityofDailyLiving
Mixed ModeratePost‐strokeAphasia
Kitchen Cooking Preparingpasta
RoleoftheITservice:oncetheuserreachesthekitchen,thepatient‐agent,afterengagingthe
ITservice,requeststhehome‐agenttheappropriatetutorialforthesituationthatwillofferthe
userhelponhowtopreparethemealwiththe ingredients.The information isshownonthe
suitableformataccordingtotheuserprofilestoredbytheagent.
Role of Communications: since Francesca drives to the wheelchair on her own, the
environment‐agent checks if she is in the kitchen viaWi‐Fi and thepatient‐agent offers the
tutorial to cook pasta on request. The touch screen integrated with the wheelchair
41SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
communicates directly with its local PC.Wi‐Fi can also be used to download cooking pasta
instructionsintothelocalPC.
Thefollowingtwoscenarioshavebeenspecificallycreatedforthe ITspecification inorderto
includetutorialsfromthosecategoriesnotyetconsidered.Bothscenarioshavebeenreviewed
bythemedicalteam.
8.1.4Scenario4:Annadoesthehousework
Purposeofthescenario:thisscenarioshowsthetypicalinteractionofauserwithamilddegree
ofcognitiveimpairment,duetotheevolutionofherdisease.
UserDescription:Anna isa75yearsoldwho liveswithher80yearsoldhusband.Hesuffers
fromdiabetesandarthritisbutisinagoodcondition.Annafelldownsixmonthsagowhenshe
wasleavinghomeandneedsawheelchairtomovearound.Shehadanoperationtwomonths
agoandishavingrehabilitationtwiceaweek.Sheissufferingfromdementiaonaearlystage
andisunabletorecognizesoundsduetoagerelateddeafness.
NarrativeScenario:Annahaddinnerwithherhusbandandshewantstowashthedirtydishes.
Sheissufferingfromtheearliestsymptomsofherdementiasosheforgotshowtogoonwith
tasks at certain point. She can barely hear anything with the right ear. His husband has
gatheredallthewashingitemsonthekitchencounternexttothesinkandhasputallthedirty
dishesononeside.TheintelligenttutorialshowsAnnahowtowashthedishesonrequest.
Stuctureofthescenario:
Disability Degree Disease ScenarioFunctionalCategory
ActivityofDailyLiving
Mixed MildDementiaDeafness
HipfractureKitchen Housekeeping Washingdishes
42SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Role of the IT service: thepatient‐agent detects dinner time has passed and Anna is in the
kitchen,sooffersherthewashingdishestutorialamongothers.Asitknowstheuserfunctional
profile,itautomaticallyofferstheconfigurationoftheassistantwiththevoicemodeoff.
Roleof Communications: this scenario involve that both theenvironmentandpatient agent
andthewheelchairareconnectedviaWi‐Fi,sothattheITservicegetsaninputofthecurrent
placeandtime.Annainteractswiththewheelchairviaatouchscreen.
8.1.5Scenario5:Stefanoreceivesthevisitofafriend
Purposeofthescenario:thisscenarioshowsthetypicalinteractionofauserwithamoderate
degreeofcognitiveimpairmentwiththeITservice.
User Description: Stefano is a 73 years old suffering from Parkinson at a primary stage. His
tremorand rigidityare becomingevident.Difficultieswithabstract thoughtandmemoryare
affectinghimtoo.HeliveswithaninformalcaregiverwhohastakenSaturdaymorningoff.
Narrative Scenario: In an hour, Stefano will receive the visit of a close friend at home. His
caregiver has helped him getting out of bed and has prepared himbreakfast before leaving.
Next,heneedstotidyhimselfup.Hehasgoodcoordinationbuthasmotorproblemsbecause
ofhisstiffness.Histremor islittleperceptiblebutitisnotaphysicalhandicap.Whenhegoes
intothetoiletwiththewalker,apackoftutorialstobeperformedonthatcontextshowsup:
washing hands and face, brushing teeth, shaving and hair combing. The intelligent tutorial
guides him step‐by‐step on how to complete the tasks considering hismotive condition and
tendencytodisorientation.
Stuctureofthescenario:
Disability Degree Disease ScenarioFunctionalCategory
ActivityofDailyLiving
Cognitive Moderate Parkinson Bathroom Grooming
Washingface,handsBrushingteeth
ShavingHaircombing
43SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
RoleoftheITservice:thepatient‐agentdetectsStefanoisinthebathroomatearlymorning,so
offershimthepackofgroomingtutorialsamongothers.Astheserviceknowsabouthismotive
condition, instructions are displayed to facilitate the performance of the activity as long as
Stefanostickstotheflowofactions.
RoleofCommunications:thisscenarioinvolvetheenvironmentagentandi‐Walkerconnected
viaWi‐Fi,sothatthe ITservicegetsan inputofwheretheuser is.Stefano interactswiththe
tutorialviaatouchscreen.
8.2Activities’Description
EachofthescenariosdescribedintheprevioussectionincludesseveralADLstobeperformed.
It is necessary to remark that users suffering from a severe degree of disability cannot use
tutorialsduetotheirphysicalandmentalcondition.
Next,activitiesinwhichtutorialsarebasedaredetailedbythefollowingpoints:
Activityname: identificationstringfortheactivity.
Activitydefinition: whattheactivityisabout.
Activation: Actionsthattriggerthestartofthetutorial.
Itemsneeded: materialneededfortheproperperformanceoftheactivity.
Preconditions: specificationofwhatneedstobearrangedbeforethetaskstarts.
Activityworkflow: specificationofthestep‐by‐stepactionscomposingtheactivity.
Extensions: Alternativestothedefinedworkflowfortheactivity.
Contraindications: descriptionofthoseuserswhoarenotallowedtocarryoutthisactivityforsafetyreasons.
44SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
8.2.1Domestics
Domestics include those housekeeping activities demanding low effort from users. Activities
suchassweepingorironinghavebeenruledoutduetotherequiredphysicalcapabilities.
Activityname: WASHINGTHEDISHES
Activitydefinition:
Itconsistsofsoapingandrinsingthedirtydishes.Thecleandishesareputonthedrainingboardtogetdry.
Activation:Thistutorialisofferedafterdailymeals:breakfast,lunchanddinner.
Itemsneeded: Latexgloves,scourer,soap,plug,dishcloth,plasticdrainingboard.
Preconditions:• Alltheitemsmustbearrangedatthekitchencounter
• Itissupposedthesinkhastwosides
• Thedrainingboardmustbeempty
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:latexgloves,ascourer,soap,aplug,adishcloth,aplasticdrainingboard
2. Putonthelatexgloves
3. Placeallthedirtydishesattherightsideofthesink
4. Blockthesinkwiththeplug
5. Turnonthetaptofilltheleftsideofthesinkwithwater
6. Turnoffthetapwhenthesinkishalffilled
7. Pouratrickleofsoapintothewatersoitgetssoapy
8. Placeallthedirtydishesattheleftsideofthesink,intothewater
9. Pouratrickleofsoaponthescourer
10. Softlyrubeachdishwiththesoapyscourerandplaceitontherightsideofthesink.Repeatstep10untilthereisnodishleft.
11. Turnonthetapandrinseeachdishovertheleftsideofthesink,placingitcarefullyontheplasticdrainingboard.Rinsefirstcupsandglasses,thenplatesandcutlery,andlastlypans,potsandsimilarkitchenware.Repeatstep11untilthereisnodishleft.
12. Drythesinkborderswiththedishcloth
13. Takeoffthelatexgloves
45SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Extensions:
Oneormoreitemsaremissing(1)
1. Reportanalert
2. EndofUseCase
Allthecleandishesdonotfitonthedrainingboard(11)
1. Carefullyplacetheremainingdishesontherightsideofthesink.
Oneofthedishesbreaksintopieces(10,11)
1. Reportanalert
2. EndofUseCase
Contraindications:
Itisnotindicateforthoseuserssufferingfrom:
• ipovisionforsafetyreasons(e.g.notseeingclearlyknives)• essentialtremors
• usersaffectedbyhemiparesisthatspeciallyaffectstrenghandsensibilityonhandsandfingers
Activityname: WASHINGCLOTHESBYHAND
Activitydefinition:
Itconsistofwashingyoursoiledclothesbyhandandhangthemuptodry
Activation: Thistutorialisjustoffereduponrequest.
Itemsneeded: abasin,soiledclothes,liquiddetergent
Preconditions:
• Alltheitemsmustbearrangedatthekitchencounter
• Itissupposedthereisaplacetohandtheclothingitemstodry
• Iftheusersuffersfromsensitivitydeficit,itisrequiredtousecoldwater
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:abasin,soiledclothes,liquiddetergent
2. Addallthesoiledclothestothebasin
3. Fillthebasinwithwarmwater
4. Pourliquiddetergentrightonthebasin
Foreachclothingitemyouneedtowash,repeatstep5:
5. Takeabumpysurfaceandrubitupagainsttheitem
46SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
6. Lettheclothessoakforabout20‐30minutes
7. Putyourhandsinthewaterandmooshtheclothingaround
8. Onceyouaredonemoooshing,drainoutthewater
Foreachclothingitem,repeatstep9‐10:
9. Rinseeachiteamundertherunningwatertillallthesoapisout
10. Handituptodry
Extensions:
Oneormoreitemsaremissing(1)
1. Reportanalert
2. EndofUseCase
Contraindications: Thereisnospecificcontraindications
8.2.2Dressing
Thiscategoryisspecificfortutorialswhichhelpuserstogetdressedinordertogoout.Thereis
aspecialtutorialonhowtoputshoesonaimedatusersrequiringspecialneeds.
Activityname: GOINGOUTDOORS
Activitydefinition:Itconsistsofgettingreadytogoout.Theuserputsonhisshoes,putsonajacket/overcoatandfinallylocksthedoor.
Activation:Thetutorialisofferedwhenevertheuserisgoingoutandthesystemhasthisfactregistred.
Itemsneeded: Chair,shoes,socks(ifnecessary),cardiganorjacket,homekey.
Preconditions:
• Alltheitemshavetobearrangedontheuser’sbedroom.Eitherthecardiganorthejacketaresupposedtobehangingontheclothinghookoronavisibleplacewhereitwouldbeeasytoget
• Inordertoputontheshoescorrectly,onlyflatshoesandtrainerswithoutlacesareconsideredtobevalid
• Theuser’swheelchairwouldbeacceptedinsteadofthechair
• Theuserisnotsupposedtohaveanorthopediclegorarm
• Thecardigan/jacketdoesnotneedtobedoneup
47SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:achair,socks(ifnecessary),shoes,acardiganorjacket,maindoor’skey
2. Sitdownonthechairandputontheshoes
3. Standupandputonthecardiganorjacket
4. Takethemaindoor’skey
5. Whenleavinghome,lockthemaindoorusingthekey
6. Keepthekeyonyourpocket
Extensions:
Oneormoreitemsaremissing(1)
1. Reportanalert
2. EndofUseCase
Theuseriswearingslippers(2)
1. Removeyourslippersandplacethemaside
Theuserneedstouse/changesocks(2)
1. Takeoffbothyourleftandrightwornsocksifwearingany.Placethemaside
2. Putonthecleansocks
Theuserisnotalreadywearingashirt/t‐shirt/cardigan(3)
1. Reportanalert
2. EndoftheUseCase
Contraindications: Tutorialnotaimedatuserswhocannotgooutdoors.
