Transcript of SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE-I
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Review article
NEW INTERDISCIPLINARY ASPECTS ON SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION OF
CULTURAL HERITAGE-I
Sandu, I. C. A.1 & Sandu, I.2 1Requimte e Núcleo do
Departamento de Conservação e Restauro, Faculdade de Ciencias e
Tecnologia,
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica,
Portugal 2Laboratory of the Scientific Investigation and
Conservation Cultural Heritage,
ARHEOINVEST Interdisciplinary Platform, Alexandru Ioan Cuza
University of Iaºi, Blvd. Carol I, no. 11, 700506, Iaºi,
Romania
E-mail: ion.sandu@uaic.ro
Received 1/6/2013 Accepted 22/6/2013
Abstract The paper is the first note presenting a series of modern
aspects regarding the interdisciplinary of the science for
conservation of the cultural heritage, as personal contribution to
the field. Thus are presented in the light of a new vision on the
definitions, concepts and specific terms, lucrative sub-domains
with their objectives and activities, liberal professions in the
field of the cultural heritage, the elements and patrimonial
functions, the conservation levels and their priorities.
Keywords: Conservation science, Nomenclature, Liberal professions,
Elements and patrimonial functions, Conservation levels and
priorities.
1. Introduction
In the current global geopolitical situation, the history and
cultural legacy of a nation represents their identity document.
Preserving and transmitting their authentic, tamper-proof form to
future generations is a very important approach that stands in
front of any government, a permanent concern of assessment and
upgrading of the images of the past. As an interdisciplinary field,
the scientific conservation of the cultural heritage represents
much more than a related discipline, is a complex system of
standards and measures, coherent policies to promote and value
through entry in the world heritage circuit, a discipline called
the science of conservation [1]. Both
UNESCO and various academic institutions and NGOs from different
countries, some having international activities, support national
policies of valuing the cultural heritage. The science of
conservation issue, as related domain, caught the attention of many
Universities and Research Institutions. Thereby in 1996 the
Polytechnic University of Valencia, founded the Forum UNESCO
University and Cultural Heritage, which in a short time drew over
260 universities with specialized departments of Cultural Heritage.
Every year, this Forum organizes in different academic centers
around the world meetings on scientific conservation, where
different cases of the
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conservation state are presented together with various experiences
of young and recognized groups and the guidelines concerning the
management, the valuing of the cultural heritage by various
activities focused on discovery, acquisition, investigation,
evaluation, preservation and museum display [2]. Things have
evolved so much that we ended up organizing master classes and
inter-university PhDs across borders in the field. Among others is
to be mentioned the European Doctoral School EPISCON, headquartered
in the University of Studies in Bologna (Italy), which was formed
by 12 European Universities with tradition and finalized the
doctoral thesis of 16 young researchers from different countries in
the world [3] [4]. Every year there are organized roundtables,
meetings and workshops, in which the interdisciplinary current
issues of the scientific conservation are being discussed. For
example, to the next Conservation Science ICCEROM Forum, which will
be held in Rome between 16 and 18 October 2013, 60 experts in
different fields and areas of cultural heritage will discuss mutual
interactions between sciences and the conservation of the cultural
heritage, the influence of research and scientific investigation of
preservation and restoration processes, the displaying of the
monuments and mobile artifacts and other perspective aspects. This
event is
held by a consortium of 16 organizers which joined the ICCROM for
debating the actual problems and to reflect on future directions
for development as a freestanding science with the help of all the
others fields. The Forum invites to discussions other leading
researchers with substantial contributions to the domain [5]. One
of the current issues that arise for the researchers in such events
has highlighted the relevance of Conservation Science as a
discipline-related, for a wide range of social priorities, analyzed
through its development prospects as interdisciplinary science.
