Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemPurposePurpose

1. 1.

EventsEvents

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

Respiration – Respiration –

I. Organs of Respiratory I. Organs of Respiratory SystemSystem

A. Series of tubes & A. Series of tubes & chambers.chambers.

B. Two divisions.B. Two divisions.First divisionFirst division

a. a.

b. b.

Second divisionSecond divisiona. a.

b. b.

C. Nose – initial receiving C. Nose – initial receiving chamberchamber

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

a. a.

b. b.

D. PharynxD. Pharynx1. 1.

2. Composed of skeletal 2. Composed of skeletal muscle.muscle.

3. Lined with .3. Lined with .

4. Back of nasal cavity to 4. Back of nasal cavity to the larynx:the larynx:

a. a. b. b. c. c.

E. Larynx – E. Larynx –

1. Connects 1. Connects toto..

2. Thyroid Cartilage2. Thyroid Cartilage

..

3. 3. CartilageCartilage

4. 4. CartilageCartilage

5. 5. Vocal CordsVocal Cords

6. 6. Vocal CordsVocal Cords

7. 7.

F. Trachea – wind pipeF. Trachea – wind pipe

1. 1. cm long. cm long.

2. Supported by 2. Supported by -shaped -shaped rings, rings, muscle, & muscle, & fibers. fibers.

3. Lined with 3. Lined with mucous mucous membrane.membrane.

secreting cells secreting cells (PSCC).(PSCC).

4. 4. columnar cells.columnar cells.

Cilia beats in synch to Cilia beats in synch to removed trapped particles removed trapped particles in mucus.in mucus.

– – expelled or expelled or swallowed.swallowed.

prevents prevents from reaching the from reaching the . .

G. Bronchial TreeG. Bronchial Tree

1. 1. – Right & Left– Right & Left

2. 2. BronchiBronchi

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

H. Alveoli – 300-500 million/ lung.H. Alveoli – 300-500 million/ lung.1. Increase 1. Increase (size of tennis (size of tennis 70 m70 m22).).2. Thin layer of watery fluid which is 2. Thin layer of watery fluid which is necessary for gas exchange (moisture).necessary for gas exchange (moisture).3. 3. (aveloi tissues (aveloi tissues stick together).stick together).4. 4. – detergent like lipids – – detergent like lipids – counteracts tension.counteracts tension.

5. Pre-mature babies –5. Pre-mature babies – ..

a. Run a chance ofa. Run a chance of ..

b. Force air in & out.b. Force air in & out.

c.c. ..

d. d. (RDS) or (RDS) or (HMD).(HMD).

e. e. / yr die/ yr die

6. Capillaries6. Capillaries

a. Walls of aveoli in close contact with capillary a. Walls of aveoli in close contact with capillary walls.walls.

b. Thin membrane forb. Thin membrane for .5um..5um.

I.I. Lungs – Gas exchange between Lungs – Gas exchange between

1. Characteristics1. Characteristicsa.a. ..b. b. ..c.c. ..d. d. - attachment to trachea & heart.- attachment to trachea & heart.

2. Serous Membrane (2. Serous Membrane ( ))a.a. – lines the thoraic wall.– lines the thoraic wall.b. b. – line outer surface of lings.– line outer surface of lings.c.c. – space between parietal & visceral.– space between parietal & visceral.d.d. – Lubricates surface to reduce – Lubricates surface to reduce friction created from breathing.friction created from breathing.e. e. – Reduction of fluid & membrane rubs – Reduction of fluid & membrane rubs against.against.

3. Divisions3. Divisionsa. Lobes –a. Lobes – compartmentscompartments

1. Right Lung – 1. Right Lung – lobes – larger lobes – larger2. Left Lung – 2. Left Lung – lobes lobes3. Fissures –3. Fissures – lobeslobes

b. b. – supplied by a smaller branch of – supplied by a smaller branch of bronchi.bronchi.

c. c. – receives a single bronchiole, – receives a single bronchiole, arteriole, arteriole, venule.venule.

II. Mechanisms of BreathingII. Mechanisms of BreathingA. A. – Contraction of the respiratory – Contraction of the respiratory muscle to expand the volume of the thorax & lungs.muscle to expand the volume of the thorax & lungs.

1.1. ..

2.2. ..

3.3. ..

4.4. ..

5.5. ..

6. 6.

