ScalaWTF is it? The new hotness or yet another functional fad?

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Scalable LanguageThat’s why it’s pronounced Ska-Lah ?!??!

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Statically Typed

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Runs on the JVM

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Hybrid Language:Object-Oriented + Functional

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Why?

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Make Java more DRY

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Allow easy creation of DSLs

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Conciseness of Ruby +Safety of Static Typing

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No meta-programming but...very liberal syntax

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Type Inference

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List<String> oyVey = new ArrayList<String>();

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List<String> oyVey = new ArrayList<String>(); var hellsYeah = new ArrayList[String];

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List<String> oyVey = new ArrayList<String>();var hellsYeah = new ArrayList[String]; val booyah = 45; // it’s an Int

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List<String> oyVey = new ArrayList<String>();var hellsYeah = new ArrayList[String]; val booyah = 45; // it’s an Intval doh = booyah / 3; // not a Float!!

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List<String> oyVey = new ArrayList<String>();var hellsYeah = new ArrayList[String]; val booyah = 45; // it’s an Intval doh = booyah / 3; // not a Float!!val better:Float = booyah / 3;

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List<String> oyVey = new ArrayList<String>();var hellsYeah = new ArrayList[String]; val booyah = 45; // it’s an Intval doh = booyah / 3; // not a Float!!val better:Float = booyah / 3;

// return type is java.lang.Stringdef fullName = { first + “,” + last; }

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List<String> oyVey = new ArrayList<String>();var hellsYeah = new ArrayList[String]; val booyah = 45; // it’s an Intval doh = booyah / 3; // not a Float!!val better:Float = booyah / 3;

// return type is java.lang.Stringdef fullName = { first + “,” + last; }

If the type seems obvious to you...

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List<String> oyVey = new ArrayList<String>();var hellsYeah = new ArrayList[String]; val booyah = 45; // it’s an Intval doh = booyah / 3; // not a Float!!val better:Float = booyah / 3;

// return type is java.lang.Stringdef fullName = { first + “,” + last; }

If the type seems obvious to you...Scala can usually figure it out, too

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Liberal Syntax

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val semicolons = “don’t need ‘em”val but = “if it’s not clear”; val you = “need them”

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val semicolons = “don’t need ‘em”val but = “if it’s not clear”; val you = “need them”

def braces(b:Boolean) = if (b) “needed for multiple expressions” else “you don’t need them”

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val semicolons = “don’t need ‘em”val but = “if it’s not clear”; val you = “need them”

def braces(b:Boolean) = if (b) “needed for multiple expressions” else “you don’t need them”

• if/else is a singular expression

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class Read(d:Date, val usage:Int) { def +(other:Int) = new Read(d,usage + other) override def toString = d + “:” + u

}

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class Read(d:Date, val usage:Int) { def +(other:Int) = new Read(d,usage + other) override def toString = d + “:” + u

}

val f = new Read(new Date,10)val g = f + 20

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class Read(d:Date, val usage:Int) { def +(other:Int) = new Read(d,usage + other) override def toString = d + “:” + u

}

val f = new Read(new Date,10)val g = f + 20val gee = f.+(20) // yuck, but legal

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class Read(d:Date, val usage:Int) { def +(other:Int) = new Read(d,usage + other) override def toString = d + “:” + u def later(ms:Int) = new Read(d + ms,usage)}

val f = new Read(new Date,10)val g = f + 20val gee = f.+(20) // yuck, but legalval l = f later (3600 * 1000)

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Mixins (Traits)

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abstract class SaneCompare[T] {  def <(other:T):Boolean  def >(other:T) = !(this < other)  def <=(other:T) = this == other || this < other  def >=(other:T) = this == other || this > other}class Read(d:Date,u:Int) extends SaneCompare[Read] {  val usage = u    def <(other:Read) = usage < other.usage }if (someRead >= someOtherRead) println(”finally!”)

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abstract class SaneCompare[T] {  def <(other:T):Boolean  def >(other:T) = !(this < other)  def <=(other:T) = this == other || this < other  def >=(other:T) = this == other || this > other}class Read(d:Date,u:Int) extends AbstractEntity {  val usage = u    def <(other:Read) = usage < other.usage }// hmmm....what now?

