Post on 27-Dec-2015
Web Ontology Language - Semantic web standards
1 The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data
to be shared and reused across application, enterprise, and
community boundaries.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Web Ontology Language - Semantic web standards
1 —World Wide Web Consortium, W3C Semantic Web Activity
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Simple Knowledge Organization System - Semantic web activity (2004-2005)
1 Following the termination of SWAD-Europe, SKOS effort was supported
by the W3C Semantic Web Activity in the framework of the Best Practice and Deployment Working Group. During this period, focus was put
both on consolidation of SKOS Core, and development of practical
guidelines for porting and publishing thesauri for the Semantic Web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Simple Knowledge Organization System - SKOS and other semantic web standards
1 SKOS is intended to provide a way to make a legacy of concept schemes
available to Semantic Web applications, simpler than the more complex ontology language, OWL
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Object (computer science) - Objects and the Semantic Web
1 It is claimed that the Semantic Web can be seen as a distributed data objects
framework, and can therefore be seen as an object-oriented framework. However,
a distributed object is called an "ordinary" object, and not an OOP object because it is separated from its methods with which it was enclosed before. It is also claimed that it is valid to use a UML diagram to
express a Semantic Web graph.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Object (computer science) - Objects and the Semantic Web
1 Attributes (also known as Relationships)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Object (computer science) - Objects and the Semantic Web
1 Furthering this, Linked Data also introduces Dereferenceable Uniform Resource Identifiers, which provide data-by-reference which is found in object-oriented programming and object-oriented databases in the
form of object identifiers.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web
1 The Semantic Web is a collaborative movement led by the international standards body, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The standard promotes common data formats on the World Wide Web. By encouraging the inclusion of semantic content in web pages, the Semantic Web aims at converting the
current web, dominated by unstructured and semi-structured documents into a "web of
data". The Semantic Web stack builds on the W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web
1 According to the W3C, "The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and
reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries." The
term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data that can be
processed by machines.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web
1 While its critics have questioned its feasibility, proponents argue that
applications in industry, biology and human sciences research have
already proven the validity of the original concept. Scholars have
explored the social potential of the semantic web in the business and
health sectors, and for social networking.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web
1 The original 2001 Scientific American article by Berners-Lee, Hendler, and
Lassila described an expected evolution of the existing Web to a Semantic Web, but this has yet to happen. In 2006, Berners-Lee and
colleagues stated that: "This simple idea ... remains largely unrealized."
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - History
1 He defines the Semantic Web as "a web of data that can be processed
directly and indirectly by machines."
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - History
1 Many of the technologies proposed by the W3C already existed before they were
positioned under the W3C umbrella. These are used in various contexts, particularly
those dealing with information that encompasses a limited and defined domain,
and where sharing data is a common necessity, such as scientific research or data
exchange among businesses. In addition, other technologies with similar goals have
emerged, such as microformats.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Purpose
1 The semantic web is a vision of information that can be readily
interpreted by machines, so machines can perform more of the tedious work involved in finding,
combining, and acting upon information on the web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Purpose
1 The Semantic Web, as originally envisioned, is a system that enables
machines to "understand" and respond to complex human requests
based on their meaning. Such an "understanding" requires that the relevant information sources be
semantically structured.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Purpose
1 I have a dream for the Web [in which computers] become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web – the content, links, and transactions between people and computers.
A "Semantic Web", which makes this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it
does, the day-to-day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be
handled by machines talking to machines. The "intelligent agents" people have touted
for ages will finally materialize.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Purpose
1 The Semantic Web is regarded as an integrator across different content,
information applications and systems. It has applications in
publishing, blogging, and many other areas.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Purpose
1 In a paper presented by Gerber, Barnard and Van der Merwe the
Semantic Web landscape is charted and a brief summary of related terms
and enabling technologies is presented
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Limitations of HTML
1 Many files on a typical computer can be loosely divided into human
readable documents and machine readable data. Documents like mail messages, reports, and brochures
are read by humans. Data, like calendars, addressbooks, playlists, and spreadsheets are presented
using an application program which lets them be viewed, searched and
combined.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Limitations of HTML
1 Currently, the World Wide Web is based mainly on documents written
in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), a markup convention that is
used for coding a body of text interspersed with multimedia objects
such as images and interactive forms. Metadata tags provide a
method by which computers can categorise the content of web pages,
for example:https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Limitations of HTML
1 <meta name="keywords" content="computing, computer studies,
computer" />https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Limitations of HTML
1 With HTML and a tool to render it (perhaps web browser software,
perhaps another user agent), one can create and present a page that
lists items for sale
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Limitations of HTML
1 Semantic HTML refers to the traditional HTML practice of markup following
intention, rather than specifying layout details directly. For example, the use of <em> denoting "emphasis" rather than
<i>, which specifies italics. Layout details are left up to the browser, in combination
with Cascading Style Sheets. But this practice falls short of specifying the
semantics of objects such as items for sale or prices.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Limitations of HTML
1 Microformats extend HTML syntax to create machine-readable semantic
markup about objects including people, organisations, events and
products. Similar initiatives include RDFa, Microdata and Schema.org.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Semantic Web solutions
1 The Semantic Web takes the solution further. It involves publishing in languages
specifically designed for data: Resource Description Framework (RDF), Web
Ontology Language (OWL), and Extensible Markup Language (XML). HTML describes documents and the links between them.
RDF, OWL, and XML, by contrast, can describe arbitrary things such as people,
meetings, or airplane parts.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Semantic Web solutions
1 These technologies are combined in order to provide descriptions that
supplement or replace the content of Web documents
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Semantic Web solutions
1 An example of a tag that would be used in a non-semantic
web page:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Semantic Web solutions
1 <item rdf:about=" http://example.org/s
emantic-web/">Semantic
Web</item>https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Semantic Web solutions
1 Tim Berners-Lee calls the resulting network of Linked Data the Giant Global Graph, in
contrast to the HTML-based World Wide Web. Berners-Lee posits that if the past was
document sharing, the future is data sharing. His answer to the question of "how" provides three points of instruction. One, a URL should point to the data. Two, anyone accessing the
URL should get data back. Three, relationships in the data should point to
additional URLs with data.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Web 3.0
1 People keep asking what Web 3.0 is. I think maybe when you've got an
overlay of scalable vector graphics – everything rippling and folding and
looking misty – on Web 2.0 and access to a semantic Web integrated across a huge space of data, you'll
have access to an unbelievable data resource ...