Activityname: PUTTINGSHOESON
Activitydefinition:Itconsistsofsittingdownandputtingontheshoeswiththehelpofaspecialsplintandashoeborn.Thistutorialisaimedatusersrequiringoccupationaltherapy.
Activation:Thetutorialisofferedwhenevertheuserisgoingoutandthesystemhasthisfactregistred.
Itemsneeded: Chair,shoes,splint,socks,shoeborn.
48SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Preconditions:
• Alltheitemshavetobearrangedontheuser’sbedroom
• Inordertoperformthetaskcorrectly,onlyflatshoesandtrainerswithoutlacesareconsideredtobevalid
• Theuser’swheelchairwouldbeacceptedinsteadofthechair
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:chair,shoes,splint,socks,shoeborn.
2. Sitdownonthechair
3. Coverallthesplintwiththeleftsock
4. Putthetipofyourleftfootinsidethesockandslipitinsideusingthesplint’sstrips
5. Taketheshoebornanduseittohelpyouslipyourleftfootintotheshoe
6. Coverallthesplintwiththerightsock
7. Putthetipofyourrightfootinsidethesockandslipitinsideusingthesplint’sstrips
8. Taketheshoebornanduseittohelpyouslipyourrightfootintotheshoe
Extensions:
Oneormoreitemsaremissing(1)
1.Reportanalert
2.EndofUseCase
Theuseriswearingslippers(2)
1. Removeyourslippersandplacethemaside
Contraindications: Thereisnospecificcontraindications.
8.2.3Cooking
Different levels of difficulty in terms of coordinationare required depending on the cooking
activity,sotherangeoftutorialswithinthiscategoryvariesaccordingtotheuserprofile.Basic
cookingskillsareinvolvedasallthetasksdetailedareeasytoperform.
49SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Activityname: PREPARINGCOFFEE
Activitydefinition: itconsistsofpreparingcoffeeforanespresso.
Activation:thetutorialisofferedwhenevertheuserisonthekitchenanditisamorningoreveninghour.
Itemsneeded:Anespressomaker,ajugfilledwithwater,4spoonsofgroundcoffee,acoffeecup,acoffeespoon,analarmclock,sugar,acartonofmilk.
Preconditions:
• Alltheitemsmustbearrangedatthekitchencounter
• Theespressomakermustbedetachedinto3pieces
• Itissupposedthatthecookeriselectric
• Theuserknowshowtoturnonthecookerandsetthealarm
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:anspressomaker,ajugfilledwithwater,groundcoffee,acoffeecup,acoffeespoon,analarmclock,sugar(ifnecessary),acartonofmilk(ifnecessary)
2. Fill¾oftheespressomakerbasewithwater
3. Fitthepiecewithlittleholesontopofthebaseandfillitwiththegroundcoffee
4. Screwthetworemainingpiecestightly
5. Turnonthefurthestceramichoboftheelectriccookerandplacethespressomaker
6. Setthealarmclocktoringafter5minutes
7. Checkifthetopoftheespressomakerisfilledwithcoffee.Repeatthissteptillallthecoffeehascomeuptothetoporthealarmclockrings.
8. Whenthecoffeehascomeuptothetop,turnofftheceramichob
9. Carefullypourthecoffeeonthecup
Extensions:
Oneormoreitemsaremissing(1)
1. Reportanalert
2. EndofUseCase
Theuserlikesasweetercoffee(9)
1. Addthe2teaspoonsofsugartothecoffee
Theuserlikessomemilkinthecoffee(9)
1. Addatrickleofmilktothecoffee
50SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Contraindications:
Itisnotindicateforthoseuserssufferingfrom:
• ipovisionforsafetyreasons(e.g.notseeingclearlyknives)
• essentialtremors
• usersaffectedbyhemiparesisthatspeciallyaffectstrenghandsensibilityonhandsandfingers
• userssufferingfromdysphagia
Medicalassesmentshouldindicatethelevelofdeficitlimitingthisactivity.
Activityname: COOKINGPASTA
Activitydefinition: itconsistsofboilingfreshpastaandprepareittobeserved.
Activation:thetutorialisofferedwhenevertheuserisonthekitchenanditistimetoprepareameal.
Itemsneeded:100gramsoffreshpasta,salt,sauce,1literofwater,apot,scissors,acolander,awoodenspoon,afork,analarmclock,kitchenmitten,aplate.
Preconditions:
• Alltheitemsmustbearrangedatthekitchencounter
• Itissupposedthatthecookeriselectric
• Itissupposedtheuserknowshowtoturnonthecookerandsetthealarmclock
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:100gramsoffreshpasta,salt,sauce(ifnecessary),1literofwater,apot,scissors,acolander,awoodenspoon,afork,analarmclock,kitchenmitten,aplate
2. Fillthepotwith1literofwater
3. Turnonthefurthestceramichoboftheelectriccookerandplacethepottoheatup
4. Addadessertspoonofsalttothewater
5. Openthepacketofpastawithascissors
6. Whenthewatercomestotheboil,addthe100gramsoffreshpasta
7. Stirthewaterwiththewoodenspoonfromtimetotime
8. Setthealarmclocktoring5minutesafterthewaterboilsagain
9. Placethecolanderononesideofthesinkandopenthetapalittlebit
51SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:100gramsoffreshpasta,salt,sauce(ifnecessary),1literofwater,apot,scissors,acolander,awoodenspoon,afork,analarmclock,kitchenmitten,aplate
2. Fillthepotwith1literofwater
3. Turnonthefurthestceramichoboftheelectriccookerandplacethepottoheatup
4. Addadessertspoonofsalttothewater
5. Openthepacketofpastawithascissors
6. Whenthewatercomestotheboil,addthe100gramsoffreshpasta
7. Stirthewaterwiththewoodenspoonfromtimetotime
8. Setthealarmclocktoring5minutesafterthewaterboilsagain
9. Placethecolanderononesideofthesinkandopenthetapalittlebit
10. Whenthealarmclockrings,turnofftheceramichob
11. Carefullypourthecontentofthepotintothecolanderusingthekitchenmitten
12. Whenthepastaisdrained,spreaditontheplate
Extensions:
Oneormoreitemsaremissing(1)
1. Reportanalert
2. EndofUseCase
Theuserlikestoaddsaucetothepasta(12)
1. Addasmuchsauceasyoulikeusingthespoon
Contraindications:
Itisnotindicateforthoseuserssufferingfrom:
• ipovisionforsafetyreasons(e.g.notseeingclearlyknives)
• essentialtremors
• usersaffectedbyhemiparesisthatspeciallyaffectstrenghandsensibilityonhandsandfingers
• userssufferingfromdysphagia
Medicalassesmentshouldindicatethelevelofdeficitlimitingthisactivity.
Activityname: MAKINGASANDWICH
Activitydefinition: itconsistsofpreparingasandwichmadeofhamandmozarella.
Activation:thetutorialisofferedwhenevertheuserisonthekitchenanditistimetoprepareameal.
Itemsneeded:4slicesofham,4slicesoffreshbuffalo‐milkmozzarella,2slicesciabatta(1inchthick),aplate,basil.
Preconditions: Alltheitemsmustbearrangedatthekitchencounter
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:4slicesofham,4slicesoffreshbuffalo‐milkmozzarella,2slicesciabatta(1inchthick),aplate,basil
2. Placethehamononeciabattasliceandthemozzarellaontheother
3. Garnishwithbasil
4. Closethesandwichandplaceitonaplate
52SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Extensions:
Oneormoreitemsaremissing(1)
1. Reportanalert
2. EndofUseCase
Contraindications: Itisnotindicateforthoseuserssufferingfromdysphagia
Activityname: PREPARINGCOLDSOUP
Activitydefinition: itconsistsofpreparingacoldvegetablesoup.
Activation:thetutorialisofferedwhenevertheuserisonthekitchenanditistimetoprepareameal.
Itemsneeded:1literofchickenstock,2bayleaves,groundpepper,apot,30gramsofnoodles,awoodenspoon,analarmclock,aladle,asoupdish.
Preconditions:
• Alltheitemsmustbearrangedatthekitchencounter
• Itissupposedthatthecookeriselectric
• Itissupposedtheuserknowshowtousetheelectriccookerandsetthealarmclock
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:1literofchickenstock,2bayleaves,groundpepper,apot,30gramsofnoodles,awoodenspoon,analarmclock,aladle,asoupdish
2. Fillthepotwith1literofchickenstock,2bayleavesandthegroundpepper
3. Turnonthefurthestceramichoboftheelectriccookerandplacethepottoheatup
4. Whenthechickenstockcomestotheboil,addthe30gramsofnoodles
5. Setthealarmclocktoring3minutesafterthesoupboilsagain
6. Stirthesoupwiththewoodenspoonfromtimetotime
7. Whenthealarmclockrings,turnofftheceramichob
8. Servethesoupintothedishusingtheladle
Extensions:
Oneormoreitemsaremissing(1)
1. Reportanalert
2. EndofUse
53SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
8.2.4Medical
Medical tutorial is aimed at those userswho need to take prescibed drugs daily to alleviate
theirdiseases’symptoms.Inordertoseparatethedosesthatneedtobetakenalongtheday,
differentcolouredboxesareused(e.ggreenboxformorningdoseandyellowboxforevening
dose).
Contraindications:
Itisnotindicateforthoseuserssufferingfrom:
• ipovisionforsafetyreasons(e.g.notseeingclearlyknives)
• essentialtremors
• usersaffectedbyhemiparesisthatspeciallyaffectstrenghandsensibilityonhandsandfingers
• userssufferingfromdysphagia
Medicalassesmentshouldindicatethelevelofdeficitlimitingthisactivity.
Activityname: TAKINGDRUGS
Activitydefinition:itconsistsofindicatingusersitistimetotaketheprescribeddoseandguidethemonhowtodoit.
Activation:thetutorialisofferedwhenevertheuserrequirestotakeadoseduetomedicalprescription(generallyinthemorning,aftermiddayorintheevening).Itsactivationisprecededbyareminder.
Itemsneeded: specificlabeledbox,aglassofwater.
Preconditions: caregiversareinchargeoffillingthelabeledboxeswiththerightdoseaccordingtotheuser’sprofile.
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:specificlabeledbox,aglass,abottleofwater
2. Grabthered*labeledboxandtakeoutthetop
Foreachofthepillsyouhavetotake,repeatsteps3‐5:
3. Takeapillandputitintoyourmouthbutdonotswallowityet
4. Takeaglassofwaterandhaveadrinktoswallowthepill.Haveanotherdrinkofwatertomaketheingestioneasier
54SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
8.2.5Grooming
Groomingtutorialsareessentialtoenhancetheself‐esteemandindependenceofusers,since
the tasks to perform have a direct effect on themselves. The morning grooming tutorial is
offeredaftertheuserwakesup.