Special attention is paid to the impact of science on the
conservation of cultural and natural heritage, through their role
in the harnessing by means of a high level structural-functional,
ambiental and cultural reintegration [6] [7]. In this respect, on
the basis of previous experiences developed by the author in the
field, there are presented a number of issues that stand in the
face of modern universities and institutions, offering a fresh
approach to the notions of the terminology definitions, concepts
and terms in the field, as well as differentiated presentation of
lucrative areas, with their objectives and activities, patrimonail
elements and functions, levels of conservation and their
priorities, routes travelled by the artifacts, their representative
contexts, types of expertise and their role etc.
2. Nomenclature of the Science for Conservation
An uniform terminology and a guiding theory for the activities of
integrated scientific conservation of the cultural heritage
represents an important goal both national and global. Even if it
exists a constant concern for the elaboration of some principles
and general acceptable terms, the results at global level were many
times contradictory and disputed [8] [9] [10] [11]. Immediately
after the floods of the river Arno over Firenze in 1966, when
worldwide specialists fought to save the affected monuments, there
was more and
more felt the need of elaboration of principles, norms and
terminologies unanimously accepted. Although as early as 1964 in
Venice was published the first code of ethics of conservation [12],
only after 1975 were first advanced proposals for the basic terms
used in the field and the fundamental principles that govern the
work of conservation, according to the national specific [13] [14]
[15] [16], some of them beeing edited in the last years [17] [18]
[19] [20]. In time, there were developed many codes of ethics, the
most recent beeing that from Krakow in
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2002, where some terminology harmonization issues are discussed by
taking proper definitions and terms form exact sciences. After year
2000, the problem of acceptance the nomenclature for the domain
using the terms from related sciences became more urgent by editing
monographies which presents critically current definitions,
starting with the base terms, often used to the new ones from other
languages as neologisms [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]. The system crises
in recent years contributed to the increasing complexity of
problems faced by experts in the field that led to the development
of specialized higher education in each country and fundamental
research which imposed the introduction of modern terminology.
Thereby, conservation science has become a related discipline, well
established with a specific nomenclature, by taking from the
interdisciplinary system the correct and consistent terms,
definitions, notations, codes etc. Even the most commonly used term
"conservation", has different meanings and is used loosely,
although in most European countries is attributed to the complex
set of activities applied separately, sequentially or not, for
valuing cultural heritage assets and those of nature. Instead, the
Anglo-Saxons used the term with a general sense including the two
different fundamental activities: preservation and restoration.
Currently in many European countries there are still used, instead
of the correct preservation- restoration, the terms "conservation
restoration, which have completely different meanings: conservation
is the general term with the sense of preserving cultural heritage,
which relates to a certain level of conservation level (represented
by %); preservation means the two-directions - preventive or
environment control and prophylactic or treatments to stop the
evolutionary effects of deterioration and degradation, while
restoration refers to the lucrative steps, with specific activities
which relate differently to the nature of the material, the
physical condition of the structural element, working technique, on
methods
of intervention and other ones. Conservation, in the modern
meaning, is a generic term for the science of conservation and
represents a series of measures, tools and actions that cover all
activities aimed at keeping unaltered the layout of heritage (and
message sent), as close to the original, in the continue recovery
process, social integrated and with preservation of historical
stratification (the traces left by certain significant events)
having in the alternative, along with the preservation and
restoration demarches, also those of safety and protection. It's
totally wrong the use of the term "conservation" in the sense of
preservation and protection respectively. There are also known
other terms with broad sense, such: the notion of monument,
expressing a temporal dimension and representing in terms of
typology, number and value, certain traits of a society specific
features, accumulation and economic development, political
stability, level of creation and cultural dialogue. Referring to
the preservation and restoration of historical monuments, The
Venice Cartae gave already since 1964 a broader sense to the notion
of monument, as a consequence of urban offensive and
systematization, enhancing it by introducing the concepts "urban
reserve", "old urban core", old suburban area", "cultural and
