Post on 24-Feb-2016
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SCHISTOSOMIASIS:AN UNFAMILIAR INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Tiffany Jackson, Ph.D. student (Public Health: Epidemiology)Walden University
PUBH 8165-1 (Environmental Health)Instructor: Dr. Shana Morrell
Spring, 2009
Objectives
Educate the general public about Schistosomiasis
Enlighten the public about a potential global impact
Convince professionals of the need for public health interventions
Why Is It Important? Emerging Infectious Disease ???
Socioeconomic Impact
Health Conditions
* Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe.org/infect/schisto.html.
Schistosomiasis What Is It?
An infection caused by blood flukes
How Do People Get It?Contact with contaminated water
Where Is It Found?Tropical Climates
•Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (2008, February). Schistosomiasis: Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 3, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/ schistosomiasis/factsht_schistosomiasis.htm.
* Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe.org/infect/schisto.html.
Types of Schistosoma Schistosoma mansoni
www.tcd.ie
Schistosoma japonicum
lifesciencedb.jp
Schistosoma haematobium
www.ym.edu.tw
* Johnson, A.G.; Ziegler, R.J.; Lukasewycz, O. A and Hawley, L. B. (2002). BRS: Microbiology and Immunology (4th Ed). Baltimore, MD and Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
* Hawley, L. B. (2000). High Yield Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Baltimore, MD and Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
Life Cycle
http://creationwiki.org/File: Schistosomiasis_Life_Cycle.jpg
* Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe.org/infect/schisto.html.* Hawley, L. B. (2000). High Yield Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Baltimore, MD and Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
* Wilson, W. R. and Sande, M. A. (2001). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Infectious Diseases. United States: McGraw-Hill
Disease Syndromes Swimmer’s Itch (Dermatitis) Katayama Fever Chronic Fibro – Obstructive Disease
Bladder Carcinoma
http://www.e-radiography.net/radpath/s/ schistosomiasis1.jpgwww.gnntdc.org
* Wilson, W. R. and Sande, M. A. (2001). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Infectious Diseases. United States: McGraw-Hill.
path.upmc.edu roboticoncology.com
* Kumar, V; Abbas, A. and Fausto, N. (Eds.).(2007). Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.
Signs / Symptoms
1. Dermatitis Itchy Papular Rash
2. Katayama Fever Fever Chills Headache Cough Lymphadenopathy Hepatosplenomegaly
3. Chronic Fibro-Obstruc. Chronic Granulomatous Disease Fibrosis
4. Bladder Carcinoma Painless Hematuria Frequency Urgency Dysuria
* Wilson, W. R. and Sande, M. A. (2001). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Infectious Diseases. United States: McGraw-Hill.
* Kumar, V; Abbas, A. and Fausto, N. (Eds.).(2007). Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.
* Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe.org/infect/schisto.html.
Laboratory Findings
Parasite Eggs in Feces / Urine Eosinophilia Hematuria Anemia Abnormal LFT’s Increased Creatinine Uremia
(Wilson and Sande, 2001 p.872-874)Wilson, W. R. and Sande, M. A. (2001). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Infectious Diseases. United States: McGraw-Hill.
Global Impact ???
Increase Incidence / Prevalence
Increase Morbidity / Mortality
Increase in Use of Public Health Resources
* Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe. org/infect/schisto.html.
* MicrobiologyBytes (Micro). (2007, January). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Schisto.html
Epidemiological Data Effects about
500,000 in the U.S. Occurs in > 200
million worldwide
http://www.the-travel-doctor.com/schistosomiasis_files/image006.jpg
S. mansoni: : Estimated Morbidity and Mortality
At risk of infection 393 Infected 54 Diarrhoea during previous 2 weeks 0.78 (0.0-7.8) Blood in stool during previous 2 weeks 4.4 (3.0-8.3) Hepatomegaly (mid-sternal line) 8.5 Splenomegaly [6.3] Ascites [0.29] Haematemesis (ever) [0.93] Haematemesis (deaths/year) [0.13]
* World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Schistosomiasis: Epidemiology. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.who. int/schistosomiasis/ epidemiology/ table/ en/ index.html
S. haematobium: Estimated Morbidity and Mortality
At risk of infection 436 Infected 112 Haematuria during previous 2 weeks 71 (52-89) Dysuria during previous 2 weeks 32 (17-55) Minor bladder morbidity (detected by ultrasound) 76 (67-92) Major bladder morbidity (detected by ultrasound) 24 (15-31) Moderate hydronephrosis 9.6 Major hydronephrosis 9.6 Non-functioning kidney [1.7] Non-functioning kidney (deaths/year) [0.15] Bladder cancer (deaths/year) Males [0.011] Females [0.0023]
* World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Schistosomiasis: Epidemiology. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.who. int/schistosomiasis/ epidemiology/ table/ en/ index.html
What’s Being Done Now
Prevention Methods
Treatments
Environmental Regulations
*Wilson, W. R. and Sande, M. A. (2001). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Infectious Diseases. United States: McGraw-Hill
* Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe. org/infect/schisto.html.
* Madramootoo, C. A.; Johnston, W. R. and Willardson, L.S. (Ed.) (1997). Management of Agricultural Drainage Water Quality. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).
* Trevor, A. J.; Katzung, B. G. and Masters, S. B. (Ed. 7th). (2005). Pharmacology: Examination and Board Review. New York: Lange Medical Books / McGraw-Hill.
What Needs to Be Done
Increase Public Education / Awareness
Better Water Treatment
More Collaborative Efforts
* Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe. org/infect/schisto.html.
BibliographyFor more information on Schistosomiasis
refer to the following resources:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Division of Parasitic Diseases
(www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/Schistosomiasis/) Directors of Health Promotion and Education
(www.dhpe.org/infect/schisto.html) Global Health Council (http://www.globalhealth.org/news/article/2086) U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health:
Medline Plus (www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001321.htm) World Health Organization (www.who.int/topics/schistosomiasis/en/)
References Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (2008, February).
Schistosomiasis: Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 3, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/ schistosomiasis/ factsht_schistosomiasis.htm.
Directors of Health Promotion & Education. (2005). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.dhpe. org/infect/schisto.html.
Hawley, L. B. (2000). High Yield Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Baltimore, MD and Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
Johnson, A.G.; Ziegler, R.J.; Lukasewycz, O. A and Hawley, L. B. (2002). BRS: Microbiology and Immunology (4th Ed). Baltimore, MD and Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
Kumar, V; Abbas, A. and Fausto, N. (Eds.).(2007). Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.
MicrobiologyBytes (Micro). (2007, January). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Schisto.html
References Cont. Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental Health (3rd ed.). Boston:
Harvard University Press. Madramootoo, C. A.; Johnston, W. R. and Willardson, L.S. (Ed.)
(1997). Management of Agricultural Drainage Water Quality. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).
Trevor, A. J.; Katzung, B. G. and Masters, S. B. (Ed. 7th). (2005). Pharmacology: Examination and Board Review. New York: Lange Medical Books / McGraw-Hill.
Wilson, W. R. and Sande, M. A. (2001). Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Infectious Diseases. United States: McGraw-Hill.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2009). Schistosomiasis: Epidemiology. Retrieved May 1, 2009 from http://www.who. int/schistosomiasis/epidemiology/table/en/index.html