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Web 3.0
1 "Semantic Web" is sometimes used as a synonym for "Web 3.0", though each term's
definition varies.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 Some of the challenges for the Semantic Web include vastness,
vagueness, uncertainty, inconsistency, and deceit. Automated reasoning systems will have to deal with all of these issues in order to
deliver on the promise of the Semantic Web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 Vastness: The World Wide Web contains many billions of pages. The
SNOMED CT medical terminology ontology alone contains 370,000
class names, and existing technology has not yet been able to eliminate all semantically duplicated terms. Any automated reasoning system will
have to deal with truly huge inputs.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 Vagueness: These are imprecise concepts like "young" or "tall". This arises from the vagueness of user
queries, of concepts represented by content providers, of matching query terms to provider terms and of trying
to combine different knowledge bases with overlapping but subtly
different concepts. Fuzzy logic is the most common technique for dealing
with vagueness.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 Uncertainty: These are precise concepts with uncertain values. For example, a patient might present a
set of symptoms which correspond to a number of different distinct
diagnoses each with a different probability. Probabilistic reasoning techniques are generally employed
to address uncertainty.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 Inconsistency: These are logical contradictions which will inevitably arise
during the development of large ontologies, and when ontologies from separate sources
are combined. Deductive reasoning fails catastrophically when faced with
inconsistency, because "anything follows from a contradiction". Defeasible reasoning
and paraconsistent reasoning are two techniques which can be employed to deal
with inconsistency.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 Deceit: This is when the producer of the information is intentionally misleading the consumer of the
information. Cryptography techniques are currently utilized to
alleviate this threat.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 This list of challenges is illustrative rather than exhaustive, and it
focuses on the challenges to the "unifying logic" and "proof" layers of
the Semantic Web
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Standards
1 Standardization for Semantic Web in the context of Web 3.0 is under the care of W3C.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 The term "Semantic Web" is often used more specifically to refer to the formats and technologies that enable
it. The collection, structuring and recovery of linked data are enabled
by technologies that provide a formal description of concepts, terms, and
relationships within a given knowledge domain. These
technologies are specified as W3C standards and include:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 Resource Description Framework (RDF), a general method for describing information
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 Notation3 (N3), designed with human-readability
in mind
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 Web Ontology Language (OWL), a family of knowledge
representation languages
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 Rule Interchange Format (RIF), a framework of web rule language
dialects supporting rule interchange on the Web
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 The Semantic Web Stack illustrates the architecture of the Semantic
Web. The functions and relationships of the components can be
summarized as follows:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 XML provides an elemental syntax for content structure within
documents, yet associates no semantics with the meaning of the
content contained within. XML is not at present a necessary component of Semantic Web technologies in most
cases, as alternative syntaxes exists, such as Turtle. Turtle is a de facto
standard, but has not been through a formal standardization process.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 XML Schema is a language for providing and restricting the
structure and content of elements contained within XML documents.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 RDF is a simple language for expressing data models, which refer
to objects ("web resources") and their relationships. An RDF-based
model can be represented in a variety of syntaxes, e.g., RDF/XML,
N3, Turtle, and RDFa. RDF is a fundamental standard of the
Semantic Web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 RDF Schema extends RDF and is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF-based resources,
with semantics for generalized-hierarchies of such properties and
classes.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 OWL adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: among others, relations between
classes (e.g. disjointness), cardinality (e.g. "exactly one"), equality, richer typing of properties, characteristics of properties (e.g. symmetry), and
enumerated classes.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 SPARQL is a protocol and query language
for semantic web data sources.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 RIF is the W3C Rule Interchange Format. It's an XML language for
expressing Web rules which computers can execute. RIF provides multiple versions, called dialects. It includes a RIF Basic Logic Dialect
(RIF-BLD) and RIF Production Rules Dialect (RIF PRD).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 Not yet fully realized:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 Unifying Logic and Proof layers
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 The intent is to enhance the usability and usefulness of the Web and its interconnected resources through:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 Servers which expose existing data systems using the RDF and SPARQL standards. Many converters to RDF
exist from different applications. Relational databases are an
important source. The semantic web server attaches to the existing
system without affecting its operation.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 Note that anything that can be identified with a Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI) can be described, so the semantic web can reason about animals, people, places, ideas, etc
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 Common metadata vocabularies (ontologies) and maps between
vocabularies that allow document creators to know how to mark up
their documents so that agents can use the information in the supplied
metadata (so that Author in the sense of 'the Author of the page'
won't be confused with Author in the sense of a book that is the subject of
a book review)https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 Automated agents to perform tasks for users of the semantic web using this data
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 Web-based services (often with agents of their own) to supply
information specifically to agents, for example, a Trust service that an
agent could ask if some online store has a history of poor service or
spamming
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Practical feasibility
1 Peter Gärdenfors and Timo Honkela point out that logic-based semantic
web technologies cover only a fraction of the relevant phenomena
related to semantics.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Practical feasibility
1 Core, specialized communities and organizations for intra-company
projects tended to practically adopt semantic web technologies greater than peripheral and less-specialized
communities. The practical constraints toward adoption have appeared less challenging where domain and scope is more limited than that of the general public and
the World-Wide Web.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Censorship and privacy
1 An advanced implementation of the semantic web would make it much
easier for governments to control the viewing and creation of online
information, as this information would be much easier for an
automated content-blocking machine to understand
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Doubling output formats
1 Another argument in defense of the feasibility of semantic web is the
likely falling price of human intelligence tasks in digital labor
markets, such as the Amazon Mechanical Turk.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Doubling output formats
1 Specifications such as eRDF and RDFa allow arbitrary RDF data to be
embedded in HTML pages. The GRDDL (Gleaning Resource
Descriptions from Dialects of Language) mechanism allows existing material (including
microformats) to be automatically interpreted as RDF, so publishers only need to use a single format,
such as HTML.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Projects
1 This section lists some of the many projects and tools that exist to create Semantic Web
solutions.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - FOAF
1 A popular vocabulary on the semantic web is Friend of a Friend (or
FOAF), which uses RDF to describe the relationships people have to
other people and the "things" around them
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - FOAF
1 FOAF is an example of how the Semantic Web attempts to make use
of the relationships within a social context.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - SIOC
1 The Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities project (SIOC,
pronounced "shock") provides a vocabulary of terms and
relationships that model web data spaces. Examples of such data spaces include, among others:
discussion forums, blogs, blogrolls / feed subscriptions, mailing lists, shared bookmarks and image
