Post on 15-Mar-2021
Table 2 Codes used to identify the sampling sites for the Alpine Wet Deposition Project and Lake Comparison Project
Site
Alpine Meadows
Angora Lake
Crystal Lake
Eastern Brook Lake
Emerald Lake
Kaiser Pass
Kirkwood Meadows
Lost Lake
Mammoth Mountain
Mineral King
Onion Valley
Pear Lake
Ruby Lake
Sonora Pass
South Lake
Tioga Pass
Topaz Lake
Code
AM
ANG
CR
EBL
EML
KP
KM
LL
MM MMl MM2 (Co-located collectors)
MK
OV OVl OV2 (Co-located collectors)
PR
RB
SN
SL
TG
TZ
69
Table 3 Summary of accuracy data for analysis of snow samples generated at UCSB during 1990-1995 based on comparison with NBS Simulated Rainwater 2694-II (i990-i99i) or 2694-1 (1992-1995) ACC is the average percent difference for each determination of the NBS control Percent difference = (measured [ ]-certified [ ] - certified [ ]) x 100 N is the number of measurements Calcium was not used in this analysis because the calcium concentration in the NBS controls was below the method detection limit for calcium
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994-95 Solute ACC N ACC N ACC N ACC N ACC N
Chloride 83 8 58 9 -52 8 -23 6 -134 22
Nitrate -23 8 38 9 15 8 -44 6 02 22
Sulfate 04 8 55 9 84 8 57 6 80 22
Magnesium -95 3 -24 3 80 3 25 3 22 8
Sodium -48 3 -55 3 00 3 06 3 -64 8
Potassium 25 3 32 3 175 3 05 3 11 8
70
Table 4 Summary of accuracy data for analysis of snow samples generated at UCSB during i990-i993 based on recovery of known additions to actual samples Accuracy was not determined during 1994 and 1995 ACC is the average recovery() of known additions made to samples of snow Recovery= (final [] - initial [])+known addition) x 100 N is the number of measurements
Measured 1990 1991 1992 1993
Constituent ACC N ACC N ACC N ACC N
Chloride 91 17 100 18 103 14 97 15
Nitrate 102 17 103 18 104 14 99 15
Sulfate 100 17 108 18 108 14 105 15
Acetate 98 11 104 12 125 11 104 11
Formate 83 11 113 12 119 11 107 11
Calcium 103 8 107 9 107 6 89 8
Magnesium 101 8 108 9 112 6 98 8
Sodium 112 8 114 9 111 6 102 8
Potassium 102 8 107 9 106 6 103 8
71
Table 5 Ion chemistry of deionized rinsewater from Aero Chemetrics collectors deployed for one to two weeks during Lle Alpine let Deposition Project 1990-1993 When no precipitation occurred during the 1 to 2-week period the collectors were rinsed with 250 ml of deionized water this rinse water ~ analyzed for dissolved constituents All values are in microequivalents per liter (microEq L- ) Undetectable levels are designated by u and a dash indicates no data In 1993 colocated collectors (1 and 2) were deployed at Onion Valley and at Mammoth Mountain No rinses were collected during 1994
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K CI N03 S04 OAc OFm
Onion Valley 90 08 31 28 04 os 02 lS lS 12 90 09 11 03 01 03 u u u u 90 10 14 32 os 04 02 01 32 06
91 06 26 42 37 os 10 04 10 2S 18 10 10 91 07 25 46 1S0 2S 36 40 22 S8 39 08 02 910828 S4 1S0 18 24 16 12 107 32 08 08 910923 36 73 10 12 14 12 49 16 os os
bulln 9110 09 226 71 25 40 i60 24 230 10 u ii 9110 23 09 44 os 02 02 u 01 01 os os 92 06 0S-1 362 363 81 84 67 20 280 300 08 03 92 06 0S-2 17S 213 40 46 31 23 160 160 os 03 92 06 21-2 9S 167 28 31 2S 23 114 76 os lS 920710-1 28 2S 04 08 02 os 14 1S os 20 92 07 10-2 39 20 04 09 02 02 10 06 1S ss 92 07 29-1 33 27 03 09 02 02 26 11 02 01 92 07 29-2 26 12 02 11 os 02 12 os os 01 92 09 14-1 S8S 268 S1 32 76 29 14S 66 os os 92 09 14-2 20 258 09 14 07 08 26 19 os 01 92 10 02-1 66 237 43 38 3S 13 12S 34 1S os 92 10 02-2 02 23 02 09 01 u 01 u 02 01 92 10 18-1 147 141 16 19 17 u 80 13 os 03 92 10 18-2 07 30 03 10 01 u u u os 01
93 06 19-1 u 13 u 02 01 08 u 04 u u 93 06 19-2 41 84 11 26 13 18 38 38 os 02 93 07 04-1 u 08 02 u 01 02 01 01 u u 93 07 04-2 06 73 07 06 04 12 02 02 11 20 93 07 19-1 os 1S 02 04 03 11 01 os u 01 93 07 19-2 04 49 04 01 01 02 01 01 u u 93 08 02-1 04 47 04 01 01 os 01 02 14 01 93 08 02-2 02 42 07 07 09 06 06 18 08 01 93 08 24-1 03 u 04 os 09 06 17 07 u u 93 08 24-2 37 u 04 03 06 03 S6 03 u u 93 09 07-1 2S u 04 04 os 04 27 21 60 1S 93 09 07-2 S1 S1 09 13 14 09 103 62 os 01 93 09 22-1 07 11 01 01 03 06 01 01 u u 93 09 22-2 92 140 26 09 21 24 168 84 09 02 93 10 06-1 08 06 u 01 02 03 u u u u 93 10 06-2 07 17 01 04 03 09 u 02 06 os
72
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K CI N03 S04 OAc OFm
South Lake 90 07 02 43 07 08 24 u 33 39 90 08 03 90 08 31
260 09
64 02
135 05
115 01
66 u
540 04
450 02
90 09 11 02 01 02 02 u 02 02 90 10 14 12 02 04 01 01 19 04
910711 240 142 39 66 27 49 235 172 10 05 910725 32 20 06 08 09 05 27 18 05 u 910828 910923
20 36
34 54
04 11
06 36
04 11
05 24
14 66
08 52
u 05
u u
9110 09 9110 23
12 29
05 102
01 12
01 15
01 17
u 19
05 78
03 47
u 29
u 11
92 09 14 92 10 02 92 10 18
17 27 07
09 20 06
01 04 01
10 05 u
12 u u
u 02 01
u 14 u
u 11 01
02 05 02
02 03 02
93 06 28 02 07 01 07 01 17 u 02 os u 93 07 15 93 07 29 93 08 24
22 u 02
26 07 04
04 01 01
05 03 02
05 03 03
12 07 09
03 u 03
07 05 03
u 06 05
u 18 u
93 09 22 93 10 05
u 20
os 02
01 01
02 01
01 01
01 u
u u
01 u
u 09
u 05
Eastern Brook Lake 90 09 13 90 10 14
03 nu
01 u
02 n A u
02 u
u u
u n u~
u u
910828 06 08 02 03 02 os 05 02 02 u 91 10 09 07 03 01 01 u 14 01 02 os u
92 0914 92 10 02 92 10 18
21 19 49
68 104 30
13 14 05
17 23 16
17 12 lS
03 08 02
36 56 33
19 26 09
02 05 os
01 03 03
93 06 19 93 07 04 93 07 19 93 08 04
u 02 u 03
09 14 u u
02 04 u u
02 03 01 02
02 05 01 01
05 03 05 15
u 01 01 19
02 02 01 08
u 04 35 22
u 01 60 50
93 08 24 93 09 22 93 10 OS
02 13 07
01 03 12
u 01 01
01 03 03
u 01 02
u 04 03
u 06 01
u 03 u
u 04 02
u 30 05
MammothMtn 90 08 03 66 25 46 53 36 148 92 9009 06 144 29 30 19 29 230 43 90 10 12 250 70 95 40 53 360 234
910829 n1 nn 1 v bullu
91 10 10
12 n D uo
13 n bullu 08
03 n bullu 02
03 u 01
01 u 01
u u u
07 n bullv 01
04 n bullv 01
os n v 08
02 nUlt
os
73
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Mammoth Min (cont) 92 05 12 63 32 06 15 u 05 35 67 02 02 92 05 28 45 20 05 07 02 03 18 20 os 02 92 07 31-1 05 07 01 u u 04 u 01 03 u 92 07 31-2 13 os u u u 04 u 01 03 u 92 10 19-1 20 06 01 01 u u u 01 08 os 92 10 19-2 11 08 01 01 u u 01 01 os 01
93 06 20-1 u os 01 02 01 03 01 03 01 02 93 06 20-2 08 2S 01 04 03 10 02 06 u 01 93 07 06-1 u os u 02 01 03 01 01 u u 93 07 06-2 09 os u 04 01 07 os os u u 93 07 20-1 u 11 u 02 01 01 01 01 01 02 93 07 20-2 u 21 01 os 03 07 03 04 04 os 93 08 03-1 02 06 u 02 01 03 01 01 02 u 93 08 03-2 02 09 01 02 02 02 01 03 u u 93 08 17-1 04 12 02 34 99 1SS 07 21 09 04 93 08 17-2 42 34 06 11 10 12 80 34 os 01 93 08 31-1 03 07 u 01 01 u u u 20 u 93 08 31-2 10 13 02 04 os 10 lS 07 u u 93 09 15-1 05 07 01 06 LO 25 01 03 03 u 93 09 15-2 54 56 09 12 08 09 95 19 u 93 09 28-1 08 07 u 01 01 02 u u 06 08 93 09 28-2 09 u 01 02 01 04 os 03 30 u 93 11 02-1 os u 03 04 04 06 09 07 01 u 93 11 02-2 07 u 02 07 07 os 08 08 01 u
Tioga Pass nn no 17U VO JI
n 1 bullbullv
1 bullbullv
1 nbullbull v - C I 0
T7
90 09 02 37 07 09 04 u 39 26 90 09 16 03 u 03 u u 10 u
92 09 1S 02 21 04 07 06 u 11 os 02 01 92 10 19 02 07 02 01 05 02 01 01 02 01
93 07 20 06 14 01 02 03 11 01 02 07 20 93 08 17 u 16 02 02 08 04 11 09 10 u 93 08 31 09 03 01 01 02 04 02 03 10 u 93 09 1S 39 12 01 02 02 01 os 03 07 u 93 10 03 08 09 01 01 01 u u u 13 02
Kaiser Pass 910712 33 3S 12 lS 19 18 2S 20 10 02 910729 07 11 02 os 04 02 02 01 910809 16 2S 04 06 04 o~ 02 02 08 01 910827 os 02 03 03 02 02 01 u u 910829 67 47 13 16 09 20 62 43 u u 91091S 122 30 49 46 31 116 90 910924 S5 18 os 09 04 10 22 16 u u 9110 10 24 29 os 06 03 13 30 17 u u 9110 24 88 19S 31 20 12 26 163 12S u u
74
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl NO3 SO4 OAc OFm
Kaiser Pass (cont) 92 05 22 136 92 05 26 113 92 07 08 92 07 20 19 92 07 27 07 92 08 06 68 92 08 31 08
115 120 36 18 10 39 10
27 38 10 15 02 07 02
29 39 10 05 06 19 02
31 43 12 27 u 04 u
38 32 u u 02 21 u
66 49 u u 01 74 01
60 68 15 05 01 55 01
05 20
10 01
Sonora Pass 90 08 02 9009 01 90 09 20 90 10 12
35 45 03 05
12 13 01 05
08 09 03 01
16 08 01 02
u 30 u 01
37 38 10 06
18 16 u u
910712 91 08 14 910924 91 10 10 91 10 24
210 18 18 33
19 347 08 13 60
06 77 02 02 19
04 90 01 01 07
08 52 01 01 10
05 61 u u 15
03 02 u 04 48
04 190 u 02 30
05 25 05 05 u
01 63 01 05 u
