Post on 13-Mar-2021
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September 2014
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Nuisance
Air Pollution
Groundwater Contamination
Surface Water Contamination
Soil Contamination
Water Supply
Wastewater/Hazardous Waste Disposal
Natural Habitat
Earthquakes3
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Surface Spills
Pits / Ponds
Flowback Water
Transportation
Stormwater runoff
Leaks from well pads and pits
Chemical storage/ Spills
Accidental spills from fracking trucks, etc.
Seepage from contaminated groundwater
Well Leakage
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Source: AAPG, 2012Source: DWR, 2003
6Source: EPA, 2012
Source: EPA, 2012
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Faults may act as a
conduit
Fracking to / near fresh groundwater
Groundwater
Shale Oil/Gas
Old Gas/Oil Well – Not Abandoned ProperlySource: EPA, 2013
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Source: All Consulting, 2008
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Source: NRDC, 2011; EWG, 2011
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EPA Traced Pollution of Underground Water Supply to Hydraulic FracturingIn 1982, Kaiser Gas Co. drilled and hydraulically fractured a natural gas well on the property of James Parsons in Jackson County, W. Va. The EPA concluded in a 1987 report to Congress that the process contaminated Parsons’ water well with fracturing fluid . It is unclear how the “fracking” fluids may have entered the water well, but four old natural gas wells nearby could have been the conduits for contamination. (Environmental Working Group, 2011)
1- Hydraulic Fractures
2- 1940s Wells Nearby
3- Fluid Migration
4- Breakout into Aquifer
EPA Case Studies (EPA, 2012)◦ Las Animas and Huerfano Counties, Colorado
◦ Dunn County, North Dakota
◦ Bradford County, Pennsylvania
◦ Washington County, Pennsylvania
◦ Wise County, Texas
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In California◦ 2009 Kern County 96 million
barrels of wastewater from drilling leached from holding ponds onto a farmers property contaminating groundwater
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• UST’s and Industrial Chemicals• located several feet to about 100
feet from groundwater, above the groundwater table.
• Oil Wells and Injection Wells• generally Located 1,000’s of feet to
up to a couple of miles below surface.
Modified From: Marshak, Stephen. Earth: Portrait of a Planet (Fourth Edition), 4th Edition. W. W. Norton & Company.
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• Just over 2,200 wells have been hydraulically fractured in California.
• Most in the Central Valley
Hydraulically Fractured Wells
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• 1980’s there were 2.1 million regulated USTs in U.S.
• >500,000 UST Leaks reported across U.S.
• Nationally, 5,500 new leaks are reported each year
• 42,000 Cleanups Initiated in California
• 6,000 Cleanups remaining
• California has more than • 20,000 active permitted
USTs
USTs
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Gasoline 1 Frack Fluid 2 Twinkie 3
Propane Hydrochloric Acid Thiamine mononitrateIsobutane Glutaraldehyde Ferrous Sulfate
n-Butane Quaternary Ammonium Chloride
Dextrose
tralls-2-Butene Quaternary Ammonium Chloride
Monocalcium phosphate
cis-2-Butene Tetrakis Hydroxymethyl-Phosphonium Sulfate Sodium acid pyrophosphate
3-Methyl-I-butene Ammonium Persulfate Calcium caseinateIsopentane Sodium Chloride Sodium caseinateI-Pentene Magnesium Peroxide Monoglyceride2-Methyl-I-butene Magnesium Oxide Diglyceride2-Methyl-l,3-butadiene Calcium Chloride Polysorbate 60n-Pentane Choline Chloride Corn dextrin
trans-2-Pentene Tetramethyl ammonium chloride
Sodium stearoyl lactylate2-Methyl-2-butene Sodium Chloride Soy flour2-Methyl-I.2-butadiene Isopropanol Wheat flour3,3-Dimethyl-l-butene Methanol Folic acidCyclopentane Formic Acid Niacin3-Methyl-I-pentene Acetaldehyde Riboflavin2.3-Dimethylbutane Petroleum Distillate Sugar2-Methylpentane Hydrotreated Light Petroleum
