Post on 22-Jan-2018
FAO conference Multistakeholders consultation on Agroecology
Bangkok 25-26 November 2015
RESEARCH on AGROECOLOGY and
AGROECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
for SOUTH EAST ASIA
FAO consultation Nov 2015 1
Frank Enjalric et Etienne Hainzelin
• Agrarian transition
FAO consultation Nov 2015 2
1) Context (1/2)
Progressive replacement of upland rice-based
shifting cultivation by … by maize or cassava
monocropping with detrimental impacts on natural
resources, ecosystem biodiversity, soil fertility, weeds
control, crop yields, etc.
Forest cover Land degradation
Poverty Inequalities
• Soil erosion and deforestation
FAO consultation Nov 2015
3
Context (2/2)
The limits of the agro-business model: Positive results on production, but unequally distributed,
More and more dependant on inputs and fossil energy with major negative
impacts on environment, economical and social aspects
Even if it is still the reference, this model is not any more
sustainable (according to the 3 pillars)
There are needs for alternative approaches and cropping systems
• Agroecology
AE represents a rupture with the way agriculture
has been seen and analyzed by mainstream
science for over a century, with essentially
artificializing views
• Ecological intensification
• Agroecology and innovative cropping systems
with CANSEA, Conservation Agriculture Network
for South East Asia
FAO consultation Nov 2015 4
2) Research involvement from Cirad and its partners on:
Designing of CA farming systems through
systemic and holistic approach, accordingly to
local, socio-economical, agropedological
contexts.
Agroecological approach
Scientific approach
Social Movement
Agricultural practices
Ecology science applied to the study, design and management of sustainable agroecosystems
Support to smallholder farming aimed to food sovereignty as opposed to industrial agriculture
Practices mimicking natural processes and harnessing biological interactions in agroecosystems …
FAO consultation Nov 2015
FAO consultation Nov 2015 6
What do we mean by ecological intensification ?
Diversification Complex systems
Simplification Degradation
Driven process
Natural processes
Natural Ecosystems
Traditional Systems
without input
Agroecological systems
& Ecological processes
High inputs conventional
systems Adapted from M. Griffon 2013
From a large choice of alternatives practices:
Research institutions in partnership with Cirad decide to agree on common objectives, on common
principles, and on common practices
CANSEA : Conservation Agriculture Network for South East Asia
Conservation Agriculture (CA) principles: minimal soil disturbance, crop associations and rotations, and adequate organic soil cover. These farming system aims at increasing agricultural production and productivity while conserving the natural resources and enhancing biological interactions in agroecosystems
FAO consultation Nov 2015
CANSEA
• A research network for the development of Conservation
Agriculture (CA) and Agroecology
• 9 members of the network:
Cambodia: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF)
China: Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (YAAS)
Indonesia: Indonesian Agency for Agriculture Research & Devlpt (IAARD)
Lao PDR: Department of Agricultural Land management (DALaM)
Thailand: Kasetsart University
Vietnam: Northern Mountainous Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute
(NOMAFSI) and Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute (SFRI)
+ Australia: University of Queensland
Regional coordination by CIRAD.
FAO consultation Nov 2015 8
Research and
knowledge
Exchanges Training
• To restore degraded soils • To intensify and diversify conventional cropping systems
• Academic and vocational
training
• To enhance internal and external communication
• To spread CA and AE knowledge
FAO consultation Nov 2015 9
FAO consultation Nov 2015 10
3) Research activities and orientations for CANSEA
Research platform in partnership
Conservation Agriculture and Agroecology to support a regional agroecology transition based on ecological intensification in South-East Asia
Overall objective: Co-design and co-assessment of sustainable management for smallholders’ farming systems based on agroecology
DP CANSEA Agroecology and ecological intensification in South East Asia
FAO consultation Nov 2015 11
Intervention methods:
o Diagnosis with systemic and holistic approach,
o Multiscale and multidisciplinary approaches
o High diversity of knowledge, with association of
traditional and up to date knowledge
o Participatory cropping systems designing based on
biomass production and recycling
Example of Complexification of cropping systems.