92 07 31 92 08 07 92 09 IS 92 10 19
32 14 56 15
05 07
379 22
02 02 69 03
02 01 13 01
u u 36 u
02 01 13 01
02 u
110 03
01 01 30 01
22 02 15 02
12 01 10 02
93 07 05 93 07 20 93 08 03 93 08 17 93 08 31 93 09 15
04 u 1 A~ u u 02
01 09 1 u u u
01 u n u bull gt
u u 01
02 01 nA u
01 04 01
01 01 n v 01 07 06
04 04 nL vu 01 02 02
u u 1 n1
01 01 01
04 01 bull L10
u u u
u u nu 14 07 13
u u u 01 05 03
Alpine Meadows 90 07 27 168 19 12 27 30 143 29
92 07 17 10 80 05 06 u 01 14 106
Lost Lake 90 09 03 90 09 17 90 09 25
01 01 01
u u u
u 01 u
u u 01
u 04 01
u u u
u 02 02
91 07 08 91 09 21 91 10 11
06 03
11 05 01
05 02 u
30 05 01
02 01 u
05 12 u
02 01 01
08 01 01
02 02 u
15 02 u
92 08 08 92 08 28 92 09 25 92 09 10
05 22 08 u
08 08 os 18
01 01 01 04
u 02 04 os
u u u u
u u u u
u os 04 os
u 01 01 05
08 os 01 01
01 18 02 06
75
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Lost Lake (cont) 93 06 27 u u u 03 u u 04 01 93 07 06 01 u u 06 05 08 05 01 u 05 93 07 12 03 u 01 05 06 04 03 02 u 01 93 07 20 u 03 01 02 01 u 03 u u u 93 08 11 01 02 01 02 01 u 01 u u u 93 08 18 u 03 01 03 02 u 03 u u u 93 09 06 02 04 02 03 01 04 04 02 u u 93 09 14 u 10 04 05 01 u 54 01 01 01
Mineral King 910624 14 04 02 02 01 u 02 02 05 01 910709 16 30 04 10 01 05 u 05 05 01 91 07 17 10 04 02 01 01 u 01 u 02 01 910723 910808
22 13
11 03
05 02
03 u
06 01
01 u
13 04
05 u
05 05
02 02
910821 910828
14 14
02 07
02 02
01 02
u 01
u u
02 02
02 05
05 08
05 08
92 07 08 02 34 10 11 13 u u 10 08 05 92 07 30 117 119 37 65 38 27 157 175 15 05 92 08 04 u 24 05 09 03 02 u 05 05 02 92 08 07 24 100 22 17 14 u 76 45 05 05 92 08 28 24 110 22 20 12 02 80 35 05 05 92 09 03 03 23 05 07 03 u 30 05 02 02 92 09 14 64 85 17 17 16 03 91 20 05 02 9210 06 01 56 06 05 03 u 24 10 05 02
Cl1 rv 71 VU 1T
93 07 06 gtA gtmiddot 235
nuv
120 77 59
105 29
247 145
84 30
460 01
470 90
10 20
u 05
93 07 15 65 80 43 22 11S 19 u 103 10 02 93 07 29 u 37 28 15 07 08 u 15 20 10 93 08 08 16 66 32 25 14 18 118 94 u u 93 08 18 u u 02 01 04 03 03 07 u u 93 08 24 01 u u u 01 01 02 03 02 u 93 09 02 02 u 02 03 04 05 14 13 u u 93 09 22 02 13 04 07 04 21 u 14 02 02
Emerald Lake 91 07 24 11 04 29 05 14 02 12 900 16S 91 08 13 07 05 03 03 01 02 02 01 345 70 910827 910924
14 14
03 10
02 04
02 10
01 07
02 02
01 u
01 02
82S 52S
130 15S
92 07 28 92 09 06
18 04
16 15
03 02
10 05
u u
03 04
22 u
12 08
02 55
02 18
93 07 OS 93 07 20
01 01
01 01
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
01 01
02 03
03 02
93 08 23 u 01 u u u 01 u 01 01 04 93 09 07 u 01 u u u u u 01 02 02 n nn 7J V7 I-
93 10 07 n 1 v
u 01 u u u u
u u
u u
u 01
01 03
03 04
76
Table 6 Comparison of pH and major ion determinations between UCSB and CARB laboratories Five different subsamples each of lakewater snowmelt ~d rainwater were sent to the ARB laboratory in El Monte Ion levels are tabulated as microEq L-
MampSamp)e Lab Cl N01 Na K Ca cl~ Lakewater LL-I UCSB 71 02 63 170 39 so 272 618
EIMte 62 lt06 67 144 33 49 289 S99
TZ-61 UCSB 47 2S 9S 188 100 72 444 S66 EMte 4S lt06 8S 196 97 66 394 628
CR-119 UCSB 24 04 70 162 3S 43 237 620 El Mte 20 lt06 1S 16S 36 41 250 629
RB-107 UCSB 18 lt01 78 100 40 31 476 618 EIMte 23 lt06 104 126 40 33 574 633
EML-10 UCSB S6 07 1S 171 43 42 24S 627 EIMte S6 lt06 1S 161 33 41 344 629
Sno~elt lt bull lt ~ 06PR-7 UCSB 17 05 13 535
EIMte 2S 16 33 17 os 08 90 S87
SN-8 UCSB 10 13 11 os 02 02 08 S46 EIMte 11 10 33 04 03 08 60 S60
KW-9 UCSB 10 22 16 08 04 04 os S25 EIMte 14 11 42 04 03 08 60 S61
LL-2 UCSB 10 16 1S 08 01 03 os S3S EMte 14 1S 33 08 lt03 08 90 SSl
Rainwater TPlO 7-16 UCSB so 210 124 46 20 14 S6 449
EIMte 4S 187 131 3S 1S 16 140 S28
SL 7-18 UCSB 43 270 174 S1 26 1S 88 441 EMte 39 247 192 3S 1S 2S 8S 490
AM 9-24 UCSB 43 180 98 31 1S 23 168 463 EMte 31 179 104 30 10 2S 11S S39
SN 7-14 UCSB 48 274 167 29 13 16 72 464 EIMte 42 258 181 26 13 16 8S 479
MM7-16 UCSB 60 362 181 18 14 10 32 441 El Mte S6 331 182 26 1S 16 90 498
77
Table 7 LRTAP COMPARISON OF LABORATORY PERFORMANCE (STUDY 0035) JANUARY 1994 UCSB is L122
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L002 1875 1304 L003 4615 3167 LOOS 2000 1333 L006 556 1278 L007 4444 3140 L0lO 2308 1846 LOll 2857 1077 L013 000 192 L013C llll 395 L014 833 1333 L021 2000 1277 L023 2353 1729 L024 2143 469 L025 1500 725 L029 2222 1598 L030 1429 714 L031 L032
4444 tVUV
1779 2174
L033 1667 673 L034 4000 2099 L047 5000 4853 L049 1765 2679 L057 8889 3889 L061 000 213 L063 1875 733 L073 1000 110 L078 000 000 L081 1538 769 L082 2000 719 L086 000 182 L088 3846 2308 L090 000 935 L090B 10000 5000 L091 667 284 L093 2667 1200 L094 3571 1643 T nnn LV77 5333 2015 L102 2500 1569 L104 000 000 L109 llll 116 Lll2 3333 3667 L114 2000 2195 L116 2308 1855 L119 2222 1067 L122 1000 1979
78
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L126 1250 526 L127 1429 547 Ll2S 2222 2575 L07S 000 000 Ll04 000 000 LOS6 000 182 L013 000 192 L061 000 213 L090 000 935 L091 667 284 L073 1000 IIO L109 1111 116 L006 556 722 LOI3C 1111 395 Ll26 1250 526 L127 1429 547 L030 1429 714 L014 833 1333 L025 1500 725 LOSI 153S 769 T n- ~VJJ i66i 6i3 L063 1875 733 L024 2143 469 L082 2000 719 Ll22 1000 1979 L002 1875 1304 L021 2000 1277 L119 2222 1067 LOOS 2000 1333 L029 2222 1598 L093 2667 1200 L0ll 2857 1077 Ll02 2500 1569 L023 2353 1729 L0IO 2308 1846 L116 2308 1855 Lll4 2000 2195 L049 1765 2679 Ll2S 2222 2575 L094 3571 1643 L034 4000 2099 LOSS 3846 2308 L032 4000 2174
79
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
LAB CODE
L031 L112 L099 L007 L003 L047 L057 L090B
NUMBER OF PARAMETERS BIASED
()
4444 3333 5333 4444 4615 5000 8889
10000
NUMBER OF RESULTS FLAGGED
()
1779 3667 2015 3140 3167 4853 3889 5000
80
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 3 Summary of accuracy data for analysis of snow samples generated at UCSB during 1990-1995 based on comparison with NBS Simulated Rainwater 2694-II (i990-i99i) or 2694-1 (1992-1995) ACC is the average percent difference for each determination of the NBS control Percent difference = (measured [ ]-certified [ ] - certified [ ]) x 100 N is the number of measurements Calcium was not used in this analysis because the calcium concentration in the NBS controls was below the method detection limit for calcium
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994-95 Solute ACC N ACC N ACC N ACC N ACC N
Chloride 83 8 58 9 -52 8 -23 6 -134 22
Nitrate -23 8 38 9 15 8 -44 6 02 22
Sulfate 04 8 55 9 84 8 57 6 80 22
Magnesium -95 3 -24 3 80 3 25 3 22 8
Sodium -48 3 -55 3 00 3 06 3 -64 8
Potassium 25 3 32 3 175 3 05 3 11 8
70
Table 4 Summary of accuracy data for analysis of snow samples generated at UCSB during i990-i993 based on recovery of known additions to actual samples Accuracy was not determined during 1994 and 1995 ACC is the average recovery() of known additions made to samples of snow Recovery= (final [] - initial [])+known addition) x 100 N is the number of measurements
Measured 1990 1991 1992 1993
Constituent ACC N ACC N ACC N ACC N
Chloride 91 17 100 18 103 14 97 15
Nitrate 102 17 103 18 104 14 99 15
Sulfate 100 17 108 18 108 14 105 15
Acetate 98 11 104 12 125 11 104 11
Formate 83 11 113 12 119 11 107 11
Calcium 103 8 107 9 107 6 89 8
Magnesium 101 8 108 9 112 6 98 8
Sodium 112 8 114 9 111 6 102 8
Potassium 102 8 107 9 106 6 103 8
71
Table 5 Ion chemistry of deionized rinsewater from Aero Chemetrics collectors deployed for one to two weeks during Lle Alpine let Deposition Project 1990-1993 When no precipitation occurred during the 1 to 2-week period the collectors were rinsed with 250 ml of deionized water this rinse water ~ analyzed for dissolved constituents All values are in microequivalents per liter (microEq L- ) Undetectable levels are designated by u and a dash indicates no data In 1993 colocated collectors (1 and 2) were deployed at Onion Valley and at Mammoth Mountain No rinses were collected during 1994
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K CI N03 S04 OAc OFm
Onion Valley 90 08 31 28 04 os 02 lS lS 12 90 09 11 03 01 03 u u u u 90 10 14 32 os 04 02 01 32 06
91 06 26 42 37 os 10 04 10 2S 18 10 10 91 07 25 46 1S0 2S 36 40 22 S8 39 08 02 910828 S4 1S0 18 24 16 12 107 32 08 08 910923 36 73 10 12 14 12 49 16 os os
