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Scientific ProceedingsEWEA Annual Conference & Exhibition
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1Scientific Proceedings
Publisher:
European Wind Energy Association (EWEA)
Responsible:
Tim Robinson,
Rue dArlon 80, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium
Tel: +32 2 213 1811 Email: ewea@ewea.org
Printed by:
Open print 9 782930 670072
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Scientific committee
Mnica Arags,CITCEA-UPC, Spain
Sandrine Aubrun,Universit dOrlans, PRISME Laboratory, FranceGunther Auer,Acciona Energa, Spain
Marta Barreras,Gamesa, Spain
Kim Branner, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Feargal Brennan, Cranfield University, United Kingdom
Panagiotis Chaviaropoulos,CRES, Greece
Christopher J. Crabtree, University of Durham, United Kingdom
Alvaro Cuerva, Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain
Geoff Dutton, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, United Kingdom
Agusti Egea-Alvarez, CITCEA-UPC, Spain
Sugoi Gomez-Iradi, CENER, Spain
Emilio Gomez-Lazaro, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Renewable Energy Research Institute, Spain
Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, CITCEA-UPC, Spain
Francesco Grasso,Energy Research Centre of The Netherlands, The NetherlandsSven-Erik Gryning,Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
Gerrit Haake,AREVA Wind GmbH, Germany
Martin Hansen, DTU Wind Energy, Denmark
Detlev Heinemann, University of Oldenburg, Germany
Jessica Holierhoek,Energy Research Centre of The Netherlands, The Netherlands
Andrs Honrubia-Escribano, Renewable Energy Research Institute, Spain
Melero Julio Javier, Fundacin CIRCE, Spain
Athanasios Kolios,Cranfield University, United Kingdom
William Leithead, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom
Denja Lekou,CRES, Greece
Hristo Lilov,Fraunhofer IWES, Germany
Cornelis Lindenburg, Energy Research Centre of The Netherlands, The Netherlands
Helge Aagaard Madsen, DTU Wind Energy, Denmark
Jakob Mann, DTU Wind Energy, Denmark
Marcia Martins, Alstom Renwables, Spain
Denis Matha, University of Stuttgart, Germany
Caas Miguel, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
Angel Molina-Garcia,Universidad Politcnica de Cartagena, Spain
Stavros Papathanassiou,National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Antoine Peiffer, Marine Innovation and Technology, United States
Joachim Peinke, University Oldenburg, Germany
Wojciech Popko, Fraunhofer IWES, Germany
Vasilis Riziotis, NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS, Greece
Alan Ruddell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, United Kingdom
Javier Sanz Rodrigo, CENER, Spain
Peter Schaumann, ForWind - Leibniz University Hannover, Germany
David Schlipf, Universitt Stuttgart, Germany
Martin-Martinez Sergio,Renewable Energy Research Institute, Spain
Carlos Simao Ferreira,Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
John Dalsgaard Srensen,Aalborg University, Denmark
Niels N. Srensen, DTU Wind Energy, Denmark
John Olav Tande, SINTEF, Norway
Garcia Tania,E.I.I., Castilla la Mancha University, Spain
Peter Tavner, Durham University, United Kingdom
Sokratis Tentzerakis, CRES, Greece
Gijs van Kuik, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Zsolt Viharos, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary
Axelle Vire,Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Spyros Voutsinas, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Simon Watson, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
Christof Wehmeyer, Ramboll, Denmark
Marcel Wiggert, Fraunhofer IWES, Germany
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On behalf of the European Academy of Wind Energy
(EAWE) and the European Wind Energy Association
(EWEA), we are pleased to present the Proceedings
of the Science & Research Track of the EWEA 2014
Conference in Barcelona.
EWEAs annual conference has included a Science
& Research Track since 2007. This track provides a
platform for scientists and engineers to present their
latest results and methods, and to engage in in-depth
technical discussions and the exchange of ideas
with their peers and industry. It demonstrates that
European wind energy research is far from academic,
but instead a lively discipline that supports the
industry in developing novel competences and relevantsolutions, while adhering to strict scholarly standards.
Novelty, care for detail, and scientific excellence
characterise these sessions.
As in previous years, the track showcases highlights of
current academic thinking about wind energy, both from
leading international experts as well as from a new
generation of upcoming young researchers. In reaction
to feedback from the EWEA 2013 Science & Research
Track, the call for abstracts was broader this year, and
sessions were then structured around the received
contributions. A novelty this year is the inclusion oftwo sessions dedicated to fixed and floating support
structures, respectively, reflecting the growing
importance and interest in these subjects.
