Post on 07-May-2015
description
Safe Medicines for Nigerians:
Young Pharmacists Care!
Introduction...Greetings from San Diego!
Know your Speaker...... Who is Remi ADESEUN?
According to the Organisers...
1. Seasoned Pharmacist
2. Industrialist
3. Communicator par excellence
4. Pioneer President of NIROPHARM
According to me...
1. A Pharmacist
2. Young (at heart at least!)
3. Inclined to Innovation
4. Interested in networking
Young Pharmacists Forum..
Add to the organisers’ 4 reasons for inviting me as guest speaker tonight, the event itself has 4 main elements:
1. Guest Lecture
2. Quiz
3. Inauguration of Young Pharmacists Group
4. Dinner
Remi ADESEUN
Why are we here?
“address various issues that militate against Young Pharmacists’ delivery of safe medicines to Nigerians”, to wit:
1. Indiscipline
2. Unethical Practices
3. Impatience
4. “Register and Go”
Remi ADESEUN
4 Key Issues
1. Safe Medicines for Nigerians
2. Role of the Pharmacist
3. Role of the Young
4. Values, Virtues, Ethics & Professionalism in Pharmacy Practice
In the final analysis,...
Adopting the following 4 Cs’ as Young Pharmacists, will help us “move the Pharmacy profession from
the growing pessimism and gloom to sustainable
professional fulfilment” (OAKPCO 2012).
1. Conviction (based on regularly updated
knowledge and built on strong values, virtues, ethics and professional foundation.
2. Communication (with patients as the
centrepiece)
3. Collaboration (Intra and Inter-Profession)
4. Common Good
Safe Medicines For Nigerians...
Who Cares?
Individuals
Patients
Society
Healthcare Professionals
Government
International Bodies/NGOs/Advocacy Groups
Young Pharmacists Care!
Safe Medicines...Patient Safety
Concept:
Health
Preservation
Prevention
Treatment
Use of Medicines Diagnosis
Prescription
Procurement
Dispensing
Storage
Usage
Patient safety is defined as the prevention of harm to patients, including through errors of commission and omission
Goes beyond “safe medicines”
Safe Medicines...Challenges
Major Challenges:
protection of consumers against counterfeit or contraband medicines
Securing the medicines supply chain
Physician/Pharmacist Error
Patient Error
Self-Medication
Prescription Medicine Control
Medication Error...Definition
"any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer”.
*The definition of "harm" includes both
"temporary or permanent impairment of body function/structure requiring intervention and
an error resulting in death"
Medication Error...Context
May be related to:
professional practice
health care products
procedures, and systems including:
Prescribing
Order communication
Dispensing
Product labelling; packaging; and nomenclature; compounding; distribution
Use
administration; education; monitoring
Medication Error...Index
Type of Error Category Result
NO ERROR A Circumstances or events that have the capacity to cause error
ERROR, NO HARM B An error occurred but the medicine did not reach the patient
C An error occurred that reached the patient but did not cause patient harm*
D An error occurred that resulted in the need for increased patient monitoring but no patient harm*
ERROR, HARM E An error occurred that resulted in the need for treatment or intervention and caused temporary patient harm*
F An error occurred that resulted in initial or prolonged hospitalisation and caused temporary patient harm*
G An error occurred that resulted in permanent patient harm*
H An error occurred that resulted in a near-death event (e.g.anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest)
ERROR, DEATH I An error occurred that resulted in patient death
Medication safety...1 a) improvement of packaging
and labelling of medicines as well as the proprietary and non- proprietary naming, in cooperation regulators and the industry;
b) safer selection and procurement of medicines, including a medication errors risk assessment of medicines during formulary and purchasing decisions ;
c) safer storage of medicines in clinical areas in hospitals and community where high risks medicines stock should be restricted ;
d) safer prescribing of medicines, helped by the availability of complete patient records, electronic prescribing, decision support and clinical pharmacy services ;
e) safer medicines preparation, by minimizing the preparation in clinical areas and supplying ready-to-use medicines;
f) safer dispensing of medicines, enhancing the ability to intercept medication errors, and reducing dispensing errors by the use of automated dispensing systems;
Medicine Safety...2
g) safer administration of medicines, helped by the clear and legible label of medicines up to the point of care, barcoding,
minimising the storage of high risk medicines and the use of standardised procedures;
h) safer monitoring of medicines supported by regular medication reviews and the proactive detection of adverse drug events ;
i) independent, updated and accessible information on medicines must be available to health care providers and patients, and considered with patient information when prescribing, dispensing, and administering medication;
j) and patient education for a safer medicines’ use, considering patients as active partners in their care;
k) safer communication about medicines for individual patients between health care providers.