natural protection area" and others. In this sense the expression
historic monument includes the isolated architectural creation and
also the urban or rural settlement that brings the testimony of a
particular civilization, significant changes or of an historic
event, taking into account both great creations and modest works
that have gained great cultural significance over time. There are
also other terms that are used improperly such as deterioration and
degradation, which are assigned the same meaning and are actually
quite different notions, which imposed strict definitions. In
general, when considering conservation status [26], research take
into account or in relation to the two groups of effects:
deterioration, which changes the physical state of a structural
element or
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functional element with micro- or macroscopic destructions under
the action of physical, mechanical and climatic factors (by example
the breakage of a construction beams or frame of a painting, the
cracking of a painting layer or masonry, plaster peeling off,
tearing paper support or of the of the fabric substrate, expansion
or shrinkage of the wooden panel etc.) and degradation, that by
alteration changes the chemical nature of a material under the
action of chemical, radiating out and biological agents,
co-assisted or not by the climatic factors (by example, the
corrosion of metals; rotting wood, paper, leather/parchment, and
textile, pigment discoloration; opacifying of the obsidian glass or
gemstones, efflorescent and deliquescent salts and so on). It is
known that degradation takes place from outside to inside the
material, while deterioration evolves from the minimal resistance
points (e.g., points with natural or manufacturing defects) in any
direction, especially those with minimal structural stability. In
general, degradation is a cumulative effect of several factors or
agents, in turn, deterioration occurs as a result of the action of
a single factor or agent. To not generalize the case, we mention
that there are cumulative deteriorations, such as shrinking with
longitudinal-radial and circular cracking (regarding the annual
rings), and the split of the plug-bolts from wood, under the
influence of concomitant or sequential temperature, humidity and
mechanical tensions [27]. Deterioration can always be described by
planimetric transformation schemes, topographic or stratigraphic on
micro- or macro structural level, while degradation is presented by
sequences of chemical reactions or chemical interactions,
electrochemical, radiochemical / thermo chemical or biochemical,
taking place at the molecular level (nanostructure) and
supramolecular (microstructure) [27]. There are known a number of
cases where the two effects occur either simultaneously or
consecutively, the mechanism of their development being very
difficult to reveal. For example,
wood attack by fungus Merullius lacrimans leads to alteration of
both cellulose and lignin, translated by weakening and rotting wood
(degradation effects), followed by cracking of the affected party
(deterioration effects), so the biodegradation has as a side effect
the biodeterioration too. Similarly, the attack of the xylophage
insects by creating flight holes and galleries in wood, leads to
physical deterioration and by the products of metabolism and
induced enzyme systems leads to an evolving embrittlement of the
wood. This is a case of biodegradation coupled with
biodeterioration [6] [27]. The need of differentiated use of the
two terms appears also on the background of the appearance of the
periodical International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, the
official scientific journal of the Society, published since 1978
eight times a year by Elsevier Press and organizing since 1995 the
International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation Symposium. There
are many discussions on how to use in the conservation practice of
monuments and other civil engineering heritage, the terms of
restoration and rehabilitation, which are taken for each another or
wrong attributed, the first referring to reintegration of a
structural system, polychrome or environmental and the second to
the repairing or restoration of a functional system. Restorers
don't conceive to make use of the concept of rehabilitation, an
unjustified opportunity when we refer to the restoration of
functional systems (e.g., rehabilitation of heating systems,
lighting or sewage of a monument) [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]. Another
example is that of the notion of using a technique or a method,
first being an operating system (device), achieved using an
analytical method, study, exam, test, examination or investigation,
describing a methodology or one experimental approach, used as a
tool of integrated science, disciplines etc. Often these terms are
used incorrectly, in place of the process or technology, the
latter
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representing "a logical sequence of steps or stages of work
characterized by their order of development, by the initial
conditions and the final products or results" [28] [29] [30] [31]
[32] [33] [34]. Also, in the curricula of some university
departments of conservation, we find the discipline Artistic
techniques and manufacturing technology that is named incorrectly.