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abstract class SaneCompare[T] {  def <(other:T):Boolean  def >(other:T) = !(this < other)  def <=(other:T) = this == other || this < other  def >=(other:T) = this == other || this > other}class Read(d:Date,u:Int) extends AbstractEntity {  val usage = u    def <(other:Read) = usage < other.usage }// AbstractEntity extends SaneCompare?// God class above AbstractEntity subsumes it?

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abstract class SaneCompare[T] {  def <(other:T):Boolean  def >(other:T) = !(this < other)  def <=(other:T) = this == other || this < other  def >=(other:T) = this == other || this > other}class Read(d:Date,u:Int) extends AbstractEntity {  val usage = u    def <(other:Read) = usage < other.usage }// AbstractEntity extends SaneCompare?// God class above AbstractEntity subsumes it?// these are different concepts entirely

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trait SaneCompare[T] {  def <(other:T):Boolean  def >(other:T) = !(this < other)  def <=(other:T) = this == other || this < other  def >=(other:T) = this == other || this > other}class Read(d:Date,u:Int) extends AbstractEntity with SaneCompare[Read] {  val usage = u    def <(other:Read) = usage < other.usage }// now we have both!

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Traits

•Separate Concerns

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Traits

•Separate Concerns

•Precedence is based on declaration order

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Traits

•Separate Concerns

•Precedence is based on declaration order

•All abstract – just like Java interface

•None abstract – multiple inheritance

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Functions

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val reads = getSomeElectricReads // List[Read]

reads.sort( (a,b) => a.date.compareTo(b.date) < 0 )

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val reads = getSomeElectricReads // List[Read]

reads.sort( (a,b) => a.date.compareTo(b.date) < 0 )

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val reads = getSomeElectricReads // List[Read]

reads.sort( (a,b) => a.date.compareTo(b.date) < 0 )

def sort(compFunc:(Read,Read) => Boolean)

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val reads = getSomeElectricReads // List[Read]

reads.sort( (a,b) => a.date.compareTo(b.date) < 0 )

def sort(compFunc:(Read,Read) => Boolean)

Function2[Read,Read,Boolean]

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val reads = getSomeElectricReads // List[Read]

reads.sort( (a,b) => a.date.compareTo(b.date) < 0 )

def sort(compFunc:(Read,Read) => Boolean)

Function2[Read,Read,Boolean]

def sortReads(a:Read,b:Read) = a.date.compareTo(b.date) < 0

reads.sort(sortReads) // could also use a method // just keep in mind...

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Methods are not Functions

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Methods are not Functionsbut can be passed as Functions

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List Processing

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class State(val code:String,val desc:String)val states = getAllStates

// returns a List[String] with the codesstates.map( (state) => state.code )

// returns true if any state has a code of “DC”states.exists( (state) => state.code == “DC” )

// returns the state with the desc of “Hawaii”states.find( (state) => state.desc == “Hawaii” )

// returns a List[State] if states with descs matchingstates.filter( (state) => state.desc.startsWith(”V”) )

// Tons more

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Complete Access to JDK and Java libraries

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val s = new SingletonMetadataAwareAspectInstanceFactory()val foo = s.getOrderForAspectClass(classOf[FooBar])

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import java.util.Observerimport java.util.Observable

class AwesomeObserver extends Observer { def update(o:Observable, arg:Any) = if (o hasChanged) println(arg.asInstanceOf[MeterRead].date)}

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import java.util.Observerimport java.util.Observable

class AwesomeObserver extends Observer { def update(o:Observable, arg:Any) = if (o hasChanged) println(arg.asInstanceOf[MeterRead].date)}

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import java.util.Observerimport java.util.Observable

class AwesomeObserver extends Observer { def update(o:Observable, arg:Any) = if (o hasChanged) println(arg.asInstanceOf[MeterRead].date)}

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import java.util.Observerimport java.util.Observable

class AwesomeObserver extends Observer { def update(o:Observable, arg:Any) = if (o hasChanged) println(arg.asInstanceOf[MeterRead].date)}

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Goodbye Java’s Baggage

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No primitives

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Proper F’ing Propertiesclass ServicePoint(val id:String,var name:String)

val sp = new ServicePoint(”foo”,”The Foo House”)println(sp.id) // get, but no setprintln(sp.name)sp.name = “Thy Foo Haüs”