The sessions this year are:
Aspects for offshore and complex terrain
How does the wind blow behind wind turbines and
in wind farms?
Aerodynamics and rotor design
Advanced control concepts
Whole-life foundation and structure integrity
Floating wind turbines
Electrical aspects and grid integration
Innovative concepts for drive train components
Advanced operation & maintenance
These proceedings include the full papers of all oral
presentations given during the conference sessions;
these were selected due to their novelty, relevance
and interest to a general audience. In addition, a
scientific poster session has been organized for works
of a more technical nature. The full papers of both
the oral presentations and of all posters from the
Science & Research Track are also available in theonline proceedings at: www.ewea.org/annual2014/
conference/conference-proceedings/
EAWE is responsible for the scientific content, the
review process, and the chairing of sessions in the
Science & Research Track. All papers were peer-
reviewed by a Scientific Committee, consisting of
scientists from EAWE member institutes and their
associates. The peer-review process had two steps:
a review of the extended abstract by at least two
experts, and a review of the full paper by at least one
of these experts. This procedure required skill, effortand discipline from both authors and reviewers. We
thank all authors for their willingness to take part in
the procedure, and the reviewers for their hard work
alongside their daily business.
EWEA is responsible for the organisation and
logistics of the conference, and we thank their highly
professional staff and their associates for the excellent
collaboration.
Prof. Dr. Michael Muskulus,Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)EWEA 2014 Track Chair: Science & Research and Editor of the EWEA 2014 Scientific Proceedings
President of the European Academy of Wind Energy (EAWE)
Prof. Dr. Jakob Mann,Technical University of Denmark (DTU)Editor of the EWEA 2014 Scientific Proceedings
Vice-President of the European Academy of Wind Energy (EAWE)
Foreword
Organised by: Review and selection of papers:
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Table of contents
Aspects for offshore and complex terrain
S1.1 COMPLEX TERRAIN WIND RESOURCE ESTIMATION WITH THE WIND-ATLAS METHOD:
PREDICTION ERRORS USING LINEARIZED AND NONLINEAR CFD MICRO-SCALE MODELS .................. 8
Ib Troen, DTU, Denmark
S1.2 MESOSCALE MODELLING OF THE UK OFFSHORE WIND RESOURCE ............................................................... ............... 13
Simon Watson, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
S1.3 ON THE DETERMINATION OF STABILITY CONDITIONS OVER FORESTED AREAS
FROM VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS .......................................................... ................................................................... ........................................................... 18
Davide Medici, DNV GL - Energy, Italy
How does the wind blow behind wind turbines
and in wind farms?S2.1 QUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF WIND SPEED ON WIND TURBINE COMPONENT FAILURE RATES ...... 23
Graeme Wilson, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom
S2.2 WIND FARM LAYOUT OPTIMIZATION WITH WAKES FROM FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS .......... 28
Jonas Schmidt, Fraunhofer IWES, Germany
S2.3 LIDAR OBSERVATIONS OF INTERACTING WIND TURBINE WAKES
IN AN ONSHORE WIND FARM ................................................................. .................................................................. .................................................................. ..... 33
Matthieu Boquet, University of Colorado at Boulder, United States
S2.4 INSTRUMENTED DRONE MEASUREMENTS OF 3D FLOW STRUCTURE
OF MULTI-MW WIND TURBINES ........................................................... .................................................................. .................................................................. ..... 37
Ndaona Chokani, ETH Zrich, Switzerland
Aerodynamics and rotor design
S3.1 PRESSURE-VELOCITY ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC STALL ON A VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE ....... 41
Laurent Beaudet, Institut Pprime, UPR 3346 CNRS Universit de Poitiers ENSMA, France
S3.2 ESTIMATION OF WIND TURBINE MODEL PROPERTIES - TOWARDS
THE VALIDATION OF COMPREHENSIVE HIGH-FIDELITY MULTIBODY MODELS .................................................... 46
Carlo Bottasso, Technische Universitt Mnchen, Germany
S3.3 DESIGN OF LOW INDUCTION ROTORS FOR USE IN LARGE OFFSHORE WIND FARMS ........................... 51
Panagiotis Chaviaropoulos, CRES, Greece
S3.4 MEXNEXT-II: THE LATEST RESULTS ON EXPERIMENTAL WIND TURBINE AERODYNAMICS ............. 56
Koen Boorsma, ECN, The Netherlands
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Table of contents
Advanced control concepts
S4.1 MECHANICAL LOAD ANALYSIS OF PMSG WIND TURBINES
IN PRIMARY FREQUENCY REGULATION .................................................................. ................................................................... ........................................ 61
