Post on 30-Dec-2015
RICH 2007RICH 200766thth International Workshop for Ring Imaging Cherenkov Counters International Workshop for Ring Imaging Cherenkov Counters
September 15September 15thth – 20 – 20thth 2007, Trieste – Italy 2007, Trieste – Italy
KM3NeTKM3NeT
Towards a kmTowards a km3 3 volume volume neutrino telescope in the neutrino telescope in the
Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea
Christos MarkouChristos MarkouNational Center for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’National Center for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’
For the KM3NeT CollaborationFor the KM3NeT Collaboration
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
What is KM3NeT?What is KM3NeT?
Future deep sea research facilityFuture deep sea research facilityNext generation water Cherenkov Next generation water Cherenkov
neutrino telescope in the neutrino telescope in the MediterraneanMediterranean
Deep sea infrastructure for Deep sea infrastructure for associated sciences:associated sciences:
Oceanography, Marine Oceanography, Marine Biology, Biology, Environmental Science, Environmental Science, Geology and Geology and GeophysicsGeophysics
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
KM3NeT consortiumKM3NeT consortium
38 Institutes from 11 European 38 Institutes from 11 European Countries:Countries:
Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece. Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece. Ireland, Italy, Malta, The Ireland, Italy, Malta, The
Netherlands, Romania, Spain, UKNetherlands, Romania, Spain, UK
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
KM3NeT Scientific KM3NeT Scientific goalsgoals
High Energy neutrino observation High Energy neutrino observation Investigation of the nature of astrophysical Investigation of the nature of astrophysical
objectsobjects
Production mechanisms of High energy Production mechanisms of High energy neutrinosneutrinos
(acceleration mechanisms, top-down (acceleration mechanisms, top-down scenarios, etc) scenarios, etc)
Origin of cosmic raysOrigin of cosmic rays
Indirect search for dark matterIndirect search for dark matterAssociated sciencesAssociated sciences
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Astroparticle physics with Astroparticle physics with ν ν Telescopes Telescopes
Low-energy limit:• short muon range• small number of
photons detected• background light
from K40 decays
High-energy limit:• neutrino flux
decreases like E–n (n ≈ 2)
• large detectionvolume needed.
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Point SourcesPoint Sources
Association of specific astrophysical objects to Association of specific astrophysical objects to observed neutrino fluxobserved neutrino flux
Combination with other observations, energy Combination with other observations, energy spectrum and specific time stamp and spectrum and specific time stamp and structure, will provide clues and insight on structure, will provide clues and insight on specific physical processes in the sources. specific physical processes in the sources.
Simultaneous observations of GRB’s will allow Simultaneous observations of GRB’s will allow for lower thresholds, larger efficiency, lower for lower thresholds, larger efficiency, lower backgroundsbackgrounds
Very good angular resolution of water Very good angular resolution of water Cherenkov telescopes (0.3Cherenkov telescopes (0.3oo for for ν ν energy ~10 energy ~10 TeV, better than 0.1TeV, better than 0.1oo above 100 TeV) above 100 TeV)
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Possibilities…Possibilities…
Galactic :
Extra-galactic :
Nebulae Supernova remnants Microquasars
AGN’s GRB’s
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Neutrino flux Neutrino flux predictionspredictions
mean atm. flux (Volkova, 1980, Sov.J. Nucl.Phys., 31(6), 784
Kappes et al.,
ApJ 656:870, 2007
(astroph/0607286)
Estimated Estimated neutrino neutrino flux – in flux – in
reach for reach for KM3NeTKM3NeT
All calculations show that we need kmAll calculations show that we need km33 –scale detectors –scale detectors
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Neutrino HuntersNeutrino Hunters
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Northern Hemisphere?Northern Hemisphere?
Mkn 501Mkn 421
CRAB
SS433
Mkn 501RX J1713.7-39
GX339-4
SS433
CRAB
GalacticCentre
VELA
South Pole Mediterranean
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
……Definitely!Definitely!
We certainly need Northern telescope to cover the galactic plane!
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Why in the Why in the Mediterranean sea?Mediterranean sea?
Complementary observations to ICECUBEComplementary observations to ICECUBE Observation of the Galactic centerObservation of the Galactic center Good water qualityGood water quality Deep waters close to shoreDeep waters close to shore Existing infrastructuresExisting infrastructures Favorable weather and sea conditions for Favorable weather and sea conditions for
sea operationssea operations Significant expertise for sea water v
telescopes already exists in European Countries
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
How to design a kmHow to design a km33 ν ν telescope?telescope?
dilute
scale up
Existing telescopes “times 30” ?