7. 7. ..

B. Expiration B. Expiration

1.1. ..

2.2...

a.a. ..

b.b. ..

c.c. ..

d.d...

e.e. ..

Mechanisms of BreathingMechanisms of Breathing

C. Respiratory VolumeC. Respiratory Volume1.1. ..

2. 2. – measures respiratory volumes.– measures respiratory volumes.

3. Average 3. Average ml/ breath.ml/ breath.

Respiratory VolumeRespiratory Volume

III. Exchange of GasesIII. Exchange of Gases

A. A. of oxygen & Carbon dioxide at the of oxygen & Carbon dioxide at the alveoi & blood (alveoi & blood ( respiration), blood & cells (respiration), blood & cells (

respiration).respiration).

B. Oxygen & Carbon dioxide will follow B. Oxygen & Carbon dioxide will follow by moving from by moving from areas of greater areas of greater & areas of & areas of

..

C. C. Nitrogen – Nitrogen – %% Each create a partial Each create a partial pressurepressure

Oxygen - Oxygen - %%

Carbon - Carbon - %%

D. Each gas will D. Each gas will at at rate based on partial rate based on partial . .

E.E. External RespirationExternal RespirationAlveoli & Blood streamAlveoli & Blood stream1. 1.

..

2. Establishes a 2. Establishes a gradient.gradient.

3.3. % of oxygen bind to % of oxygen bind to ((

). ).

4.4. % in plasma. % in plasma.

5.5. Carbon dioxide partial Carbon dioxide partial pressure is in the pressure is in the then .then .

6.6. Establishes aEstablishes a

7.7. Carbon dioxide the Carbon dioxide the bloodblood

F. Internal RespirationF. Internal Respiration

1. Relies on 1. Relies on in capillaries & intersitial in capillaries & intersitial fluid.fluid.

2. 2. of Carbon Dioxide in blood changes to of Carbon Dioxide in blood changes to bicarbonate ions (HCO )bicarbonate ions (HCO )

3. % of carbon dioxide binds with hemoglobin.3. % of carbon dioxide binds with hemoglobin.

4. % remains dissolved.4. % remains dissolved.

5. CO2 + H20 (5. CO2 + H20 ( ) -> H2CO3 -> HCO3 () -> H2CO3 -> HCO3 ( ) +H.) +H.

6. Once changed, moves to plasma & remain in RBC by binding to 6. Once changed, moves to plasma & remain in RBC by binding to hemoglobin.hemoglobin.

7. 7. at the capillaries in the lungs. at the capillaries in the lungs.

IV. Control of Breathing.IV. Control of Breathing.

A. Rate & deepness is control by A. Rate & deepness is control by the the is in the brain.is in the brain.

B. Respiratory CenterB. Respiratory Center

1. 1. Center.Center.

a. a. – only active – only active when needing a more when needing a more forceful breathing.forceful breathing.

b. b. – Normal – Normal breathing:breathing:

for inhalation.for inhalation.

for exhaling.for exhaling.

C. C. (Upper pons) – (Upper pons) – Decreases the rateDecreases the rate

1.1. – decreases – decreases breathing rate.breathing rate.

2.2. – Long durations – – Long durations – increases breathing rate.increases breathing rate.

D. D. (lower Pons)(lower Pons)

Sends signal to dorsal Sends signal to dorsal respiratory to respiratory to prolong inspiration.prolong inspiration.

E. Factors that effect breathing.E. Factors that effect breathing.

1. Chemical changes in the blood.1. Chemical changes in the blood.

(( ))

2. Stretch of lungs.2. Stretch of lungs.

(( ))

3. Mental state3. Mental state

V. DiseasesV. Diseases1. 1.

a. Pulmonary edema (Fluid accumulation in a. Pulmonary edema (Fluid accumulation in lungs)lungs)

1. 1. , spasms of smooth muscle , spasms of smooth muscle in in small bronchi.small bronchi.

2. . 2. . Alveoli & alveoli ducts are destroyed by Alveoli & alveoli ducts are destroyed by

leukocytes.leukocytes.Causes: Causes: , , , , ..

3. 3. Infection of alveoli by Infection of alveoli by or or ..

of fluid within the alveoli which of fluid within the alveoli which fills with fills with pathogens.pathogens.

4. 4. – Number 1 killer in America. – Number 1 killer in America.