Asier Daz de Corcuera, IK4-IKERLAN, Spain
S4.2 PROVIDING FREQUENCY DROOP CONTROL USING
VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINES WITH AUGMENTED CONTROL ............................................................ ............................. 68
Adam Stock, Strathclyde University, United Kingdom
S4.3 SENSORLESS CONTROL OF A POWER CONVERTER F
OR A CLUSTER OF SMALL WIND TURBINES .............................................................. ................................................................... ............................. 73
Agusti Egea-Alvarez, CITCEA-UPC, Spain
S4.4 SYSTEMATIC NUMERICAL DESIGN OF OPTIMAL BLADE PITCH CONTROL
FOR VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES ............................................................. ................................................................... ................................................... 76
Markus Marnett, RWTH Aachen, Germany
Whole-life foundation and structure integrity
S5.1 DESIGN TOOLS AVAILABLE FOR MONOPILE ENGINEERING ............................................................ ................................................... 79
Paul Doherty, University College Dublin, Ireland
S5.2 CLASSIFYING RESONANT FREQUENCIES AND DAMPING VALUES OF AN OFFSHORE WIND
TURBINE ON A MONOPILE FOUNDATION FOR DIFFERENT OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS ........................ 83
Wout Weijtjens, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Belgium
S5.3 KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND TARGET VALUES
FOR MULTI-MEGAWATT OFFSHORE TURBINES ......................................................... .................................................................. ............................. 88
Panagiotis Chaviaropoulos, CRES, Greece
S5.4 FATIGUE VERIFICATION IN WIND TURBINE FOUNDATIONS
APPLYING MARKOV MATRICES TO A FEM MODEL ......................................................... .................................................................. .................. 92
Angel Diez, MS-ENERTECH, Spain
Floating wind turbines
S6.1 WIND TUNNEL TESTS ON FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES:
DESIGN OF A 6-DOF ROBOTIC PLATFORM FOR FLOATING MOTION SIMULATION ............................................ 97
Ilmas Bayati, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
S6.2 THE 5 MW DEEPWIND FLOATING OFFSHORE VERTICAL WIND TURBINECONCEPT DESIGN - STATUS AND PERSPECTIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 101
Uwe Schmidt Paulsen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
S6.3 MONOLITHIC CONCRETE OFF-SHORE FLOATING STRUCTURE FOR WIND TURBINES ........................... 107
Climent Molins, Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Spain
S6.4 STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE H2OCEAN
MULTI MODAL WIND-WAVE PLATFORM ............................................................................................................................................................................ 112
Feargal Brennan, Cranfield University, United Kingdom
S6.5 LONG TERM MOORING LOADS ASSESSMENT ON A SEMISUBMERSIBLE WIND PLATFORM .............. 116
Raul Guanche, IH Cantabria, Spain
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Table of contents
Electrical aspects and grid integration
S7.1 PLANS FOR SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF WIND POWER AND
VOLTAGE STABILITY OF THE DANISH ISLAND OF BORNHOLM ................................................................................................... 121
Vladislav Akhmatov, Energinet.dk Transmission System Operator of Denmark
S7.2 A COMPARISON OF DESIGN OPTIONS FOR OFFSHORE HVDC NETWORKS
THROUGH A SEQUENTIAL MONTE-CARLO RELIABILITY ANALYSIS ...................................................................................... 126
Callum MacIver, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom
S7.3 EVALUATION OF A COMMUNICATION-BASED FAULT RIDE-THROUGH SCHEME FOR
OFFSHORE WIND FARMS CONNECTED THROUGH VSC-HVDC LINKS............................................................................... 131
Sotirios Nanou, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
S7.4 DEVELOPMENTS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN HVDC OFFSHORE GRIDS RESEARCH ....................................... 134
Olimpo Anaya-Lara, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom
S7.5 ECONOMIC BENEFIT CALCULATIONS OF AN OFFSHORE WIND
AND ITS HVDC GRID DELIVERY SYSTEM IN NORTH AMERICA ................................................................................................. 138
Reynaldo Nuqui, ABB, United States
Innovative concepts for drive train components
S8.1 IMPROVED COST OF ENERGY COMPARISON OF PERMANENT MAGNET GENERATORS
FOR LARGE OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 141
Kerri Hart, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom
S8.2 PROPOSED STRUCTURE FOR A HTS GENERATOR
FOR DIRECT DRIVE OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES...........................................................................................................................................