Just the notion of an artistic technique, which is known in some
languages, may be used in this formulation, however the
technologies of making the artwork, cannot be called art. An
expression often used incorrectly is that of relative humidity,
which is very often discussed as an exogenous factor, together with
absolute humidity, expressing both the atmospheric humidity, an
environmental factor. When discussing the influence of atmospheric
humidity of systems, the notion of relative humidity should not be
used as a determining factor. Even in the graphics, at explaining
the ordinate or the abscissa, where it has to be put the factor or
parameter, will be written: atmospheric humidity or the environment
humidity, followed by a %RH after the comma for relative humidity,
or gwater vapors/m
3 air,UA
(gwater vapors/kgair,UA), whether expressed in absolute humidity
[35]. Another example is related to the plural term component,
which has two forms of
expression, often used incorrectly: components, which means a part
of a whole, as a chemical congruent, (solution components,
materials etc.) while parts are physical pieces of a whole, which
are linked or interconnected, regardless of their nature (parts of
a monument or of a circuit etc.) [35]. The list of examples could
go on, but this paper has to become just a signal for corrections.
It is very important to use a common language at the international
events. We conclude by explaining other three groups of terms: *
Adsorption and absorption, use properly only by chemists and
physicists, working in conservation science, and assigning
different meanings: adsorption - physical process of surface
involving physical links and absorption * Chemical process of
dissolution/solubilization at the molecular level, to the volume
faze of a system/material (for the last are known some assignments
accepted such as: spectral absorption, vibration absorption and
sound in a material/body etc.). * Calamity or cataclysm, caused by
natural factors and catastrophe or disaster - caused by
anthropogenic factors, the last group of terms being used as an
attribute or metaphorically at random. * Viability, assigned within
living systems and fiability for material systems and technological
systems in vitro, often the two terms are also used
incorrectly.
3. Lucrative subfields of Conservation Science
As we know, science conservation includes a number of working areas
with specific activities [21] [22] [23] [24] [25], as: * Discovery,
acquisition or transfer (as appropriate). * Classification as
categorizing or sorting/classification value as value ranking and
typological grouping (by material, artistic technique, conservation
status etc.). * Scientific investigation and research done by
involving various surveys, studies and analyzes requested or
imposed by the circumstances. * Passive or preventive preservation
(creating optimal conditions for storing by climatization), when
acting on the environment. * Curative preservation or prophylactic
treatment, by
stopping evolutionary effects of deterioration and degradation by
acting directly on the object (biocide treatments, moisture and
chromatic stabilization, fireproofing the organic materials,
strengthening the foundation soil and embankment to stop landslides
etc.). * Restoration by consolidation interventions and
structural-functional reintegration (additions), aesthetic and
chromatic reintegration (through techniques: mimetic, tratteggio,
puntillisimo etc.), environmental reintegration (landscape,
architecture, urban etc.). * Displaying and introduction in the
museum circuit (monitoring the curative preservation and
restoration interventions made recently,
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performed for a preset time or regular monitoring - current
conservation status throughout the period of storage and display).
* Hoarding and valuing (for museum or touristic purposes),
dissemination (through print, web, video etc..), and cultural
reintegration (diplomacy - building economic bridges: integrating
cultural diplomacy into nation
branding, corporate social responsibility and global governance). *
Protection (guarding against theft, vandalism, fire and disasters)
maintenance (cleaning, cooling, lighting etc.) and public
presentation. Valuing, harnessing and hoarding are cultural
heritage means to emphasize the value of an artwork, movable or
immovable.
