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REVIEW FOR THE
UNIT TESTThe Enlightenment
American RevolutionFrench Revolution and Napoleon
Latin American RevolutionsUnifications of Italy and Germany
The two eras known as the Renaissance and
the Enlightenment are similar in that they both led to people doing two
things:
(1) Question the world
around them (2) try to improve society
During the Scientific Revolution, scholars applied logic and reason; this inspired the Enlightenment thinkers to also use
logic and reason as they came up with new ideas about economics and government
Baron de Montesquieu felt that too much power in the hands of
one person always leads to tyranny; Rousseau agreed with
this idea of too much power
Montesquieu believed in separation of powers:
dividing power among three branches of government
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
The Swiss philosophe Jean-Jacques
Rousseau believed in individual freedom
Rousseau believed that people are
naturally good, but too much power
corrupts them
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
John Locke said that the purpose of government was to protect citizens’
natural rights
Locke believed that people are born with
natural rights: rights to life, liberty, and property
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
Locke believed that a government’s power
comes from “consent of the governed”
(approval of the people)
The English Bill of Rights
(1689)•The king cannot tax or overturn Parliament’s laws•Protected freedom of speech•The army cannot be used as a police force •No excessive bail
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
He argued that kings could be overthrown
if they violated peoples’ rights
Voltaire argued for certain rights: freedom of speech and religion;
he criticized intolerance, prejudice, and
oppression
Voltaire once said:“I may disapprove of
what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
English philosophe Thomas Hobbes believed that
humans are naturally cruel, selfish, and hungry for power
Because he believed people needed to be protected from
themselves, Hobbes supported rule by absolute
monarchs (like Louis XIV); he argued that only kings with
absolute power could maintain order in society
Hobbes would disagree with the political ideas of Locke
and Montesquieu
To collect the new ideas of the Enlightenment and make them accessible, Denis Diderot created the
first encyclopedia
Capitalism is an economic model based on private ownership of property and the
goal is to make profits
“Laissez-faire” (“hands off”) is the idea that the economy thrives
when there is minimal government
involvement in the economy and business
Some powerful monarchs known as enlightened despots listened to new ideas
and tried to improve the lives of their citizens
Impact of the Enlightenment: Kings
The policies of the enlightened despots were influenced by the
writings of Enlightenment thinkers (such as Voltaire, Rousseau)
Enlightened despots improved the lives of their
citizens: they favored religious
tolerance, tax reform, reduced
government spending, and
legal rights
Salons were discussion parties held by Enlightenment thinkers in Europe; they discussed new ideas in
culture, government, and economics
Music composers created new, elegant styles of music known as Classical
Franz Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Beethoven
Impact of the Enlightenment: Music
The storming of the Bastille prison in 1789 represented the beginning of the French Revolution
The French Revolution was started by the financial crisis in France, the unfair taxes on the Third Estate, the spread of Enlightenment ideas, and inspired by
the success of the American Revolution
The French and Indian War (1754-1763)
England won the French and Indian War; France gave England all
French lands east of the Mississippi
River...
…but the war left England with
massive debts
To pay off war debts, Britain created a series of new taxes (such as the Stamp Act) for the
American colonists
The colonists were upset that the Parliament in
England would pass laws and taxes without the
colonists’ approval
Their slogan became: “No taxation without representation”, which
meant that colonists believed that they should be able to vote on taxes and laws that affected them
The Declaration of Independence used ideas from
the Enlightenment (especially John
Locke) to explain why Americans were declaring independence
The Declaration suggested that
the government should protect the rights of its
citizens
Like America’s Declaration of
Independence, France’s Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of the Citizen also stated that the government
should protect the rights of its citizens
France’s unequal social structure: the Three Estates
They owned 10% of land in France but paid little in taxes to the government
The clergy (priests) of the Roman Catholic Church made up the First Estate
They owned 20% of French land but were exempt from paying
taxes
The Second Estate was made up of rich nobles
This group paid 50% of their income in taxes
The Third Estate made up 97% of the population and
was mostly made up of extremely poor peasants
The members of the Third Estate,
the French commoners,
hated having no say in the
government and having to pay all
the taxes
This cartoon shows the poor Third Estate carrying the burden of the First and
Second Estates
During a meeting of the Estates-General (France’s government), the First and Second Estates voted to
increase taxes on the Third Estate; King Louis XVI approved of the vote, which enraged the Third Estate
The American Revolution and French Revolution were important events
in world history Both revolutions created
new democratic governments based on
the Enlightenment ideas of individual liberty
In 1793, King Louis XVI was