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Proper F’ing Propertiesclass ServicePoint(val id:String,private var _name:String) { def name = _name.toUpperCase def name_=(newName:String) = _name = newName}

val sp = new ServicePoint(”foo”,”The Foo House”)sp.name = “Thy Foo Haüs”println(sp.name) // prints THY FOO HAÜS

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¡Adiós Checked Exceptions!def readFile(f:File) = { val is = new FileInputStream(f) var ch = f.read while (ch != -1) { print(ch) ch = f.read }} // Wow, that was clean!

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¡Adiós Checked Exceptions!def readFile(f:File) = { try { val is = new FileInputStream(f) var ch = f.read() while (ch != -1) { print(ch) ch = f.read } } catch { case fnfe:FileNotFoundException => println(f + ” not found, dude: ” + fnfe) } // All others bubble out, even if checked in Java}

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Can I get a closure?class Logger(level:Int) { def debug(message: => String) = log(20,message) def info(message: => String) = log(10,message) def log(logLevel:Int, message: => String) = { if (level >= logLevel) println(message) }}val log = new Logger(10)log.debug(“Got read for “ + read.date + “ with usage “ + read.usage)read.usage = 44log.info(if read.usage < 10 “low read” else “high read”)

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Can I get a closure?class Logger(level:Int) { def debug(message: => String) = log(20,message) def info(message: => String) = log(10,message) def log(logLevel:Int, message: => String) = { if (level >= logLevel) println(message) }}val log = new Logger(10)log.debug(“Got read for “ + read.date + “ with usage “ + read.usage)read.usage = 44log.info(if read.usage < 10 “low read” else “high read”)

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Can I get a closure?class Logger(level:Int) { def debug(message: => String) = log(20,message) def info(message: => String) = log(10,message) def log(logLevel:Int, message: => String) = { if (level >= logLevel) println(message) }}val log = new Logger(10)log.debug(“Got read for “ + read.date + “ with usage “ + read.usage)read.usage = 44log.info(if read.usage < 10 “low read” else “high read”)

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Can I get a closure?class Logger(level:Int) { def debug(message: => String) = log(20,message) def info(message: => String) = log(10,message) def log(logLevel:Int, message: => String) = { if (level >= logLevel) println(message) }}val log = new Logger(10)log.debug(“Got read for “ + read.date + “ with usage “ + read.usage)read.usage = 44log.info(if read.usage < 10 “low read” else “high read”)

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Can I get a closure?class Logger(level:Int) { def debug(message: => String) = log(20,message) def info(message: => String) = log(10,message) def log(logLevel:Int, message: => String) = { if (level >= logLevel) println(message) }}val log = new Logger(10)log.debug(“Got read for “ + read.date + “ with usage “ + read.usage)read.usage = 44log.info(if read.usage < 10 “low read” else “high read”)

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“Literals”val triStateArea = List(”MD”,”DC”,”VA”)val theSouth = Map(”MD” -> true,”DC” -> false, ”VA” ->true)val perlCirca96 = (true,”Tuples rule”)val (hasTuples,message) = perlCirca96

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“Literals”val triStateArea = List(”MD”,”DC”,”VA”)val theSouth = Map(”MD” -> true,”DC” -> false, ”VA” ->true)val perlCirca96 = (true,”Tuples rule”)val (hasTuples,message) = perlCirca96

These are actually API calls

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“Literals”val triStateArea = List(”MD”,”DC”,”VA”)val theSouth = Map(”MD” -> true,”DC” -> false, ”VA” ->true)val perlCirca96 = (true,”Tuples rule”)val (hasTuples,message) = perlCirca96

This is done by the compilercreates a Tuple2[Boolean, String]

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“Literals”class Read(val id:Int, val usage:Int, val age:Int)

object Read { def apply(id:Int,usage:Int,age:Int) = new Read(id,usage,age)}

val read = Read(4,10,33)

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“Literals”class Read(val id:Int, val usage:Int, val age:Int)

object Read { def apply(id:Int,usage:Int,age:Int) = new Read(id,usage,age)}

val read = Read(4,10,33) // shortcut via compilerval read2 = Read.apply(4,10,33)