bulln 9110 09 226 71 25 40 i60 24 230 10 u ii 9110 23 09 44 os 02 02 u 01 01 os os 92 06 0S-1 362 363 81 84 67 20 280 300 08 03 92 06 0S-2 17S 213 40 46 31 23 160 160 os 03 92 06 21-2 9S 167 28 31 2S 23 114 76 os lS 920710-1 28 2S 04 08 02 os 14 1S os 20 92 07 10-2 39 20 04 09 02 02 10 06 1S ss 92 07 29-1 33 27 03 09 02 02 26 11 02 01 92 07 29-2 26 12 02 11 os 02 12 os os 01 92 09 14-1 S8S 268 S1 32 76 29 14S 66 os os 92 09 14-2 20 258 09 14 07 08 26 19 os 01 92 10 02-1 66 237 43 38 3S 13 12S 34 1S os 92 10 02-2 02 23 02 09 01 u 01 u 02 01 92 10 18-1 147 141 16 19 17 u 80 13 os 03 92 10 18-2 07 30 03 10 01 u u u os 01
93 06 19-1 u 13 u 02 01 08 u 04 u u 93 06 19-2 41 84 11 26 13 18 38 38 os 02 93 07 04-1 u 08 02 u 01 02 01 01 u u 93 07 04-2 06 73 07 06 04 12 02 02 11 20 93 07 19-1 os 1S 02 04 03 11 01 os u 01 93 07 19-2 04 49 04 01 01 02 01 01 u u 93 08 02-1 04 47 04 01 01 os 01 02 14 01 93 08 02-2 02 42 07 07 09 06 06 18 08 01 93 08 24-1 03 u 04 os 09 06 17 07 u u 93 08 24-2 37 u 04 03 06 03 S6 03 u u 93 09 07-1 2S u 04 04 os 04 27 21 60 1S 93 09 07-2 S1 S1 09 13 14 09 103 62 os 01 93 09 22-1 07 11 01 01 03 06 01 01 u u 93 09 22-2 92 140 26 09 21 24 168 84 09 02 93 10 06-1 08 06 u 01 02 03 u u u u 93 10 06-2 07 17 01 04 03 09 u 02 06 os
72
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K CI N03 S04 OAc OFm
South Lake 90 07 02 43 07 08 24 u 33 39 90 08 03 90 08 31
260 09
64 02
135 05
115 01
66 u
540 04
450 02
90 09 11 02 01 02 02 u 02 02 90 10 14 12 02 04 01 01 19 04
910711 240 142 39 66 27 49 235 172 10 05 910725 32 20 06 08 09 05 27 18 05 u 910828 910923
20 36
34 54
04 11
06 36
04 11
05 24
14 66
08 52
u 05
u u
9110 09 9110 23
12 29
05 102
01 12
01 15
01 17
u 19
05 78
03 47
u 29
u 11
92 09 14 92 10 02 92 10 18
17 27 07
09 20 06
01 04 01
10 05 u
12 u u
u 02 01
u 14 u
u 11 01
02 05 02
02 03 02
93 06 28 02 07 01 07 01 17 u 02 os u 93 07 15 93 07 29 93 08 24
22 u 02
26 07 04
04 01 01
05 03 02
05 03 03
12 07 09
03 u 03
07 05 03
u 06 05
u 18 u
93 09 22 93 10 05
u 20
os 02
01 01
02 01
01 01
01 u
u u
01 u
u 09
u 05
Eastern Brook Lake 90 09 13 90 10 14
03 nu
01 u
02 n A u
02 u
u u
u n u~
u u
910828 06 08 02 03 02 os 05 02 02 u 91 10 09 07 03 01 01 u 14 01 02 os u
92 0914 92 10 02 92 10 18
21 19 49
68 104 30
13 14 05
17 23 16
17 12 lS
03 08 02
36 56 33
19 26 09
02 05 os
01 03 03
93 06 19 93 07 04 93 07 19 93 08 04
u 02 u 03
09 14 u u
02 04 u u
02 03 01 02
02 05 01 01
05 03 05 15
u 01 01 19
02 02 01 08
u 04 35 22
u 01 60 50
93 08 24 93 09 22 93 10 OS
02 13 07
01 03 12
u 01 01
01 03 03
u 01 02
u 04 03
u 06 01
u 03 u
u 04 02
u 30 05
MammothMtn 90 08 03 66 25 46 53 36 148 92 9009 06 144 29 30 19 29 230 43 90 10 12 250 70 95 40 53 360 234
910829 n1 nn 1 v bullu
91 10 10
12 n D uo
13 n bullu 08
03 n bullu 02
03 u 01
01 u 01
u u u
07 n bullv 01
04 n bullv 01
os n v 08
02 nUlt
os
73
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Mammoth Min (cont) 92 05 12 63 32 06 15 u 05 35 67 02 02 92 05 28 45 20 05 07 02 03 18 20 os 02 92 07 31-1 05 07 01 u u 04 u 01 03 u 92 07 31-2 13 os u u u 04 u 01 03 u 92 10 19-1 20 06 01 01 u u u 01 08 os 92 10 19-2 11 08 01 01 u u 01 01 os 01
93 06 20-1 u os 01 02 01 03 01 03 01 02 93 06 20-2 08 2S 01 04 03 10 02 06 u 01 93 07 06-1 u os u 02 01 03 01 01 u u 93 07 06-2 09 os u 04 01 07 os os u u 93 07 20-1 u 11 u 02 01 01 01 01 01 02 93 07 20-2 u 21 01 os 03 07 03 04 04 os 93 08 03-1 02 06 u 02 01 03 01 01 02 u 93 08 03-2 02 09 01 02 02 02 01 03 u u 93 08 17-1 04 12 02 34 99 1SS 07 21 09 04 93 08 17-2 42 34 06 11 10 12 80 34 os 01 93 08 31-1 03 07 u 01 01 u u u 20 u 93 08 31-2 10 13 02 04 os 10 lS 07 u u 93 09 15-1 05 07 01 06 LO 25 01 03 03 u 93 09 15-2 54 56 09 12 08 09 95 19 u 93 09 28-1 08 07 u 01 01 02 u u 06 08 93 09 28-2 09 u 01 02 01 04 os 03 30 u 93 11 02-1 os u 03 04 04 06 09 07 01 u 93 11 02-2 07 u 02 07 07 os 08 08 01 u
Tioga Pass nn no 17U VO JI
n 1 bullbullv
1 bullbullv
1 nbullbull v - C I 0
T7
90 09 02 37 07 09 04 u 39 26 90 09 16 03 u 03 u u 10 u
92 09 1S 02 21 04 07 06 u 11 os 02 01 92 10 19 02 07 02 01 05 02 01 01 02 01
93 07 20 06 14 01 02 03 11 01 02 07 20 93 08 17 u 16 02 02 08 04 11 09 10 u 93 08 31 09 03 01 01 02 04 02 03 10 u 93 09 1S 39 12 01 02 02 01 os 03 07 u 93 10 03 08 09 01 01 01 u u u 13 02
Kaiser Pass 910712 33 3S 12 lS 19 18 2S 20 10 02 910729 07 11 02 os 04 02 02 01 910809 16 2S 04 06 04 o~ 02 02 08 01 910827 os 02 03 03 02 02 01 u u 910829 67 47 13 16 09 20 62 43 u u 91091S 122 30 49 46 31 116 90 910924 S5 18 os 09 04 10 22 16 u u 9110 10 24 29 os 06 03 13 30 17 u u 9110 24 88 19S 31 20 12 26 163 12S u u
74
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl NO3 SO4 OAc OFm
Kaiser Pass (cont) 92 05 22 136 92 05 26 113 92 07 08 92 07 20 19 92 07 27 07 92 08 06 68 92 08 31 08
115 120 36 18 10 39 10
27 38 10 15 02 07 02
29 39 10 05 06 19 02
31 43 12 27 u 04 u
38 32 u u 02 21 u
66 49 u u 01 74 01
60 68 15 05 01 55 01
05 20
10 01
Sonora Pass 90 08 02 9009 01 90 09 20 90 10 12
35 45 03 05
12 13 01 05
08 09 03 01
16 08 01 02
u 30 u 01
37 38 10 06
18 16 u u
910712 91 08 14 910924 91 10 10 91 10 24
210 18 18 33
19 347 08 13 60
06 77 02 02 19
04 90 01 01 07
08 52 01 01 10
05 61 u u 15
03 02 u 04 48
04 190 u 02 30
05 25 05 05 u
01 63 01 05 u
92 07 31 92 08 07 92 09 IS 92 10 19
32 14 56 15
05 07
379 22
02 02 69 03
02 01 13 01
u u 36 u
02 01 13 01
02 u
110 03
01 01 30 01
22 02 15 02
12 01 10 02
93 07 05 93 07 20 93 08 03 93 08 17 93 08 31 93 09 15
04 u 1 A~ u u 02
01 09 1 u u u
01 u n u bull gt
u u 01
02 01 nA u
01 04 01
01 01 n v 01 07 06
04 04 nL vu 01 02 02
u u 1 n1
01 01 01
04 01 bull L10
u u u
u u nu 14 07 13
u u u 01 05 03
Alpine Meadows 90 07 27 168 19 12 27 30 143 29
92 07 17 10 80 05 06 u 01 14 106
Lost Lake 90 09 03 90 09 17 90 09 25
01 01 01
u u u
u 01 u
u u 01
u 04 01
u u u
u 02 02
91 07 08 91 09 21 91 10 11
06 03
11 05 01
05 02 u
30 05 01
02 01 u
05 12 u
02 01 01
08 01 01
02 02 u
15 02 u
92 08 08 92 08 28 92 09 25 92 09 10
05 22 08 u
08 08 os 18
01 01 01 04
u 02 04 os
u u u u
u u u u
u os 04 os
u 01 01 05
08 os 01 01
01 18 02 06
75
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Lost Lake (cont) 93 06 27 u u u 03 u u 04 01 93 07 06 01 u u 06 05 08 05 01 u 05 93 07 12 03 u 01 05 06 04 03 02 u 01 93 07 20 u 03 01 02 01 u 03 u u u 93 08 11 01 02 01 02 01 u 01 u u u 93 08 18 u 03 01 03 02 u 03 u u u 93 09 06 02 04 02 03 01 04 04 02 u u 93 09 14 u 10 04 05 01 u 54 01 01 01
Mineral King 910624 14 04 02 02 01 u 02 02 05 01 910709 16 30 04 10 01 05 u 05 05 01 91 07 17 10 04 02 01 01 u 01 u 02 01 910723 910808
22 13
11 03
05 02
03 u
06 01
01 u
13 04
05 u
05 05
02 02
910821 910828
14 14
02 07
02 02
01 02
u 01
u u
02 02
02 05
05 08
05 08
92 07 08 02 34 10 11 13 u u 10 08 05 92 07 30 117 119 37 65 38 27 157 175 15 05 92 08 04 u 24 05 09 03 02 u 05 05 02 92 08 07 24 100 22 17 14 u 76 45 05 05 92 08 28 24 110 22 20 12 02 80 35 05 05 92 09 03 03 23 05 07 03 u 30 05 02 02 92 09 14 64 85 17 17 16 03 91 20 05 02 9210 06 01 56 06 05 03 u 24 10 05 02
Cl1 rv 71 VU 1T
93 07 06 gtA gtmiddot 235
nuv
120 77 59
105 29
247 145
84 30
460 01
470 90
10 20
u 05
93 07 15 65 80 43 22 11S 19 u 103 10 02 93 07 29 u 37 28 15 07 08 u 15 20 10 93 08 08 16 66 32 25 14 18 118 94 u u 93 08 18 u u 02 01 04 03 03 07 u u 93 08 24 01 u u u 01 01 02 03 02 u 93 09 02 02 u 02 03 04 05 14 13 u u 93 09 22 02 13 04 07 04 21 u 14 02 02
Emerald Lake 91 07 24 11 04 29 05 14 02 12 900 16S 91 08 13 07 05 03 03 01 02 02 01 345 70 910827 910924
14 14
03 10
02 04
02 10
01 07
02 02
01 u
01 02
82S 52S
130 15S
92 07 28 92 09 06
18 04
16 15
03 02
10 05
u u
03 04
22 u
12 08
02 55
02 18
93 07 OS 93 07 20
01 01
01 01
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
01 01
02 03
03 02
93 08 23 u 01 u u u 01 u 01 01 04 93 09 07 u 01 u u u u u 01 02 02 n nn 7J V7 I-
93 10 07 n 1 v
u 01 u u u u
u u
u u
u 01
01 03
03 04
76
Table 6 Comparison of pH and major ion determinations between UCSB and CARB laboratories Five different subsamples each of lakewater snowmelt ~d rainwater were sent to the ARB laboratory in El Monte Ion levels are tabulated as microEq L-
MampSamp)e Lab Cl N01 Na K Ca cl~ Lakewater LL-I UCSB 71 02 63 170 39 so 272 618
EIMte 62 lt06 67 144 33 49 289 S99
TZ-61 UCSB 47 2S 9S 188 100 72 444 S66 EMte 4S lt06 8S 196 97 66 394 628
CR-119 UCSB 24 04 70 162 3S 43 237 620 El Mte 20 lt06 1S 16S 36 41 250 629
RB-107 UCSB 18 lt01 78 100 40 31 476 618 EIMte 23 lt06 104 126 40 33 574 633
EML-10 UCSB S6 07 1S 171 43 42 24S 627 EIMte S6 lt06 1S 161 33 41 344 629
Sno~elt lt bull lt ~ 06PR-7 UCSB 17 05 13 535
EIMte 2S 16 33 17 os 08 90 S87
SN-8 UCSB 10 13 11 os 02 02 08 S46 EIMte 11 10 33 04 03 08 60 S60
KW-9 UCSB 10 22 16 08 04 04 os S25 EIMte 14 11 42 04 03 08 60 S61
LL-2 UCSB 10 16 1S 08 01 03 os S3S EMte 14 1S 33 08 lt03 08 90 SSl
Rainwater TPlO 7-16 UCSB so 210 124 46 20 14 S6 449
EIMte 4S 187 131 3S 1S 16 140 S28
SL 7-18 UCSB 43 270 174 S1 26 1S 88 441 EMte 39 247 192 3S 1S 2S 8S 490
AM 9-24 UCSB 43 180 98 31 1S 23 168 463 EMte 31 179 104 30 10 2S 11S S39
SN 7-14 UCSB 48 274 167 29 13 16 72 464 EIMte 42 258 181 26 13 16 8S 479
MM7-16 UCSB 60 362 181 18 14 10 32 441 El Mte S6 331 182 26 1S 16 90 498
77
Table 7 LRTAP COMPARISON OF LABORATORY PERFORMANCE (STUDY 0035) JANUARY 1994 UCSB is L122
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L002 1875 1304 L003 4615 3167 LOOS 2000 1333 L006 556 1278 L007 4444 3140 L0lO 2308 1846 LOll 2857 1077 L013 000 192 L013C llll 395 L014 833 1333 L021 2000 1277 L023 2353 1729 L024 2143 469 L025 1500 725 L029 2222 1598 L030 1429 714 L031 L032
4444 tVUV
1779 2174
L033 1667 673 L034 4000 2099 L047 5000 4853 L049 1765 2679 L057 8889 3889 L061 000 213 L063 1875 733 L073 1000 110 L078 000 000 L081 1538 769 L082 2000 719 L086 000 182 L088 3846 2308 L090 000 935 L090B 10000 5000 L091 667 284 L093 2667 1200 L094 3571 1643 T nnn LV77 5333 2015 L102 2500 1569 L104 000 000 L109 llll 116 Lll2 3333 3667 L114 2000 2195 L116 2308 1855 L119 2222 1067 L122 1000 1979
78
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L126 1250 526 L127 1429 547 Ll2S 2222 2575 L07S 000 000 Ll04 000 000 LOS6 000 182 L013 000 192 L061 000 213 L090 000 935 L091 667 284 L073 1000 IIO L109 1111 116 L006 556 722 LOI3C 1111 395 Ll26 1250 526 L127 1429 547 L030 1429 714 L014 833 1333 L025 1500 725 LOSI 153S 769 T n- ~VJJ i66i 6i3 L063 1875 733 L024 2143 469 L082 2000 719 Ll22 1000 1979 L002 1875 1304 L021 2000 1277 L119 2222 1067 LOOS 2000 1333 L029 2222 1598 L093 2667 1200 L0ll 2857 1077 Ll02 2500 1569 L023 2353 1729 L0IO 2308 1846 L116 2308 1855 Lll4 2000 2195 L049 1765 2679 Ll2S 2222 2575 L094 3571 1643 L034 4000 2099 LOSS 3846 2308 L032 4000 2174
79
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
LAB CODE
L031 L112 L099 L007 L003 L047 L057 L090B
NUMBER OF PARAMETERS BIASED
()
4444 3333 5333 4444 4615 5000 8889
10000
NUMBER OF RESULTS FLAGGED
()
1779 3667 2015 3140 3167 4853 3889 5000
80
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 4 Summary of accuracy data for analysis of snow samples generated at UCSB during i990-i993 based on recovery of known additions to actual samples Accuracy was not determined during 1994 and 1995 ACC is the average recovery() of known additions made to samples of snow Recovery= (final [] - initial [])+known addition) x 100 N is the number of measurements
Measured 1990 1991 1992 1993
Constituent ACC N ACC N ACC N ACC N
Chloride 91 17 100 18 103 14 97 15
Nitrate 102 17 103 18 104 14 99 15
Sulfate 100 17 108 18 108 14 105 15
Acetate 98 11 104 12 125 11 104 11
Formate 83 11 113 12 119 11 107 11
Calcium 103 8 107 9 107 6 89 8
Magnesium 101 8 108 9 112 6 98 8
Sodium 112 8 114 9 111 6 102 8
Potassium 102 8 107 9 106 6 103 8
71
Table 5 Ion chemistry of deionized rinsewater from Aero Chemetrics collectors deployed for one to two weeks during Lle Alpine let Deposition Project 1990-1993 When no precipitation occurred during the 1 to 2-week period the collectors were rinsed with 250 ml of deionized water this rinse water ~ analyzed for dissolved constituents All values are in microequivalents per liter (microEq L- ) Undetectable levels are designated by u and a dash indicates no data In 1993 colocated collectors (1 and 2) were deployed at Onion Valley and at Mammoth Mountain No rinses were collected during 1994
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K CI N03 S04 OAc OFm
Onion Valley 90 08 31 28 04 os 02 lS lS 12 90 09 11 03 01 03 u u u u 90 10 14 32 os 04 02 01 32 06
91 06 26 42 37 os 10 04 10 2S 18 10 10 91 07 25 46 1S0 2S 36 40 22 S8 39 08 02 910828 S4 1S0 18 24 16 12 107 32 08 08 910923 36 73 10 12 14 12 49 16 os os
bulln 9110 09 226 71 25 40 i60 24 230 10 u ii 9110 23 09 44 os 02 02 u 01 01 os os 92 06 0S-1 362 363 81 84 67 20 280 300 08 03 92 06 0S-2 17S 213 40 46 31 23 160 160 os 03 92 06 21-2 9S 167 28 31 2S 23 114 76 os lS 920710-1 28 2S 04 08 02 os 14 1S os 20 92 07 10-2 39 20 04 09 02 02 10 06 1S ss 92 07 29-1 33 27 03 09 02 02 26 11 02 01 92 07 29-2 26 12 02 11 os 02 12 os os 01 92 09 14-1 S8S 268 S1 32 76 29 14S 66 os os 92 09 14-2 20 258 09 14 07 08 26 19 os 01 92 10 02-1 66 237 43 38 3S 13 12S 34 1S os 92 10 02-2 02 23 02 09 01 u 01 u 02 01 92 10 18-1 147 141 16 19 17 u 80 13 os 03 92 10 18-2 07 30 03 10 01 u u u os 01
93 06 19-1 u 13 u 02 01 08 u 04 u u 93 06 19-2 41 84 11 26 13 18 38 38 os 02 93 07 04-1 u 08 02 u 01 02 01 01 u u 93 07 04-2 06 73 07 06 04 12 02 02 11 20 93 07 19-1 os 1S 02 04 03 11 01 os u 01 93 07 19-2 04 49 04 01 01 02 01 01 u u 93 08 02-1 04 47 04 01 01 os 01 02 14 01 93 08 02-2 02 42 07 07 09 06 06 18 08 01 93 08 24-1 03 u 04 os 09 06 17 07 u u 93 08 24-2 37 u 04 03 06 03 S6 03 u u 93 09 07-1 2S u 04 04 os 04 27 21 60 1S 93 09 07-2 S1 S1 09 13 14 09 103 62 os 01 93 09 22-1 07 11 01 01 03 06 01 01 u u 93 09 22-2 92 140 26 09 21 24 168 84 09 02 93 10 06-1 08 06 u 01 02 03 u u u u 93 10 06-2 07 17 01 04 03 09 u 02 06 os
72
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K CI N03 S04 OAc OFm
South Lake 90 07 02 43 07 08 24 u 33 39 90 08 03 90 08 31
260 09
64 02
135 05
115 01
66 u
540 04
450 02
90 09 11 02 01 02 02 u 02 02 90 10 14 12 02 04 01 01 19 04
910711 240 142 39 66 27 49 235 172 10 05 910725 32 20 06 08 09 05 27 18 05 u 910828 910923
20 36
34 54
04 11
06 36
04 11
05 24
14 66
08 52
u 05
u u
9110 09 9110 23
12 29
05 102
01 12
01 15
01 17
u 19
05 78
03 47
u 29
u 11
92 09 14 92 10 02 92 10 18
17 27 07
09 20 06
01 04 01
10 05 u
12 u u
u 02 01
u 14 u
u 11 01
02 05 02
02 03 02
93 06 28 02 07 01 07 01 17 u 02 os u 93 07 15 93 07 29 93 08 24
22 u 02
26 07 04
04 01 01
05 03 02
05 03 03
12 07 09
03 u 03
07 05 03
u 06 05
u 18 u
93 09 22 93 10 05
u 20
os 02
01 01
02 01
01 01
01 u
u u
01 u
u 09
u 05
Eastern Brook Lake 90 09 13 90 10 14
03 nu
01 u
02 n A u
02 u
u u
u n u~
u u
910828 06 08 02 03 02 os 05 02 02 u 91 10 09 07 03 01 01 u 14 01 02 os u
92 0914 92 10 02 92 10 18
21 19 49
68 104 30
13 14 05
17 23 16
17 12 lS
03 08 02
36 56 33
19 26 09
02 05 os
01 03 03
93 06 19 93 07 04 93 07 19 93 08 04
u 02 u 03
09 14 u u
02 04 u u
02 03 01 02
02 05 01 01
05 03 05 15
u 01 01 19
02 02 01 08
u 04 35 22
u 01 60 50
93 08 24 93 09 22 93 10 OS
02 13 07
01 03 12
u 01 01
01 03 03
u 01 02
u 04 03
u 06 01
u 03 u
u 04 02
u 30 05
MammothMtn 90 08 03 66 25 46 53 36 148 92 9009 06 144 29 30 19 29 230 43 90 10 12 250 70 95 40 53 360 234
910829 n1 nn 1 v bullu
91 10 10
12 n D uo
13 n bullu 08
03 n bullu 02
03 u 01
01 u 01
u u u
07 n bullv 01
04 n bullv 01
os n v 08
02 nUlt
os
73
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Mammoth Min (cont) 92 05 12 63 32 06 15 u 05 35 67 02 02 92 05 28 45 20 05 07 02 03 18 20 os 02 92 07 31-1 05 07 01 u u 04 u 01 03 u 92 07 31-2 13 os u u u 04 u 01 03 u 92 10 19-1 20 06 01 01 u u u 01 08 os 92 10 19-2 11 08 01 01 u u 01 01 os 01
93 06 20-1 u os 01 02 01 03 01 03 01 02 93 06 20-2 08 2S 01 04 03 10 02 06 u 01 93 07 06-1 u os u 02 01 03 01 01 u u 93 07 06-2 09 os u 04 01 07 os os u u 93 07 20-1 u 11 u 02 01 01 01 01 01 02 93 07 20-2 u 21 01 os 03 07 03 04 04 os 93 08 03-1 02 06 u 02 01 03 01 01 02 u 93 08 03-2 02 09 01 02 02 02 01 03 u u 93 08 17-1 04 12 02 34 99 1SS 07 21 09 04 93 08 17-2 42 34 06 11 10 12 80 34 os 01 93 08 31-1 03 07 u 01 01 u u u 20 u 93 08 31-2 10 13 02 04 os 10 lS 07 u u 93 09 15-1 05 07 01 06 LO 25 01 03 03 u 93 09 15-2 54 56 09 12 08 09 95 19 u 93 09 28-1 08 07 u 01 01 02 u u 06 08 93 09 28-2 09 u 01 02 01 04 os 03 30 u 93 11 02-1 os u 03 04 04 06 09 07 01 u 93 11 02-2 07 u 02 07 07 os 08 08 01 u
