Post on 28-Dec-2015
Role of nutrition and metabolism on fertility in dairy cows
Matt LucyF21C Animal Reproductive Biology
Division of Animal SciencesUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, USA
Lactose (milk sugar)
A disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose
Lactose (milk sugar)
Two molecules of glucose are used in the production of one molecule of
lactose
Ever-Green-View My 1326-ET Waldo, Wisconsin USA February 2010
32,805 kg of milk* 1,267 kg fat974 kg protein365 d lactation
*3-times average US cow in 2010
How much glucose per day?72 g of glucose to produce 1 kg milk100 kg milk per day7.2 kg glucose per day
Glucose synthesisHealthy later lactation or dry cow
Drackley (1999) J. Dairy Sci. 82:2259-2273.
Glucose supply and demand: Prepartum and early lactation
Overton (2001) Proceedings of the Western Canadian Dairy Seminar
Glucose synthesisCow in negative energy balance
Drackley (1999) J. Dairy Sci. 82:2259-2273.
Bovine embryonic and fetal development depends on glucose
Photo courtesy of The Drost Project (University of Florida)
The Warburg EffectMetabolic Requirements for Cell Growth
Vander Heiden et al. (2009) Science 324:1029-1033
Plasma GH concentrations in postpartum dairy cows
0
5
10
15
20
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Days Relative to ParturitionP
lasm
a G
H (
ng
/ml)
Kobayashi et al. (1999) Endocrinology 140:3947-3954.
GH, GHR, IGF1, and insulin in Postpartum Cows
GH
IGF1
Liver
HypothalamusPituitary
GHR
Stimulatory actionInhibitory action
Nutrient PartitioningMilk Production
Insulin
Journal of General Physiology (1931)
GH/Insulin Antagonism
Insulin
GH
IGF-I
GlucoseNEFA
GHR
IR
Mammary
Liver
Pancreas
Adipose
HypothalamusPituitary
IR
GHR
Glucose
Stimulatory actionInhibitory action
Lucy 2004 (NZSAP Proceedings)
75th Annual Hoard’s Dairyman Cow Judging Contest
Glucosesupply
Glucosesupply
Insulin
GH
IGF-I
GH/Insulin antagonism during lactation
Dexcel Strain TrialHamilton, New Zealand 2001-2003
• Three strains– NA90– NZ90– NZ70
• Two different feeding levels– Low– High
Milk energy production and body condition score 2003 Strain Trial Cows
Lucy et al. (2009) J. Dairy Sci. 92:526-539.
Dexcel Strain TrialHamilton, New Zealand 2001-2003
Lucy et al. (2009) J. Dairy Sci. 92:526-539.
Theoretical model of milk production, energy balance, and body condition score
Lucy (2009) Proceedings of the 44th Annual Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference
Liver
Uterus
Ovary
GH
IGF1
Adipose
Glucose
NEFA
Insulin
Embryonic loss for heifers and cows
Santos et al. (2004)
Methods• Pregnant Holstein dairy heifers (n = 43) were
randomly assigned to one of two groups. • After calving:
– One group was dried off immediately (not milked; nonlactating).
– The other group was milked normally (twice daily; lactating).
– Slaughter at 28, 35, or 42 d of pregnancy.
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)Lucy et al. (2012) J. Dairy Sci. (submitted)
Postpartum Glucose
Trt P < 0.001Status P < 0.090Trt*Status NSDPP P < 0.070Trt*DPP NSStatus*DPP P < 0.007T*S*DPP NS
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
Postpartum insulin
Trt P < 0.001Status NSTrt*Status NSDPP NSTrt*DPP NSStatus*DPP NST*S*DPP NS
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
Postpartum IGF1
Trt P < 0.001Status P < 0.019Trt*Status NSDPP P < 0.001Trt*DPP P < 0.001Status*DPP NST*S*DPP NS
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
Postpartum NEFA
Trt P < 0.001Status NSTrt*Status NSDPP P < 0.001Trt*DPP P < 0.001Status*DPP NST*S*DPP NS
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
Day 28 bovine fetuses
7 mm
Cow 15 Cow 34 Cow 39
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
Effect of lactation on fetal wt (g)
Lact NonlactDay 28 fetus 0.11 + 0.15 0.12 + 0.11
Day 35 fetus 0.61 + 0.11 0.80 + 0.15
Day 42 fetus 1.64 + 0.10 2.02 + 0.11
Treatment P < 0.06Day P < 0.001Status P < 0.005
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
Effect of lactation on placental wt (g)
Lact NonlactDay 28 placenta 1.1 + 2.2 1.2 + 1.6
Day 35 placenta 8.1 + 1.7 13.2 + 2.2
Day 42 placenta 16.8 + 1.5 25.0 + 1.6
Treatment P < 0.01Day P < 0.001
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
Fetal tissues and cavities
Drawing from:University of GuelphDepartment of Animal and Poultry Science
Maternal and fetal glucose
Maternal plasma Fetal fluids
Treatment P < 0.001Slaughter NST*S NS
Treatment P < 0.002Slaughter P < 0.001T*S NS
Lucy et al. (2012) J. Dairy Sci. (submitted)
Effect of status on fetal wt (g)
Pregnant to 1st AI
Pregnant to 2nd or 3rd AI
Day 28 fetus 0.14 + 0.10 0.08 + 0.13
Day 35 fetus 0.91 + 0.08 0.49 + 0.16
Day 42 fetus 2.05 + 0.10 1.61 + 0.11
Day P < 0.001Status P < 0.005
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
Day 35 bovine fetuses
Cow 15 Cow 34 Cow 39
Lactating;Pregnant at 2nd AI
Not lactating;Pregnant at 1st AI
Green et al. (2012) Reproduction (in press)
Waldron study cowsPostpartum uterine weight
Lucy and Waldron (unpublished)
Day 3
Day 25
Day 25
Luminal Epithelium of the bovine uterus at 25 dpp
Lucy and Waldron (unpublished)
Glucose infusion0.695 g/min (1 kg/d)
Lucy (unpublished)
Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cellsNEFA
Mammary Gland
MuscleAdipose
IGF1
AA
Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cellsNEFA
MuscleAdipose
Inflammation
Cytokines
Inflammation
IGF1
AA
Mammary Gland
Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cellsNEFA
MuscleAdipose
Inflammation
Cytokines
Inflammation
IGF1
AA
Mammary Gland
Unhea
lthy l
iver
Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cellsNEFA
MuscleAdipose
Inflammation
Cytokines
Inflammation
IGF1
AA
Mammary Gland
Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cellsNEFA
MuscleAdipose
Inflammation
Cytokines
Inflammation
IGF1
AA
Mammary Gland
Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cellsNEFA
MuscleAdipose
Inflammation
Cytokines
Inflammation
IGF1
AA
Mammary Gland
Glucose
Liver
Insulin
“Life on the Knife”
UterusOvary
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Growth hormone
Immune cells
MuscleAdipose
IGF1
Mammary Gland
Liver
Uterus
Ovary
GH
IGF1
Adipose
Glucose
NEFA
Insulin
Solutions: