Russell Sage and Spencer Foundations, 2011

Family income relative to 1947

Family income relative to 1979

Why?

Achievement and attainment

Years of schooling completed by U.S. adults

College graduation rates for high and low income children

Race and income-based gaps in reading achievement in SAT-type units

Race and income-based gaps in reading achievement in SAT-type units

Math achievement for low and high income children

Math achievement for low and high income children

Income inequality and children’s attainment:

Are there ANY causal linkages?

Maybe not:

E.g., many more single-parent families now than before, especially for high

school dropout and graduate parents

Family income story

Enrichment expenditures on high and low income children

Income effects on achievement

Family income story

Income effects on stress

Effects of EITC expansion on children’s test scores and mothers’ health

School story

School story

Residential isolation of low- and high-income urban households

Ratio of average family income in high and low-income schools

Peers with problems in low and high income elementary schools

Peer effects

Intergenerational story

Men’s intergenerational mobility

Upward mobility in the earnings of sons in the United States and other countries

Future national prosperity story

Years of schooling completed by U.S. adults

Falling behind

Policy thoughts

Extra and duplicate slides

Growth and decline in selected occupations

Changes in the earnings of high school and college graduates

Children in single-mother homes

Figure 3.1: Residential isolation of low- and high-income urban households

Peer composition of students in low and high income schools

Skill and behavior gaps between low- and high-income kindergarteners and fifth graders