Tioga Pass nn no 17U VO JI
n 1 bullbullv
1 bullbullv
1 nbullbull v - C I 0
T7
90 09 02 37 07 09 04 u 39 26 90 09 16 03 u 03 u u 10 u
92 09 1S 02 21 04 07 06 u 11 os 02 01 92 10 19 02 07 02 01 05 02 01 01 02 01
93 07 20 06 14 01 02 03 11 01 02 07 20 93 08 17 u 16 02 02 08 04 11 09 10 u 93 08 31 09 03 01 01 02 04 02 03 10 u 93 09 1S 39 12 01 02 02 01 os 03 07 u 93 10 03 08 09 01 01 01 u u u 13 02
Kaiser Pass 910712 33 3S 12 lS 19 18 2S 20 10 02 910729 07 11 02 os 04 02 02 01 910809 16 2S 04 06 04 o~ 02 02 08 01 910827 os 02 03 03 02 02 01 u u 910829 67 47 13 16 09 20 62 43 u u 91091S 122 30 49 46 31 116 90 910924 S5 18 os 09 04 10 22 16 u u 9110 10 24 29 os 06 03 13 30 17 u u 9110 24 88 19S 31 20 12 26 163 12S u u
74
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl NO3 SO4 OAc OFm
Kaiser Pass (cont) 92 05 22 136 92 05 26 113 92 07 08 92 07 20 19 92 07 27 07 92 08 06 68 92 08 31 08
115 120 36 18 10 39 10
27 38 10 15 02 07 02
29 39 10 05 06 19 02
31 43 12 27 u 04 u
38 32 u u 02 21 u
66 49 u u 01 74 01
60 68 15 05 01 55 01
05 20
10 01
Sonora Pass 90 08 02 9009 01 90 09 20 90 10 12
35 45 03 05
12 13 01 05
08 09 03 01
16 08 01 02
u 30 u 01
37 38 10 06
18 16 u u
910712 91 08 14 910924 91 10 10 91 10 24
210 18 18 33
19 347 08 13 60
06 77 02 02 19
04 90 01 01 07
08 52 01 01 10
05 61 u u 15
03 02 u 04 48
04 190 u 02 30
05 25 05 05 u
01 63 01 05 u
92 07 31 92 08 07 92 09 IS 92 10 19
32 14 56 15
05 07
379 22
02 02 69 03
02 01 13 01
u u 36 u
02 01 13 01
02 u
110 03
01 01 30 01
22 02 15 02
12 01 10 02
93 07 05 93 07 20 93 08 03 93 08 17 93 08 31 93 09 15
04 u 1 A~ u u 02
01 09 1 u u u
01 u n u bull gt
u u 01
02 01 nA u
01 04 01
01 01 n v 01 07 06
04 04 nL vu 01 02 02
u u 1 n1
01 01 01
04 01 bull L10
u u u
u u nu 14 07 13
u u u 01 05 03
Alpine Meadows 90 07 27 168 19 12 27 30 143 29
92 07 17 10 80 05 06 u 01 14 106
Lost Lake 90 09 03 90 09 17 90 09 25
01 01 01
u u u
u 01 u
u u 01
u 04 01
u u u
u 02 02
91 07 08 91 09 21 91 10 11
06 03
11 05 01
05 02 u
30 05 01
02 01 u
05 12 u
02 01 01
08 01 01
02 02 u
15 02 u
92 08 08 92 08 28 92 09 25 92 09 10
05 22 08 u
08 08 os 18
01 01 01 04
u 02 04 os
u u u u
u u u u
u os 04 os
u 01 01 05
08 os 01 01
01 18 02 06
75
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Lost Lake (cont) 93 06 27 u u u 03 u u 04 01 93 07 06 01 u u 06 05 08 05 01 u 05 93 07 12 03 u 01 05 06 04 03 02 u 01 93 07 20 u 03 01 02 01 u 03 u u u 93 08 11 01 02 01 02 01 u 01 u u u 93 08 18 u 03 01 03 02 u 03 u u u 93 09 06 02 04 02 03 01 04 04 02 u u 93 09 14 u 10 04 05 01 u 54 01 01 01
Mineral King 910624 14 04 02 02 01 u 02 02 05 01 910709 16 30 04 10 01 05 u 05 05 01 91 07 17 10 04 02 01 01 u 01 u 02 01 910723 910808
22 13
11 03
05 02
03 u
06 01
01 u
13 04
05 u
05 05
02 02
910821 910828
14 14
02 07
02 02
01 02
u 01
u u
02 02
02 05
05 08
05 08
92 07 08 02 34 10 11 13 u u 10 08 05 92 07 30 117 119 37 65 38 27 157 175 15 05 92 08 04 u 24 05 09 03 02 u 05 05 02 92 08 07 24 100 22 17 14 u 76 45 05 05 92 08 28 24 110 22 20 12 02 80 35 05 05 92 09 03 03 23 05 07 03 u 30 05 02 02 92 09 14 64 85 17 17 16 03 91 20 05 02 9210 06 01 56 06 05 03 u 24 10 05 02
Cl1 rv 71 VU 1T
93 07 06 gtA gtmiddot 235
nuv
120 77 59
105 29
247 145
84 30
460 01
470 90
10 20
u 05
93 07 15 65 80 43 22 11S 19 u 103 10 02 93 07 29 u 37 28 15 07 08 u 15 20 10 93 08 08 16 66 32 25 14 18 118 94 u u 93 08 18 u u 02 01 04 03 03 07 u u 93 08 24 01 u u u 01 01 02 03 02 u 93 09 02 02 u 02 03 04 05 14 13 u u 93 09 22 02 13 04 07 04 21 u 14 02 02
Emerald Lake 91 07 24 11 04 29 05 14 02 12 900 16S 91 08 13 07 05 03 03 01 02 02 01 345 70 910827 910924
14 14
03 10
02 04
02 10
01 07
02 02
01 u
01 02
82S 52S
130 15S
92 07 28 92 09 06
18 04
16 15
03 02
10 05
u u
03 04
22 u
12 08
02 55
02 18
93 07 OS 93 07 20
01 01
01 01
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
01 01
02 03
03 02
93 08 23 u 01 u u u 01 u 01 01 04 93 09 07 u 01 u u u u u 01 02 02 n nn 7J V7 I-
93 10 07 n 1 v
u 01 u u u u
u u
u u
u 01
01 03
03 04
76
Table 6 Comparison of pH and major ion determinations between UCSB and CARB laboratories Five different subsamples each of lakewater snowmelt ~d rainwater were sent to the ARB laboratory in El Monte Ion levels are tabulated as microEq L-
MampSamp)e Lab Cl N01 Na K Ca cl~ Lakewater LL-I UCSB 71 02 63 170 39 so 272 618
EIMte 62 lt06 67 144 33 49 289 S99
TZ-61 UCSB 47 2S 9S 188 100 72 444 S66 EMte 4S lt06 8S 196 97 66 394 628
CR-119 UCSB 24 04 70 162 3S 43 237 620 El Mte 20 lt06 1S 16S 36 41 250 629
RB-107 UCSB 18 lt01 78 100 40 31 476 618 EIMte 23 lt06 104 126 40 33 574 633
EML-10 UCSB S6 07 1S 171 43 42 24S 627 EIMte S6 lt06 1S 161 33 41 344 629
Sno~elt lt bull lt ~ 06PR-7 UCSB 17 05 13 535
EIMte 2S 16 33 17 os 08 90 S87
SN-8 UCSB 10 13 11 os 02 02 08 S46 EIMte 11 10 33 04 03 08 60 S60
KW-9 UCSB 10 22 16 08 04 04 os S25 EIMte 14 11 42 04 03 08 60 S61
LL-2 UCSB 10 16 1S 08 01 03 os S3S EMte 14 1S 33 08 lt03 08 90 SSl
Rainwater TPlO 7-16 UCSB so 210 124 46 20 14 S6 449
EIMte 4S 187 131 3S 1S 16 140 S28
SL 7-18 UCSB 43 270 174 S1 26 1S 88 441 EMte 39 247 192 3S 1S 2S 8S 490
AM 9-24 UCSB 43 180 98 31 1S 23 168 463 EMte 31 179 104 30 10 2S 11S S39
SN 7-14 UCSB 48 274 167 29 13 16 72 464 EIMte 42 258 181 26 13 16 8S 479
MM7-16 UCSB 60 362 181 18 14 10 32 441 El Mte S6 331 182 26 1S 16 90 498
77
Table 7 LRTAP COMPARISON OF LABORATORY PERFORMANCE (STUDY 0035) JANUARY 1994 UCSB is L122
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L002 1875 1304 L003 4615 3167 LOOS 2000 1333 L006 556 1278 L007 4444 3140 L0lO 2308 1846 LOll 2857 1077 L013 000 192 L013C llll 395 L014 833 1333 L021 2000 1277 L023 2353 1729 L024 2143 469 L025 1500 725 L029 2222 1598 L030 1429 714 L031 L032
4444 tVUV
1779 2174
L033 1667 673 L034 4000 2099 L047 5000 4853 L049 1765 2679 L057 8889 3889 L061 000 213 L063 1875 733 L073 1000 110 L078 000 000 L081 1538 769 L082 2000 719 L086 000 182 L088 3846 2308 L090 000 935 L090B 10000 5000 L091 667 284 L093 2667 1200 L094 3571 1643 T nnn LV77 5333 2015 L102 2500 1569 L104 000 000 L109 llll 116 Lll2 3333 3667 L114 2000 2195 L116 2308 1855 L119 2222 1067 L122 1000 1979
78
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L126 1250 526 L127 1429 547 Ll2S 2222 2575 L07S 000 000 Ll04 000 000 LOS6 000 182 L013 000 192 L061 000 213 L090 000 935 L091 667 284 L073 1000 IIO L109 1111 116 L006 556 722 LOI3C 1111 395 Ll26 1250 526 L127 1429 547 L030 1429 714 L014 833 1333 L025 1500 725 LOSI 153S 769 T n- ~VJJ i66i 6i3 L063 1875 733 L024 2143 469 L082 2000 719 Ll22 1000 1979 L002 1875 1304 L021 2000 1277 L119 2222 1067 LOOS 2000 1333 L029 2222 1598 L093 2667 1200 L0ll 2857 1077 Ll02 2500 1569 L023 2353 1729 L0IO 2308 1846 L116 2308 1855 Lll4 2000 2195 L049 1765 2679 Ll2S 2222 2575 L094 3571 1643 L034 4000 2099 LOSS 3846 2308 L032 4000 2174
79
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
LAB CODE
L031 L112 L099 L007 L003 L047 L057 L090B
NUMBER OF PARAMETERS BIASED
()
4444 3333 5333 4444 4615 5000 8889
10000
NUMBER OF RESULTS FLAGGED
()
1779 3667 2015 3140 3167 4853 3889 5000
80
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 5 Ion chemistry of deionized rinsewater from Aero Chemetrics collectors deployed for one to two weeks during Lle Alpine let Deposition Project 1990-1993 When no precipitation occurred during the 1 to 2-week period the collectors were rinsed with 250 ml of deionized water this rinse water ~ analyzed for dissolved constituents All values are in microequivalents per liter (microEq L- ) Undetectable levels are designated by u and a dash indicates no data In 1993 colocated collectors (1 and 2) were deployed at Onion Valley and at Mammoth Mountain No rinses were collected during 1994
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K CI N03 S04 OAc OFm
Onion Valley 90 08 31 28 04 os 02 lS lS 12 90 09 11 03 01 03 u u u u 90 10 14 32 os 04 02 01 32 06
91 06 26 42 37 os 10 04 10 2S 18 10 10 91 07 25 46 1S0 2S 36 40 22 S8 39 08 02 910828 S4 1S0 18 24 16 12 107 32 08 08 910923 36 73 10 12 14 12 49 16 os os