galleries.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - GoPubMed
1 GoPubMed is a knowledge-based search engine for biomedical texts.
The Gene Ontology (GO) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) serve as
"Table of contents" in order to structure the millions of articles of the MEDLINE database. The search
engine allows its users to find relevant search results significantly
faster than Pubmed.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - eagle-i.net
1 The platform consists of the Semantic Web Entry and Editing Tool
(SWEET), an RDF database, and a Search tool
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - NextBio
1 A database consolidating high-throughput life sciences
experimental data tagged and connected via biomedical ontologies.
Nextbio is accessible via a search engine interface. Researchers can
contribute their findings for incorporation to the database. The database currently supports gene
expression or protein expression data and sequence centric data and is
steadily expanding to support other biological data types.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Further reading
1 Aaron Swartz's A Programmable Web: An unfinished Work donated by
Morgan & Claypool Publishers after Aaron Swartz's death in January
2013.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Further reading
1 Liyang Yu (January 6, 2011). A Developer's Guide to the Semantic
Web. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-15969-5.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Further reading
1 Grigoris Antoniou, Frank van Harmelen (March 31, 2008). A
Semantic Web Primer, 2nd Edition. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-01242-1.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Further reading
1 Dean Allemang, James Hendler (May 9, 2008). Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist: Effective
Modeling in RDFS and OWL. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-0-12-373556-0.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Further reading
1 John Davies (July 11, 2006). Semantic Web Technologies: Trends and
Research in Ontology-based Systems. Wiley. ISBN 0-470-02596-4.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Further reading
1 Pascal Hitzler, Markus Krötzsch, Sebastian Rudolph (August 25,
2009). Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies. CRCPress. ISBN 1-
4200-9050-X.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Further reading
1 Thomas B. Passin (March 1, 2004). Explorer's Guide to the Semantic
Web. Manning Publications. ISBN 1-932394-20-6.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Further reading
1 Liyang Yu (June 14, 2007). Introduction to Semantic Web and Semantic Web Services. CRC Press.
ISBN 1-58488-933-0.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Further reading
1 Jeffrey T. Pollock (March 23, 2009). Semantic Web For Dummies. For Dummies. ISBN 0-470-
39679-2.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Further reading
1 Martin Hilbert (April, 2009). The Maturing Concept of E-Democracy:
From E-Voting and Online Consultations to Democratic Value
Out of Jumbled Online Chatter. Journal of Information Technology &
Politics. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/16808027152
42|1680802715242 [[Category:Articles with invalid
ISBNs]]]].https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Further reading
1 Folmer, Erwin; Oude Luttighuis, Paul; Hillegersberg, Jos . "Do semantic standards lack quality? A survey among 34 semantic standards".
Electronic Markets 21 (2): 99–111. doi:10.1007/s12525-011-0058-y.
Retrieved 2012-05-19.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Web resource - Resources in RDF and the Semantic Web
1 First released in 1999, RDF was first intended to describe resources, in
other words to declare metadata of resources in a standard way
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Web resource - Resources in RDF and the Semantic Web
1 RDF also specifies the definition of anonymous resources or blank nodes, which are not absolutely
identified by URIs.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web
1 The 'Semantic Web' is a collaborative movement led by international
standards body the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The standard
promotes common data formats on the World Wide Web. By encouraging the inclusion of semantics|semantic Web content|content in web pages,
the Semantic Web aims at converting the current web, dominated by
unstructured and semi-structured documents into a web of data. The Semantic Web stack builds on the
W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web
1 According to the W3C, The Semantic Web provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and
reused across application, enterprise, and community boundaries. The term was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a
web of data that can be processed by machines.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web
1 The original 2001 Scientific American article by Berners-Lee, James
Hendler|Hendler, and Ora Lassila|Lassila described an expected
evolution of the existing Web to a Semantic Web, but this has yet to happen. In 2006, Berners-Lee and colleagues stated that: This simple idea... remains largely unrealized.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - History
1 He defines the Semantic Web as a web of data that can be processed directly and indirectly by machines.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Purpose
1 The semantic web is a vision of information that can be readily
interpreted by machines, so machines can perform more of the tedious work involved in finding,
combining, and acting upon information on the web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Purpose
1 The Semantic Web, as originally envisioned, is a system that enables machines to understand and respond to complex human requests based on
their meaning. Such an understanding requires that the relevant information sources be
semantically structured.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Purpose
1 The architectural model proposed by Tim Berners-Lee is used as basis to present a status model that reflects
current and emerging technologies.Gerber, Aurona; Van der
Merwe, Alta; Barnard, Andries; (2008), A Functional Semantic Web architecture, European Semantic Web Conference 2008, ESWC'08,
Tenerife, June 2008.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Limitations of HTML
1 With HTML and a tool to render it (perhaps web browser software,
perhaps another user agent), one can create and present a page that
lists items for sale
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Limitations of HTML
1 Semantic HTML refers to the traditional HTML practice of markup
following intention, rather than specifying layout details directly. For
example, the use of denoting emphasis rather than , which
specifies italics. Layout details are left up to the browser, in combination with Cascading Style Sheets. But this practice falls short of specifying the semantics of objects such as items
for sale or prices.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Limitations of HTML
1 Microformats extend HTML syntax to create Machine-readable data|
machine-readable semantic markup about objects including people,
organisations, events and products. Similar initiatives include RDFa, Microdata (HTML)|Microdata and
Schema.org.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Semantic Web solutions
1 Thus, content may manifest itself as descriptive data stored in Web-
accessible databases,Artem Chebotko and Shiyong Lu, Querying
the Semantic Web: An Efficient Approach Using Relational
Databases, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, ISBN 978-3-8383-0264-5,
2009
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Web 3.0
1 Semantic Web is sometimes used as a synonym for Web
3.0,[http://www.tweakandtrick.com/2012/05/web-30.html Introducing The
Concept of Web 3.0] though each term's definition varies.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 * Vastness: The World Wide Web contains
[http://www.worldwidewebsize.com/ many billions of pages]. The SNOMED
CT medical terminology ontology alone contains 370,000 class names, and existing technology has not yet
been able to eliminate all semantically duplicated terms. Any automated reasoning system will
have to deal with truly huge inputs.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 * Vagueness: These are imprecise concepts like young or tall. This
arises from the vagueness of user queries, of concepts represented by content providers, of matching query terms to provider terms and of trying
to combine different knowledge bases with overlapping but subtly
different concepts. Fuzzy logic is the most common technique for dealing
with vagueness.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 * Uncertainty: These are precise concepts with uncertain values. For example, a patient might present a
set of symptoms which correspond to a number of different distinct
diagnoses each with a different probability. Probabilistic logic|
Probabilistic reasoning techniques are generally employed to address
uncertainty.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 * Inconsistency: These are logical contradictions which will inevitably
arise during the development of large ontologies, and when