4. Professions in the Cultural Heritage field By considerations
regarding the
artifact trade and for their protection and valorisation, by order
of the Ministry of Culture, all auction houses, galleries,
bookshops and places that sell art (only in Bucharest exist more
than 200) , must hire an expert qualified by the Ministry. In our
country there are almost 600 certified experts. From them, almoust
160 are certified for paintings, each one with his own
specialisation on a certain type of painting or on groups of
artists and periods. For this reason, the experts certified for the
XIXth century paintings must appreciate besides, the contemporary
art or other artifacts such as tapestry, furniture, crystals,
pottery etc. They are well paid by the people interessed on selling
the merchandise. In Western Europe, the buyer comes with his own
expert. In this conditions, a new fenomenon appears, because of the
untrained personal in galleries and antiques shops, some of them
becoming corrupt. Once Romania joined the EU, a new set of chaotic
laws and normatives appeared, with an unspecified Heritage Fund or
not fully indexed, for which were needed more certified
specialists. Here, there is no art experts institution. From the
National Craft terminology are missing many field dedicated words
for Conservation Science of the Cultural Heritage. At this time, in
Europe, the need for two levels: first level - specialisation by
Masters which gives the Specialist Certificate with free practice
for every EU country, and the second level - Ph.D. which allows
beside the titulature of Doctor or PhD in a field linked to
Environemental Science, Materials Science/Engineering, Law
(regarding Cultural and Intelectual Property) or
History/Archaeology, involving patrimonial goods and
archeological
artifacts, the Expert Certificate with free practice to be
obtained. Based on these specilisations, following crafts can be
obtained: * Scientific preservator, with the titulature doctor or
PhD of science, who can cover any of the Conservation Science
(acquisition, classification, investigation, preservation,
restoration, display etc.), with the highest expert level, able to
become a cultural manager, counselor or cultural institutions
administrator. * Scientific investigator, who is focused on the
five groups of expertise (authentication, patrimonial evaluation,
determination of conservation state, compatible interventions,
monitoring the behavior for a specified period, monitoring the
conservation state of the entire display and storing period), with
two specialization levels, the base one as specialist with a
Masters degree and the expert obtained after PhD. * Art historian
is a job occupied by college graduates of Art History and Theory
and History, who can be a free practice specialist, museographer,
guide or curator, after a postgraduate profile specialization, or
art expert after doctoral certification. * Archaeologist is a
History graduate, the two professional levels specialist or expert,
who is dealing with identifying, investigating/researching and
managing archaeological sites and recovered artifacts. * Curator
has in his attention the protection and preservation activities
(passive or active climatization and preventive or prophylactic
treatments to halt the evolutive effects of damage or degradation),
also with two levels of specialization, the specialist as base
promoted by Masters and the superior as expert obtained after PhD *
Restorer applies the preventive and prophylactic activities through
consolidation, stabilization and structural reintegration,
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esthetic/cromatic reintegration (mimetic, trategio, puntilisimo
etc.), environmental reintegration (landscape, architecture) and
cultural reintegration in this case the two levels of
specialization, specialist as base to be promoted by Master and
expert certification obtained after PhD. * Museographer is the
curators complementary job, that in addition to the basic activity,
it may cover the activities of the trustee and even the guides,
with one of the two levels of specialization at the base as a
specialist, promoted by Master and
expert certification obtained after PhD. * Guide is the job
occupied by graduates in History and History of Art and Theory,
with a lead role in explaining to the public/tourists the property
and values of the displayed data in museum , usually having only
the specialist level. Scientific investigator with traditional art
historian and archaeologist may occupy art expert status, who can
serve evaluation in galleries, antique shops and consignments or
may occupy jobs of superior advisors for cultural
institutions.