Source: L. Seguy et al., (2009) La symphonie inachevée du semis direct dans le Brésil central http://agroecologie.cirad.fr/librairie _virtuelle
12
Erosion
Engaging village communities in landscape level management of agricultural innovations
LANDSCAPE APPROACH (Eficas-NUDP-CA project)
FAO consultation Nov 2015 14
For SEA, there were mainly maize based CA cropping systems in relation with maize boom
Upland environment § 4, Vietnam (NOMAFSI)
FAO consultation Nov 2015 15
Many cropping systems based on rotation and succession with Maize, Stylosanthes, Brachiaria, rainfed rice, vigna, cassava, … have been tested. Among them, the most efficient widely adopted by farmers was:
• Maize + Vigna / Vigna // Maize + Vigna / Vigna
Maize upto 8 t/ha, and rice bean (vigna) 2t/ha
§ 1, 2 & 4 environments: in Cambodia (CASC –GDA)
16
Various cropping systems have been evaluated:
• Two years rotation :
maize + Stylosanthes guianensis // soybean + sorghum + S. guianensis,
maize + S. guianensis // upland rice + S. guianensis,
• Three-year rotation: early maize + E. coracana + C. juncea / dry season
cassava // Cassava // maize + S. guianensis
maize + S. guianensis 7.35 ± 0.62 6.71 ± 1.19
soybean + sorghum + S. guianensis 5.02 ± 0.95
maize + S. guianensis 6.88 ± 1.32 8.26 ± 0.44
7.48 ± 0.98 8.00 ± 0.44
upland rice + S. guianensis 4.58 ± 0.51
maize + S. guianensis 3.97 ± 1.15 6.95 ± 0.81
upland rice + S. guianensis 9.58 ± 0.71
Control monocropping maize 5.70 ± 0.79
Cropping system
Dry biomass
before sowing
(Mg ha-1
) n = 5
Yields
(Mg ha-1) n= 5
FAO consultation Nov 2015 17
Some illustrations of cropping systems on Cambodia uplands
maize direct seeded on mulch of Stylosanthes guianensis
maize after soybean + sorghum + stylosanthes
Soybean on mulch of sorghum
Upland environment § 4, Laos
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Maize based CA systems
Maize residues management
Intercropping with pigeon pea
Intercropping with rice bean
What is expected for the next future:
To aggregate scientific approaches and thematics on designing and assessment of farming systems able to tackle rural sustainable development involving different approaches of Agroecology and Ecological intensification.
Key words are:
Agroecology, Ecological Intensification, Agroecological crops
protection, smallholder farmers, Participatory designing,
Conservation Agriculture, Landscape approach, Natural
resources, Climate change, Out- and up-scaling, Agrarian transition, ecosystemic services…
FAO consultation Nov 2015 19
DP CANSEA Agroecology and ecological intensification in South East Asia
Thank you for your attention
20 FAO consultation Nov 2015
• Reproduction of the forest ecosystem which is balanced
• Re-introduction of soil biology via plant biomass production and
recycling
• Enhance mineralisation and humification of Soil Organic Matter
Conservation agriculture as defined by FAO
This refers to Direct seeding Mulch based Cropping
systems (DMC) or SCV in French (CIRAD)
1. Permanent soil cover all year around
2. No tillage or minimum soil disturbance
3. Crops rotations and associations to improve soil
fertility (SOM)
CANSEA / Different projects
• Laos: • Pronae and PROSA projects
from 2003 to 2011 on CA • Eficas-NUDP/CA from 2014
on AE dissemination methods
• Cambodia • PADAC 2004-2013 on CA
technics and soil conservation
• Vietnam • ADAM project until 2014 on
AE based CS designing evaluation and dissemination
• China • NR management, acid soils
fertility management
• ACTAE regional project
FAO consultation Nov 2015 22
Human Resources 2014-2015
More than 70 researchers from CIRAD and partners On: - Soil sciences - CA based cropping systems - Social sciences - Participatory approach - Landscape approach - Water quality and
management - Soil biology - Soil conservation - … - …