bulln 9110 09 226 71 25 40 i60 24 230 10 u ii 9110 23 09 44 os 02 02 u 01 01 os os 92 06 0S-1 362 363 81 84 67 20 280 300 08 03 92 06 0S-2 17S 213 40 46 31 23 160 160 os 03 92 06 21-2 9S 167 28 31 2S 23 114 76 os lS 920710-1 28 2S 04 08 02 os 14 1S os 20 92 07 10-2 39 20 04 09 02 02 10 06 1S ss 92 07 29-1 33 27 03 09 02 02 26 11 02 01 92 07 29-2 26 12 02 11 os 02 12 os os 01 92 09 14-1 S8S 268 S1 32 76 29 14S 66 os os 92 09 14-2 20 258 09 14 07 08 26 19 os 01 92 10 02-1 66 237 43 38 3S 13 12S 34 1S os 92 10 02-2 02 23 02 09 01 u 01 u 02 01 92 10 18-1 147 141 16 19 17 u 80 13 os 03 92 10 18-2 07 30 03 10 01 u u u os 01
93 06 19-1 u 13 u 02 01 08 u 04 u u 93 06 19-2 41 84 11 26 13 18 38 38 os 02 93 07 04-1 u 08 02 u 01 02 01 01 u u 93 07 04-2 06 73 07 06 04 12 02 02 11 20 93 07 19-1 os 1S 02 04 03 11 01 os u 01 93 07 19-2 04 49 04 01 01 02 01 01 u u 93 08 02-1 04 47 04 01 01 os 01 02 14 01 93 08 02-2 02 42 07 07 09 06 06 18 08 01 93 08 24-1 03 u 04 os 09 06 17 07 u u 93 08 24-2 37 u 04 03 06 03 S6 03 u u 93 09 07-1 2S u 04 04 os 04 27 21 60 1S 93 09 07-2 S1 S1 09 13 14 09 103 62 os 01 93 09 22-1 07 11 01 01 03 06 01 01 u u 93 09 22-2 92 140 26 09 21 24 168 84 09 02 93 10 06-1 08 06 u 01 02 03 u u u u 93 10 06-2 07 17 01 04 03 09 u 02 06 os
72
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K CI N03 S04 OAc OFm
South Lake 90 07 02 43 07 08 24 u 33 39 90 08 03 90 08 31
260 09
64 02
135 05
115 01
66 u
540 04
450 02
90 09 11 02 01 02 02 u 02 02 90 10 14 12 02 04 01 01 19 04
910711 240 142 39 66 27 49 235 172 10 05 910725 32 20 06 08 09 05 27 18 05 u 910828 910923
20 36
34 54
04 11
06 36
04 11
05 24
14 66
08 52
u 05
u u
9110 09 9110 23
12 29
05 102
01 12
01 15
01 17
u 19
05 78
03 47
u 29
u 11
92 09 14 92 10 02 92 10 18
17 27 07
09 20 06
01 04 01
10 05 u
12 u u
u 02 01
u 14 u
u 11 01
02 05 02
02 03 02
93 06 28 02 07 01 07 01 17 u 02 os u 93 07 15 93 07 29 93 08 24
22 u 02
26 07 04
04 01 01
05 03 02
05 03 03
12 07 09
03 u 03
07 05 03
u 06 05
u 18 u
93 09 22 93 10 05
u 20
os 02
01 01
02 01
01 01
01 u
u u
01 u
u 09
u 05
Eastern Brook Lake 90 09 13 90 10 14
03 nu
01 u
02 n A u
02 u
u u
u n u~
u u
910828 06 08 02 03 02 os 05 02 02 u 91 10 09 07 03 01 01 u 14 01 02 os u
92 0914 92 10 02 92 10 18
21 19 49
68 104 30
13 14 05
17 23 16
17 12 lS
03 08 02
36 56 33
19 26 09
02 05 os
01 03 03
93 06 19 93 07 04 93 07 19 93 08 04
u 02 u 03
09 14 u u
02 04 u u
02 03 01 02
02 05 01 01
05 03 05 15
u 01 01 19
02 02 01 08
u 04 35 22
u 01 60 50
93 08 24 93 09 22 93 10 OS
02 13 07
01 03 12
u 01 01
01 03 03
u 01 02
u 04 03
u 06 01
u 03 u
u 04 02
u 30 05
MammothMtn 90 08 03 66 25 46 53 36 148 92 9009 06 144 29 30 19 29 230 43 90 10 12 250 70 95 40 53 360 234
910829 n1 nn 1 v bullu
91 10 10
12 n D uo
13 n bullu 08
03 n bullu 02
03 u 01
01 u 01
u u u
07 n bullv 01
04 n bullv 01
os n v 08
02 nUlt
os
73
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Mammoth Min (cont) 92 05 12 63 32 06 15 u 05 35 67 02 02 92 05 28 45 20 05 07 02 03 18 20 os 02 92 07 31-1 05 07 01 u u 04 u 01 03 u 92 07 31-2 13 os u u u 04 u 01 03 u 92 10 19-1 20 06 01 01 u u u 01 08 os 92 10 19-2 11 08 01 01 u u 01 01 os 01
93 06 20-1 u os 01 02 01 03 01 03 01 02 93 06 20-2 08 2S 01 04 03 10 02 06 u 01 93 07 06-1 u os u 02 01 03 01 01 u u 93 07 06-2 09 os u 04 01 07 os os u u 93 07 20-1 u 11 u 02 01 01 01 01 01 02 93 07 20-2 u 21 01 os 03 07 03 04 04 os 93 08 03-1 02 06 u 02 01 03 01 01 02 u 93 08 03-2 02 09 01 02 02 02 01 03 u u 93 08 17-1 04 12 02 34 99 1SS 07 21 09 04 93 08 17-2 42 34 06 11 10 12 80 34 os 01 93 08 31-1 03 07 u 01 01 u u u 20 u 93 08 31-2 10 13 02 04 os 10 lS 07 u u 93 09 15-1 05 07 01 06 LO 25 01 03 03 u 93 09 15-2 54 56 09 12 08 09 95 19 u 93 09 28-1 08 07 u 01 01 02 u u 06 08 93 09 28-2 09 u 01 02 01 04 os 03 30 u 93 11 02-1 os u 03 04 04 06 09 07 01 u 93 11 02-2 07 u 02 07 07 os 08 08 01 u
Tioga Pass nn no 17U VO JI
n 1 bullbullv
1 bullbullv
1 nbullbull v - C I 0
T7
90 09 02 37 07 09 04 u 39 26 90 09 16 03 u 03 u u 10 u
92 09 1S 02 21 04 07 06 u 11 os 02 01 92 10 19 02 07 02 01 05 02 01 01 02 01
93 07 20 06 14 01 02 03 11 01 02 07 20 93 08 17 u 16 02 02 08 04 11 09 10 u 93 08 31 09 03 01 01 02 04 02 03 10 u 93 09 1S 39 12 01 02 02 01 os 03 07 u 93 10 03 08 09 01 01 01 u u u 13 02
Kaiser Pass 910712 33 3S 12 lS 19 18 2S 20 10 02 910729 07 11 02 os 04 02 02 01 910809 16 2S 04 06 04 o~ 02 02 08 01 910827 os 02 03 03 02 02 01 u u 910829 67 47 13 16 09 20 62 43 u u 91091S 122 30 49 46 31 116 90 910924 S5 18 os 09 04 10 22 16 u u 9110 10 24 29 os 06 03 13 30 17 u u 9110 24 88 19S 31 20 12 26 163 12S u u
74
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl NO3 SO4 OAc OFm
Kaiser Pass (cont) 92 05 22 136 92 05 26 113 92 07 08 92 07 20 19 92 07 27 07 92 08 06 68 92 08 31 08
115 120 36 18 10 39 10
27 38 10 15 02 07 02
29 39 10 05 06 19 02
31 43 12 27 u 04 u
38 32 u u 02 21 u
66 49 u u 01 74 01
60 68 15 05 01 55 01
05 20
10 01
Sonora Pass 90 08 02 9009 01 90 09 20 90 10 12
35 45 03 05
12 13 01 05
08 09 03 01
16 08 01 02
u 30 u 01
37 38 10 06
18 16 u u
910712 91 08 14 910924 91 10 10 91 10 24
210 18 18 33
19 347 08 13 60
06 77 02 02 19
04 90 01 01 07
08 52 01 01 10
05 61 u u 15
03 02 u 04 48
04 190 u 02 30
05 25 05 05 u
01 63 01 05 u
92 07 31 92 08 07 92 09 IS 92 10 19
32 14 56 15
05 07
379 22
02 02 69 03
02 01 13 01
u u 36 u
02 01 13 01
02 u
110 03
01 01 30 01
22 02 15 02
12 01 10 02
93 07 05 93 07 20 93 08 03 93 08 17 93 08 31 93 09 15
04 u 1 A~ u u 02
01 09 1 u u u
01 u n u bull gt
u u 01
02 01 nA u
01 04 01
01 01 n v 01 07 06
04 04 nL vu 01 02 02
u u 1 n1
01 01 01
04 01 bull L10
u u u
u u nu 14 07 13
u u u 01 05 03
Alpine Meadows 90 07 27 168 19 12 27 30 143 29
92 07 17 10 80 05 06 u 01 14 106
Lost Lake 90 09 03 90 09 17 90 09 25
01 01 01
u u u
u 01 u
u u 01
u 04 01
u u u
u 02 02
91 07 08 91 09 21 91 10 11
06 03
11 05 01
05 02 u
30 05 01
02 01 u
05 12 u
02 01 01
08 01 01
02 02 u
15 02 u
92 08 08 92 08 28 92 09 25 92 09 10
05 22 08 u
08 08 os 18
01 01 01 04
u 02 04 os
u u u u
u u u u
u os 04 os
u 01 01 05
08 os 01 01
01 18 02 06
75
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Lost Lake (cont) 93 06 27 u u u 03 u u 04 01 93 07 06 01 u u 06 05 08 05 01 u 05 93 07 12 03 u 01 05 06 04 03 02 u 01 93 07 20 u 03 01 02 01 u 03 u u u 93 08 11 01 02 01 02 01 u 01 u u u 93 08 18 u 03 01 03 02 u 03 u u u 93 09 06 02 04 02 03 01 04 04 02 u u 93 09 14 u 10 04 05 01 u 54 01 01 01
Mineral King 910624 14 04 02 02 01 u 02 02 05 01 910709 16 30 04 10 01 05 u 05 05 01 91 07 17 10 04 02 01 01 u 01 u 02 01 910723 910808
22 13
11 03
05 02
03 u
06 01
01 u
13 04
05 u
05 05
02 02
910821 910828
14 14
02 07
02 02
01 02
u 01
u u
02 02
02 05
05 08
05 08
92 07 08 02 34 10 11 13 u u 10 08 05 92 07 30 117 119 37 65 38 27 157 175 15 05 92 08 04 u 24 05 09 03 02 u 05 05 02 92 08 07 24 100 22 17 14 u 76 45 05 05 92 08 28 24 110 22 20 12 02 80 35 05 05 92 09 03 03 23 05 07 03 u 30 05 02 02 92 09 14 64 85 17 17 16 03 91 20 05 02 9210 06 01 56 06 05 03 u 24 10 05 02
Cl1 rv 71 VU 1T
93 07 06 gtA gtmiddot 235
nuv
120 77 59
105 29
247 145
84 30
460 01
470 90
10 20
u 05
93 07 15 65 80 43 22 11S 19 u 103 10 02 93 07 29 u 37 28 15 07 08 u 15 20 10 93 08 08 16 66 32 25 14 18 118 94 u u 93 08 18 u u 02 01 04 03 03 07 u u 93 08 24 01 u u u 01 01 02 03 02 u 93 09 02 02 u 02 03 04 05 14 13 u u 93 09 22 02 13 04 07 04 21 u 14 02 02
Emerald Lake 91 07 24 11 04 29 05 14 02 12 900 16S 91 08 13 07 05 03 03 01 02 02 01 345 70 910827 910924
14 14
03 10
02 04
02 10
01 07
02 02
01 u
01 02
82S 52S
130 15S
92 07 28 92 09 06
18 04
16 15
03 02
10 05
u u
03 04
22 u
12 08
02 55
02 18
93 07 OS 93 07 20
01 01
01 01
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
01 01
02 03
03 02
93 08 23 u 01 u u u 01 u 01 01 04 93 09 07 u 01 u u u u u 01 02 02 n nn 7J V7 I-
93 10 07 n 1 v
u 01 u u u u
u u
u u
u 01
01 03
03 04
76
Table 6 Comparison of pH and major ion determinations between UCSB and CARB laboratories Five different subsamples each of lakewater snowmelt ~d rainwater were sent to the ARB laboratory in El Monte Ion levels are tabulated as microEq L-
MampSamp)e Lab Cl N01 Na K Ca cl~ Lakewater LL-I UCSB 71 02 63 170 39 so 272 618
EIMte 62 lt06 67 144 33 49 289 S99
TZ-61 UCSB 47 2S 9S 188 100 72 444 S66 EMte 4S lt06 8S 196 97 66 394 628
CR-119 UCSB 24 04 70 162 3S 43 237 620 El Mte 20 lt06 1S 16S 36 41 250 629
RB-107 UCSB 18 lt01 78 100 40 31 476 618 EIMte 23 lt06 104 126 40 33 574 633
EML-10 UCSB S6 07 1S 171 43 42 24S 627 EIMte S6 lt06 1S 161 33 41 344 629
Sno~elt lt bull lt ~ 06PR-7 UCSB 17 05 13 535
EIMte 2S 16 33 17 os 08 90 S87
SN-8 UCSB 10 13 11 os 02 02 08 S46 EIMte 11 10 33 04 03 08 60 S60
KW-9 UCSB 10 22 16 08 04 04 os S25 EIMte 14 11 42 04 03 08 60 S61
LL-2 UCSB 10 16 1S 08 01 03 os S3S EMte 14 1S 33 08 lt03 08 90 SSl
Rainwater TPlO 7-16 UCSB so 210 124 46 20 14 S6 449
EIMte 4S 187 131 3S 1S 16 140 S28
SL 7-18 UCSB 43 270 174 S1 26 1S 88 441 EMte 39 247 192 3S 1S 2S 8S 490
AM 9-24 UCSB 43 180 98 31 1S 23 168 463 EMte 31 179 104 30 10 2S 11S S39
SN 7-14 UCSB 48 274 167 29 13 16 72 464 EIMte 42 258 181 26 13 16 8S 479
MM7-16 UCSB 60 362 181 18 14 10 32 441 El Mte S6 331 182 26 1S 16 90 498
77
Table 7 LRTAP COMPARISON OF LABORATORY PERFORMANCE (STUDY 0035) JANUARY 1994 UCSB is L122
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L002 1875 1304 L003 4615 3167 LOOS 2000 1333 L006 556 1278 L007 4444 3140 L0lO 2308 1846 LOll 2857 1077 L013 000 192 L013C llll 395 L014 833 1333 L021 2000 1277 L023 2353 1729 L024 2143 469 L025 1500 725 L029 2222 1598 L030 1429 714 L031 L032
4444 tVUV
1779 2174
L033 1667 673 L034 4000 2099 L047 5000 4853 L049 1765 2679 L057 8889 3889 L061 000 213 L063 1875 733 L073 1000 110 L078 000 000 L081 1538 769 L082 2000 719 L086 000 182 L088 3846 2308 L090 000 935 L090B 10000 5000 L091 667 284 L093 2667 1200 L094 3571 1643 T nnn LV77 5333 2015 L102 2500 1569 L104 000 000 L109 llll 116 Lll2 3333 3667 L114 2000 2195 L116 2308 1855 L119 2222 1067 L122 1000 1979
78
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L126 1250 526 L127 1429 547 Ll2S 2222 2575 L07S 000 000 Ll04 000 000 LOS6 000 182 L013 000 192 L061 000 213 L090 000 935 L091 667 284 L073 1000 IIO L109 1111 116 L006 556 722 LOI3C 1111 395 Ll26 1250 526 L127 1429 547 L030 1429 714 L014 833 1333 L025 1500 725 LOSI 153S 769 T n- ~VJJ i66i 6i3 L063 1875 733 L024 2143 469 L082 2000 719 Ll22 1000 1979 L002 1875 1304 L021 2000 1277 L119 2222 1067 LOOS 2000 1333 L029 2222 1598 L093 2667 1200 L0ll 2857 1077 Ll02 2500 1569 L023 2353 1729 L0IO 2308 1846 L116 2308 1855 Lll4 2000 2195 L049 1765 2679 Ll2S 2222 2575 L094 3571 1643 L034 4000 2099 LOSS 3846 2308 L032 4000 2174
79
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
LAB CODE
L031 L112 L099 L007 L003 L047 L057 L090B
NUMBER OF PARAMETERS BIASED
()
4444 3333 5333 4444 4615 5000 8889
10000
NUMBER OF RESULTS FLAGGED
()
1779 3667 2015 3140 3167 4853 3889 5000
80
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K CI N03 S04 OAc OFm
South Lake 90 07 02 43 07 08 24 u 33 39 90 08 03 90 08 31
260 09
64 02
135 05
115 01
66 u
540 04
450 02
90 09 11 02 01 02 02 u 02 02 90 10 14 12 02 04 01 01 19 04
910711 240 142 39 66 27 49 235 172 10 05 910725 32 20 06 08 09 05 27 18 05 u 910828 910923
20 36
34 54
04 11
06 36
04 11
05 24
14 66
08 52
u 05
u u
9110 09 9110 23
12 29
05 102
01 12
01 15
01 17
u 19
05 78
03 47
u 29
u 11
92 09 14 92 10 02 92 10 18
17 27 07
09 20 06
01 04 01
10 05 u
12 u u
u 02 01
u 14 u
u 11 01
02 05 02
02 03 02
93 06 28 02 07 01 07 01 17 u 02 os u 93 07 15 93 07 29 93 08 24
22 u 02
26 07 04
04 01 01
05 03 02
05 03 03
12 07 09
03 u 03
07 05 03
u 06 05
u 18 u
93 09 22 93 10 05
u 20
os 02
01 01
02 01
01 01
01 u
u u
01 u
u 09
u 05
Eastern Brook Lake 90 09 13 90 10 14
03 nu
01 u
02 n A u
02 u
u u
u n u~
u u
910828 06 08 02 03 02 os 05 02 02 u 91 10 09 07 03 01 01 u 14 01 02 os u
92 0914 92 10 02 92 10 18
21 19 49
68 104 30
13 14 05
17 23 16
17 12 lS
03 08 02
36 56 33
19 26 09
02 05 os
01 03 03
93 06 19 93 07 04 93 07 19 93 08 04
u 02 u 03
09 14 u u
02 04 u u
02 03 01 02
02 05 01 01
05 03 05 15
u 01 01 19
02 02 01 08
u 04 35 22
u 01 60 50
93 08 24 93 09 22 93 10 OS
02 13 07
01 03 12
u 01 01
01 03 03
u 01 02
u 04 03
u 06 01
u 03 u
u 04 02
u 30 05
MammothMtn 90 08 03 66 25 46 53 36 148 92 9009 06 144 29 30 19 29 230 43 90 10 12 250 70 95 40 53 360 234
910829 n1 nn 1 v bullu
91 10 10
12 n D uo
13 n bullu 08
03 n bullu 02
03 u 01
01 u 01
u u u
07 n bullv 01
04 n bullv 01
os n v 08
02 nUlt
os
73
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Mammoth Min (cont) 92 05 12 63 32 06 15 u 05 35 67 02 02 92 05 28 45 20 05 07 02 03 18 20 os 02 92 07 31-1 05 07 01 u u 04 u 01 03 u 92 07 31-2 13 os u u u 04 u 01 03 u 92 10 19-1 20 06 01 01 u u u 01 08 os 92 10 19-2 11 08 01 01 u u 01 01 os 01
93 06 20-1 u os 01 02 01 03 01 03 01 02 93 06 20-2 08 2S 01 04 03 10 02 06 u 01 93 07 06-1 u os u 02 01 03 01 01 u u 93 07 06-2 09 os u 04 01 07 os os u u 93 07 20-1 u 11 u 02 01 01 01 01 01 02 93 07 20-2 u 21 01 os 03 07 03 04 04 os 93 08 03-1 02 06 u 02 01 03 01 01 02 u 93 08 03-2 02 09 01 02 02 02 01 03 u u 93 08 17-1 04 12 02 34 99 1SS 07 21 09 04 93 08 17-2 42 34 06 11 10 12 80 34 os 01 93 08 31-1 03 07 u 01 01 u u u 20 u 93 08 31-2 10 13 02 04 os 10 lS 07 u u 93 09 15-1 05 07 01 06 LO 25 01 03 03 u 93 09 15-2 54 56 09 12 08 09 95 19 u 93 09 28-1 08 07 u 01 01 02 u u 06 08 93 09 28-2 09 u 01 02 01 04 os 03 30 u 93 11 02-1 os u 03 04 04 06 09 07 01 u 93 11 02-2 07 u 02 07 07 os 08 08 01 u
Tioga Pass nn no 17U VO JI
n 1 bullbullv
1 bullbullv
1 nbullbull v - C I 0
T7
90 09 02 37 07 09 04 u 39 26 90 09 16 03 u 03 u u 10 u
92 09 1S 02 21 04 07 06 u 11 os 02 01 92 10 19 02 07 02 01 05 02 01 01 02 01
93 07 20 06 14 01 02 03 11 01 02 07 20 93 08 17 u 16 02 02 08 04 11 09 10 u 93 08 31 09 03 01 01 02 04 02 03 10 u 93 09 1S 39 12 01 02 02 01 os 03 07 u 93 10 03 08 09 01 01 01 u u u 13 02
Kaiser Pass 910712 33 3S 12 lS 19 18 2S 20 10 02 910729 07 11 02 os 04 02 02 01 910809 16 2S 04 06 04 o~ 02 02 08 01 910827 os 02 03 03 02 02 01 u u 910829 67 47 13 16 09 20 62 43 u u 91091S 122 30 49 46 31 116 90 910924 S5 18 os 09 04 10 22 16 u u 9110 10 24 29 os 06 03 13 30 17 u u 9110 24 88 19S 31 20 12 26 163 12S u u
74
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl NO3 SO4 OAc OFm
Kaiser Pass (cont) 92 05 22 136 92 05 26 113 92 07 08 92 07 20 19 92 07 27 07 92 08 06 68 92 08 31 08
115 120 36 18 10 39 10
27 38 10 15 02 07 02
29 39 10 05 06 19 02
31 43 12 27 u 04 u
38 32 u u 02 21 u
66 49 u u 01 74 01
60 68 15 05 01 55 01
05 20
10 01
Sonora Pass 90 08 02 9009 01 90 09 20 90 10 12
35 45 03 05
12 13 01 05
08 09 03 01
16 08 01 02
u 30 u 01
37 38 10 06
18 16 u u
910712 91 08 14 910924 91 10 10 91 10 24
210 18 18 33
19 347 08 13 60
06 77 02 02 19
04 90 01 01 07
08 52 01 01 10
05 61 u u 15
03 02 u 04 48
04 190 u 02 30
05 25 05 05 u
01 63 01 05 u
92 07 31 92 08 07 92 09 IS 92 10 19
32 14 56 15
05 07
379 22
02 02 69 03
02 01 13 01
u u 36 u
02 01 13 01
02 u
110 03
01 01 30 01
22 02 15 02
12 01 10 02
93 07 05 93 07 20 93 08 03 93 08 17 93 08 31 93 09 15
04 u 1 A~ u u 02
01 09 1 u u u
01 u n u bull gt
u u 01
02 01 nA u
01 04 01
01 01 n v 01 07 06
04 04 nL vu 01 02 02
u u 1 n1
01 01 01
04 01 bull L10
u u u
u u nu 14 07 13
u u u 01 05 03
Alpine Meadows 90 07 27 168 19 12 27 30 143 29
92 07 17 10 80 05 06 u 01 14 106
Lost Lake 90 09 03 90 09 17 90 09 25
01 01 01
u u u
u 01 u
u u 01
u 04 01
u u u
u 02 02
91 07 08 91 09 21 91 10 11
06 03
11 05 01
05 02 u
30 05 01
02 01 u
05 12 u
02 01 01
08 01 01
02 02 u
15 02 u
92 08 08 92 08 28 92 09 25 92 09 10
05 22 08 u
08 08 os 18
01 01 01 04
u 02 04 os
u u u u
u u u u
u os 04 os
u 01 01 05
08 os 01 01
01 18 02 06
75
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Lost Lake (cont) 93 06 27 u u u 03 u u 04 01 93 07 06 01 u u 06 05 08 05 01 u 05 93 07 12 03 u 01 05 06 04 03 02 u 01 93 07 20 u 03 01 02 01 u 03 u u u 93 08 11 01 02 01 02 01 u 01 u u u 93 08 18 u 03 01 03 02 u 03 u u u 93 09 06 02 04 02 03 01 04 04 02 u u 93 09 14 u 10 04 05 01 u 54 01 01 01
Mineral King 910624 14 04 02 02 01 u 02 02 05 01 910709 16 30 04 10 01 05 u 05 05 01 91 07 17 10 04 02 01 01 u 01 u 02 01 910723 910808
22 13
11 03
05 02
03 u
06 01
01 u
13 04
05 u
05 05
02 02
910821 910828
14 14
02 07
02 02
01 02
u 01
u u
02 02
02 05
05 08
05 08
92 07 08 02 34 10 11 13 u u 10 08 05 92 07 30 117 119 37 65 38 27 157 175 15 05 92 08 04 u 24 05 09 03 02 u 05 05 02 92 08 07 24 100 22 17 14 u 76 45 05 05 92 08 28 24 110 22 20 12 02 80 35 05 05 92 09 03 03 23 05 07 03 u 30 05 02 02 92 09 14 64 85 17 17 16 03 91 20 05 02 9210 06 01 56 06 05 03 u 24 10 05 02
Cl1 rv 71 VU 1T
93 07 06 gtA gtmiddot 235
nuv
120 77 59
