Lecture 2Byzantine and Romanesque

Architecture(600 to 900 AD)

Gothic Architecture

(1000 to 1400 AD)

Lecture 2Byzantine and Romanesque

Architecture(600 to 900 AD)

Gothic Architecture

(1000 to 1400 AD)

Sejarah Senibina Barat : BAEA 2115Naziaty Mohd Yaacob

Sejarah Senibina Barat : BAEA 2115Naziaty Mohd Yaacob

Around AD 0 to AD 1143Around AD 0 to AD 1143

Byzantine ArchitectureByzantine Architecture

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The Pantheon,Rome

BasilicaBasilica

Construction of Walls and Construction of Walls and ArchesArches

Construction of vaults and Construction of vaults and domesdomes

The Pantheon,Rome

PendentivesPendentives How to fit a dome over How to fit a dome over

a square and not have a square and not have wallswalls

B) Use a series of small B) Use a series of small arches (squinches) arches (squinches) until an octagonal base until an octagonal base is formed.is formed.

C) Curved triangular C) Curved triangular segments segments (pendentives) inserted (pendentives) inserted between the four between the four arches that form the arches that form the squaresquare

HAGIA SOPHIA 532 - 7 A.D.

HAGIA SOPHIA

Excellent example of creating a unified series of spaces based on a centralised dome, surrounded by semi-domes.

PLAN OF HAGIA SOPHIA

Hagia Sophia

About 100 ft in diameter where the central domed space dominated the architecture

Use of ‘Pendentives’

Mosaic Marble Solid /void Light/dark Mysterious -Screen

of Columns

The Byzantine DomeThe Byzantine Dome

SS. Sergius and Bacchus: SS. Sergius and Bacchus: ConstantinopleConstantinople

S. Vitale : RavennaS. Vitale : Ravenna

Other Byzantine ChurchesOther Byzantine Churches

The Evolution of the Early The Evolution of the Early Christian ChurchesChristian Churches

Basilica : S. Peter’s RomeBasilica : S. Peter’s Rome

Early Christian churches adopted the Roman Basilica form which is suitable to the needs of the church rites and rituals.

The Basilica form is the prototype of the earliest and simplest Christian churches.

Basilican church typeBasilican church type

Forms of Early ChurchesForms of Early Churches

Basilica shaped Church of S Sabina with circumbulatory spaces for the processions of pilgrimage along the aisles and the altar at the apse end.

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Roman vault inspired Roman vault inspired medieval architecturemedieval architecture

Romanesque ArchitectureRomanesque Architecture

The typical Romanesque church had;The typical Romanesque church had; thick wallsthick walls columns built close togethercolumns built close together heavy curved arches. heavy curved arches.

A tower rose from the roof over the point where A tower rose from the roof over the point where the transept crossed the nave. Four large the transept crossed the nave. Four large supports called piers held up the tower. An supports called piers held up the tower. An arcade separated the nave from the side aisles. arcade separated the nave from the side aisles. A gallery was built above the arcade. The A gallery was built above the arcade. The clerestory, made up of a row of windows set in clerestory, made up of a row of windows set in arches, topped the galleryarches, topped the gallery

DurhamCathedralstarted in the11th century

Later introductionof Gothic elements

Durham cathedralDurham cathedral Not yet gothicNot yet gothic Norman periodNorman period Rounded archesRounded arches

12th century church St Clemente, Rome, built over the remains of a 4th century basilica

Apart from the nave and the aisles, it has an atrium or forecourt with ablutionary fountain and a large narthex or porch where the penitents and the unbaptized could hear the services

RomanesqueRomanesque S MicheleS Michele

Monastery of St Monastery of St GallenGallen

99thth century century

DurhamCathedralstarted in the11th century

Later introductionof Gothic elements

Durham cathedralDurham cathedral Not yet gothicNot yet gothic Norman periodNorman period Rounded archesRounded arches

Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture

Key features of Gothic architecture were:Key features of Gothic architecture were: The pointed archThe pointed arch The flying buttressThe flying buttress The vaulting ribThe vaulting rib The mouldingThe moulding

Gothic builders used these key features to Gothic builders used these key features to perfect the system and built higher and perfect the system and built higher and higherhigher

Every part depend upon Every part depend upon every partevery part

What is Gothic Architecture?What is Gothic Architecture?

Firstly, it was a system Firstly, it was a system whereby a fireproof roof whereby a fireproof roof of stone had its outward of stone had its outward thrust resisted by thrust resisted by external buttresses.external buttresses.

Secondly, It was a carved Secondly, It was a carved architecture because architecture because every stone is carved for every stone is carved for its position with its position with mouldings. Every mouldings. Every element – rib, mullion, element – rib, mullion, shaft, arch, jamb, thus shaft, arch, jamb, thus incorporating: function, incorporating: function, structure and decoration.structure and decoration.

English Gothic Architecture

Westminster Abbey

Different stages of development best shown here, typical of manyGothic churches.

Pointed arches Ribbed vaults Flying buttresses

Pointed ArchPointed Arch A) The round arch A) The round arch

requires a square requires a square vaulting bayvaulting bay

B) If rectangular bay, B) If rectangular bay, round arch on shorter round arch on shorter side must be raised side must be raised (a)(a)

C) All arches can be C) All arches can be on same level and get on same level and get the rectangular bay. the rectangular bay. Just some more Just some more pointed than otherspointed than others

D) Additional ribs can D) Additional ribs can be added.be added.

Evolution of Gothic VaultingEvolution of Gothic Vaulting

Evolution of Gothic VaultingEvolution of Gothic Vaulting

Peterborough Peterborough CathedralCathedral

Norman periodNorman period Rounded archesRounded arches

Types of ArchesTypes of Arches

Types of ArchesTypes of Arches

Piers, capitals Piers, capitals and basesand bases

The size of the The size of the Gothic structure Gothic structure such as piers, such as piers, capitals and bases capitals and bases are reduced more are reduced more and more throughout and more throughout the different periods: the different periods: norman, early norman, early english, decorated english, decorated and finally, and finally, perpendicular.perpendicular.

Different periods Different periods

Gothic CathedralsGothic Cathedrals

Gothic CathedralsGothic Cathedrals

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Early churches were built, in most cases, on the oblong basilica plan or the round or many-sided centralized plan. Old St. Peter's, left, which stood on the site of the present St. Peter's in Rome, was the best-known early Christian basilica. It was begun about 330. San Vitale, right, is a centralized church in the Byzantine style. It was built in Ravenna, Italy, in the mid-500's.

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