Remi ADESEUN
Role of the Pharmacist...1
the guardians/safeguards against
"poisons"
Preventing Medication Error.
responsibility to ensure that when a patient
receives a medicine, it will not cause harm.
the involvement of pharmacists in patient
safety can be as early at the prescribing
phase and up to the administration of the
medicines.
Role of the Pharmacist...2
Individual
making appropriate intervention at each stage of the medication-use process
National working with other healthcare professionals,
governments and regulatory agencies
Global working with pharmacy organisations on a
global basis, e.g. FIP
Role of the Pharmacist...3
Individual
Commit to & Promote a “Safety Culture” acknowledgment of the high-risk, error-prone
nature of an organisation’s activities
a blame-free environment where individuals are able to report errors or close calls without fear of reprimand or punishment
an expectation of collaboration across ranks to seek solutions to vulnerabilities
a willingness on the part of the organisation to direct resources for addressing safety concerns
Innovation and Collaboration
Role of the Pharmacist...4
National
PSN commitment to “Access to Safe Medicines as a Human Right”
Collaboration with the National Human Rights Commission
Collaboration with Regulatory Authorities
PCN, NAFDAC, NDLEA
Collaboration with Patient Groups, Consumer Protection Organisations
Role of the Pharmacist...5
Global FIP STATEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS
MEDICATION ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH PRESCRIBED MEDICATION
complementary to the FIP Statement of Professional Standards in Pharmaceutical Care and should be used in conjunction with that Statement
The Role of the Young Pharmacist
Definition
≤ 5 years post-grad?
≤ 35 years age?
Character Traits
Innovation
Collaboration
Malleable
Change Agent
Remi ADESEUN
The Role of the Young Pharmacist
Concerns:
1. Indiscipline
2. Unethical Practices
3. Impatience
4. “Register and Go”
Solution:
1. Values
2. Virtues,
3. Ethics &
4. Professionalism
Remi ADESEUN
Ethics & Integrity in Nigeria….A Call to Action
To Paraphrase Emeritus Prof. O.O.Akinkugbe: “The topic we engage today reflects the
cumulus in our present sky:values upturned, integrity short-changed, discipline outraged and merit marginalised. A dawn is upon us and each Nigerian must make some contribution to the total national effort”.
Of Monks & Monkeys-The Wages of Integrity in Nigeria’s Polity. 1999. Government College Ibadan 70th Anniversary Lecture
The Importance of Ethics & Integrity in the Nigerian Context
“National Ethics” is item 23 in Chapter II of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999.
Code of Conduct is item 209 under section C Part “ (State Executive)
..states inter alia: “A Person in the Public Service of a State shall observe and conform to the “Code of Conduct”
Ethics & Integrity….Many Questions
What is “Ethics”? “Integrity”?
How does Ethics contrast with Law?
Why the Focus on Ethics & Integrity?
What is the nexus between Ethics, Integrity, Leadership & Good Governance?
What is the goal of Good Governance?
What is the Goal of Good Governance?
Nigeria
Remi ADESEUN
What is the Goal of Good Governance?
What does ETHICS mean to you?
“Ethics has to do with what my Feelings tell me is right or wrong”
“Ethics has to do with my Religious beliefs”
“Ethics is doing what the Law requires”
“Ethics is the standard of behaviour Society accepts”
We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit. Aristotle
What is ETHICS?
Ethics refers to:
well founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues.
the study and development of one's ethical standards.
How does Ethics contrast with the Law?