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Crazy Awesome - Pattern Matchingdef fromEnglish(string:String) = string match { case “none” => 0 case “one” => 1 case _ => 2}

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Crazy Awesome - Pattern Matchingdef toUML(obj:Any) = obj match { case 0 => “0” case 1 => “0..1” case n:Int => “0..” + n case true => “1” case false => “0” case “many” => “0..*” case _ => “0..*”}

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Crazy Awesome - Pattern Matchingsealed abstract class Readcase class AMIRead(date:Date,usage:Int,duration:Int) extends Readcase class BillingRead(toDate:Date,usage:Int,numDays:Int,charges:Int) extends Readcase class CorrectedRead(read:BillingRead, usage:Int) extends Read

def proRate(read:Read) = read match { case AMIRead(d,usage,duration) => usage / duration case BillingRead(d,usage,days,c) => usage / days case CorrectedRead(BillingRead(d,oldUsage,days,c),usage) => (oldUsage + usage) / days}

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Crazy Awesome - Pattern Matchingsealed abstract class Readcase class AMIRead(date:Date,usage:Int,duration:Int) extends Readcase class BillingRead(toDate:Date,usage:Int,numDays:Int,charges:Int) extends Readcase class CorrectedRead(read:BillingRead, usage:Int) extends Read

def proRate(read:Read) = read match { case AMIRead(d,usage,duration) => usage / duration case BillingRead(d,usage,days,c) => usage / days case CorrectedRead(BillingRead(d,oldUsage,days,c),usage) => (oldUsage + usage) / days}

• properties • equals/toString/hashCode• “extractor” • no need for “new”

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Crazy Awesome - Pattern Matchingsealed abstract class Readcase class AMIRead(date:Date,usage:Int,duration:Int) extends Readcase class BillingRead(toDate:Date,usage:Int,numDays:Int,charges:Int) extends Readcase class CorrectedRead(read:BillingRead, usage:Int) extends Read

def proRate(read:Read) = read match { case AMIRead(d,usage,duration) => usage / duration case BillingRead(d,usage,days,c) => usage / days case CorrectedRead(BillingRead(d,oldUsage,days,c),usage) => (oldUsage + usage) / days}

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Crazy Awesome - Pattern Matchingsealed abstract class Readcase class AMIRead(date:Date,usage:Int,duration:Int) extends Readcase class BillingRead(toDate:Date,usage:Int,numDays:Int,charges:Int) extends Readcase class CorrectedRead(read:BillingRead, usage:Int) extends Read

def proRate(read:Read) = read match { case AMIRead(d,usage,duration) => usage / duration case BillingRead(d,usage,days,c) => usage / days case CorrectedRead(BillingRead(d,oldUsage,days,c),usage) => (oldUsage + usage) / days}

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Crazy Awesome - Pattern Matchingsealed abstract class Readcase class AMIRead(date:Date,usage:Int,duration:Int) extends Readcase class BillingRead(toDate:Date,usage:Int,numDays:Int,charges:Int) extends Readcase class CorrectedRead(read:BillingRead, usage:Int) extends Read

def proRate(read:Read) = read match { case AMIRead(d,usage,duration) => usage / duration case BillingRead(d,usage,days,c) => usage / days case CorrectedRead(BillingRead(d,oldUsage,days,c),usage) => (oldUsage + usage) / days}

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Crazy Awesome - Pattern Matchingsealed abstract class Readcase class AMIRead(date:Date,usage:Int,duration:Int) extends Readcase class BillingRead(toDate:Date,usage:Int,numDays:Int,charges:Int) extends Readcase class CorrectedRead(read:BillingRead, usage:Int) extends Read

def proRate(read:Read) = read match { case AMIRead(d,usage,duration) => usage / duration case BillingRead(d,usage,days,c) => usage / days case CorrectedRead(BillingRead(d,oldUsage,days,c),usage) => (oldUsage + usage) / days}