ontologies from separate sources are combined. Deductive reasoning fails
catastrophically when faced with inconsistency, because Principle of explosion|anything follows from a
contradiction. Defeasible reasoning and Paraconsistent logic|
paraconsistent reasoning are two techniques which can be employed
to deal with inconsistency.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 * Deceit: This is when the producer of the information is intentionally misleading the consumer of the
information. Cryptography techniques are currently utilized to
alleviate this threat.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Challenges
1 This list of challenges is illustrative rather than exhaustive, and it
focuses on the challenges to the unifying logic and proof layers of the
Semantic Web
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Standards
1 Standardization for Semantic Web in the context of Web 3.0 is under the
care of W3C.[http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Main_Page Semantic Web Standards
published by the W3C]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 The term Semantic Web is often used more specifically to refer to the
formats and technologies that enable it. The collection, structuring and
recovery of linked data are enabled by technologies that provide a
description logic|formal description of concepts, terms, and relationships
within a given knowledge domain. These technologies are specified as
W3C standards and include: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 * Resource Description Framework (RDF), a general method for describing information
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 * Notation3 (N3), designed with human-
readability in mind
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 * Web Ontology Language (OWL), a family of knowledge representation languages
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 * Rule Interchange Format (RIF), a framework of web rule language
dialects supporting rule interchange on the Web
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 * XML provides an elemental syntax for content structure within
documents, yet associates no semantics with the meaning of the
content contained within. XML is not at present a necessary component of Semantic Web technologies in most
cases, as alternative syntaxes exists, such as Turtle (syntax)|Turtle. Turtle is a de facto standard, but has not
been through a formal standardization process.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 * W3C XML Schema|XML Schema is a language for providing and
restricting the structure and content of elements contained within XML
documents.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 * RDF is a simple language for expressing data models, which refer to objects (web resources) and their relationships. An RDF-based model can be represented in a variety of
syntaxes, e.g., RDF/XML, N3, Turtle, and RDFa. RDF is a fundamental standard of the Semantic Web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 * RDF Schema extends RDF and is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of RDF-based resources,
with semantics for generalized-hierarchies of such properties and
classes.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 * OWL adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: among others, relations between
classes (e.g. disjointness), cardinality (e.g. exactly one), equality, richer
typing of properties, characteristics of properties (e.g. symmetry), and
enumerated classes.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 * SPARQL is a protocol and query language for semantic
web data sources.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Components
1 * RIF is the W3C Rule Interchange Format. It's an XML language for
expressing Web rules which computers can execute. RIF provides multiple versions, called dialects. It includes a RIF Basic Logic Dialect
(RIF-BLD) and RIF Production Rules Dialect (RIF PRD).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 * Unifying Logic and Proof layers
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 * Servers which expose existing data systems using the RDF and SPARQL
standards. Many [http://esw.w3.org/topic/ConverterToR
df converters to RDF] exist from different applications. Relational
databases are an important source. The semantic web server attaches to the existing system without affecting
its operation.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 Note that anything that can be identified with a Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI) can be described, so the semantic web can reason about animals, people, places, ideas, etc
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 * Common metadata vocabularies (Ontology (information science)|ontologies) and maps between
vocabularies that allow document creators to know how to mark up
their documents so that agents can use the information in the supplied
metadata (so that Author in the sense of 'the Author of the page'
won't be confused with Author in the sense of a book that is the subject of
a book review)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 * Automated agents to perform tasks for users of the semantic web using this data
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Current state of standardization
1 * Web-based services (often with agents of their own) to supply
information specifically to agents, for example, a Trust service that an
agent could ask if some online store has a history of poor service or
spamming
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Practical feasibility
1 Peter Gärdenfors and Timo Honkela point out that logic-based semantic
web technologies cover only a fraction of the relevant phenomena
related to semantics.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Censorship and privacy
1 An advanced implementation of the semantic web would make it much
easier for governments to control the viewing and creation of online
information, as this information would be much easier for an
automated content-blocking machine to understand
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - Doubling output formats
1 Specifications such as eRDF (data format)|eRDF and RDFa allow
arbitrary RDF data to be embedded in HTML pages. The GRDDL (Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects
of Language) mechanism allows existing material (including
microformats) to be automatically interpreted as RDF, so publishers only need to use a single format,
such as HTML.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - DBpedia
1 DBPedia is an effort to publish structured data extracted from
Wikipedia: the data is published in RDF and made available on the Web
for use under the GNU Free Documentation License, thus
allowing Semantic Web agents to provide inferencing and advanced
querying over the Wikipedia-derived dataset and facilitating interlinking, re-use and extension in other data-
sources.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - FOAF
1 A popular vocabulary on the semantic web is FOAF (software)|Friend of a Friend (or FOAF), which
uses RDF to describe the relationships people have to other people and the things around them
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - SIOC
1 The Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities project (SIOC,
pronounced shock) provides a vocabulary of terms and
relationships that model web data spaces. Examples of such data spaces include, among others:
discussion forums, blogs, blogrolls / feed subscriptions, mailing lists, shared bookmarks and image
galleries.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web - GoPubMed
1 GoPubMed is a knowledge-based search engine for biomedical texts. The Gene ontology|Gene Ontology (GO) and Medical Subject Headings|
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) serve as Table of contents in order to structure the
millions of articles of the MEDLINE database.[http://www.gopubmed.com/web/gopubmed/ww
w/GoPubMed/Search/index.html#Nutshell GoPubMed in a nutshell] The search engine
allows its users to find relevant search results significantly faster than Pubmed.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack
1 The Semantic Web Stack, also known as Semantic Web Cake or
Semantic Web Layer Cake, illustrates the architecture of the Semantic
Web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Overview
1 The Semantic Web Stack is an illustration of the hierarchy of
languages, where each layer exploits and uses capabilities of the layers below. It shows how technologies
that are standardized for Semantic Web are organized to make the
Semantic Web possible. It also shows how Semantic Web is an extension
(not replacement) of classical hypertext web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Overview
1 The illustration was created by Tim Berners-Lee. The stack is still
evolving as the layers are concretized.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Semantic Web technologies
1 As shown in the Semantic Web Stack, the following languages or technologies are used
to create Semantic Web. The technologies from the bottom of the stack up to Web Ontology Language|OWL are currently
standardized and accepted to build Semantic Web applications. It is still not clear how the top of the stack is going to be implemented.