5. Patrimonial Elements and Functions
In evaluating cultural heritage artwork are taken into
consideration the characteristic elements of individualization and
the patrimonial functions. First, known as patrimonial elements,
come mostly from the process of making the artwork, only some being
acquired over time and gradually increasing in patrimonial value,
while patrimonial functions are acquired over time. Patrimonial
items are grouped by five criteria related to: *
design/creation/conceiving (material, technical art, process of
making the artwork/manufacturing technology); * paternity
(author/pupil, school, workshop, process of making the
artwork/manufacturing technology and usage, owner, custodian,
instead of displaying/storing etc.); * age (dating, patina,
conservation status, time of putting in work, display in the
museum, the background of the artifacts, purchase, transfer,
substitution/theft etc.); * value share (group or level of
classification, catalog number, exchange or market share,
valuing/cost of sale/purchase); * degree of rarity and the heritage
impact. Between the features of the heritage individualization, in
valuing, an important role is held by: design, material, artistic
technique, process of making the artwork (structural- functional
features, size/dimensions, technological complexity, novelty etc.)
age/time patina and conservation status (perfect/not run or moved,
very good, good, poor or very poor). Time patina or historic mark,
as primary or noble patina from the period of making and usage,
secondary or low patina during abandonment, and
tertiary or contamination patina during the laying period in the
archaeological site), along with age (prehistoric, antique,
medieval, modern, current), exponentially increase the share value
of an artifact. The degree of rarity (unique/invaluable, very rare,
rare, common), originality, and unique attributes, copy or series,
are also important elements used in valuing or establishing the
classification group and the value shares by evaluation grids.
Regarding patrimonial functions, only one is taken into
consideration from the process of making the artwork, the artistic
or aesthetic function, while the other four are obtained in time,
as follows: * historical- documentary function, given by
historiographical data, offered by written documents, photographs,
drawings or directly on the object by investigating the
inscriptions, fingerprints, decoration, interventions in post-work,
or other characteristics related to work contexts, commissioning,
operation, abandonment, the discovery and so on); * technical-
scientific function, given by the material, artistic technique, the
process of making the artwork, its goal and use, and
preservation-restoration interventions; * socio-economic and
urban-administrative function, which is closely related to
acquisitions/transfers, share value at displaying, the role and the
place occupied in the social, political and economic context along
time, and the current uses, monuments with utility functions
(offices) or collections ; * spiritual function, the highest, given
by the impact that it had and has in opening new patrimonial
system
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(works founded new styles, techniques, technologies etc.) or
commensurate by the role and contributions in the development of
society (discoveries / inventions, new
theories/concepts and mechanisms / effects / phenomena), for
objects with cultic or liturgical value and the theological,
dogmatic function.
6. Conservation Levels
Valuing by museum display and making new studies for the cultural
heritage means full use of the patrimonial elements and functions
[35] [36] [37] [40] [42]. In displaying an artifact, there must be
valued as many of the patrimonial elements (authenticity,
authorship, catalogue value share of stock or market/appreciation,
level/group classification and ranking, age/patina time) and some
of its interest functions (either the artistic, aesthetic or
historical or scientific-technical documentation). The
capitalization of the artifact aims to increase the asset value. On
the first hand it is focused on new data (information, structural
and functional changes, gifts or grants unknown, documents,
photographs, maps and other unusual things, unpublished), and on
the other hand editing web pages, albums, organizing round tables,
conferences, symposiums, conducting educational itineraries (open
lessons, interactive etc.) involvement of new modern display
systems (static or dynamic dioramas, holograms etc.) and
organizing/arranging in museum exhibitions and so on. A very
important aspect of valorization is the involvement of valuing
goods in teaching at all educational levels and protocol systems by
presenting elements of authenticity, national representation etc.