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Crazy Awesome - Implicitssealed abstract class Readcase class AMIRead(date:Date,usage:Int,duration:Int) extends Readcase class BillingRead(toDate:Date,usage:Int,numDays:Int,charges:Int) extends Readcase class CorrectedRead(read:BillingRead, usage:Int) extends Read

implicit def readToSeconds(r:Read):Int = r.date.getTime / 1000

def areConsecutive(from:Read, to:Read) = (from - to) <= from.duration

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Crazy Awesome - Implicitssealed abstract class Readcase class AMIRead(date:Date,usage:Int,duration:Int) extends Readcase class BillingRead(toDate:Date,usage:Int,numDays:Int,charges:Int) extends Readcase class CorrectedRead(read:BillingRead, usage:Int) extends Read

implicit def readToSeconds(r:Read):Int = r.date.getTime / 1000

def areConsecutive(from:Read, to:Read) = (from - to) <= from.duration

Have a Read, but need an Int

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Crazy Awesome - Implicitssealed abstract class Readcase class AMIRead(date:Date,usage:Int,duration:Int) extends Readcase class BillingRead(toDate:Date,usage:Int,numDays:Int,charges:Int) extends Readcase class CorrectedRead(read:BillingRead, usage:Int) extends Read

implicit def readToSeconds(r:Read):Int = r.date.getTime / 1000

def areConsecutive(from:Read, to:Read) = (from - to) > from.duration

Needs a Read and gives an Int

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Crazy Awesome - Implicitssealed abstract class Readcase class AMIRead(date:Date,usage:Int,duration:Int) extends Readcase class BillingRead(toDate:Date,usage:Int,numDays:Int,charges:Int) extends Readcase class CorrectedRead(read:BillingRead, usage:Int) extends Read

implicit def readToSeconds(r:Read):Int = r.date.getTime / 1000

def areConsecutive(from:Read, to:Read) = (from - to) > from.duration

• Given this and matching, casting is rarely needed

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Crazy Awesome - XML Literalsval xml = <html> <head> <title>Scala Pronunciation Guide</title> </head> <body> <h1>How to Pronounce It</h1> </body></html>

println(xml)

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Crazy Awesome - XML Literalsval lang = getLangval title = translate(”scala.title”,lang)val xml = <html lang={lang}> <head> <title>{title}</title> </head> <body> <h1>{title.toUpperCase}</h1> </body></html>

println(xml)

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Crazy Awesome - XML Literalsval lang = getLangval title = translate(”scala.title”,lang)val xml = <html lang={lang}> <head> <title>{title}</title> </head> <body> <h1>{title.toUpperCase}</h1> </body></html>

println(xml)

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Crazy Awesome - XML Literalsval states = List(”DC”,”MD”,”VA”)val xml = <html> <body> <h1>States</h1> <ul> { states.map( (state) => <li>{state}</li> ) } </ul> </body></html>

println(xml)

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Concurrency

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Message-passing

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Message-passingimmutable objects

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Message PassingImmutable objects

“actors” with “mailboxes”

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case class Accumulate(amount: Int)case class Resetcase class Total

object Accumulator extends Actor { def act = { var sum = 0 loop { react { case Accumulate(n) => sum += n case Reset => sum = 0 case Total => reply(sum); exit } } }}

object Accumulators extends Application { Accumulator.start for(i <- (1 to 100)) { Accumulator ! Accumulate(i) } Accumulator !? Total match { case result: Int => println(result) }}

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case class Accumulate(amount: Int)case class Resetcase class Total

object Accumulator extends Actor { def act = { var sum = 0 loop { react { case Accumulate(n) => sum += n case Reset => sum = 0 case Total => reply(sum); exit } } }}

object Accumulators extends Application { Accumulator.start for(i <- (1 to 100)) { Accumulator ! Accumulate(i) } Accumulator !? Total match { case result: Int => println(result) }}

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case class Accumulate(amount: Int)case class Resetcase class Total

object Accumulator extends Actor { def act = { var sum = 0 loop { react { case Accumulate(n) => sum += n case Reset => sum = 0 case Total => reply(sum); exit } } }}

object Accumulators extends Application { Accumulator.start for(i <- (1 to 100)) { Accumulator ! Accumulate(i) } Accumulator !? Total match { case result: Int => println(result) }}

