Post on 04-Apr-2018
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STUDIES ONTREATMENT OF WASTEWATER BY
PHYTOREMEDATIONPROCESS
Submitted by- Sandip P. Ajmire , in partial fulfillment of the award of thedegree of Master of Technology in Environmental Engineering.
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MANOHARBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GONDIA
Guided By
A.M. Deshpande
Asst. Prof. Civil Engineering
MIET Gondia
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MANOHARBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GONDIA
A.L.Nashine
AssociateProf. &Head of
Department
Civil Engg.
MIET Gondia
D.K. Mishra
Associate Prof.
& P.G.Co-Ordinator
Dept. of Civil
Engg. MIET
Gondia
Dr. S.S.RathorePrincipalMIET,Gondia
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INDEX
What is the Phytoremadation Importance of Plant to reduce pollution Technical terms of Phytoremadation
Advantage/Disadvantage of Phytoremadation Water pollution and Phytoremadation Plants for Phytoremadation Why Duckweed ?
Labortory setup Result Conclusion
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What is the Phytoremadation
Technology that use plants to cleanup contaminated sites.
Green technology that uses plantssystems for remediation and
restoration.
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Importance of Plant to reduce
pollution
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Importance of Plant to reduce pollution(contd.)
Recently research at TheUniversity of Florida have
determined that a species offern, native to South eaststores high concentration ofarsenic in its fronds And stemsmore than 200 times the
concentration in the soil.
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Importance of Plant to reduce pollution (contd.)
1995, Sunflowers wereused in a pond near
Chernobyl approx. 1 weekthey had hyper accumulated
several thousand times theconcentration of cesiumand strontium.
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Importance of Plant to reduce pollution(contd.)
The Yale University team haspublished its findings in the
article Biodegradation ofPolyester Polyurethane byEndophytic Fungi for the
Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology journal.
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Importance of Plant to reduce pollution(contd.)
A team from Yale University has founda fungus that could be used to breakdown certain kinds of plastic, raisinghopes more could be discovered in thefuture.
However, U.S. researchers now believe
that a fungus could be used to breakdown plastic, and so rescue the worldfrom one of its biggest man-made
environmental threats.
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PHYTOREMEDATION
ORGANICMETAL
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METAL ORGANIC
METAL METAL
PHYTOEXTRACTION
RHIZOFILTRATION
PHYTOSTABILIZATION
PHYTODEGRADATION
RHIZODEGRADATION
PHYTOVOLATILISATION
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Technical terms of Phytoremadation(Contd.)
Phytoextraction(Phytoaccumulation)
Ph i ( d )
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Phytoextraction(contd.)
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Phytoextraction(contd.)
Uptake of chemical by the plant.
Works well on metals such as lead, cadmium,
copper, nickel etc.
Detroit lead contaminated site was removed with
Sunflower and Indian Mustard.
-
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Rhizofiltration
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Rhizofiltration (CONTD)
Rhizofiltration is similar inconcept of Phytoextraction but
is concerned with theremadation of contaminatedground water rather than the
remediation of polluted soil.Roots uptake polluted water andcontaminants along with it.
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Phyto-stabilization
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Phyto-stabilization(Contd.) Vegetation holds contaminated soils in
place root system and low growingvegetation prevent mechanicaltransportation of pollutants from windand erosion.
Trees transpire large quantities of water(more than 15 gal/day) so pumping actionprevents contaminants from migration intothe water table.
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PHYTODEGRADATION
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PHYTODEGRADATION(contd.)
Phytodegradation or breakdown oforganic contaminants by internal andexternal Metabolic processes
hydrolyses.Organic compounds into smaller units
that can be absorbed by the plants.Some contaminants can be absorbed bythe plant & are then broken down byplant enzymes.
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PHYTODEGRADATION (Contd.)
These smaller pollutant moleculesmay then be used by plant as it grows,thus becoming incorporated into the
plant tissues. Plant enzymes have been identified
that breakdown ammunition wastes,chlorinated solvents such as TEC(Trichloroethane ) & others whichdegrades organic herbicides.
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RHIZODEGRADATION
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RHIZODEGRADATION(CONTD.)
Rhizo- degredation is break down oforganic contaminants in the soil by soildwelling microbes which is by rhizo-
spheres presence. Certain soil dwellingmicrobes digest organic pollutants suchas fuels and solvents, producing
harmless products through a processknown as Bio-remediation.
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PHYTOVOLATILISATION
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PHYTOVOLATILISATION(Contd.)
PHYTOVOLATILISATIONis the process where plants uptakecontaminants which are water soluble
and release them into atmosphere asthey transpire the water.The contaminant may become modified
along the way, as the water travelsalong the plants vascular system fromthe roots to the leaves, wherebycontaminants evaporateor volatilize
into the air surrounding the plant.
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Advantages Of Phytoremedition Cost effective when compared to other moreconventional methods.
Nature method, more aesthetically pleasing, minimal landdisturbance.
It is more economically viable using the same tools and supplies asagriculture.
It is less disruptive to the environment and does not involve waitingfor new plant communities to recolonise the site.
Disposal sites are not needed.
It is more likely to be accepted by the public as it is more
aesthetically pleasing then traditional methods.
It avoids excavation and transport of polluted media thus reducingthe risk of spreading the contamination.
It has the potential to treat sites polluted with more than one typeof pollutent
Advanta es Of Phytoremedition
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Advantages Of Phytoremedition
Cost effective when compared to other moreconventional methods.
Nature method, more aestheticallypleasing, minimal land disturbance.