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:specificlabeledbox,aglass,abottleofwater
2. Grabthered*labeledboxandtakeoutthetop
Foreachofthepillsyouhavetotake,repeatsteps3‐5:
3. Takeapillandputitintoyourmouthbutdonotswallowityet
4. Takeaglassofwaterandhaveadrinktoswallowthepill.Haveanotherdrinkofwatertomaketheingestioneasier
5. Putthetoponthecolouredbox
5. *Coloursaremeanttodistinguishdifferentdosesthroughtheday
Extensions:
Oneormoreitemsaremissing(1)
1. Reportanalert
2. EndofUseCase
Contraindications:Daltonicsarenotabletousethetutorial,sincecoloursidentifythepillboxes.
Activityname: MORNINGGROOMING
Activitydefinition:
itconsistsofasetofactivitiestoperformintheearlymorning:washinghandsandface,brushingteeth,haircombingandshaving(ifnecessary).
Activation:thetutorialisofferedwhenevertheuserentersthebathroomforthefirsttimeonaday.
Itemsneeded:pumpdispenser,cleanser,atowel,amanualtoothbrush,toothpaste,aplasticcup,ahaircomb,anelectricshaver
Preconditions:
• Alltheitemsmustbearrangedclosetothewashbasin
• Iftheusersuffersfromsensitivitydeficit,itisrequiredtousecoldwater
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:apumpdispenser,acleanser,atowel,amanualtoothbrush,toothpaste,aplasticcup,ahaircomb,anelectricshaver.
2. Getsoapfromthepumpdispenserandwashyourhands
3. Washyourfaceusingthecleanser
55SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:apumpdispenser,acleanser,atowel,amanualtoothbrush,toothpaste,aplasticcup,ahaircomb,anelectricshaver.
2. Getsoapfromthepumpdispenserandwashyourhands
3. Washyourfaceusingthecleanser
4. Wetyourhandsusingthetowel
5. Squeezesometoothpasteontothetoothbrushandbrushyourteeth
6. Filltheplasticcupwithwaterandhaveasiptorinseyourmouth
7. Combyourhairusingthehaircomb
8. Usetheelectricshavertoshaveyourstubble
Extensions:
Oneormoreitemsaremissing(1)
1. Reportanalert
2. EndofUseCase
Contraindications:
Itisnotindicateforthoseuserssufferingfrom:
• ipovisionforsafetyreasons(e.g.notseeingclearlytherazor)
• essentialtremors
• usersaffectedbyhemiparesisthatspeciallyaffectstrenghandsensibilityonhandsandfingers
Medicalassesmentshouldindicatethelevelofdeficitlimitingthisactivity.
Activityname: BRUSHINGTEETH
Activitydefinition:
Itconsistsofcleaningoneselfteethusingtoothpaste.Thistutorialisaimedatusersrequiringoccupationaltherapy.
Activation: thetutorialisoffereduponrequest.
Itemsneeded: amanualtoothbrush,toothpaste,aplasticcup.
Preconditions:
• Alltheitemsmustbearrangedclosetothewashbasin.
• Iftheusersuffersfromsensitivitydeficit,itisrequiredtousecoldwater.
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:atoothbrush,toothpaste,aplasticcup
2. Squeezesometoothpasteontothetoothbrush
3. Turnonthetaptowetthetoothpastealittle
4. Useshort,back‐and‐forthbrushingmotionstocleantheoutsideandinsidesurfacesoftheteethwiththetoothbrush,aswellasthechewingsurfaces
56SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Activityworkflow:
1. Makesurenoneoftheseitemsismissing:atoothbrush,toothpaste,aplasticcup
2. Squeezesometoothpasteontothetoothbrush
3. Turnonthetaptowetthetoothpastealittle
4. Useshort,back‐and‐forthbrushingmotionstocleantheoutsideandinsidesurfacesoftheteethwiththetoothbrush,aswellasthechewingsurfaces
5. Brushalongthegumline.Makesuretobrushyourbackmolarsandtonguetoremovebacteria
6. Turnonthetaptofilltheplasticcupwithwater
7. Haveasipofwatertorinseyourmouth
8. Spitoutthewaterintothewashbasin.Repeatstep5to7again.
9. Turnonthetaptocleanupthewashbasinandyourtoothbrush
Extensions:
Oneormoreitemsaremissing(1)
1.Reportanalert
2.EndofUseCase
Contraindications:
Itisnotindicateforthoseuserssufferingfrom:
• essentialtremors
• usersaffectedbyhemiparesisthatspeciallyaffectstrenghandsensibilityonhandsandfingers
Medicalassesmentshouldindicatethelevelofdeficitlimitingthisactivity.
57SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
9.REQUIREMENTS
9.1Actors’interaction
ITareaimedatusersbeingabletoperformdailybasicactivitieswiththecaregivers’checking.
Themedicaluserprofile,definedbydoctorsandpediatricians,isupdatedeverytimetheusers’
capabilitieschange.TheserviceispartofthePatientAgent,wherethecontextualinformation–
locationoftheuseratanymoment‐isgatheredfromtheenviromentsensors.
The following diagram shows all the possible interaction flows among entities (actors and IT
service)thatcanoccurwithinthesystem.
Figure9.InteractionflowsamongactorsandtheITservice
58SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
9.2FunctionalRequirements
RequirementsareallthoseneedsthatkeyactorshaveinthecontextwhereITwillbeused.All
theserequirementstogetherdescribethebehavioroftheserviceandthefunctionalitiesthat
thesystemissupposedtoaccomplish.
Requirement: SELECTATUTORIALUPONREQUEST
Description:Thesystemshallallowtheusertoselectanyofthetutorialsavailable
Rationale: TheaimoftheserviceistofacilitateusersperformanceofcertainADLs
Fitcriterion: Theuserisabletoselectanytutorialaddressedtohim/her
Requirement: TUTORIALCATEGORIZATION
Description: Tutorialsaregroupedintocategoriesaccordingtotheirrelation
Rationale: Tutorialsareclassifiedinordertosimplifytheselectionofactivitiestocarryout
Fitcriterion:Theusernoticethereisseveralsubsetsoftutorialsdependingontheircommonsubject
Requirement: STEPSCONFIRMATION
Description:Everytutorial’sinstructionisvalidatedaskingtheuserwhethers/hehasunderstoodtheindicationsgiven
Rationale: Comprehensionofeachstepcomposingthetutorialisguaranteedbyusingconformationmessages
Fitcriterion:Theuseracknowledgess/hehassuccessfullyperformedtheinstructiongivenandaccepttheconfirmationmessage
Requirement: TUTORIALBUTTON
59SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
9.3Non‐FunctionalRequirements
Non‐functional requirements are those describing criteria that can be used to judge proper
operationofIT,ratherthanspecificbehaviours.Non‐functionalrequirementsdefineconstraints
onthedesignandimplementationofITservice.
Description: TheGUImustincludea“tutorial”button
Rationale: The“tutorial”buttonallowstheusertodisplaythelistofcategorizedtutorialsthats/hecanperform
Fitcriterion:Theuseracknowledgesthereisavisibleandrecognizablebuttontoaccesstutorials
Requirement: HELPBUTTON
Description: TheGUImustincludea“help”button
Rationale: The“help”buttonallowstheusertotransfertheexplicithelpquerytotheHelpAssistantManagementservice
Fitcriterion: Thecaregiveracknowledgesthattheuserisaskingforextrahelp
Requirement: QUITBUTTON
Description:TheGUImustincludea“quit”buttonwhendisplayinganytutorialstep
Rationale: The“quit”buttonallowstheusertoexitthecurrenttutorialatanystep
Fitcriterion:Theuseracknowledgesthereisavisibleandrecognizablebuttontoquitatutorialwhilebeingactive.Thesystemdisplaysaconfirmationmessagewhenthebuttonisclicked.
60SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
9.3.1Look&Feelrequirements
9.3.2Usabilityrequeriments
9.3.3Operationalrequirements
Requirement: SIMPLEANDEASYSERVICE
Description:Theinterface,whichisinchargeofdisplayingtheITservice,mustbeuserfriendlytoallkindofusersconsideredtobeinteracting.
Rationale:ItisessentialthattheinterfaceiseasytousesinceITarebasedontheinteractionwithusershavingdisabilities.Ithastobeadaptabletotheuser’scognitivecondition.
Fitcriterion:Anyusershallbeabletoknowhowtointeractwiththesystemandhowtorequestservicesinlessthanthreetries.
Requirement: USABLESERVICE
Description:Thesimplicityofthetutorialsshallmakeuserstohaveagoodperceptionofthesysteminordertobewillingtouseitinfutureoccasions.
Rationale:Bynorm,userspreferserviceseasytouseandwhichdonotimplyanunnecessarywastetime.
Fitcriterion:Finalusersfindtutorialseasytouse.Theydonotneedtohavepriortechnologicalexperience.
Requirement: FASTDISPLAYOFDATA
Description: Theresultofaqueryshallbeshowedasfasteraspossible.
Rationale: Finalusermustobtaindatainafastway.
Fitcriterion: Thesearchingresponsetimewillbeinferiorto0.5seconds.
Requirement: ACCESSIBILITY
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9.3.4SupportandMaintenancerequirements
Description: Thesystemshallbeaccessible24haday,everydayoftheyear.
Rationale:ThesystemmustbeavailableallthedaytobeabletoperformanyoftheADLsusingITatanymoment.
Fitcriterion: Thesystemwillbealwaysavailable.
Requirement: SET‐UPREQUIREMENTS
Description: Noexternalset‐uprequired.
Rationale: Thesystemmustbeeasytointegrate.
Fitcriterion: Theuserwillbeabletousethesystemwithoutinstallinganyextrasoftware.
Requirement: SCALABLESERVICE
Description: Thesystemshallbescalableorextendedeasily.
Rationale:Thesystemshouldbeabletodealwithaconsiderablenumberoftutorials.
Fitcriterion: Thesystemrunsproperlywhenbeingextended.
Requirement: DATAINTEGRITY
Description:Thesystemmustguaranteethedataintegrityofanyinformationintroducedbyusers.
Rationale:Thesystemmustavoiddatamistakesandanyinconsistencywhichmayaffectusers.
Fitcriterion: Thesystemmustbeconsistentwithdatacontentatanytime.
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9.4UseCases
9.4.1UseCasesDiagrams
UseCasesdescribehowactors interactwiththe systeminordertoachieveagoal,specifying
whocanexecuteacertainactiontowardstheITservice.Followingdiagramsshow,foreachof
the users contemplated, the possible actions to carry out in order to fulfill functional
requeriments.
Figure10.Actor’sspecializationdiagram
Figure11.UseCasesrelatedtotheUseractor
63SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Figure12.UseCasesrelatedtotheSystem
Figure13.UseCasesrelatedtotheAdministratoractor
SinceDoctors/Geriatriciansupdatetheuserprofileusinganotherservice,thesubsequentUse
Case isnot relevant for thespecification.Caregiversdonot interactdirectlywith thesystem,
they are responsible for assuring tutorials’ preconditions and instruct users in how the
applicationworks.
64SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
9.4.2UseCasesSpecification
Following,thecompletespecificationofeachUseCasefromthediagramsaboveispresented,
detailingpreconditionstobefulfilledbeforeexecutingtheactionandhowtovalidatethatthe
goalhasbeenachievedsuccessfully.