•Too expensive•Too complicated
(production, maintenance)•Not scalable
(readout bandwidth, power, ...)
Large volume with same number of PMs?
•PM distance: given by absorption length inwater (~60 m) and PM properties
•Efficiency loss for larger spacing
R&D needed:•Cost-effective solutions
to reduce price/volume by factor ~2
•Stabilitygoal: maintenance-free detector
•Fast installationtime for construction & deploymentless than detector life time
• Improved components
new design
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
KM3NeT timelineKM3NeT timeline
Feb 2006 Jan 2008 Mid 2010
CDR TDR
Design Study Design Study
Preparatory PhasePreparatory Phase
Production model for detection unit
Financial plan
Assembly model
ConstructionConstruction
Tenders
Now
Targeted Budget: 220 – 250 M€ (ESFRI Roadmap)
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
KM3NeT Design ReportKM3NeT Design Report
DS is funded by EU FP6DS is funded by EU FP6 Design of a detector with the followingDesign of a detector with the following
specs:specs: Effective volume ≥ 1 kmEffective volume ≥ 1 km33
Muon angular resolution ~ 0.1Muon angular resolution ~ 0.1oo for for νν’s above 10 TeV’s above 10 TeV Energy threshold ~ few 100s GeV (~100 GeV Energy threshold ~ few 100s GeV (~100 GeV
pointing)pointing)Sensitivity to all neutrino flavors, CC/NC reactionsSensitivity to all neutrino flavors, CC/NC reactionsField of view: close to 4Field of view: close to 4π π for high energiesfor high energies
Deliverables : Deliverables : Conceptual Design Report (workshop in Amsterdam Conceptual Design Report (workshop in Amsterdam
next month)next month)Technical Design Report (Spring 2009)Technical Design Report (Spring 2009)
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Questions needing Questions needing answers:answers:
Architecture ? (strings vs. towers vs. new Architecture ? (strings vs. towers vs. new design)design)
Detector configuration? (cubic vs. ring vs. Detector configuration? (cubic vs. ring vs. clustered vs...)clustered vs...)
How to get the data to shore? (optical vs. How to get the data to shore? (optical vs. electrical, electronics off-shore vs. on-shore)electrical, electronics off-shore vs. on-shore)
Calibration? Calibration? Design of photo-detection units? (large vs. Design of photo-detection units? (large vs.
several small PMs, directionality, …)several small PMs, directionality, …) Deployment? (dry vs. wet by ROV/AUV vs. wet Deployment? (dry vs. wet by ROV/AUV vs. wet
from surface)from surface) Site selection? Site selection?
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Detector optimisation: Detector optimisation: Sensitivity and efficiencies Sensitivity and efficiencies calculated using different calculated using different
configurationsconfigurations
Cuboidal, ring, clustered, etc, with various string Cuboidal, ring, clustered, etc, with various string configurations configurations
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Effective areaEffective area
Effective area is calculated:Effective area is calculated:
AAeffeff(E,(E,θ,φ) = θ,φ) = S NS Nrecrec(E,(E,θ,φ)θ,φ) / / NNtottot
∫ ∫ AAeffeff(E,(E,θ,φ) θ,φ) F(E,F(E,θ,φ) θ,φ) ddΩΩ
∫ ∫ F(E,F(E,θ,φ) θ,φ) ddΩΩSSeffeff(E)(E) = =
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Neutrino effective area Neutrino effective area estimationestimation
Configuration 1 (1 km3):127 lines in hexagonal array100m line spacing25 stories, 15 m apart3 Antares (10”) PMTs per storey
Configuration 2 (1 km3):225 lines in a cubic grid95m line spacing36 stories, 16.5 m apart21x3”PMTs per storey
Antares site parameters Ref. ICRC0865, J. Carr et al Thesis S. Kuch, Erlangen
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Sensitivity to HESS Sensitivity to HESS sourcessources
Ref. ICRC0865, J. Carr et al
Neutrino energies 1TeV – 1 PeVMuon event rates for 5 years of data
takingSources (~0.2o in extent) on the galactic
disk
ττ11, τ, τ11΄ - ΄ - full recostruction of eventsfull recostruction of events
ττ22, τ, τ22΄ - ΄ - simple selection (at least 6 OM hits)simple selection (at least 6 OM hits)
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Optical modules: Optical modules: Exploring new ideasExploring new ideas
Segmentation of photo cathode of 10” PMT
Smart tubeX-HPD(R&D)
multi PMTs in one glass sphere Ref. ICRC0489, P. Kooijman
“Flykt” sphere
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Readout/data Readout/data transmissiontransmission
Three options studied: a la Antares
Improved front-end chip new FPGA/CPU
1-1 wire/fiber network new front end chip multi-functional FPGA system
1-1 photonics based network front-end chip or pic on-shore timestamp on-shore multi-l laser reflective optical modulator off shore on-shore smart TDC
multi cw laser
50 .. 100 ’s GPSclock
dispersion comp.