145Joseph Burchell, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
S8.3 DESIGN ASPECTS OF CORELESS AXIAL FLUX PERMANENT MAGNET GENERATORS
FOR LOW COST SMALL WIND TURBINE APPLICATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 149
Georgios Messinis, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece
S8.4 NEW BEARINGLESS GENERATOR WITH BUOYANT ROTOR
FOR LARGE DIRECT-DRIVE WIND TURBINES ............................................................................................................................................................ 154
Deok-je Bang, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Republic of Korea
Advanced operation & maintenance
S9.1 ELECTRICAL FAULT DETECTION USING MECHANICAL SIGNALS ............................................................................................... 159Christopher Crabtree, Durham University, United Kingdom
S9.2 WIND TURBINE RELIABILITY ESTIMATION FOR DIFFERENT ASSEMBLIES, FAILURE
SEVERITY CATEGORIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS USING SCADA DATA .................................. 162
Christos Kaidis, Uppsala University - MECAL B.V., The Netherlands
S9.3 TRAILING EDGE MONITORING WITH ACOUSTIC EMISSION DURING
A STATIC FULL SCALE BLADE TEST ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 168
Alexandros Antoniou, Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy Systems, Germany
S9.4 COMPARISON OF DATA-DRIVEN AND MODEL-BASED METHODOLOGIES OF
WIND TURBINE FAULT DETECTION WITH SCADA DATA ............................................................................................................................. 172
Zhenyou Zhang, Kongsberg Maritime AS, Norway
S9.5 PREDICTION OF WIND TURBINE GEARBOX CONDITION BASED ONHYBRID PROGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES WITH ROBUST MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS
AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 177
Jamie Godwin, University of Durham, United Kingdom
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Figure12:Demandedan
dDeliveredChangeinPowerOutputFive5MW
Turbine(s)withaMeanWind
Speedof9.5m/sFollowingStrategy3
Table1:PercentageReductioninEnergyCaptu
re
WindSpeedDistributio
n
I(Mean10m/s)
II(Mean8.5m/s)
III(Mean7.5m/s)
Strategy
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
%ReductioninEnergy
Capture(2MW)
5.92
4.87
3.18
7.10
5.69
3.58
8.03
6.25
3.80
%ReductioninEnergy
Capture(5MW)
7.30
6.04
3.48
9.20
7.40
4.28
10.91
8.49
4.90
%ReductioninEnergy
Capture(Ave)
6.61
5.46
3.33
8.15
6.56
3.96
9.47
7.37
4.35
Table2:P
ercentageReductioninTowerDamageEquivalentLoads(DELs)
Wind
Speed
Distribution
I(Mean10
m/s)
II(Mean8.5m/s)
III(Mean7.5m/s)
Strategy
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Turbulence
Profile
High
Low
HighL
ow
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
%
Change
inDELs
(2MW)
-0.0
25
0.2
5
-0.4
7-0
.25
-0.4
5
-0.4
7
-0.0
26
0.3
3
-0.5
2
-0.2
5
-0.5
-0.5
2
-0.0
29
0.3
8
-0.5
5
-0.2
4
-0.5
2
-0.5
3
%
Change
inDELs
(5MW)
-0.3
8
-0.2
1
-0.6
5-0
.39
-0.5
4
-0.5
4
-0.4
5
-0.1
6
-0.6
9
-0.3
6
-0.5
9
-0.5
5
-0.4
6
-0.1
0
-0.7
0
-0.3
1
-0.6
0
-0.5
2
%
Change
inDELs
(Average)
-0.2
0
-0.0
2
-0.5
6-0
.32
-0.5
0
-0.5
0
-0.2
4
0.0
9
-0.6
1
-0.3
1
-0.5
5
-0.5
4
-0.2
4
0.1
4
-0.6
3
-0.2
8
-0.5
6
-0.5
3
Figure10:C
hangeinPowerOutputforFive5MWW
indTurbinesataMeanWindSpeedof13.75m/s
Figure11:Cha
ngeinPowerAcrossFive2MWW
indTurbinesataMeanWindSpeedof9.5m/sFollowing
Strategy2
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Figure11:LowerradialSteel
Maximumf
atiguedamage=1.3
475e-04