UseCase: REQUESTTUTORIAL
Description: Theuserrequestacertaintutorialtobeperformed
PrimaryActor: User
Preconditions:Preconditionsdefinedfortheactivityoftheresquestedtutorialmustbefulfilled
Validationcriteria: Therequestedtutorialisinitiatedsuccessfullybytheuser
MainSuccessScenario:
1. TheuserclicksontheGUI’s“tutorials”button
2. Theuserchoosesthecategoryofthetutorial
3. Theuserchooseswhichtutorials/heisabouttoperform
UseCase: PERFORMTUTORIAL
Description:Theuserperformstherequestedtutorialconfirmingeachofthesteps
PrimaryActor: User
Preconditions:Preconditionsdefinedfortheactivityoftheresquestedtutorialmustbefulfilled
Validationcriteria: Therequestedtutorialisperformedsuccessfullybytheuser
MainSuccessScenario:
Foreachofthetutorial’ssteps:
1. Theuserfollowstheinstructionsgiven
2. Theuserconfirmss/hehasperformedthecurrentstepinordertomoveintothefollowing
UseCase: QUITTUTORIAL
65SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Description: Theuserexitsthecurrenttutorialatanystep
PrimaryActor: User
Preconditions: Thecurrenttutorialhastobestarted
Validationcriteria: Therequestedtutorialisquittedsuccessfullybytheuser
MainSuccessScenario:
1. TheuserclicksontheGUI’s“exit”button
2. Theuserconfirmss/hewantstoescapethetutorial
3. ThesystemleadstheusertothemainmenuoftheGUI
UseCase: ASKFORHELP/REPORTANALERT
Description:Theuserasksforhelp/reportanalertwhileperformingatutorial.ThisusecaseconcernsafunctionalityimplementedbyanotherservicewithinSHARE‐itwhichcollaborateswithITservice.
PrimaryActor: User
Preconditions: Thecurrenttutorialhastobestarted
Validationcriteria: Thehelprequesthasbeenprocessedandtheuserisinformedthatthecaregiverwillcontacthim/herforassistance
MainSuccessScenario:
1. TheuserclicksontheGUI’s“help”buttonatanyofthetutorial’ssteps
2. ThesystemtransferthequerytothecaregiverthroughtheHelpAssistanceManagementservice
3. Thesysteminformstheuserthats/hewillbecontactedbythecaregiverforassistance
UseCase: LISTTUTORIALS
Description:Alistoftutorialstheusercanperformaccordingtohis/herprofileisofferedthroughtheGUI
PrimaryActor: System
Preconditions: Theuserprofilehasbeeninitializedorupdated
Validationcriteria: Asetoftutorialsadaptedtotheuserprofileislisted
66SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
MainSuccessScenario:
1. Alistoftutorialsaccordingtotheuser’sphysical/cognitiveconditionissentfromthePatientAgenttotheInterfaceManager
2. ThesystemshowsthelistthroughtheGUIwhenclickingonthe“tutorials”button
UseCase: OFFERCONTEXTUALTUTORIALS
Description:Asubsetoftutorialsaredisplayedtotheuserdependingonthecontext
PrimaryActor: System
Preconditions: Locationhastobechanged.
Validationcriteria: Certaintutorialsaredisplayedwhenevertheusercontextchanges
MainSuccessScenario:
1. Thesystemdetectsthattheuser’slocationhaschanged
2. Thesystempreselectasubsetoftutorialsfortheusertobeperformedaccordingtothenewcontext
3. Thesystemdisplaysthesubsetoftutorialsregardlessofnoexplicitdemand
UseCase: SYSTEMMAINTENANCE
Description: Maintanceandupdateofthesystem
PrimaryActor: Administrator
Preconditions: Notspecified
Validationcriteria: Thesystemisadjustedtotheuserneedsandprofilechanges.
MainSuccessScenario:
1. Thesystemadministratoracknowledgesthereareupdatestobeexecuted.
2. Updatesarecarriedout.
3. Thesystemadministratorinformsdoctorsandcaregiversofthechanges.
67SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
10.RISKANALYSIS
10.1NewProblems
Thereareseveralissuesaffectingusersandcaregiversthatmightappearaftertheystartusing
IT.Regardingtheseissuespriortoitsconsequencesisakeyfactorfortheirpromptresolution.
10.1.1UsersandCaregiversProblems
Users.Using tutorials instead of being guided and supported by a caregiver allows users to
become more independent. However, it adds a new intermediary between the user and
caregivers/doctors.Asaresult, it canbesignificantlymorecomplicatedforuserswhodonot
managenewtechnologytoaccepttheintroductionofanewassistantaspartoftheirtherapy.
Another important issue is the user perception of the system. It is likely that users
misunderstandinstructionsorperforminthewrongwayregardlessofthesystemaccuracy.In
ordertominimizeitsimpactonthetutorialperformance,helpisavailablefortheuseratanyof
thetutorial’ssteps.
Caregivers. IT activation needs certain efforts to bemade from caregivers in order towork
successfully.Itisprobablethatinitially,thesystemresultsunattractiveforgrown‐upcaregivers.
Therefore, the tutorials’ efficiency must be proven to be higher than using the traditional
methodtoassistusers.
10.1.2Follow‐upProblems
Thetutorials’usageentailsanupdateoftheuserprofile.Delaysontheprofilemodificationcan
leadtoadeprecatedsystem,whereend‐usersmightbeusingaservicewhichdoesnotfittheir
needsandmisconceivestheirphysicalandmentalcondition.
68SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
10.2Risks
A risk in the context of software is any damage that can occur anytime and affect the
developmentcourse.Sincerisksareharmfulbynature,theonlywaytominimizeitseffectsisto
detectthepotentialrisksduringthisearlystageoftheproject,analyzeitsimpact,andplanhow
todealwiththeminorder.
10.2.1Personnelshortfalls
ITcanfailduetopersonnelinteraction.Itcannotbeasumedthatalltheusersinvolvedinthe
useoftutorialswouldachievetheexpectedexperience.Inordertomitigatethisrisk,aproper
controloverthewholesystemisneededtodetectanddealwithsituationsinwhichactorsdo
notinteractasexpected.
10.2.2Developingthewrongfunctions
Thesebothrisksdealwithdevelopingthewrongservice.Itcouldbethattheresultingsystem
doesnotsuittherequestedfunctionalitiesorthattheuserinterfaceisnotappealingtothem.
Inordertomitigatetheprobabilityoftheserisks, it isnecessarytovalidatethefulfillmentof
usecases,functionalandnon‐functionalrequirements.Regardingtheuserinterface,itishighly
recommendedtoprototypetheinterfaceinordertobetestedbythefinalusers,sothatthey
canprovidefeedbackasearlyaspossible.
10.2.3Continuousstreamofrequirementschanges
If the system requirements are continually changing, the schedulewill never be accurate. A
change in the current requirements impacts all the development’s phases and add time and
resources to the plan. In order to deal with this type of situations, iterations where new
requirementsarecollectedmustbeestablished.
69SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
10.2.4Tableofrisks
Risk Probability Impact
Personnelshortfalls 50% Verycritic
Developingthewrongfunctions 30% Verycritic
Continuousstreamofrequirementschanges 30% Critic
70SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
IMPLEMENTATION_______________________________________
11.TUTORIALS’MODULERELATIONS
ITserviceispartofthePatientAgent.ItspresentationlayercorrespondstotheGUI,whichwas
implementedasanotherpartoftheSHARE‐itproject.ITserviceandGUIcommunicatesthrough
DLAConnectionsusingdatapackages.Following,thereisabriefexplanationoftheseconcepts.
• GUI.TheGrahicalUserInterfaceplaysanimportantroleonthetutorials’display,asitis
the main front end for users and the way they interact with the service content,
accesingtoitsfunctionalities.
• DLA.Itisanarchitectureusedtodevelopcooperativesystemswithdifferentinteracting
modules distributed along several machines. This mechanism of communication is
based on a central element thatmanages the access and storage of the shared data
from theothermodules.When the IT servicewants to send some information to the
GUIorviceversa,aDLAinput/outputconnectionisopenedandadefinedDLApackage
withtherequesteddataissent.
Following, therearedefined thedifferent interaction schemasconcerning IT servicebetween
GUIandthePatientAgentlayer:
LISTOFTUTORIALS–CONTEXTUALTUTORIALS
PatientAgent InterfaceManager GUI
Caregiver/Doctorselectsuserprofile
Senduserprofile
(qualifiers+quantifiers)
71SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
SelectListofTutorials(name+numOfSteps+N[index+steptext+mediatype+media])accordingtouserprofile
Displays
SelectsubsetofContextualTutorials(name)accordingto
Location Displays
Sendsconfirmationofstep(name+index+
update)
SELECTATUTORIAL
PatientAgent InterfaceManager GUI
Userselectsatutorial
Sendsrequest(name+update)
Sendstutorial(name+numOfSteps+N[index+steptext+mediatype+media])
Displays
Sendsconfirmationofstep(name+index+
update)
Several different DLA3 packages are in charge of representing interactions between the IT
serviceandtheGUIthroughthePatientAgent[20].
3RefertosectionA1.2tofindoutmoreaboutthisarchitecture
72SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
11.1DLAPackage:TutorialList
• FromRolland/GUItoPatientAgentandviceversa
• FromiWalker/GUItoPatientAgentandviceversa
• Sentwhenevertheuserprofileisinitializedorupdated
When the user profile is initialized or updated through the GUI, the intelligent layer of the
systemselectsalistoftutorialsfortheusertoperform.Theselectionismadeaccordingtothe
typeofconditionsaffectingtheuser,andissenttotheGUIfordisplay.
struct Tutorial { char tutorial[128]; // name char activityCategory[64] // category of the tutorial’s activity int numOfSteps; // number of steps for the tutorial TutorialStep steplit[25] // where ‘n’ refers to the number of // steps a tutorial has. Set to // 25 as max number } struct TutorialStep { char steptext[1024]; // text describing one tutorial step char media[64]; // the name of the media file (if any) // to be shown } struct TutorialList { Tutorial tutorials[11]; // Where 'n' refers to the number of // available tutorials. Set to 11 // arbitrarily }
11.2DLAPackage:SelectedTutorial
• FromRolland/GUItoPatientAgent
• FromiWalker/GUItoPatientAgent
• Sentwhenevertheuserrequestsatutorial
73SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
struct SelectedTutorial { char tutorial[128] // name of the tutorial int update; // [1,..., 2147483647] number that changes // from one selection to another to allow // identification of new selection }
11.3DLAPackage:ConfirmationTutorialSteps
• FromRolland/GUItoPatientAgent
• FromiWalker/GUItoPatientAgent
• Sentwhenevertheuserconfirmsatutorialstep
struct ConfirmTutorialStep { char tutorial[128] // name of the tutorial int step; // [1,..., 2147483647] number that changes // from one selection to another to allow // identification of new selection }
11.4DLAPackage:ContextualTutorials
• FromPatientAgenttoRolland/GUI
• FromPatientAgenttoiWalker/GUI
• Sentwheneverthesystemdetectsauseriswithinadefinedlocation
struct ContextualTutorials { int numOfContextTuts; // number of available contextual tutorials // tutorials TutorialName tutorials[11] // name of the tutorial } struct TutorialName { char name[128]; }
74SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
12.JADEX
12.1IntroductiontoJADEX4
JADEXisanagent‐orientedreasoningengineforwritingrationalagentswithXMLandtheJAVA
programming language. Thereby, JADEX represents a conservative approach towards agent
orientation for several reasons. One main aspect is that no new programming language is
introduced. Instead, JADEXagentscanbeprogrammed inthestate‐of‐theartobject‐oriented
integrateddevelopmentenvironments(IDEs)suchasEclipse.