All layers of the stack need to be implemented to achieve full visions of the
Semantic Web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Hypertext Web technologies
1 The bottom layers contain technologies that are well known
from hypertext web and that without change provide basis for the
semantic web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Hypertext Web technologies
1 * Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI), generalization of URI,
provides means for uniquely identifying semantic web resources.
Semantic Web needs unique identification to allow provable
manipulation with resources in the top layers.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Hypertext Web technologies
1 * Unicode serves to represent and manipulate text in many languages. Semantic Web should also help to
bridge documents in different human languages, so it should be able to
represent them.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Hypertext Web technologies
1 * XML is a markup language that enables creation of documents composed of structured data. Semantic web gives meaning
(semantics) to structured data.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Hypertext Web technologies
1 * XML Namespaces provides a way to use markups from more sources.
Semantic Web is about connecting data together, and so it is needed to refer more sources in one document.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Standardized Semantic Web technologies
1 Middle layers contain technologies standardized by W3C to enable
building semantic web applications.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Standardized Semantic Web technologies
1 * Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a framework for creating statements in a form of so-called
triples. It enables to represent information about resources in the form of graph - the semantic web is
sometimes called Giant Global Graph.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Standardized Semantic Web technologies
1 * RDF Schema (RDFS) provides basic vocabulary for RDF. Using RDFS it is
for example possible to create hierarchies of classes and properties.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Standardized Semantic Web technologies
1 * Web Ontology Language (OWL) extends RDFS by adding more
advanced constructs to describe semantics of RDF statements. It
allows stating additional constraints, such as for example cardinality,
restrictions of values, or characteristics of properties such as transitivity. It is based on description logic and so brings reasoning power
to the semantic web.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Standardized Semantic Web technologies
1 * SPARQL is a RDF query language - it can be used to query any RDF-
based data (i.e., including statements involving RDFS and
OWL). Querying language is necessary to retrieve information for
semantic web applications.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Standardized Semantic Web technologies
1 * Rule Interchange Format|RIF is a rule interchange format. It is
important for example to allow describing relations that cannot be directly described using description
logic used in OWL.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Unrealized Semantic Web technologies
1 Top layers contain technologies that are not yet standardized or contain
just ideas that should be implemented in order to realize
Semantic Web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Unrealized Semantic Web technologies
1 * Cryptography is important to ensure and verify that semantic web statements are coming from trusted
source. This can be achieved by appropriate digital signature of RDF
statements.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Unrealized Semantic Web technologies
1 * Trust to derived statements will be supported by (a) verifying that the premises come from trusted source and by (b) relying on formal logic during deriving new information.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Stack - Unrealized Semantic Web technologies
1 * User interface is the final layer that will enable humans to use semantic web
applications.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Folksonomy - Semantic Web
1 Tillett, [https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/ds
pace/bitstream/1794/3269/1/ccq_s Library of Congress controlled
vocabularies and their application to the Semantic Web] The Insemtives project is investigating methods of
motivating users to contribute semantic content.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic wiki - Semantic Web compatibility
1 The technologies developed by the Semantic Web community provide
one basis for formal reasoning about the knowledge model that is
developed by importing this data. However, there are also a wide array of technologies that work on Entity-relationship model|ERD or relational
data.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Inference - Use with the semantic web
1 Recently automatic reasoners found in semantic web a new field of application. Being based upon description logic, knowledge
expressed using one variant of Web Ontology Language|OWL can be
logically processed, i.e., inferences can be made upon it.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language
1 The 'Semantic Web Rule Language' ('SWRL') is a proposed language for the Semantic Web that can be used
to express rules as well as logic, combining Web Ontology Language|OWL DL or OWL Lite with a subset of the RuleML|Rule Markup Language
(itself a subset of Datalog).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language
1 The specification was submitted in May 2004 to the W3C by the National Research Council of Canada, Network
Inference (since acquired by webMethods), and Stanford
University in association with the Joint US/EU Ad Hoc Agent Markup
Language Committee.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language
1 SWRL has the full power of OWL DL, but at the price of decidability and practical
implementations.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language
1 Rules are of the form of an implication between an antecedent (body) and consequent (head). The intended meaning can be read as:
whenever the conditions specified in the antecedent hold, then the
conditions specified in the consequent must also hold.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Example
1 The XML Concrete Syntax is a combination of the OWL Web
Ontology Language XML Presentation Syntax with the RuleML XML syntax.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Example
1 It is straightforward to provide such an Resource Description Framework|RDF concrete syntax for rules, but the presence of variables in rules goes beyond the RDF Semantics.