Ethics is the study of right or wrong conduct in situations where there is a choice of behavior involving human values
Ethics Is the collection of rules of conduct imposed by an authority
Law
Relationship between Ethics and the Law
Purpose
•With ethics, human values are the primary binding social mediator
•With law, rules of conduct are the primary binding social mediator
Target
•Societies, communities and people
Goal
•People to live well together
Need
•Ethics governs society’s moral standards, a realm that the law can’t always reach
•The law imposes a specific conduct on society, a realm that ethics can’t always reach
Ethical Principles
Obligations
Respect Values
Consequences
Integrity in Relation to Value Systems & Ethics
What is Integrity? A concept of consistency of actions, values,
methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes.
A value system may evolve over time while retaining integrity provided those who espouse the values account for and resolve inconsistencies.
A Person can be described as having ethical integrity to the extent that everything that person does or believes (actions, methods, measures & principles) all derive from a single core group of values.
Integrity in Modern Ethics
3 key requirements:
Discerning what is right and what is wrong
Acting on what you have discerned, even at personal cost
Saying openly that you are acting on well founded standards of what is right and what is wrong
Benefits:
Leads to increased performance for individuals, groups, organisations and societies.
Results in improved quality of life and value-creation for all
What is an Ethical Culture?
An ethical culture is an intangible
structure of organizing and characterizing a group of people to constitute a framework influencing the behavior of each individual in
the group
How to Evaluate an Ethical Culture
Collect feedback from: Front-line employees Established confidential or anonymous reporting
mechanisms Human Resources Department
Evaluate whether: Ethical values are properly interpreted, clear and
working as desired A swift and consistent way to deal with ethical
concerns exists Ethical values provide a sense of trust and confidence
in the public Ethical values are enforceable and revisable, or not
How to Evaluate an Ethical Culture
• Benchmark with data you collect from peer institutions
• Perform ethics audits
Remi ADESEUN
Influences of Ethical Behavior
Personal values
Credible enforcement of ethics violations
Attitude and behavior of supervisors
Attitude and behavior of senior managers
Friends and co-workers
Internal drive to succeed
Ethics related legislation
Pressures that Compromise
Following boss’s directive
Meeting aggressive financial objectives
Helping the organization survive
Meeting scheduled pressures
Wanting to be a team player
Saving jobs
Pressures continued
Advancing boss’s career interest
Rationalizing that others do it
Feeling peer pressure
Resisting competitive threats
Advancing own career interests
Why Ethical Lapses Occur
The “Bad Apple”
Corrupt Individual; Eliminate
The “Bad Barrel”
Organisational/Societal Culture; Overhaul, Commit to adequate personal integrity
Competitive Pressures
Short-term focus, unsustainable
Opportunity Pressures
Temptation; the greater the reward or the smaller the penalty, the greater the probability of unethical conduct
Globalisation of Business
Negative cultural “cross-pollination”
A conflict of interest is a situation where a public
office holder exploits relationships with the
institution for personal financial or other gain, which
may compromise or have the appearance of
compromising professional judgment when making
decisions or influencing the decisions of other public
office holders.
What is a Conflict of Interest?
Types of Conflicts of Interest
TANGIBLE
The personal gain is financial/material
INTANGIBLE
The personal gain is professional or non-
material
Potential Conflicts of Interest
Conflict of effort or conflict of obligation is when work time is spent on a secondary personal activity
Conflict of conscience is when personal, political, or religious views influence objectivity
Political conflict of interest is when one responds positively to an idea/proposal/person because it represents or is presented by a person/group with whom one is politically affiliated, or where one may act to delay/prevent access or opportunity of an alternative idea/proposal in order to strengthen the interested individual or group’s chances
Potential Conflicts of Interest
Using institutional facilities, resources or time for personal gain and/or activities for which one is paid by anyone other than the employer, except when such activities have been approved in compliance with institutional policies and procedures
Accepting or soliciting any gift, hospitality, favor, service, benefit, or monetary award that one should reasonably know is offered to influence decisions or
actions (bribes, kickbacks, etc)
Doing personal business with the institution, employees or trustees, or their immediate family members or business partners
Potential Conflicts of Interest
Participating in the hiring of or having supervisory authority over a family member or a relative
Accepting additional employment which competes or conflicts with one’s primary duties
Excessively browsing the web, participating in social media, or participating in entertainment or leisure activities during official time and for reasons not related to official duties
Accountability
Appoint Organisation’s Compliance Officer
Internal Audit Team
Training
Highest Level Mgt Responsible
Code of Conduct
An outline of responsibilities of or best practice for an individual or the organization
Set of principles of good organisational behavior adopted by the Organisation
Training and Communication
Ethics and Integrity
1. New employee orientation
2. Policy and/or employee handbook
3. Periodic discussions in meetings
4. Formal annual communication
5. Performance reviews
6. Employee hotline
Encourage Whistle-blower
A whistleblower is an employee, former employee, or member of an organization, especially a business or government agency, who reports misconduct to people or entities that have the power and presumed willingness to take corrective action.