Agents represent active components with individual reasoning capabilities. This means that
agents can exhibit reactive behavior (responding to external events) as well as pro‐active
behavior(motivatedbytheagentsowngoals).
12.1.1TheBDIModelofJADEX
The most interesting and widespread agent architecture is the Belief‐Desire‐Intention (BDI)
architecture, introduced by Bratman as a philosophical model for describing rational agents
[25].Itconsistsoftheconceptsofbelief,desireandintentionasmentalattitudesthatgenerate
human action. Rao and Georgeff [26] transformed this model into a formal theory and an
executionmodelforsoftwareagents,basedonthenotionofbeliefs,goals,andplans.
JADEXfacilitatesusingtheBDImodelinthecontextmainstreamprogramming,byintroducing
beliefs, goals and plans as first class objects that can be created andmanipulated inside the
agent.InJADEX,agentshavebeliefs,whichcanbeanykindofJavaobjectandarestoredina
BeliefBase.Goalsrepresenttheconcretemotivations(e.g.statestobeachieved)thatinfluence
anagent'sbehavior.Toachieveitsgoalstheagentexecutesplans,whichareproceduralrecipes
coded in Java. The beliefs, goals and plans of the agent are defined by the programmer and
prescribethebehavioroftheagent.
4http://jadex.informatik.uni‐hamburg.de/bin/view/About/Overview
75SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Reasoning inJADEX isaprocessconsistingoftwo interleavedcomponents.Ontheonehand,
theagent reacts to incomingmessages, internaleventsandgoalsby selectingandexecuting
plans.Ontheotherhand,theagentcontinuouslydeliberatesaboutitscurrentgoals,todecide
aboutaconsistentsubset,whichshouldbepursued[10].
12.1.2AgentSpecification
Thecompletedefinitionofanagent iscaptured inasocalledagentdefinitionfile(ADF).The
ADFisanXMLfile,whichcontainsallrelevantpropertiesofanagent(e.g.thebeliefs,goalsand
plans).
To develop applications with JADEX, the programmer has to create two types of files: XML
agentdefinitionfiles(ADF)andJAVAclassesfortheplanimplementations.TheADFcanbeseen
as a type specification for a class of instantiated agents. To start an agent, first the ADF is
loaded,andtheagentisinitializedwithbeliefs,goals,andplansasspecified.
Figure14.ComponentsofaJADEXAgent
76SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
12.2Tutorials’JADEXclasses
Inthenextsubsections,theBDImodelisexplainedforthebeliefs,goalsandplansdefiningthe
PatientAgentbehaviourforthetwofunctionalitiesoftheITservice:selectionofthetutoriallist
and contextual tutorials. Several different java classes are executed as plans (means‐end
reasoning)tohandleincomingeventsandtopursueinternalgoals.
12.2.1ListofTutorials
ThelistoftutorialsausercanperformissenttotheGUIthroughtheDLAconnectionwhenthe
user profile is either initialized or updated. This set of tutorials is selected according to the
physicalandcognitiveconditionstheuserpresents.
ProfileGUI.java.When the Patient Agent is launched, a JFrame for the caregiver/doctor to
introducetheuserprofileisdisplayed.Iftheacceptbuttonispressed,thecorrespondingfacts
ontheBeliefBaserelatedtotheuser’sconditions(visualimpairment,sound impairment,fine
coordination, aphasia, dementia, neglect) are updated. Consecutively, these new values are
transformedtobytesandsenttotheGUIthroughtheDLAConnectioninteractionProfileConn.
Following,anewgoal iscreatedanddispatchedinordertoselectthesuitable listof tutorials
for the user according to his/her profile. To reach this goal, a plan needs to be executed:
RuleEnginePlan.
RuleEnginePlan.java. Within this class, a set of rules composing the intelligent layer of the
systemarerunforthetutorials’selection.ThecorrespondingfactsontheBeliefBaserelatedto
the available tutorials (Grooming, PreparePastaSimple, PreparePastaComplex, PrepareCoffee,
GoingOut,Therapy)areupdatedoncetheselectionismade.
Following,anewgoaliscreatedanddispatchedinordertosendthelistofselectedtutorialsto
theGUIfordisplay.Toreachthisgoal,aplanneedstobeexecuted:TutorialListPlan.
77SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
TutorialListPlan.java. This class specifies in its body which are the actions to be taken for
initializingthelistoftutorialsfortheend‐user.Adatastructureisinitializedwhere,foreachof
the tutorials, the following attributes are contained: number of required steps, tutorial’s
category,thenameofthetutorial,anditssetofsteps.Althoughthesumoftutorialstheinitial
listcancontain issettomaximum11arbitrarily, itcanbe furtherextended.Whenthe listof
tutorials iscompleted, itsdatastructure is transformedtobytesandsenttotheGUIthrough
theDLAConnectiontutorialListConn.
Figure15.PatientAgent’sbehaviourrelatedtotheListofTutorials
12.2.2ContextualTutorials
Oneof themost important features regarding IT service is the possibility of offering certain
tutorials to the targetusersdependingonthecontext.The input informationofwhereusers
are located is retrieved from the network sensors via the Environment Agent, which closely
collaborateswiththePatientAgentforthispurpose.
78SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
WithintheBeliefBasetherearetwobeliefsrelatedtothecontextualization:thelocation,which
contains the name of the place itself taken from the ontology, and the location_change, a
booleanthatindicatesifthelocationhaschangedornot.
Twodifferenteventscantriggertheupdateofcontextualtutorials:
1.ChangeintheLocation.
SaveLocationPlan.java.Thisplanisinchargeofhandlingtheupdateofthelocationbeliefevery
timetheEnvironmentAgentinformstothePatientAgentthattheuser’slocationhaschanged.
Anewgoaliscreatedanddispatchedtoupdatethecontextualtutorials.Inordertoreachthis
goal,aplanneedstobeexecuted:UpdateContextualTutPlan.
Figure16.PatientAgent’sbehaviourwhentheuser’slocationchanges
2.Changeintheuserprofile.
TutorialListPlan.java. When the user profile is initialized or updated, the list of convenient
tutorials for the user to perform is selected. Consequently, as the contextual tutorials are a
subset of these tutorials, a new goal is created and dispatched in order to update the
79SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
contextual tutorials according to the current location of the user. To reach this goal, a plan
needstobeexecuted:UpdateContextualTutPlan.
Figure17.PatientAgent’sbehaviourwhentheUserProflilechanges
UpdateContextualTutPlan.java.Withinthisclass,thecurrentroomwheretheuserislocatedis
usedtodiscriminatethesubsetofcontextualtutorialstobeofferedtotheend‐user.Theinitial
location is set to be the corridor, where no contextual tutorial is activated. Once the list of
contextual tutorials isselected, itsdatastructure is transformedtobytesandsenttotheGUI
throughtheDLAConnectioncontextualTutorialsConn.
Whileaspecificrangeoftutorialsareservedtouserswhentheychangelocation,alltheother
tutorials are also available, since the personalized list of tutorials is sent through the DLA
Connection before the update of contextual tutorials is handled. The subsets of tutorials
selectedaccordingtotheavailablelocationsare:
Location:KitchenCategory:CookingandDomestics
Location:Living‐roomCategory:Therapy
Location:BedroomCategory:Dressing
Location:BathroomCategory:Grooming
80SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
13.RULE‐BASEDEXPERTSYSTEM
Thenecessityof introducingan intelligent layer on the systemariseswhenhuman reasoning
hastobesimulatedusingmedicalknowledgeinordertotakedecisions.Theexpertsystemwill
beresponsibleforselectingthelistoftutorialsaccordingtotheuser’sneeds.
Other AI methods, such as a Case‐Based Reasoning System (CBR), have been considered in
order to implement this expert system. However, the cost of its implementation was
determinedtobemuchhigherthanusingareasoningenginebasedinrules.
ThetypeofdeductivereasoningaRuleEngineusesisbasedonaknowledgebasewhererules
are activated as conditions have a positive evaluation, generating new facts as a result. In
contrast, CBR is amethodbased on experience,where a case base is created and extended
when the current case have no similarities with previous cases. This would be a complex
approachtoasolutionforthehumanreasoningthesystemsneedstosimulate.
13.1JESS
JESS5 is aRuleEngineand scriptingenvironmentwrittenentirely in JAVA languageby Ernest
Friedman‐Hill at Sandia National Laboratories. JESS allows to build software that has the
capacitytoreasonusingsuppliedknowledgeintheformofdeclarativerules.Oneofthemain
advantagesJESSoffersamonganotherRuleEngines is itssimplicitytobe integratedwithany
otherJAVAapplication,asitisMAS.
JESS has two relevant features concerning inference rules: it uses a more efficient and fast
patternmatchingalgorithm(theRetealgorithm),andBackwardschaining,amethodthatstarts
withalistofgoalsandworksbackwardstoseeifthereisdatawhichwillallow ittoconclude
anyofthesegoals.
5http://www.jessrules.com/
81SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
13.2KnowledgeBase
A Rule‐Based Expert System is made up of many such inference rules. They are entered as
separate rules and it is the inference engine that uses them together to draw conclusions.
Medicalknowledgehasbeenusedtostablishtheknowledgebaseforthisreasoningprocess.
Doctors and geriatricians supervising the SHARE‐it project have determined, for each of the
existingtutorials,thegradeofseverityallowedforthoseconditionsthatdefinetheuserprofile.
Thetwotablesbelowillustratethisclassification.
Regardingthepossiblegrades, fourvaluesaregenerallyusedforevaluatingseverityofvisual
impairent, sound impairment, fine coordination and dementia: 0 ‐ meaning the user is not
affected,1 ‐mildgrade,2 ‐moderategrade,and3 ‐ severegrade.However, severegrade is
only considered for sound impairment. Regarding the rest of the conditions, possible values
are:0–notaffected,1–affected,foraphasia;0‐none1‐left(leftside),2‐right(rightside)
fordementia.
PHYSICALCONDITIONS
TutorialVisual
impairmentSound
impairmentFinecoordination
Washingthedishes 0,1 0,1,2 0,1
Washingclothesbyhand 0,1,2 0,1,2 0,1
Goingoutdoors 0,1,2 0,1,2 0,1,2
Puttingshoeson 0,1,2 0,1,2,3 0,1,2
Preparingcoffee 0,1,2 0,1,2 0,1
Cookingpasta(Simple) 0,1 0,1,2 0,1
Cookingpasta(Complex) 0,1 0,1,2 0
Preparingcoldsoup 0,1 0,1,2 0
Makingasandwich 0,1,2 0,1,2 0,1,2
Takingdrugs 0,1,2 0,1,2,3 0,1
Morninggrooming 0,1 0,1,2,3 0,1
Brushingteeth 0,1,2 0,1,2,3 0,1
82SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
COGNITIVECONDITIONS
Althoughthereisanextenserangeoftutorials,someofthemhavenotbeenconsideredforthe
implementationoftheRuleEngine,sincetheywerenotcharacteristicenoughtodifferenciatea
group of users. However, the implementation fulfills those requeriments related to scabilty,
allowingtheservicetobeextendedeasily.