Translation from the XML Concrete Syntax to RDF/XML could be easily
accomplished by extending the XSLT transformation for the OWL XML
Presentation syntax.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Implementations
1 Caveat: Reasoners do not support the full specification because the reasoning becomes
undecidable
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Implementations
1 * Protege (software)|Protégé 4.2 includes a Rules view in its Ontology
Views that supports SWRL rules.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Implementations
1 * For older versions of Protégé, 'SWRLTab' is an extension that
supports editing and execution of SWRL rules.
[http://protege.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?SWRLTab]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Implementations
1 * 'R2ML' (REWERSE Rule Markup Language) supports SWRL.
[http://oxygen.informatik.tu-cottbus.de/rewerse-i1/?q=node/6]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Implementations
1 * 'Bossam (software)|Bossam', a forward chaining rule engine
supports SWRL. [http://bossam.wordpress.com/]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Implementations
1 * 'Hoolet', an implementation of an OWL-DL reasoner that uses a first
order prover supports SWRL. [http://owl.man.ac.uk/hoolet/]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Implementations
1 * 'KAON2' is an infrastructure for managing OWL-DL, SWRL, and F-
Logic ontologies. [http://kaon2.semanticweb.org/]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Implementations
1 * 'RacerPro', supports processing of rules in a SWRL-based syntax by translating them into nRQL rules
[http://www.racer-systems.com/products/racerpro/index.phtml]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Implementations
1 * 'Stardog' is an RDF database or triplestore that rewrite queries to
answer questions using SWRL inferences. [http://stardog.com/]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Comparison with Description Logic Programs
1 Description Logic Programs (DLPs) are another proposal for integrating
rules and OWL.[http://www2003.org/cdrom/papers/refereed/p117/p117-grosof.html
Description Logic Programs: Combining Logic Programs with Description Logic], WWW 2003.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Rule Language - Comparison with Description Logic Programs
1 Compared with Description Logic Programs, SWRL takes a
diametrically opposed integration approach. DLP is the intersection of Horn logic and OWL, whereas SWRL
is (roughly) the union of them. In DLP, the resultant language is a very peculiar looking description logic and rather inexpressive language overall.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Hyperdata - Semantic Web
1 In the Semantic Web, links are not limited to information resources or
documents, such as the typical Web page
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Hyperdata - Semantic Web
1 Semantic Web architecture does not necessarily involve the HTML
document format, which typical HTML Web browsers rely upon
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services
1 'Semantic Web Services', like conventional web services, are the Server (computing)|server end of a client–server
system for machine-to-machine interaction via the World Wide Web. Semantic services
are a component of the semantic web because they use markup which makes data
machine-readable in a detailed and sophisticated way (as compared with
human-readable HTML which is usually not easily understood by computer programs).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - The problem addressed by Semantic Web Services
1 The mainstream XML standards for interoperation of web services
specify only Syntax of programming languages|syntactic interoperability, not the Semantics|semantic meaning
of messages
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - The problem addressed by Semantic Web Services
1 Semantic web services can also be used by automatic programs that run
without any connection to a web browser.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - The problem addressed by Semantic Web Services
1 A [ http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~khalidb/sw
s/sws_directory/sws_directory.html directory of Semantic Web Services]
providing semantic web service investigators with an index to
projects, standards and bibliographical references of
semantic web service proposals was created and is maintained by
[ http://semanticweb.org/wiki/Khalid_B
elhajjame Dr. Khalid Belhajjame].
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - The problem addressed by Semantic Web Services
1 A Semantic Web Services platform that uses OWL (Web Ontology
Language) to allow data and service providers to semantically describe their resources using third-party
ontologies is SSWAP: Simple Semantic Web Architecture and
Protocol.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - The problem addressed by Semantic Web Services
1 SSWAP establishes a lightweight protocol (few OWL classes and
predicates; see the [ http://sswap.info/protocol.jsp SSWAP
Protocol]) and the concept of a canonical graph to enable providers
to logically describe a service. A service is essentially a
transformation of some, possibly null, input (or subject) to some, possibly
null, output (or object). Services are semantically discoverable based on
their subsumption hierarchies as well as their input and output data types.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - The problem addressed by Semantic Web Services
1 (Semantic Automated Discovery and Integration) is a Semantic Web
Service initiative that consists of a set of design-practices for Semantic
Web Service publishing that minimizes the use of non-standard protocols and message structures
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - Choreography vs. orchestration
1 Choreography is concerned with describing the external visible
behavior of services, as a set of message exchanges optionally following a Message Exchange
Pattern (MEP), from the functionality consumer point of view.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - Choreography vs. orchestration
1 Orchestration deals with describing how a number of services, two or
more, cooperate and communicate with the aim of achieving a common
goal.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - Related technologies
1 *Resource Description Framework (RDF)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - Related technologies
1 *Web Services Modeling Language (WSML)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - Related technologies
1 * [ http://rbsla.ruleml.org Rule Based Service Level Agreements] (RBSLA based on RuleML)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - Related technologies
1 *WSMF[ http://www.swsi.org/
resources/wsmf-paper.pdf WSMF]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - Related technologies
1 *IRS-III[ http://technologies.k
mi.open.ac.uk/irs/ IRS-III]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - Related technologies
1 *METEOR-S[ http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/projects/meteor-s/
METEOR-S]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - European projects
1 *Ongoing projects funded in the Seventh Framework
Programme
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - European projects
1 *Ongoing and previous projects
funded in the Sixth Framework Programme
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - European projects
1 **[http://www.luisa-project.eu/ LUISA]
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - European projects
1 *Previous projects funded in the FP5|Fifth Framework Program
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - European projects
1 **[http://www.esperonto.net/ Esperonto] (IST-2001-34373) has
developed [http://kw.dia.fi.upm.es/odesws/ ODE
SWS], a toolset for design and composition of Semantic Web
Services
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - European projects
1 *The ESSI or European Semantic Systems Initiative brings together six European FP6 projects working in the domains of Semantic Web Services
and semantically empowered service-oriented architectures.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - European projects
1 **[http://www.essi-cluster.org/dip.html Data Information and