It is more economically viable using thesame tools and supplies as agriculture.
It is less disruptive to the environment anddoes not involve waiting for new plantcommunities to recolonise the site.
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Advantages Of Phytoremedition(Contd,)
Disposal sites are not needed.
It is more likely to be accepted by the public asit is more aesthetically pleasing then traditional
methods.
It avoids excavation and transport of pollutedmedia thus reducing the risk of spreading the
contamination.
It has the potential to treat sites polluted withmore than one type of pollutent
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DisadvantagesofPhytoremediation
It is dependant on the growing conditions required by theplant (i.e. climate, geology, altitude, temperature). Slow rate and difficult to achieve acceptable levels of
decontamination. Potential phase transfer of contaminant. Possibility of contaminated plants entering the food chain. Possible spread of contaminant through falling leaves. Trees and plants require care. Success is dependant on the tolerance of the plant to the
pollutant. Large scale operations require access to agricultural
equipment and knowledge.
Contaminant solubility may be increased leading to greaterenvironmental damage and the possibility of leaching.
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DisadvantagesofPhytoremediation
It is dependant on the growing conditionsrequired by the plant (i.e. climate, geology,altitude, temperature).
Slow rate and difficult to achieve
acceptable levels of decontamination. Potential phase transfer of contaminant.
Possibility of contaminated plants enteringthe food chain.
Possible spread of contaminant throughfalling leaves.
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DisadvantagesofPhytoremediation(Contd)
Trees and plants require care.
Success is dependant on the tolerance ofthe plant to the pollutant.
Large scale operations require access toagricultural equipment and knowledge.
Contaminant solubility may be increasedleading to greater environmental damageand the possibility of leaching.
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Water pollution and Phytoremadation
Aquatic plants are chosen for absorbparticular nutrient and to removepathogens, metals and other contaminants
from wastewater.
Aquatic plants have been shown to be very
effective as a secondary or tertiary statefor water treatment and nutrient removal.
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Plants for Phytoremadation
Floating-leaved(Nymphaea odorata)
Submerged(Hydrillaverticillata)
Emergent(Panicum hemitomon)
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Aquatic plants for wastewatertreatment
Aquatic plants are chosen for absorb particular
nutrient and to remove pathogens, metals and
other contaminants from wastewater.
Aquatic plants have been shown to be very
effective as a secondary or tertiary state for
water treatment and nutrient removal.
Aquatic plant for waste water
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Aquatic plant for waste watertreatment
Water Lily has an extensive root system with rapid
growth rates, but is sensitive to cold temp, it is an idealplant for water treatment in warm climates.
Duckweed (Lemma spp.) has greater cold tolerance and a
good capacity for nutrient absorption.
Penny wort (Hydrocotyl spp) is relatively cold tolerant
with a very good capacity for nutrient uptake.
Water hyacint uptake of heavy metal eg.,Pb,Cu,Cd,Hg
from contaminated water.
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OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
1. Identification of plants & micro-aquatic plant for removal of municipal
waste water.2. Fabrication of experimental &laboratory setup.
3. Conducting batch studies for theremoval of pollutants from municipalwaste water & find optimum operating
condition of various parameters.
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Constructed wetlands or phytoremediation:This is a technology for treating wastewater. A
constructed wetland consists of a gravel bed onwhich suitable wetland plants are grown. As waterpasses through the substrate, it is purified throughthe activity of bacteria attached to the gravel, plant
roots, soil and other particles.
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Why Duckweed: (Lemna)
A small, floating aquaticplant that forms a solidcover on the surface offreshwater ponds,
marshes, lakes andquiet streams
Very important in theaquatic ecosystem as
an essential link in thefood chain. Eaten by fish
birds (ducks, herons)
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Why Duckweed: (Lemna)(contd)
It is used for bothremediation i.e. metal &organicIt is also used forremediation of radio-active substance.
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Lemna gives aesthetically pleasing, minimal land disturbance
PHYTOREMEDATION
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Lab Mechanisms
Continues Type Laboratory Experiment
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Batch Study
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Shades extensive areas of a pond,reducing algae growth
Good for bioremediation projects
Ability to take out nitrogen and phosphorusfrom water
Useful as a water crop
as a source of food for animals and poultry
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Structure of Duckweed
Leaves and stems
merge in a common
structure called a
frondorthallus Has one root
Fronds have 3 veins
Air spaces help the
plant to float
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Reproduction Reproduction is asexual
Vegetative reproduction
Unlike the leaves of more ordinary plants,each duckweed frond contains buds fromwhich more fronds may grow.
Until they mature, daughter fronds remainattach to the parent frond
Rapidly growing plants can have 3-4attached fronds
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How do Duckweed Survive?
Autotrophic
Make their own foodthroughphotosynthesis
Require sunlight
Require nutrients
Phosphorous,
nitrogen, otherminerals
Need space to grow
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Water Quality Results
Average for total dissolved solids
Average for chlorine and sulfates
Average for specific conductance
Zero positive for coliform Zero positive for
fecal bacteria
Zero positive fore.coli
Negative for lead
Negative for copper
R lt
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Result
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Ini.Conc 2nd Day 4Th Day 6Th Day 8th Day
Phosphorus
O'Phosphate
Phosphate
Ammonia
Nitrate
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Conclusion
Although much remains to be studied,phytoremediation will clearly play somerole in the stabilization and remediation
of many contaminated sites. The mainfactor driving the implementation ofphytoremediation projects are low costswith significant improvements in siteaesthetics and the potential forecosystem restoration.