Post on 06-Feb-2018
PRACTICAL ROADMAPRESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Mrs. A. Jovanović
DIVISION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CONDUCTING PORTION
Nasal cavities • Oral cavity• Nasopharynx• Oropharynx• Larynx Trachea Paired bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles
RESPIRATORY PORTION
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli
CONDUCTING PORTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• Slide 67 The nasal cavities and air sinuses
Olfactory mucosaRespiratory mucosa
THE NASAL CAVITY AND AIR SINUSES
Olfactorymucosa
Respiratorymucosa
Air sinus
Nasal cavity
OLFACTORY and RESPIRATORY MUCOSA
Nasal cavity
Olfa
ctory
mucosa
Bonespicule
Respiratorymucosa
OLFACTORY MUCOSAOlfactory gland duct “piercing” trough the basement membrane and olfactory epithelium
Olfa
ctory
epith
elium
Lamina
prop
riaMuscularis
mucosa
Olfactory glands (encircled in black)
Blood vessels
Indistinct basement membrane
Olfactorynerve
Smooth
muscle
Bonespicule
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUMPseudostratified ciliated epithelium with four cell types and indistinct basement membrane
Olfa
ctory ep
ithelium
Indistinct basement membrane
Olfactory cells (bipolar neuron) with vesicular nuclei Sustentacular‐supporting cells nuclei
Cilia
Basal cells nuclei
RESPIRATORY MUCOSARe
spira
tory
epith
elium
Lamina propria
Muscularis
mucosa
Bonespicule
Blood vessels
Distinct basement membrane
Mucous‐serous glands in the lamina propria
RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUMPseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with five cell types and distinct basement
membrane
Respira
tory epithelium
Distinct basement membrane
Goblet cells
Columnar cell with apical cilia Note: Small granule cells and brush cells cannot be distinguished in the routine H&Epreparation and require a special staining.Only their basophilic nuclei can be seen atthe different levels of this epithelium
Basal cells nuclei
Respiratory system
Conducting portion
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory portion
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sack
Alveoli
CONDUCTING PORTION
TRACHEA
• Slide 32 Trachea and OesophagusRespiratory mucosa:
Respiratory epithelium ‐ pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
Lamina propria – cellular, loose connective tissueMuscularis mucosa (absent)
Submucosa: Dense irregular connective tissue ‐ C shaped hyaline cartilage ring and mucous ‐ serous glands
Muscularis ExternaAdventitia
Tracheal lumen
Hyaline cartilage
Trachealis muscle
Respiratory epithelium
Submucosa
Lamina propria
Adventitia
TRACHEAL MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSA
SubmucosaMucosa
Respiratory epithelium Lamina propria
Hyaline cartilage
Mucous serous glands
Perichondrium
TRACHEAL MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSAThe region where two ends of the hyaline cartilage ring meet
Hyaline cartilage
Trachealis muscle
Mucous serous glands
Respiratory epithelium Lamina propriaPerichondrium
TRACHEALIS MUSCLE AND ELASTIC SHEETSThe region where two ends of the hyaline cartilage ring meet
Note: Wavy elastic fibers are staining very darkly between eosinophilic collagen fibers
Hyaline cartilageTrachealis muscle
Elastic sheets
Perichondrium
Lymphatic tissue associated with respiratory system
Note: Nodular and diffuse lymphatic tissue and associated lymphatic vessels are constantly present in both lamina propria and submucosa
Nodular lymphatic tissue
Lymphatic vessels
INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS
• Slide 97 Hilus of lung Intrapulmonary bronchus Bronchiole Transitional bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole
INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS
Respiratory mucosa:Respiratory epitheliumLamina propriaMuscularis mucosa ‐ present
SubmucosaMuscularis ExternaAdventitia
Same as in trachea
INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHUS
Mucosa
Submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
plates in the submucosa
BRONCHIAL MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSARespiratory epithelium Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa
Submucosa
Perichondrium
Hyaline cartilage
Glands
Mucosa
BRONCHIOLE
• Slide 97 Hilus of lungBronchioleRespiratory mucosa:
Respiratory epithelium – Epithelium varies from pseudostratified ciliated columnar in the proximal part of the bronchiole to ciliated columnar more distally
Lamina propria ‐ Loose connective tissue
Muscularis mucosa – Circular band of smooth muscle surrounding the circumference of the bronchiole
BRONCHIOLERespiratory epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosaMucosa
BRONCHIOLAR MUCOSARespiratory epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa
Goblet cell
Cilia
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLE
• Slide 97 Hilus of lungTerminal bronchioleRespiratory mucosa:
Respiratory epithelium – simple cuboidal ciliated epithelium with Clara cells
Lamina propria – loose connective tissue
Muscularis mucosa ‐ smooth muscle band
B ‐ Bronchiole; TB ‐Terminal Bronchiole; RB ‐ Respiratory bronchiole; AD – Alveolar duct; AS ‐ Alveolar sac; A ‐ Alveolus
BTB
RB
ADRB
AS
A
http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/respiratory_system_lab.php
TRANSITION BETWEEN STRUCTURES IN RESPIRATORY TREE
Sometimes the transition is not seen but only a cross sections of the individual structures which are the part of the respiratory tree. TB – Transitional bronchiole
TB
Blood vessel
RESPIRATORY PORTION
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE
• Slide 98 LungRespiratory mucosa:
Respiratory epithelium – simple cuboidal ciliated epithelium with dominant Clara cells
Lamina propria – loose connective tissue
Muscularis mucosa – thin smooth muscle band
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE
http://www.studyblue.com/
Clara cells
ALVEOLAR DUCTS and ALVEOLAR SACKS
• Slide 98 LungRespiratory mucosa:
Respiratory epithelium ‐ simple squamous epithelium
Lamina propria – scarce loose connective tissue
Muscularis mucosa – individual smooth muscle cells
ALVEOLAR DUCTS and ALVEOLAR SACKS
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Smooth muscle “knob”
Alveolar duct
Alveolus
Interalveolar septum
Note: Alveolus – singular,Alveoli ‐ plural
ALVEOLI
• Slide 98 LungRespiratory mucosa:
Respiratory epithelium ‐ simple squamous epithelium
Lamina propria ‐ scarce loose connective tissue
Muscularis mucosa ‐ few smooth muscle cells
Alveolus
Pneumocyte type I
Pneumocyte type II
Blood vessel
Endothelium
Connective tissue
Interalveolar septum
INTERALVEOLAR SEPTUM – SEPTAL WALLSite of a blood air barrier
• Slide 98 LungConstituents of the interalveolar septum:
Pneumocyte type I (squamous cell)Pneumocyte type II (cuboidal cell)Connective tissue (cells and fibres)Occasional smooth muscle fibreBlood vessels (lined by endothelium)Dust cells (macrophages)
INTERALVEOLAR SEPTUM
Capillaries with red blood cells in a single file.
Type I Pneumocytes squamous epithelialcells lining the alveolus
Type II Pneumocytes cuboidal cells in the angles between adjacent alveoli
Alveolar Macrophages Dust cells
Endothelial cell
BL
lb
bab
A
BL
En
En
Alb
Blood vessel
Blood vessel
Alveolar lumen
Pneumocyte type II
Pneumocyte type II
Lamellar body
Lamellar body
Blood air barrierBasal lamina
Endothelium
Endothelium
Basal lamina
Multinucleated macrophage – Dust cell
Nucleus
Lamellar body
BLOOD AIR BARRIER (EMG)
Constituents of the blood air barrier:
Thin layer of surfactantPneumocyte type I Fused basal laminaeEndothelial cell
ps
ps
Ebab
bab
ly
dv
ps – pseudopodia; ly – lysosomes; dv – digestion vacuole
Blood air barrier
Blood air barrier
Blood air barrier
Erythrocyte
Pneumocyte type I
Pneumocyte type I
Alveolar lumen
Alveolar lumen
Capillary lumen
Dust cell