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case class Accumulate(amount: Int)case class Resetcase class Total

object Accumulator extends Actor { def act = { var sum = 0 loop { react { case Accumulate(n) => sum += n case Reset => sum = 0 case Total => reply(sum); exit } } }}

object Accumulators extends Application { Accumulator.start for(i <- (1 to 100)) { Accumulator ! Accumulate(i) } Accumulator !? Total match { case result: Int => println(result) }}

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case class Accumulate(amount: Int)case class Resetcase class Total

object Accumulator extends Actor { def act = { var sum = 0 loop { react { case Accumulate(n) => sum += n case Reset => sum = 0 case Total => reply(sum); exit } } }}

object Accumulators extends Application { Accumulator.start for(i <- (1 to 100)) { Accumulator ! Accumulate(i) } Accumulator !? Total match { case result: Int => println(result) }}

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case class Accumulate(amount: Int)case class Resetcase class Total

object Accumulator extends Actor { def act = { var sum = 0 loop { react { case Accumulate(n) => sum += n case Reset => sum = 0 case Total => reply(sum); exit } } }}

object Accumulators extends Application { Accumulator.start for(i <- (1 to 100)) { Accumulator ! Accumulate(i) } Accumulator !? Total match { case result: Int => println(result) }}

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case class Accumulate(amount: Int)case class Resetcase class Total

object Accumulator extends Actor { def act = { var sum = 0 loop { react { case Accumulate(n) => sum += n case Reset => sum = 0 case Total => reply(sum); exit } } }}

object Accumulators extends Application { Accumulator.start for(i <- (1 to 100)) { Accumulator ! Accumulate(i) } Accumulator !? Total match { case result: Int => println(result) }}

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There’s a lot more to it

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Demo

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DemoFill Gaps in Electric Meter Reads

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6/15 kwh

6/27 kwh

6/43 kwh

6/55 kwh

6/88 kwh

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6/15 kwh

6/27 kwh

6/43 kwh

6/55 kwh

6/88 kwh

6/3??

6/6??

6/7??

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for all consecutive reads r1 and r2 if r2 - r1 > one day fill gaps for (r1,r2)

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fill: for all reads (first,second,List(rest)) if gap(first,second) fill_gap(first,second) + fill(second + rest) else first + fill(second + rest)

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fill: for all reads (first,second,List(rest)) if !first || !second reads else if gap(first,second) fill_gap(first,second) + fill(second + rest) else first + fill(second + rest)

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def fillReads( strategy: (MeterRead,MeterRead) => Seq[MeterRead], reads:List[MeterRead]):List[MeterRead] =

reads match { case List() => List() case first :: List() => List(first) case first :: second :: rest if gap(first, second) => first :: strategy(x,y).toList ::: fillReads(strategy, second :: rest) case first :: rest => first :: fillReads(strategy,rest) }

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def fillReads( strategy: (MeterRead,MeterRead) => Seq[MeterRead], reads:List[MeterRead]):List[MeterRead] =

reads match { case List() => List() case first :: List() => List(first) case first :: second :: rest if gap(first, second) => first :: strategy(x,y).toList ::: fillReads(strategy, second :: rest) case first :: rest => first :: fillReads(strategy,rest) }

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def fillReads( strategy: (MeterRead,MeterRead) => Seq[MeterRead], reads:List[MeterRead]):List[MeterRead] =

reads match { case List() => List() case first :: List() => List(first) case first :: second :: rest if gap(first, second) => first :: strategy(x,y).toList ::: fillReads(strategy, second :: rest) case first :: rest => first :: fillReads(strategy,rest) }

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(demo with code)

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It’s all happy flowers and meadows?

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It’s all happy flowers and meadows?not quite; a few stumbling blocks

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Generics, type-variance, etc. can get really confusing at times

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Library docs not as extensive as Java’s

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Still have to compile

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Symbol Soup sometimes

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Symbol Soup sometimes...but it gets easier

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Static typing sometimes paints you into a (very dark and confusing) corner

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sometimes you just need method_missing

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sometimes you just needmonkey patching

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Where is Scala now?

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scala-lang.org

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mailing lists, irc, a few blogs

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One good book, a few others

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Online docs improving, but scattered

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Spec is surprisingly readable

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Java is on the decline

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Java is on the declineand Ruby and Python aren’t the

only options

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questions?

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