Tutorialsconsideredfortheimplementationandtestingphaseare:Goingoutdoors,Preparing
Coffee,Cookingpasta(simple),Cookingpasta(complex),TakingdrugsandMorninggrooming.
Twodifferentcookingpastatutorialswereconsideredwhencreatingtheknowledgebasefor
theRuleEngine,dependingontheusergeneraldegreeofimpairment:mild(complextutorial)
or moderate (simple tutorial). Complex cooking pasta includes holding and carrying heavy
kitchenwarewhilesimpledoesnot.
Tutorial Aphasia Neglect Dementia
Washingthedishes 0 0,1 0,1
Washingclothesbyhand 0 0,1 0,1
Goingoutdoors 0,1 0,1,2 0,1
Puttingshoeson 0,1 0,1,2 0,1,2
Preparingcoffee 0 0,1,2 0,1
Cookingpasta(Simple) 0 0,1,2 0,1
Cookingpasta(Complex) 0 0 0
Preparingcoldsoup 0 0,1 0,1
Makingasandwich 0,1 0,1,2 0,1
Takingdrugs 0,1 0,1,2 0,1,2
Morninggrooming 0,1 0,1,2 0,1,2
Brushingteeth 0,1 0,1,2 0,1,2
83SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
13.3WorkingMemory
The working memory containing the knowledge repository is composed by 7 facts, whose
contentandrelationsaredefinedonatemplate.
‐ One fact for theuser profile,where every slot corresponds to one of the conditions:
visualimpairment,soundimpairment,finecoordination,aphasia,neglect,dementia.
‐ Six factscorrespondingtotheavailabletutorials.Eachofthesefactshastwoslots: its
nameandaBooleanvalueindicatingifthetutorialisselectedornot.
IntheexecutionoftheRuleEngineseveralfilesareinvolved:RuleEnginePlan.java.Thisclassdeclaresan instanceoftheRuleEngineandresettheworking
memory to assert the initial fact. It calls the UserProfile.clp file, containing the templates,
queries, factsandrulesdefinition.Onceallthesestructuresaredefined,thecurrentvaluesof
theuserprofilefactareretrievedfromtheBeliefBaseofthePatientAgent,andassertedinto
theworkingmemory.Following,theRuleEngineisruntoasserttherestoffactsandexecute
therules.
Finally,aqueryisusedtoretrievethegroupoftutorialsselectedbytheRuleEngineaccording
totheirBooleanvalue.Resultsobtainedareusedtoupdatethecorrespondingbeliefsonthe
BeliefBase.
UserProfile.clp. This is a JESS file containing all the templates, queries, facts assertions and
rulesdefinitions.
Each of the rules created for the inference reasoningcorrespond to one of the tutorialsand
followsthesamepattern:thecurrentvaluesoftheuserprofileconditionsarecomparedwith
those indicated in the knowledge base. If the condition is evaluated positively, the fact
correspondingtothattutorialintheworkingmemoryismodified,settinghisBooleanvalueto
true.Awarningmessageisalsoprintedout.
84SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
14.MEDIARECORDING
Videoclips used for illustrating each of the available tutorialswere recorded in CasaAgevole
andintheFondazioneSantaLuciafacilities(adaptedbathroomsforpatientsandoccupational
therapyarea)duringthesummer‐autumn2009inRome.TheITspecificationinsection8.2was
usedtorecordthefootages,followingthestepscomposingeachtutorial.
Medicalassesmentwasextremelyvaluableinordertofiximportantissuesregardingthevideo
recording:whatwasthebestangleforfilming,whichwastheproperordertopresenttheitems
needed,howtheactorshouldactinfrontofthecamara,etc.
Additionally, several changes were introduced while recording, since medical considerations
such as including a new cooking pasta tutorial for those users not able to carry a pot or
generalizing themorning grooming tutorial to enlarge its target populationwere taking into
consideration.
Audio samples in italianwere recorded voice‐over byDr.Nadia Tini and added to videoclips
during the experimentation phase, as a significant improvement to get users focused on the
instructionsgiven.
Figure18.RecordingoftheGroomingandGoingOutdoorstutorials
85SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Figure19.RecordingofthePreparingCoffeeandPreparingPastatutorials
86SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
TESTING_________________________________________________
Performanceengineeringistheprocessbywhichsoftwareandhardwarearetestedandtuned
with the intent of realizing the requiredperformance.The testing casesof the IT serviceare
included within the testing phase of SHARE‐it project, which execute scenarios 1, 2 and 36.
These scenarios have put the different technologies and integrated services (among which
thereisITservice)tothetestwiththeaidof15italianvolunteers.
We are using some of those concepts to analyze the following three aspects of SHARE‐it
architecture’squalityofservice[23]:
• Performance(responsetimes)
• Scalability(throughput)
• Reliability(availabilityandfunctionalintegrity)
Withoutastrategy,performanceengineeringissimplyanexerciseintrialanderror.
15.TESTCASES
15.1TestingCycles
Designing test cases can be time consuming in a testing schedule, but they areworth giving
timebecausetheycanreallyavoidunnecessaryretestingordebuggingorat least lower it. In
our case, engaging volunteers with disabled conditions in testing ITwith real activities is a
guaranteedwayofensuringthattheserviceisusable,effectiveandconsistent.
6Refertosection8.1forafurtherexplanationofIT’sScenarios
87SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
15.1.1PlanofAction
When getting prepared for an on‐site demonstration it is necessary to plan in advance the
followingpoints:
i. Pre‐Test,self‐assessmentchecklist
ii. Haveallnecessarysoftwareandhardwareatworksite
iii. TestalljobfunctionswithAssistiveTechnologyrunning
iv. Reconfiguresettingsandconfigurationsifnecessary
v. Developedscriptsforusability
(i)wasdevisedasapre‐testwherethemedicalteamassessedthetechnologiesinvolvedinthe
testcase–calledscenario—astoconfirmthateachelementoftheSHARE‐itarchitecturewas
compliantwiththespecificationandthattheintegrationofall involvedelements(includingIT
service)wasalsosafeandconsistent.Thispre‐testalsocovered(ii)and(iii).
Figure20.DeploymentofsensornetworkinCasaAgevole
88SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
The test site for SHARE‐itwasCasaAgevole,a pre‐existing facility in Fondazione Santa Lucia
thatwasenhancedwiththedeploymentofanetworkofsensorsusedforthecontextualization
oftheITservice.
When it was necessary, the medical team indicated some elements to be modified and/or
reconfiguredbeforetherealtestwiththevolunteersinordertoaddresspoint(iv).
15.1.2Experimentation
BeforeaddressingthetecnicalevaluationoftheSHARE‐itelementsinteractingwithITinthe3
scenariosusedat theexperimentationphase, it is important to clarify some issues regarding
thewholeprocess.
On the one hand, the decision to deploy thewhole architecture in CasaAgevole in order to
approachinasmuchaspossiblearealhouse.Takingintoconsiderationthatallthefacilitiesat
Casa Agevole are contained in a 60m2, it is easy to understand that mobility tended to be
challengingwhenusingroboticplatformswherethetouchscreenwasintegrated.
Ontheotherhand,anotheraspectto consider is thedynamicsoftheexperimentation,since
theservicepresentedtothefirstvolunteer(ID01)andtheonepresentedtothelastvolunteer
significantlydiffers.Newpossibilitiesofinteractionorrefinementsappearedinthefirsttesting
and they were implemented in situ. This method was very instructive and interesting but
modified the perception that volunteers had about the system and, therefore, users’
perceptionwasbetterattheendfotheexperimentationphase.
Regarding the teams participating in the evalutaion of the testing, there was a cluster of 7
peoplepermanently inCasaAgevolesupportingexperimentsandevaluatingtheprocess.This
constantrevisionassuredaverystableevaluationcriteriaduringallthetestingphase.
89SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
16.OUTCOMES
16.1Tutorials’ExperimentationResults
Inthissection,theresultsfromthethreeselectedscenariostestingtheITservicearedescribed,
alongwiththosechangesrequestedandimplementedforeachscenario.
16.1.1Scenario1:Albertotakeshisdrugs
Thefirstscenariotestedontheexperimentationstageentailedlaunchingareminderfollowed
bythecorrespondingtutorial.Someofthecomponentswerenotavailableatthatmoment(like
some domotic sensors), although it did not affect the functionality of the IT service and its
connectiontoothers.ITusabilitystronglydependedontheproperoperationoftheGUI,asthe
therapy tutorialwas offered through it.Being the first time tutorialswere performedby the
users,considerablechangesweremadeuntiltheystartedtofittheuserandmedicalrequests.
FunctionalEvaluation:Thefollowingtablesynthesizesthefunctionalevaluationofthetherapy
tutorialwithinthecontextofscenario1.TheTaskExecutioncolumnsevaluatetheexecutionof
thetaskdefinedbytheservicewhiletheServiceSupportevaluatethedegreeofsupportthat
thisservicesupposedtothetestuser.Ascalefrom0to7wasused,being7thebestscore.
TaskExecutionResults ServiceSupportResults
VOLUNTEERID VOLUNTEERIDSERVICE TASK
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
TutorialsTherapyTutorial
5 5 5 5 6 4 2 5 1 5
90SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Someuserswerenotabletointeractsucessfullywiththetherapytutorialsincetheywerenot
toldabouthowthetutorial’sflowworked.Therefore,itwasagreedthatsomepre‐trainingwas
neededinordertoguidethem.
Regardingthetutorial’spresentation,severalchangeswereappliedtoitsfunctionalityinorder
to improveusability.Mostofthesechangeswererequestedbythemedicalteamwhenusers
encounteredseriousdifficultiesatperformingtheactivity.Themostsignificantoneswere:
• Introducing a forced delay between the tutorial‐steps in order to let the volunteers
perceivetheinformationafterafewsecondsfororientation.
• Removing the confirmation‐phase between each tutorial‐step, leaving a unique
confirmationattheendofthetutorial. Itwasproventhatthis functionalitytopursue
users’interactionwasactuallymoreconfusingthanhelpful.Insteadoftheconfirmation‐
screen,atimer(implementedbytheGUIdeveloper)wouldshowadialogueaskingusers
iftheywanttoproceedortorepeatastepwhennoactionwasperceivedafteracertain
periodoftime.
• Dividingthefirsttutorialstep(theoneaskingtheusertomakesurenoneoftheitemsto
perform the activityweremissing) into two different steps, since users tended to be
distractedbythelengthoftheinstructionduringthetesting.
• Audio support was requested to be added to the videoclips, as users react easier to
voiceinstructionsthantotextguidelines.
TechnicalEvaluation:thetherapytutorialoperatedrobustlyandquickly,beinghandledinless
than0.5seconds,anacceptableresponse.DLAconnectionswereprovedtobeworkingasthe
listoftutorialswasproperlyinitializedandthetherapytutorialwaslaunchedandservedtothe
GUIasexpected.