For an optimal valorization [20] [25] [35] [36] [37] [38] it is
required a good knowledge of the patrimonial functions acquired in
time, beside of the conservation status, that allow assignment to a
particular classification level, with priority interventions
related to the active preservation and restoration, and display
conditions. Also, for a good enhancement, conditions to display or
storage must comply with the standards of protection. In order to
achieve an integrated conservation of mobile cultural
heritage assets from collections, differentiated by degree of
conservation, recent studies [20] [25] [35] [39] [40] have
highlighted the importance of their group on five levels of
conservation, which requires measures, means and actions targeting
preservation and restoration interventions, protection and
preservation of their best. In establishing these levels, besides
age and state of preservation, there must be taken into
consideration also the value and rarity of the artifact. For
example, we present the case of the numismatic pieces whose
diversity in terms of material composition, age, rarity and cases
of conservation status, are very interesting artifacts, often
captured for research, being very attractive to public and
collections. Level I includes pieces with great heritage value that
have poor conservation status, so does not allow display, and there
are held in storage. These require urgent intervention of active
preservation (storage in environments similar to those of laying in
the archaeological site or strengthen systems) not to go into
irreversible collapse. This group also includes unique or very
valuable pieces that do not allow the display of certain historical
reasons (political), ideological, religious etc. The level has two
subgroups, Closed Level CL, fig. (1-a), which is accessible only to
curators and Open Level OP, fig. (1-b), where along with curators
have access the art experts, historians or documentarists, with
special pass or allowance [41]. Level II includes parts of
particular value, but with a relatively good state of preservation,
where along with curators, various specialists have access for
documentation. The artifacts can be included in the museum circuit
by scientific replicas after a prior preventive or prophylactic
consolidation and active preservation, fig. (2) [38]. Level III
includes well-preserved
9
pieces that can be displayed in museums and participate in
exhibitions. They can be handled, packed and transported and the
visitors can have direct access to them, fig. (3) [41]. Level IV
refers to the parts well preserved, existing in large numbers in
the form of surplus stock which can participate in the exchange of
valuables between collections, fig. (4) [38]. Level V is the gray
fund, which includes parts of irreversible
damage and decay, under collapse, with a metallic core conservation
status of 15 to 30%, which cannot be presented/displayed anymore,
fig. (5). These parts are stored for use as teaching material in
experiments. It is advisable to be held in special storage, climate
conditions, not to be damaged or degraded further. Under no
circumstances shall not be destroyed or removed [38].
Figure (1) a monetary artefact removed from the Baltic Sea water, b
money recovered from dried
archaeological sites, where the pedological action was
minimal
-
a b
Figure (2) Coins with relatively good state of preservation, which
can be displayed after preservation and restoration
interventions.
Figure (3) Silver coins and jewelry, dated 1600-1620, found at
Smolensk in the Russian Federation.
Figure (4) Gold coins in the exceptional state of preservation, in
overstock from a recently discovered treasure.
Figure (5) Bronze coins in collapse (with very thin metal core and
strong thinning).
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7. Conclusions Current policies in the field of Conservation of the
Cultural Heritage, at any nation level, consider alongside
restoration and saving the cultural heritage and their enrollment
in the global values by adding them in the modern museum circuits.
For a proper evaluation, the specialists in the field must be
continuously informed of the latest methods used in archeological
discovery, recovery and scientific investigation, the most
appropriate methods of preservation, restoration and display in
modern museums. In addition to the investigations and muzeum
harnessing, special attention should be paid to research on the
discovery of new artifacts, and solving theoretical and practical
aspects related to stopping the effects of deterioration and
degradation of the physical state of the materials, from various
cultural assets. Then in organizing scientific meetings, workshops,
trainings, exchanging experience, up to the development of academic
specialization, in the three modules: license for training in the
field, followed by obtaining a master's degree certificate, than
the degree of specialist by doctorate (PhD) with free practice and
followed by the title of Doctor in Conservation Science as an
expert in this field. Academy Schools of Science Conservation
should develop educational plans and curriculum for the three
modules, which must be agreed in line with those of traditional
schools and the credits of each course, must be transferable
between schools. Improving curriculum should be closely related to
the harmonization of nomenclature in the field by taking proper
terminology from the other sciences. Then another very important
thing is the introduction into national nomenclature of job titles
in the field, on three levels: junior assistant, specialist and
expert. In the light of this study, the research infrastructure is
fundamental for academic schools and research institutions, museums
and state institutions holding assets of Cultural Heritage
(archives, libraries a.s.o.). References [1] Sandu, I., (2004).
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12
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