Process Integration with Semantic Web Services] (DIP)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - European projects
1 **SUPER|Semantics Utilised for Process management within and
between Enterprises ([http://www.ip-super.org SUPER])
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Semantic Web Services - European projects
1 **[http://www.essi-cluster.org/tripcom.html Triple Space Communication] (TripCom)
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Semantic Web Services - Other projects
1 *[http://rbsla.ruleml.org RBSLA] - Rule Based Service Level
Agreements. A project of RuleML for representing SLAs and service
contracts and policies.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - Other projects
1 * [http://img.cs.man.ac.uk/quasar/index.php QuASAR]. Quality Assurance of Semantic Annotations for Services. A
project of the school of computer science, University of Manchester.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - Other projects
1 *[http://www.swsi.org/ SWSI]. The Semantic Web Services Initiative is
an Ad Hoc initiative of academic and industrial researchers, many of which are involved in DARPA and research
projects funded by the European Community.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - Other projects
1 *[http://lsdis.cs.uga.edu/projects/meteor-s/ METEOR-S]. A project of
the LSDIS Lab, University of Georgia and [http://knoesis.wright.edu Kno.e.sis Center], Wright State
University.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Semantic Web Services - Other projects
1 *[http://denali.cs.uga.edu/haley HALEY]. A Web service composition project of the LSDIS Lab, University
of Georgia
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Semantic Web Services - Other projects
1 *[http://knoesis.wright.edu 3S@kno.e.sis]. Semantics(Services,
Science) : The 3S project at the kno.e.sis center, Wright State
University, Dayton, OH.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Corporate Semantic Web
1 The term 'Corporate Semantic Web' (CSW) is used to describe the application of Semantic Web technologies and Knowledge
Management methodologies in corporate environments.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Corporate Semantic Web
1 Compared to the public Semantic Web there are lesser requirements on
scalability and the information circulating within a company can be
more trusted in general.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Corporate Semantic Web - Purpose
1 Corporate Semantic Web addresses both the internal (e.g. enterprise members) and external side of an enterprise (e.g. customers), which
may be either humans (employees or customers) or automated services
(e.g. in business processes and enterprise service networks). It
considers the semantic enhancement of information delivered to end-users
as well as semantic applications, aiming at:
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Corporate Semantic Web - Purpose
1 * facilitating the integration of
information from heterogeneous sources
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Corporate Semantic Web - Purpose
1 * dissolving ambiguities in corporate terminology
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Corporate Semantic Web - Purpose
1 * improving information retrieval thereby
reducing information overload
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Corporate Semantic Web - Purpose
1 * providing decision making support
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Corporate Semantic Web - Pragmatic Point of View
1 While Semantic Web focuses primarily on fundamental
technologies, Corporate Semantic Web focuses on pragmatic aspects of transferring semantic technologies
into productive usage. Besides realizing semantic applications it also
includes reviewing the economical aspects (e.g. cost models) of their development and management.
Thus, it can help decision makers on the strategic, tactical, and
operational level to understand the impact and benefit of semantic
technologies.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Corporate Semantic Web - Pragmatic Point of View
1 There are three main areas of the Corporate Semantic Web: ontology engineering, semantic applications,
and collaboration
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Corporate Semantic Web - Pragmatic Point of View
1 All three parts work together in an integrative Corporate Semantic Web
life cycle where (1) an application domain is modeled semantically
resulting in ontologies and sets of rules (ontology engineering), (2) a
semantic application is built on top of the semantically represented domain (semantic applications), and (3) the
interaction of users with the semantic applications is used to
evolve ontologies and rules to adapt them - and thus the applications - to
changes in the environment (collaboration).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Corporate Semantic Web - Automated Semantic Business Processes
1 For example they might be used to model business processes or to
implement Semantic Web Services (SWS) for Service Oriented
Computing (SOC).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Corporate Semantic Web - Knowledge Management
1 In particular in the realm of corporate collaboration, semantic technologies may offer support for semi-automatic
knowledge evolution and dynamic integration of and access to distributed, heterogeneous
information sources. By enabling organizations the extraction of
implicit knowledge from corporate data as well as by a semantically
meaningful representation of human expertise (corporate wisdom),
Semantic Web technologies may be used for recognizing trends or
problem solving within enterprises.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Corporate Semantic Web - Research Activities
1 The first research group explicitly focusing on the Corporate Sementic Web was the
ACACIA team at Institut national de recherche en informatique et en
automatique|INRIA-Sophia-Antipolis, founded in 2002. Results of their work include the RDF Schema|RDF(S) based
[http://www-sop.inria.fr/acacia/soft/corese/ Corese] search engine, and the application of semantic web technology in the realm of
E-learning.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Corporate Semantic Web - Research Activities
1 Since 2008, the [http://www.corporate-semantic-
web.de/ Corporate Semantic Web] research group, located at the Free University of Berlin, focuses on the
building blocks of a Corporate Semantic Web: Corporate Semantic
Search, Corporate Semantic Collaboration, and Corporate
Ontology Engineering.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web
1 Keynote presentation at ISWC, The 5th International Semantic Web
Conference, November 7, 2006 The Social Semantic Web combines
technologies, strategies and methodologies from the Semantic Web, social software and the Web
2.0.Katrin Weller (2010), Knowledge Representation in the Social
Semantic Webhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web - Overview
1 While the semantic web enables integration of business processing
with precise automatic logic inference computing across domains, the socio-semantic web opens up for
a more social interface to the semantics of businesses, allowing interoperability between business objects, actions and their users.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web - Overview
1 The socio-semantic web may be seen as a middle way between the top-
down monolithic taxonomy approach like the Yahoo! Directory and the more recent collaborative tagging
(folksonomy) approaches.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web - Overview
1 The socio-semantic web differs from the semantic web in that the
semantic web often is regarded as a system that will solve the epistemic interoperability issues we have to day. While the semantic web will provide ways for businesses to
interoperate across domains the socio-semantic web will enable users
to share knowledge.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web - Overview
1 We have identified three possible social approaches for solving the problems of user driven ontology evolution for the semantic web
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web - Examples
1 * [ http://dbpedia.org DBpedia] is a community effort to extract structured information from Wikipedia and to make this