As the therapy tutorialhadoneof themain roles in the scenario,being the first time itwas
testedwith the target users, a lot of feedbackwasgathered. Some additional functionalities
affecting the technical implementation of IT service were required, such as substituting all
integratingsoundwithvideoforabettercomprehension.
91SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Outcomes:Althoughvolunteersgetusedtothetutorialsworkflowbroadly,someencountered
difficultiesinteractingwithacomputer,astheywerenotaccustomedtonewtechnologies.This
factswere explicit by trying to issuevocal commandsafter finishing an step performance or
beingconfusedwiththeinteraction‐flow.However,afterafewtrialsandfurtherexplanations
theyeventuallybecamefamiliarwiththeapplication.Thisfactwasencouraging,confirmingIT
asagoodassistivetechnology.
Thisscenariowasveryprofitableintermsoffeedbackforcheckingthespecification(technical
andfunctional)oftheITserviceandimproveitspresentationtoend‐users.
INTELLIGENTTUTORIALS
VolunteerID
PresentActiveRole
StableReactionTime
ExecutionErrors
Comments
1 X X X 5 □Toomanyconfirmationstepsweredetectedinbetweentutorialsteps
2 X X X 5 □Maybesoundcouldbeintegratedtovideosforbetterunderstanding
3 X X X 6 □Theusergotusedtothetutorialsafterafew
trials
4 X X X 6 □
5 X X X 6 □
92SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
16.1.2Scenario2:Pietrogoestothechurch
Thisscenariorequestedtodisplayareminder,awayfortheusertoreachthecorresponding
tutorial.Aftertheexperienceoftestingthepreviousscenario, ITservicewasmoreconsistent
andusable,whichmadeitmoreappropiateforitstargetpopulation.
FunctionalEvaluation:The following table synthesizes the functionalevaluationof IT service
forscenario2.TheTaskExecutioncolumnsevaluatetheexecutionofthetaskdefinedbythe
servicewhiletheServiceSupportevaluatethedegreeofsupportthatthisservicesupposedto
thetestuser.Ascalefrom0to7wasused,being7thebestscore.
TaskExecutionResults ServiceSupportResults
VOLUNTEERID VOLUNTEERIDSERVICE TASK
11 12 13 14 15 11 12 13 14 15
TutorialsGoingOutTutorial
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 6 6
On the one hand, the going out tutorial brought up a newsituation: guiding users onwhich
steps ought to be followedbefore leavinghomebut performed in different places, so users
werenotstaticduringthetutorialandhadtokepttheirconcentrationwhenmovingaround.In
allcases,mobilitywasnotperceivedasahindrancewhenfollowingthetutorial.
Ontheotherhand,usersweretoldhowthe interfaceworkedbeforestartingtoperformthe
activity,sothattheycouldbeabletorespondtothetutorial’sworkflowproperly.
Regardingthetutorial’spresentation,changespreviouslyappliedtoitsfunctionalityprovedto
beadequateinordertogetmoredynamicandsimpleguidelines.
Technical Evaluation: the going out tutorial operated robustly and run flawless as was
expected. The incoming tutorial was handled in less than 0.5 seconds, being an acceptable
response.
93SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Audiosampleswererecordedandaddedtothevideoclipstomadetheunderstandingprocess
easier. Voice guidelines proved to be very effective in terms of focusing users on what the
intructionsaskthemtodo.
Thisscenariopresentedatutorialthathadtobefolloweddynamicallyondifferentplacesofthe
house,comparedtoothersthathaveall thestepsperformed inthesamespot.This factwas
notreflectednegativelyinthetechnicalexecution.
Outcomes: the IT service standed out to be one of the most effective one, providing clear
instructionsondailyactivities.Althoughtherewasanupgraded levelof complexityregarding
the user mobility in order to perform instructions, results obtained suggest that no extra
mental workload was added for the users. Changes previously applied to the tutorials’
presentationprovedtobepositive,sinceusers’reluctancetowardtheapplicationwasreduced.
INTELLIGENTTUTORIALS
VolunteerID
PresentActiveRole
StableReactionTime
ExecutionErrors
Comments
11 X X X 6 □
12 X X X 6 □
13 X X X 6 □Theuserdidnotwantto
followthetutorial.
14 X X X 6 □
15 X X X 6 □
94SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
16.1.3Scenario3:Francescacookspasta
The focus of this testing phasewas to consolidate the results from previous phases and to
integrate the now available US localization system (sensors) in the scenario execution.
Localizationwascrucialinthisscenarioinordertodetectwhentheuserenteredinthekitchen
inordertoofferhimthecontextualtutorial.
FunctionalEvaluation:The following tablesynthesizes the functionalevaluationof IT service
forscenario3.TheTaskExecutioncolumnsevaluatetheexecutionofthetaskdefinedbythe
servicewhiletheServiceSupportevaluatethedegreeofsupportthatthisservicesupposedto
thetestuser.Ascalefrom0to7wasused,being7thebestscore.
TaskExecutionResults ServiceSupportResults
VOLUNTEERID VOLUNTEERIDSERVICE TASK
16 17 18 19 20 16 17 18 19 20
TutorialsCookingPastaTutorial7
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 6
After two scenarios tested, tutorials’ presentation were muchmore suitable for the target
users,speciallywhentestingwithvolunteerssufferingfromamoderatedisability.Ingeneral,
theservicewasperceivedasveryusefulinsupportingend‐users.
Cookingscenarioalsopresentedtwodifferentcookingtutorialsdependingontheuserprofile:
maleusersfollowedapreparingcoffeetutorialwhilefemalesfollowedacookingpastatutorial.
Theculturalbackgroundandageoftheusersleadthisdistinction,asmaleuserswerenotused
tocookfood.
7MalevolunteersperformedPreparingCoffeeTutorial
95SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Technical Evaluation: the last scenario did profit from the collected experiences from the
previous test‐runs. After implementing the numerous changes and suggestions from the
medicalpartners,ITservicewasabletosuitmostoftherequiredneeds.
TheUSlocalizationsystemworkedproperlyinordertoofferacontextualtutorial,provingthat
theintegrationbetweenthedifferentagentswasprofitable.
Thecookingtutorialoperatedrobustlyandrunflawlessaswasexpected.Theincomingtutorial
was handled in less than 0.7 seconds due to the localization process, being an acceptable
response.
Outcomes:thecookingtutorialwasperformedinCasaAgevolekitchenusingrealkitchenware
that was the same shown in the recorded videos, in order to make easier for users having
cognitive disabilities to recognize the tools to use. In addition, there was a certain level of
complexityonperformingsuchatutorial,asitinvolveddifferentskillsandgoodcoordinationin
ordertoperformtheactivityasexpected.
Contextual tutorials were also proven to work properly, being displayed when the system
acknowledgedthatuserswhenchangingtheirlocation.
INTELLIGENTTUTORIALS
VolunteerID
PresentActiveRole
StableReactionTime
ExecutionErrors
Comments
16 X X X 6 □
17 X X X 6 □
18 X X X 6 □Theyweretriggered
manually
19 X X X 6 □
20 X X X 7 □
96SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
CONCLUSIONS____________________________________________
17.TEMPORALANDECONOMICANALYSIS
17.1TemporalAnalysis
Theprojectphasesincludedinthetemporalanalysisare:
• Specification.ThisphaseincludestheintroductiontotheSHARE‐itproject(5days),the
researchonthetechnologiestouse(28days),theStateofArtdescription(8days),and
theanalysisofthesystemintermsofrequirementsandusecases(6days).Alsoarisk
analysis(2days)isincludedintheproject,asdeviationsarelikelytooccur.
Considering that during this early phase of the project the time dedicated was
approximately4hoursperday,thesumoftimeconsumedforthespecificationwas:
49daysx4hours/day=196hours
• Design. Thisphase includesthe interactionworkflowdesign(4days)andthecontent
description(7days),referringtotheADLsandscenariosdesign.
Consideringthatduringthisphaseoftheprojectthetimededicatedwasapproximately
8hoursperday,thesumoftimeconsumedforthedesignwas:
11daysx8hours/day=88hours
• Implementation.Thisphase includesthecodingofthe IT’s functionalities (28days)as
wellastheimplementationoftheIntelligentLayerusingaRule‐BasedExpertSystem(8
days).
Consideringthatduringthisphaseoftheprojectthetimededicatedwasapproximately
6hoursperday,thesumoftimeconsumedfortheimplementationwas:
36daysx6hours/day=216hours
97SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Forthevideorecording(4days),atechnicalexpertwashired,working4hours/day:
4daysx4hours/day=16hours
Figure21.Temporalanalysisschema
• Testing. This phase includes all the experiments tested in Casa Agevole (17 days),
considering time dedicated to correct functional errors and implement new changes
requestedbythetechnicalandmedicalteam.
Consideringthatduringthisphaseoftheprojectthetimededicatedwasapproximately
8hoursperday,thesumoftimeconsumedforthetestingwas:
17daysx8hours/day=136hours
• Documentation.Thewritingofthereportstartedthefirstday,includingthemotivation
and the introduction to the technologies. However, most of the documentation was
reviewedafterthetestingphase.
98SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Consideringthatduringthisphaseoftheprojectthetimededicatedwasapproximately
4hoursperday,thesumoftimeconsumedforthedocumentationwas:
49daysx4hours/day=196hours
Anapproximationtothetotalamountofhoursdedicatedtotheprojectresultsfromthesumof
hourseveryphasetook:
196+88+216+16+136+196=848hours
17.2EconomicAnalysis
Therearethreeimportantaspectstotakeintoconsiderationwhendoinganeconomicanalysis:
• Hardware.Applicableexpensestothedevelopmentplatformoftheapplication.
• Software.Applicableexpensesfromtheacquisitionofthosecomputertoolsusedduring
thedifferentphasesoftheproject.
• HumanResources(HR).Applicableexpensestothosetaskscarriedoutasaresearcher,
analystorprogrammer.
Hardwareexpenses.ConsideringthattheanalysisoftheITservicesolution,thedevelopment
of the application and the individual testing have been carried out in the same computer,
expensesarisesfromthecostofthefollowingdevice:
Quantity Description Price
1PCIntelCoreDuoT75002.22GHz
4GBRAMMemory,120GBHardDisk700€
TOTAL 700€
99SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
The computer used during all the project, whose characteristics are described in the table
above,waspowerfulenoughtofulfillnon‐functionalrequirementsrelatedtooperability,such
asfastdisplayofcontentsanddataintegrity.
Inthiscostbreakdown,thepurchaseofavideocamera isnot included,asatechnicalexpert
washiredforthevideorecordings.
Softwareexpenses.Computertoolsusedduringthedifferentphasesoftheprojectare listed
below. Some sofware components of the SHARE‐it project has been used during the testing
phase,suchastheGUIortheDLAserver.
Description Price
EclipseClassic3.5.1 0€
JavaSEDevelopmentKit6 0€
JADEXBDIAgentSystemv2.0 0€
MicrosoftWord2007 150€
JESSVersion7.1p2 0€
SubversionclientTortoiseSVN 0€
WindowsMovieMakerVideoEditing 0€
GanttProjectTool 0€
TOTAL 150€
Itwasintendedtouseasmanyopensourcetoolsaspossibleduringthediferentphasesofthe
project.Therefore,sotwareexpensesarisesfromtheMSOfficepackage’slicenseforusingMS
Word2007.Therestofthesoftwarecanbedownloadedforfreeandinstalledeasily.
100SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
HumanResourcesexpenses.Thetimeinvestedintheprojectisdistributedamongthedifferent
phasesasdetailedintheprevioussection,thetemporalanalysis.
Consideringthataanalyst,aprogrammerandamediatechnicalexpertareneededinorderto
coverthedifferentHRneedsoftheproject,expensesbreakdownisestimatedasfollows:
Thetotaleconomiccostoftheprojectresultfromthesumofthehardware,softwareandHR
expensesanalyzed:
TypeofCost Cost
HardwareExpenses 700€
SoftwareExpenses 150€
HumanResourcesExpenses 29160€
TOTAL 30010€
Individual DevelopmentStage Hours Cost/hour Cost
AnalystSpecification+Design+
Documentation380h 40€ 15200€
ProgrammerImplementation+Testing+
Documentation452h 30€ 13560€
MediaTechnicalExpert
VideoRecording 16h 25€ 400€
TOTAL 848h 29160€
101SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
18.CONCLUSIONS
Currently,elderlypeoplewithcognitiveandphysicalimpairmentusuallyendupinhospitalsand
geriatricinstitutions,withthesubsequenthighexpensestheirrelativesaccumulate.Moreover,
it is proven that a familiar environment facilitates the patients’ enhancement and their
willingnesstobecomemoreindependentfromcaregivers.
SomeofthemostrelevantgoalsthatITpursueare,ontheonehand,toincreasethestandard
ofcarebyaugmentingtheuser’sautonomy,andontheotherhand,tomakecaregivers’work
easierandmoreprofitable.Havingthesegoalsinmind,itisrighttoassertthatthesolutionthat
ITserviceoffers isaproofofconceptofthebeneficial impactthatnextgenerationofATwill
haveinelders’everydayroutines.
TheSHARE‐itexperimentationphaserepresentedanimportantsourceofnewinformationand
knowledge for the improvement of the IT application. Testing scenarios allowed not only to
provethatsimpleuseofsoftwarefacilitatestheintegrationofATintothecareprocess,butalso
toreaffirmthatneitherexternalsupportisdirectlyneedednorpriortechnologicalexperienceis
required for the reinforceofusers’ autonomy.The test site choosen for theexperimentation
phase‐CasaAgevole‐allowedatightcontrolofdecisionontheenvironmentwithoutanyloss
ofrealism.
The testing phase also led to identify that part of the IT success heavily depends on the
personalization, since different personswith different disability profiles can have a different
approachtotheirautonomyaccomplishment.
18.1Futurelinesofresearch
Considering the outcomes obtained after testing IT, several improvements can be applied to
theserviceasafuturework.
Firstly,toachieveamorecomplexpersonalizationbasedonanextendeduserprofile.Themore
accurate the interaction would be, the better approach to the user’s autonomy: too much
102SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
supportcouldbeasnegativeastoolittle,underminingresidualcapabilitiesorjuststressingthe
user.
Secondly,anextensionoftheavailabletutorialswouldbeveryprofitable,addingnewroutine
activitieswhoseprocedural tutorialmighthelptheusertobecomemore independent.These
activitiescouldbefocusedondifferenthoursalongthedayforamorefunctionalservice.
Thirdly, to expand the target population by aiming the IT service at general users requiring
occupational therapy for cognitive enhancement.Most of the activities this type of subjects
performsconsistonveryconcreteandsimpleactions.Therefore,thetutorials’designwouldbe
adaptedtoanewsetofrequirements.
Lastly, to integrate the IT service with one of the other services that the MAS offers: the
BiometricCognitiveModule.Themaingoalwouldbetotrackusersbymeansofthebiomedical
measuresinordertoknowhowtheyreactwhenperformingtutorials(e.g.theuseristoomuch
stressedorinthecontrary,s/heinagoodmood).Retrievingthisinformation,newgoalscanbe
pursuedbycreatingdifferentflowsofinteractionincasetheuserpresentsacertainemotional
state.
Wearenowattheverybeginningofanewresearchregardingassistiveintelligenttools,asthe
presented model for tutoring users with disabilities has been enhanced by very fruitful
interaction with real patients and, therefore, the system has the necessary inputs to be
improvedandenriched.Additionalchallengeswillrequirecollaborationwithcolleagueshaving
expertiseinmachinelearning,naturallanguageprocessing,roboticsandmachinevision.
103SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
APPENDIX_______________________________________________
A1.GLOSSARY
A1.1Medicalterms
(byalphabeticalorder)
ALZHEIMER. Themost common form of dementia. In the early stages, the most commonly
recognizedsymptomismemory loss,suchasdifficulty inrememberingrecently learnedfacts.
As the disease advances, symptoms include confusion, irritability and aggression, language
breakdown,long‐termmemoryloss,andthegeneralwithdrawalofthesuffererastheirsenses
decline.Gradually,bodilyfunctionsarelost,ultimatelyleadingtodeath.
APHASIA. Language disorder which is presented when there is difficulty in using or
understanding spoken andwritten language or is completely lost the ability to do either. A
personwithaphasiamaythinknormally,sousingbabytalkisinappropriate.
APRAXIA.Neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out
skilledmovementsandgestures,despitehavingthedesireandthephysicalabilitytoperform
them.Apraxiamaybeacoompaniedbyalanguagedisorder(aphasia).
AUDITORYAGNOSIA.Inabilitytorecognizesounds.
CAREGIVER.Personalwhogivesmedicalassistanceandcaringsupporttotheuserathome.
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT. Capacities of the nervous system are limited or impaired with
difficultiesexhibitedinoneormoreofthefollowingareas:useofmemory,controlanduseof
cognitive functioning, sensory and motor skills, speech, language, organizational skills,
informationprocessing,affect,socialskills,orbasiclifefunctions.
DALTONIC.Inabilitytodistinguishredfromgreen.
DEMENTIA. Progressive decline in cognitive functions affectingmemory, attention, language
andproblemsolving.Highermentalfunctionsareaffectedfirstintheprocess.Especiallyinthe
laterstagesofthecondition,affectedpersonsmaybedisoriented intime(notknowingwhat
104SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
dayoftheweek,dayofthemonth,orevenwhatyearitis), inplace(notknowingwherethey
are),andinperson(notknowingwhotheyareorothersaroundthem).
DYSPHAGIA. Sensation that suggests difficulty in the passage of solids or liquids from the
mouthtothestomach.
HEMIPARESIS.Paralysisaffectingonlyonesideofthebody.
HIPFRACTURE.Abreakofthetoppartofthefemurbonewhereitconnectstothepelvis.Only
asmallportionofpatientsretaintheirpreviousmobility,whileabout20%willrequirenursing
homecare.
IPOVISION.Visualacuitybelow1/10.
MIXEDIMPAIRMENT.Simultaneouspresenceofmotorandcognitivedisabilityonapatient.
NEGLECT.Unilateralspatialneglectisaconditionwhichreducesaperson’sabilitytolook,listen
ormakemovementsinonehalfoftheirenvironment.Thiscanaffecttheirabilitytocarryout
manyeverydaytaskssuchaseating,readingandgettingdressed.
PARKINSON.Itischaracterizedbymusclerigidity,tremor,aslowingofphysicalmovementand,
in extreme cases, a loss of physicalmovement. Secondary symptomsmay include high level
cognitivedysfunctionandsubtlelanguageproblems.
PATIENT.Individualwithcognitiveormixedimpairment(cognitiveandphysical).Regardingthe
system,usuallyisknownas‘user’.
PRESBYOPIA.Conditionwhere theeyeexhibitsaprogressivelydiminishedability to focuson
nearobjectswithage.
STROKE.Itoccurswhenthebraindoesnotgetsufficientoxygen.Damageontherightsideof
thebrainmayimpairmovementandsensationontheleftsideofthebody.Damageontheleft
side of the brainmay affectmovement on the right side. Speech and language, vision loss,
breathing,swallowing,balance,hearing,andbladderandbowelfunctionmaybeaffected.
VISUALAGNOSIA.Lossofabilitytorecognizeobjects,facesandwords.
105SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
A1.2Technicalterms
(byalphabeticalorder)
ADLs(ActivitiesofDailyLiving).Basictasksapersonneedstocarryoutdaily,suchasdressing,
cookingandtoileting.
AT.AssistiveTechnologies.
DLA(DistributedandLayeredArchitecture).DLAArchitecture isusedtodevelopcooperative
systemswithdifferentinteractingmodulesdistributedalongseveralmachines.Itimplementsa
distributedsharedmemorymodel,withacentralelementthatmanagestheaccessandstorage
oftheshareddatafromtheothermodules.
ENVIRONMENT AGENT. Its basic target is to distribute the information from all available
sensorstoalltheagentsinterested.
GUI.GraphicalUserInterface.
HOMEAGENT.Representsthehomeentity,whichwillbesituatedinahomeserver.Amongits
objectives are tomaintain themonitoring of the users, tomanage their daily living activities
andtheirprofiles.
IT.IntelligentTuturials.
i‐WALKER.Assistive devicewith four conventional wheels and two degrees of freedom that
improveuser’sstabilityandsafetywhilewalking.Itmaysupportupto50%oftheuser’sbody
weight,beingidealforweakkneesoranklesorseverebalanceproblems.TheintelligentWalker
hastwohandlesthattheuserholdswithbothhandsforinteraction.
MAS(Multi‐AgentSystem).Smallsoftwareentities–softwareagents–withspecialcapabilities
(autonomous, reactive, pro‐active and social) are used instead to interact in a flexible and
dynamicwaytosolveproblemsmoreefficiently.
PATIENT AGENT. An instance of this agent should provide all the available and permitted
services to each user, such as security,mobility,monitoring and help services, or those that
couldbeaddedinthefuture.Patient‐agentsrunsinPDAsorUltra‐MobilePCs.
106SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
ROLLAND.Semi‐autonomouswheelchairwhichisabletofunctionsafelyindoorsandoutdoors
inappropriatelyset‐upenvironments.
SHARE‐it.SupportedHumanAutonomyforRecoveryandEnhancementofcognitiveandmotor
abilitiesusing InformationTechnologies.Europeanprojectwhich includesADLtutorasoneof
itsmultipleservice.
WI‐FI.Wireless networking technology that uses radiowaves to providewireless high‐speed
Internetandnetworksconnections.
107SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
A2.STORYBOARDS
TheGUIthathasbeenimplementedbyanotherdeveloper,fulfillsthefunctionalrequirements
and use cases of the IT specification for the tutorials’ display. Workflows defined when
performingatutorialshavebeenalsoconsidered.Medicalassesmenthasbeeninvolvedduring
thedesign,inordertodevelopasuitableinterfacewhosetargetpopulationiselderlypeople.
Figure22.Listoftutorials(categories)‐screenshot
108SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Figure23.Firststepoftutorials‐screenshot
Figure24.Laststepoftutorials‐screenshot
109SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
Figure25.Requestforhelp/Reportanalert‐screenshot
110SHARE‐itIntelligentTutorialsTutorials
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