arrested, convicted of treason, and executed by
guillotine
In 1793, radical Maximilien Robespierre
slowly gained control of the
National Convention, France’s new government
after the death of the king
When King Louis XVI was executed during the French Revolution, many European nations attacked France to keep revolutionary ideas from spreading
From 1793 to 1794, any French citizens who were accused of being
disloyal to the new republic were
executed
Robespierre executed 30,000 “traitors” during an era known as
the Reign of Terror (until he, too, was
executed)
In 1799, a French military general named
Napoleon Bonaparte led a coup d'état and
seized power in France
Similar to Robespierre, Napoleon took
advantage of the chaos of the French
Revolution to increase his personal power
Napoleon made a series of reforms to improve the government, economy, and lives for French citizens
To fix the French
economy, he introduced a
fair tax system and created a
Bank of France to regulate the money supply
In order rule France more effectively,
Napoleon created a comprehensive set of
laws called the Napoleonic Code
This law code provided order, freedom of
religion, and eliminated privileges by estates
In 1812, Napoleon made his greatest mistake and invaded Russia
Russia’s severe winters and the Russians’ “scorched earth” policy devastated the French
army and forced Napoleon to retreat
The era after the fall of Napoleon was a conflict among conservative, liberal, and radical forces
CONSERVATIVESCONSERVATIVES were usually wealthy land
owners and nobles; they typically supported
traditional monarchies LIBERALSLIBERALS were usually from
the middle class; they supported Enlightenment ideas
like limited monarchies and protecting citizens’ liberty
RADICALSRADICALS were usually from the lower classes; they supported extending
democracy to all citizens
After the fall of Napoleon in 1815, European leaders met at the Congress of Vienna to
restore a balance of power in Europe
The Congress of Vienna was attended by conservatives from Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain, and France and
was led by Austrian minister Klemons von Metternich
Metternich and other conservatives wanted to restore powerful monarchies in Europe, disliked democracy,
and feared the ideas of the French Revolution
In the class system of Latin America, rich and powerful
White Europeans
called “Peninsulares”
were at the top of society
Peninsulares were at the top of society in Latin America
In 1791, Haitian slaves rose in revolt against their French
rulers; Toussaint L’Ouverture became the
leader of the slave uprising and
helped free all the slaves by 1801
From 1811 to 1824, Venezuelan
creole Simon Bolivar led an
army of revolutionaries in the independence
movement against Spain
Argentinean creole San
Martín led the independence movement in
southern South America
Enlightenment ideas spread
from Europe to South America,
which led to creoles fighting
for independence from Spain and other European
rulers
In Mexico, a poor but well educated
Catholic priest named Miguel Hidalgo used
Enlightenment ideals to call for a revolution against
Spain
What is NATIONALISM?What is NATIONALISM?Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a
nation of peopleIt is a sense of national identity exalting
one nation above all others It can be defined as pride in one’s
nation, and it can also be defined as the desire of an ethnic group to have its own country
ITALY and GERMANY: TWO DIVIDED NATIONS
As of the early 1800s, the German and Italian people were DIVIDED into numerous small states. Germany and Italy would not become fully unified until 1871
GERMAN STATES
ITALIAN STATES
GARIBALDI: UNIFIER OF ITALY
Garibaldi, who always wore a red shirt in battle, named his
forces the “Redshirts”
Giuseppe Garibaldi wanted a unified Italy under a republic style
of government
BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY
Otto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia in the 1860s
Bismarck’s goal was the unification of the German
states under the leadership of Prussia
Otto was an advocate of realpolitik, “politics of reality”, where there is no room for idealism
As someone in favor of realpolitik, Bismarck was ruthless and saw using force, threats, and deceit as ways to achieve his goals
BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY
“BLOOD AND IRON”
In 1862, Bismarck makes his intentions known:
“Germany will not be united through speeches and
diplomacy, but through blood and iron.”
NEXT, REVIEW SOME MATERIAL FROM THE PREVIOUS UNITS TO
REFRESH YOUR MEMORIES
Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent’s
greatest accomplishment
was establishing a stable government
for the Ottoman Empire through the law code he
created
By the mid-1500s, Suleyman the
Magnificent was the most powerful king in the world;
similar to kings such as King Louis XIV of France and
Czar Peter the Great of Russia,
he ruled with absolute power
Tokugawa Ieyasu
During the time of Tokugawa’s rule, the actual power in Japan was held by the shogun, not the
emperor
Nagasaki Bay
Japan
Deshima
Dutch ships
Very similar to Qing China, Tokugawa Japan’s policy with foreigners was one of isolationism
HAMMURABI’S CODE
Babylonian King
Hammurabi created the world’s first written code
of law
Pax RomanaPax Romana
During the Roman Republic, the Senate
ruled; when they became the Roman Empire, emperors
called “caesars” ruled with absolute power
The Justinian Code
The “Justinian Code” was the
legal system of the Byzantine Empire;
it is considered important because it would serve as a model for future European legal
systems
Absolute monarchs like Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia made all government
decisions without the consent of their people; this is what made them “absolute monarchs”