Generally the misconduct is a violation of law, rule, regulation and/or a direct threat to public interest -- fraud, health, safety violations, and corruption are just a few examples
Discipline
The punishment should fit the crime
Unintentional
Write-up
Impact on performance review
Deliberate
Termination
Imperatives Establishing & Maintaining High Ethical and
Socially Responsible Standards must be a Priority
Organisations must be aware of and committed to enthroning conditions and structures that are favourable to the development of integrity and ethical behaviour
Leaders must recognise the key role they play in influencing the people’s ethical behaviour. The Leaders’ actions speak louder than words.
Characteristics of a Professional
A good professional is one who:
1
5
2
6
3
7
4
8
Let’s look at each in detail. Copyright © 2008 - 2012
managementstudyguide.com. All rights reserved.
Characteristics of a Professional
1 Has a good image: Image is the way a person presents his physical self to the others. A good image helps the professional to portray confidence and positive attitude. The key aspects of image are:
o Clothing: An employee must wear clean, well-ironed formal or semi-formal clothes.
o Footwear: Shoes should be coordinated with clothing.
o Accessories: Should be minimal. o Hair and Nail: Should be clean and
trimmed. o Makeup and Perfume: Should be light. o Everything else from head to toe:
Should be appropriate for corporate environment.
Characteristics of a Professional
2
Has a good attitude: • Respect supervisor and seniors • Be friendly with all colleagues • Have a ‘win-win’ approach • Work hard, work smart
Characteristics of a Professional
3
Takes ownership and responsibility: • Meet Deadlines • Complete work effectively and efficiently • Accept your faults and be open to learning • Be open to taking more responsibilities
Characteristics of a Professional
4
Is prompt and orderly: • Keep office space clean and hygienic • Respond to meeting requests, emails, calls
promptly • Respect other’s as well as your time • Organize tasks , events and manage work in
a calm and orderly way
Characteristics of a Professional
5
Uses proper speech: • Avoid abusive, defamatory, offensive or
obscene language • Avoid informal abbreviations, language • Avoid sensitive and racist comments • Respect others and be courteous
Characteristics of a Professional
6
Follows office etiquette, rules and policies: • Smile and greet others • Follow queue system • Do not fight in work floor • Do not speak loudly • Rise up when a senior comes to your desk • Understand company policies and procedures
and follow them at all times • Be respectful to women
Characteristics of a Professional
7
Has Integrity and honesty: • Do not steal or misuse office resources. • Do not participate in any dealings which
compromise your honesty and integrity • Report any issues that are questionable to HR
or Supervisor • Do not indulge in any malicious actions that
can risk company’s or your credibility
Characteristics of a Professional
8
Is a good Communicator: • Follow etiquette for verbal
communication(email, telephone, meeting) • Be aware of Non-Verbal communication and
Body language • Be an active listener
Conclusion: 4Cs 4 Safe Meds!
Adopting the following 4 Cs’ as Young Pharmacists, will help us “move the Pharmacy profession from
the growing pessimism and gloom to sustainable
professional fulfilment” (OAKPCO 2012).
1. Conviction (based on regularly updated
knowledge and built on strong values, virtues, ethics and professional foundation.
2. Communication (with patients as the
centrepiece)
3. Collaboration (Intra and Inter-Profession)
4. Common Good
Thank You!
Contact Information:
Remi ADESEUN
Chairman
Rodot Group
.Healthcare
.Water Technology
.Architecture
.Consulting
08057713769/07065156473
r.adeseun@rodot.org
kojere@yahoo.com