12
3
45
123
45
To
optic
al
m
od
ule
s
3ns strobe
12345
To
rea
dout
m
od
ule
s
1234512345
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 01 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
101000000101000000111000101111000101
time-stampbitpattern
Bitpattern every 3ns
Po
ssib
le z
ero
sup
pre
ssio
n Time callibration signal
Bidirectional optical
amplifier.
modulator.
deserializer
serializer
Reflective modulator
To analysis farm
Ref. ICRC. 0490, P. Kooijman et al
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Detector UnitDetector Unit
Rigid or flexible structure?Rigid or flexible structure?Both options are feasible, but have to Both options are feasible, but have to
assess:assess:ReliabilityReliability
#(wet mateable) connectors#(wet mateable) connectorsProduction modelProduction model
Distributed versus single assembly siteDistributed versus single assembly siteTransport to deployment siteTransport to deployment site
Deployment modelDeployment modelDependence on weather conditionsDependence on weather conditions#(sub)sea operations: #OM per hour deployment#(sub)sea operations: #OM per hour deployment
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
SeaTop calibrationSeaTop calibration
Three stations at 20 m distances with 16 m2
scintillators each
Calibration: angular offset efficiency angular
resolution absolute position
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Site SelectionSite Selection KM3NeT report input for discussion:KM3NeT report input for discussion:
Evaluation of existing water, oceanographic, Evaluation of existing water, oceanographic, biological and geological data from candidate sitesbiological and geological data from candidate sites
Final choice will depend on issues like:Final choice will depend on issues like: DepthDepth Distance from shoreDistance from shore Bioluminescence rateBioluminescence rate SedimentationSedimentation BiofoulingBiofouling Sea currentsSea currents Earth quake profileEarth quake profile Access to on-shore high speed networksAccess to on-shore high speed networks …………
Socio-political/regional considerationsSocio-political/regional considerations
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Conclusions and Conclusions and Outlook Outlook
The ANTARES, NEMO and NESTOR projects The ANTARES, NEMO and NESTOR projects have proven the feasibility of building and have proven the feasibility of building and operating deep sea neutrino telescopes in the operating deep sea neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean.Mediterranean.
There are compelling scientific reasons for the There are compelling scientific reasons for the construction of neutrino telescopes of kmconstruction of neutrino telescopes of km33-scale. -scale.
It is essential to complement IceCube with a It is essential to complement IceCube with a detector in the Northern Hemisphere. detector in the Northern Hemisphere.
The KM3NeT Design Study is well under way, The KM3NeT Design Study is well under way, with EU FP6 funding a 3-year R&D phase, with EU FP6 funding a 3-year R&D phase, resulting in the resulting in the Conceptual Design ReportConceptual Design Report in in November 2007 and the November 2007 and the Technical Design ReportTechnical Design Report by early 2009.by early 2009.
Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16Christos Markou, NCSR ‘Demokritos’ RICH2007, September 16thth 2007, Trieste, Italy2007, Trieste, Italy
Conclusions and Outlook Conclusions and Outlook (cont.)(cont.)
We hope for the next step: the We hope for the next step: the ‘Preparatory Phase’ in FP7 (2008 – 2011)‘Preparatory Phase’ in FP7 (2008 – 2011) Site selectionSite selectionCommitment for constructionCommitment for constructionGovernance and legal structureGovernance and legal structureSystem prototypeSystem prototype TendersTenders
To be followed by the Construction Phase To be followed by the Construction Phase 2010 – 2013 for the KM3NeT detector.2010 – 2013 for the KM3NeT detector.