information available on the Web. DBpedia allows you to ask
sophisticated queries against Wikipedia and to link other datasets
on the Web to Wikipedia data.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web - Examples
1 * SIOC provides methods for interconnecting discussion methods such as blogs, forums and email list|mailing lists to each other. It consists
of the SIOC ontology, an open-standard machine readable format
for expressing the information contained both explicitly and
implicitly in internet discussion methods, of SIOC metadata
producers for a number of popular blogging platforms and content management systems, and of
storage and browsing / searching systems for leveraging this SIOC
data.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web - Examples
1 * Online Presence Ontology|OPO provides a way to describe the data relative to user's presence in online social systems, for the purposes of
data integration and exchange among heterogeneous systems. The presence information, scattered and distributed all over the Web can be
consolidated using OPO-based tools.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web - Examples
1 * [ http://www.stumpedia.com Stumpedia] is a social project and
community effort that relies on human participation and
folksonomies to index, organize, and review the world wide web. The aim
is to help build Natural Language Processing and the Semantic Web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web - Examples
1 * [ http://semandeks.com Semandeks] is a bottom-up approach
for building the semantic web. Its strength is the UI it uses.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web - Examples
1 * Twine (website)|Twine combines features of forums, wikis, online databases and newsgroups and employs intelligent software to
automatically mine and store data relationships expressed using RDF
statements.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web - Examples
1 * [ http://www.faviki.com Faviki] and [ http://tagnauts.com Tagnauts] are social bookmarking communities
which restrict their users to tags to which Wikipedia articles exist.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Social Semantic Web - Examples
1 * [ http://wiki.knoesis.org/index.php/Twa
rql Twarql] annotates streaming social data using standard Semantic Web vocabularies such as SIOC, OPO,
etc. Therefore, enabling SPARQL to filter social data.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Object (computing) - Objects and the Semantic Web
1 The Semantic Web is essentially a distributed objects framework. Two key technologies in the Semantic
Web are the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and the Resource Description Framework (RDF). RDF provides the capability to define basic objects:
names, properties, attributes, relations, that are accessible via the Internet. OWL adds a richer object model, based on set theory, that
provides additional modeling capabilities such as multiple
inheritance.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Object (computing) - Objects and the Semantic Web
1 OWL objects are not like standard large grained distributed objects
accessed via an Interface Definition Language. Such an approach would not be appropriate for the Internet because the Internet is constantly
evolving and standardization on one set of interfaces is difficult to
achieve. OWL objects tend to be similar to the kind of objects used to define application domain models in programming languages such as Java
and C++.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Object (computing) - Objects and the Semantic Web
1 However, there are important distinctions between OWL objects
and traditional object-oriented programming objects. Where as
traditional objects get compiled into static hierarchies usually with single
inheritance, OWL objects are dynamic. An OWL object can change
it's structure at run time and can become an instance of new or
different classes. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Object (computing) - Objects and the Semantic Web
1 Another critical difference is the way the model treats information that is
currently not in the system. Programming objects and most
database systems use the Closed world assumption|closed world
assumption. If a fact is not known to the system that fact is assumed to be false. Semantic Web objects use
the open world assumption, a statement is only considered false if there is actual relevant information
that it is false, otherwise it is assumed to be unknown, neither true
nor false.
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Object (computing) - Objects and the Semantic Web
1 OWL objects are actually most like objects in artificial intelligence frame language|frame languages such as
KL-ONE and Loom.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Object (computing) - Objects and the Semantic Web
1 The following table contrasts traditional objects from Object-
Oriented programming languages such as Java or C++ with with
Semantic Web Objects:
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Amit Sheth - Semantic interoperability/integration and semantic web
1 Sheth has investigated, demonstrated, and advocated comprehensive use of metadata
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Amit Sheth - Semantic interoperability/integration and semantic web
1 Sheth has recently proposed a realization of Dr. Vannevar Bush's MEMEX vision as the Relationship
Web
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Amit Sheth - Workflow management and semantic web services
1 In the early 1990s, he initiated research in the formal modeling, scheduling, and correctness of workflows. His METEOR project
demonstrated the value of research with real-world applications; its tools
were used in graduate courses in several countries, and its technology was licensed to create a commercial
product.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Amit Sheth - Workflow management and semantic web services
1 The follow-on METEOR-S project has been highly influential. He led the research (later joined by IBM) that resulted in the W3C submission of
WSDL-S (Semantic Annotation of Web Services Description Language|
WSDL), the basis for SAWSDL, a W3C recommendation for adding semantics to Web Services
Description Language|WSDL and XML Schema (W3C)|XML Schema.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
Amit Sheth - Workflow management and semantic web services
1 He currently guides the development of SA-REST, which supports
microformat-based annotation of popular RESTful services and
WebAPIs
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SKOS - Semantic web activity (2004ndash;2005)
1 Following the termination of SWAD-Europe, SKOS effort was supported by the W3C Semantic Web
Activity[http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/ W3C Semantic Web Activity] in the framework of the Best Practice and Deployment Working Group.
[http://www.w3.org/2004/03/thes-tf/mission W3C Semantic Web Best Practice and Deployment Working Group : Porting Thesauri Task Force]
During this period, focus was put both on consolidation of SKOS Core, and development of practical guidelines for porting and publishing
thesauri for the Semantic Web.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
SKOS - SKOS and other semantic web standards
1 SKOS is intended to provide a way to make a legacy of concept schemes
available to Semantic Web applications, simpler than the more complex ontology language, Web
Ontology Language|OWL
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-semantic-web-toolkit.html
GeoNames - Semantic Web integration
1 Each GeoNames feature is represented as a web resource
identified by a stable URI. This URI provides access, through content
negotiation, either to the HTML wiki page, or to a Resource Description Framework|RDF description of the
feature, using elements of the GeoNames ontology (computer science)|ontology. This ontology
describes the GeoNames features properties using the Web Ontology Language, the feature classes and codes being described in the SKOS
language.
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GeoNames - Semantic Web integration
1 Through Wikipedia articles URL linked in the RDF descriptions, GeoNames data are linked to DBpedia data and
other RDF Linked Data.
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