Distillate Water3-Methylpentane Potassium Metaborate Corn syrupn-Hexane Triethanolamine Zirconate High fructose corn syrupMethylcyclopentane Sodium Tetraborate Vegetable shortening2,2-Dimethylpentane Boric Acid Animal shorteningBenzene Zirconium Complex Whole eggsCyclohexane Borate Salts Modified cornstarch2.3-DimethyIpentane Ethylene Glycol Corn flour3-Methylhexane Methanol Glucose3-Ethylpentane Polyacrylamide Baking sodan-Heptane Petroleum Distillate Sweet dairy whey2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Hydrotreated Light Petroleum
Distillate Soy protein isolate
Gasoline 1 Frack Fluid 2 Twinkie 3
Methy lcyclohexane Methanol Salt2,2,-Dimethylhexane Ethylene Glycol Soy lecithinToluene Guar Gum Cornstarch2,3,4-Trimethylpentane Petroleum Distillate Cellulose gum3-Methylheptane Hydrotreated Light Petroleum
Distillate Sorbic acid2-Methylheptane Methanol FD&C Yellow #5n-Octane Polysaccharide Blend Red 402,4,4-Trimethylhexane Ethylene Glycol2,2-Dimethy Iheptane Citric AcidEthylbenzene Acetic Acidp-Xylene Thioglycolic Acidm-Xylene Sodium Erythorbate3,3,4-Trimethylhexane Lauryl Sulfateo-Xylene Isopropanol2,2,4-Trimethylheptane Ethylene Glycoln-Nonane Sodium Hydroxide3,3,5-Trimethylheptane Potassium Hydroxiden-Propy Imenzene Acetic Acid2.3,4-Trimethylheptane Sodium Carbonate1,3.5-;rrimethylbenzene Potassium Carbonate1,2.4-Trimethylbenzene Copolymer of Acrylamide and
Sodium Acrylaten-Decane Sodium PolycarboxylateMethy Ipropy Ibenzene Phosphonic Acid SaltDimethy lethylbenzene Lauryl Sulfaten-Undecane Ethanol1.2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene Naphthalene1.2.3,4-Tetramethylbenzene Methanol1,2,4-Trimethyl-5-ethylbenzene Isopropyl Alcoholn-Dodecane 2-ButoxyethanolNaphthalene Methylnaphthalene
1 Ground Water Management Review. Spring, 1990, p. 167. 2 FracFocus, What Chemicals are Used, http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/what-chemicals-are-used3 Twinkie, Deconstructed , Hudson Street Press, 2007
Fracking in California uses about 150,000 gallons of water per well
Average golf course uses 300,000 gallons of water each day; 1,100 course in California
Wells typically only fracked once. Therefore, every well in the state that has been frackedto date could be done with the water used on golf courses in one day.
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SB 4 Became law January 1, 2014 Places California Division of Oil, Gas, and
Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) in Charge of Overseeing Compliance
Groundwater Issues to be Overseen by State Water Resources Control Board◦ Develop permanent model groundwater monitoring criteria
on or before July 1, 2015
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Hydraulic Fracturing has a potential to impact Groundwater, but most of the Processes that might impact Groundwater are similar to other Industrial Processes
There Has Been Documented Impact, but Rare Oil Drilling and Groundwater Production have
Co-Existed In U.S. for Over 100 years Risk from Fracking Likely Overstated Compared
to Other Potential Contaminants Water Use Not Significant Regulatory Actions Have Been Put Into Place to
Protect Groundwater
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Interim Regulations◦ Operators are required to file an
Interim Well Stimulation Treatment Notice – NO PERMIT REQUIRED AT THIS TIME
◦ Provide chemical disclosure of well stimulation fluids
◦ Develop a Groundwater Monitoring Plan
◦ Develop a Water Management Plan◦ Develop a Spill Contingency Plan for
proper storage and handling of well stimulation fluids
◦ Allows nearby property owners to request groundwater testing
◦ DOGGR required to compile submitted information and make it available to the public
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Source
Common to Various
Industrial Operations
Associated with
Hydraulic Frackturing
Surface Spills • •Transportation • •Chemical Storage • •Discharge to Disposal Wells Wells • •Leakage from Surface Impoundments/Tanks • •Flowback Water •Migration of Fracturing Fluids •
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Source: AAPG, 2012
Source: San Francisco Chronicle, 2012
• 1,750 sq. miles • Depths ranging from 3,000 to 17,000 ft.• Monterey is estimated at 15.4 Billion
Barrels of Oil, which is 63% of U.S. Shale OilSource: AAPG, 2012
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