105 29
247 145
84 30
460 01
470 90
10 20
u 05
93 07 15 65 80 43 22 11S 19 u 103 10 02 93 07 29 u 37 28 15 07 08 u 15 20 10 93 08 08 16 66 32 25 14 18 118 94 u u 93 08 18 u u 02 01 04 03 03 07 u u 93 08 24 01 u u u 01 01 02 03 02 u 93 09 02 02 u 02 03 04 05 14 13 u u 93 09 22 02 13 04 07 04 21 u 14 02 02
Emerald Lake 91 07 24 11 04 29 05 14 02 12 900 16S 91 08 13 07 05 03 03 01 02 02 01 345 70 910827 910924
14 14
03 10
02 04
02 10
01 07
02 02
01 u
01 02
82S 52S
130 15S
92 07 28 92 09 06
18 04
16 15
03 02
10 05
u u
03 04
22 u
12 08
02 55
02 18
93 07 OS 93 07 20
01 01
01 01
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
01 01
02 03
03 02
93 08 23 u 01 u u u 01 u 01 01 04 93 09 07 u 01 u u u u u 01 02 02 n nn 7J V7 I-
93 10 07 n 1 v
u 01 u u u u
u u
u u
u 01
01 03
03 04
76
Table 6 Comparison of pH and major ion determinations between UCSB and CARB laboratories Five different subsamples each of lakewater snowmelt ~d rainwater were sent to the ARB laboratory in El Monte Ion levels are tabulated as microEq L-
MampSamp)e Lab Cl N01 Na K Ca cl~ Lakewater LL-I UCSB 71 02 63 170 39 so 272 618
EIMte 62 lt06 67 144 33 49 289 S99
TZ-61 UCSB 47 2S 9S 188 100 72 444 S66 EMte 4S lt06 8S 196 97 66 394 628
CR-119 UCSB 24 04 70 162 3S 43 237 620 El Mte 20 lt06 1S 16S 36 41 250 629
RB-107 UCSB 18 lt01 78 100 40 31 476 618 EIMte 23 lt06 104 126 40 33 574 633
EML-10 UCSB S6 07 1S 171 43 42 24S 627 EIMte S6 lt06 1S 161 33 41 344 629
Sno~elt lt bull lt ~ 06PR-7 UCSB 17 05 13 535
EIMte 2S 16 33 17 os 08 90 S87
SN-8 UCSB 10 13 11 os 02 02 08 S46 EIMte 11 10 33 04 03 08 60 S60
KW-9 UCSB 10 22 16 08 04 04 os S25 EIMte 14 11 42 04 03 08 60 S61
LL-2 UCSB 10 16 1S 08 01 03 os S3S EMte 14 1S 33 08 lt03 08 90 SSl
Rainwater TPlO 7-16 UCSB so 210 124 46 20 14 S6 449
EIMte 4S 187 131 3S 1S 16 140 S28
SL 7-18 UCSB 43 270 174 S1 26 1S 88 441 EMte 39 247 192 3S 1S 2S 8S 490
AM 9-24 UCSB 43 180 98 31 1S 23 168 463 EMte 31 179 104 30 10 2S 11S S39
SN 7-14 UCSB 48 274 167 29 13 16 72 464 EIMte 42 258 181 26 13 16 8S 479
MM7-16 UCSB 60 362 181 18 14 10 32 441 El Mte S6 331 182 26 1S 16 90 498
77
Table 7 LRTAP COMPARISON OF LABORATORY PERFORMANCE (STUDY 0035) JANUARY 1994 UCSB is L122
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L002 1875 1304 L003 4615 3167 LOOS 2000 1333 L006 556 1278 L007 4444 3140 L0lO 2308 1846 LOll 2857 1077 L013 000 192 L013C llll 395 L014 833 1333 L021 2000 1277 L023 2353 1729 L024 2143 469 L025 1500 725 L029 2222 1598 L030 1429 714 L031 L032
4444 tVUV
1779 2174
L033 1667 673 L034 4000 2099 L047 5000 4853 L049 1765 2679 L057 8889 3889 L061 000 213 L063 1875 733 L073 1000 110 L078 000 000 L081 1538 769 L082 2000 719 L086 000 182 L088 3846 2308 L090 000 935 L090B 10000 5000 L091 667 284 L093 2667 1200 L094 3571 1643 T nnn LV77 5333 2015 L102 2500 1569 L104 000 000 L109 llll 116 Lll2 3333 3667 L114 2000 2195 L116 2308 1855 L119 2222 1067 L122 1000 1979
78
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L126 1250 526 L127 1429 547 Ll2S 2222 2575 L07S 000 000 Ll04 000 000 LOS6 000 182 L013 000 192 L061 000 213 L090 000 935 L091 667 284 L073 1000 IIO L109 1111 116 L006 556 722 LOI3C 1111 395 Ll26 1250 526 L127 1429 547 L030 1429 714 L014 833 1333 L025 1500 725 LOSI 153S 769 T n- ~VJJ i66i 6i3 L063 1875 733 L024 2143 469 L082 2000 719 Ll22 1000 1979 L002 1875 1304 L021 2000 1277 L119 2222 1067 LOOS 2000 1333 L029 2222 1598 L093 2667 1200 L0ll 2857 1077 Ll02 2500 1569 L023 2353 1729 L0IO 2308 1846 L116 2308 1855 Lll4 2000 2195 L049 1765 2679 Ll2S 2222 2575 L094 3571 1643 L034 4000 2099 LOSS 3846 2308 L032 4000 2174
79
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
LAB CODE
L031 L112 L099 L007 L003 L047 L057 L090B
NUMBER OF PARAMETERS BIASED
()
4444 3333 5333 4444 4615 5000 8889
10000
NUMBER OF RESULTS FLAGGED
()
1779 3667 2015 3140 3167 4853 3889 5000
80
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Mammoth Min (cont) 92 05 12 63 32 06 15 u 05 35 67 02 02 92 05 28 45 20 05 07 02 03 18 20 os 02 92 07 31-1 05 07 01 u u 04 u 01 03 u 92 07 31-2 13 os u u u 04 u 01 03 u 92 10 19-1 20 06 01 01 u u u 01 08 os 92 10 19-2 11 08 01 01 u u 01 01 os 01
93 06 20-1 u os 01 02 01 03 01 03 01 02 93 06 20-2 08 2S 01 04 03 10 02 06 u 01 93 07 06-1 u os u 02 01 03 01 01 u u 93 07 06-2 09 os u 04 01 07 os os u u 93 07 20-1 u 11 u 02 01 01 01 01 01 02 93 07 20-2 u 21 01 os 03 07 03 04 04 os 93 08 03-1 02 06 u 02 01 03 01 01 02 u 93 08 03-2 02 09 01 02 02 02 01 03 u u 93 08 17-1 04 12 02 34 99 1SS 07 21 09 04 93 08 17-2 42 34 06 11 10 12 80 34 os 01 93 08 31-1 03 07 u 01 01 u u u 20 u 93 08 31-2 10 13 02 04 os 10 lS 07 u u 93 09 15-1 05 07 01 06 LO 25 01 03 03 u 93 09 15-2 54 56 09 12 08 09 95 19 u 93 09 28-1 08 07 u 01 01 02 u u 06 08 93 09 28-2 09 u 01 02 01 04 os 03 30 u 93 11 02-1 os u 03 04 04 06 09 07 01 u 93 11 02-2 07 u 02 07 07 os 08 08 01 u
Tioga Pass nn no 17U VO JI
n 1 bullbullv
1 bullbullv
1 nbullbull v - C I 0
T7
90 09 02 37 07 09 04 u 39 26 90 09 16 03 u 03 u u 10 u
92 09 1S 02 21 04 07 06 u 11 os 02 01 92 10 19 02 07 02 01 05 02 01 01 02 01
93 07 20 06 14 01 02 03 11 01 02 07 20 93 08 17 u 16 02 02 08 04 11 09 10 u 93 08 31 09 03 01 01 02 04 02 03 10 u 93 09 1S 39 12 01 02 02 01 os 03 07 u 93 10 03 08 09 01 01 01 u u u 13 02
Kaiser Pass 910712 33 3S 12 lS 19 18 2S 20 10 02 910729 07 11 02 os 04 02 02 01 910809 16 2S 04 06 04 o~ 02 02 08 01 910827 os 02 03 03 02 02 01 u u 910829 67 47 13 16 09 20 62 43 u u 91091S 122 30 49 46 31 116 90 910924 S5 18 os 09 04 10 22 16 u u 9110 10 24 29 os 06 03 13 30 17 u u 9110 24 88 19S 31 20 12 26 163 12S u u
74
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl NO3 SO4 OAc OFm
Kaiser Pass (cont) 92 05 22 136 92 05 26 113 92 07 08 92 07 20 19 92 07 27 07 92 08 06 68 92 08 31 08
115 120 36 18 10 39 10
27 38 10 15 02 07 02
29 39 10 05 06 19 02
31 43 12 27 u 04 u
38 32 u u 02 21 u
66 49 u u 01 74 01
60 68 15 05 01 55 01
05 20
10 01
Sonora Pass 90 08 02 9009 01 90 09 20 90 10 12
35 45 03 05
12 13 01 05
08 09 03 01
16 08 01 02
u 30 u 01
37 38 10 06
18 16 u u
910712 91 08 14 910924 91 10 10 91 10 24
210 18 18 33
19 347 08 13 60
06 77 02 02 19
04 90 01 01 07
08 52 01 01 10
05 61 u u 15
03 02 u 04 48
04 190 u 02 30
05 25 05 05 u
01 63 01 05 u
92 07 31 92 08 07 92 09 IS 92 10 19
32 14 56 15
05 07
379 22
02 02 69 03
02 01 13 01
u u 36 u
02 01 13 01
02 u
110 03
01 01 30 01
22 02 15 02
12 01 10 02
93 07 05 93 07 20 93 08 03 93 08 17 93 08 31 93 09 15
04 u 1 A~ u u 02
01 09 1 u u u
01 u n u bull gt
u u 01
02 01 nA u
01 04 01
01 01 n v 01 07 06
04 04 nL vu 01 02 02
u u 1 n1
01 01 01
04 01 bull L10
u u u
u u nu 14 07 13
u u u 01 05 03
Alpine Meadows 90 07 27 168 19 12 27 30 143 29
92 07 17 10 80 05 06 u 01 14 106
Lost Lake 90 09 03 90 09 17 90 09 25
01 01 01
u u u
u 01 u
u u 01
u 04 01
u u u
u 02 02
91 07 08 91 09 21 91 10 11
06 03
11 05 01
05 02 u
30 05 01
02 01 u
05 12 u
02 01 01
08 01 01
02 02 u
15 02 u
92 08 08 92 08 28 92 09 25 92 09 10
05 22 08 u
08 08 os 18
01 01 01 04
u 02 04 os
u u u u
u u u u
u os 04 os
u 01 01 05
08 os 01 01
01 18 02 06
75
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Lost Lake (cont) 93 06 27 u u u 03 u u 04 01 93 07 06 01 u u 06 05 08 05 01 u 05 93 07 12 03 u 01 05 06 04 03 02 u 01 93 07 20 u 03 01 02 01 u 03 u u u 93 08 11 01 02 01 02 01 u 01 u u u 93 08 18 u 03 01 03 02 u 03 u u u 93 09 06 02 04 02 03 01 04 04 02 u u 93 09 14 u 10 04 05 01 u 54 01 01 01
Mineral King 910624 14 04 02 02 01 u 02 02 05 01 910709 16 30 04 10 01 05 u 05 05 01 91 07 17 10 04 02 01 01 u 01 u 02 01 910723 910808
22 13
11 03
05 02
03 u
06 01
01 u
13 04
05 u
05 05
02 02
910821 910828
14 14
02 07
02 02
01 02
u 01
u u
02 02
02 05
05 08
05 08
92 07 08 02 34 10 11 13 u u 10 08 05 92 07 30 117 119 37 65 38 27 157 175 15 05 92 08 04 u 24 05 09 03 02 u 05 05 02 92 08 07 24 100 22 17 14 u 76 45 05 05 92 08 28 24 110 22 20 12 02 80 35 05 05 92 09 03 03 23 05 07 03 u 30 05 02 02 92 09 14 64 85 17 17 16 03 91 20 05 02 9210 06 01 56 06 05 03 u 24 10 05 02
Cl1 rv 71 VU 1T
93 07 06 gtA gtmiddot 235
nuv
120 77 59
105 29
247 145
84 30
460 01
470 90
10 20
u 05
93 07 15 65 80 43 22 11S 19 u 103 10 02 93 07 29 u 37 28 15 07 08 u 15 20 10 93 08 08 16 66 32 25 14 18 118 94 u u 93 08 18 u u 02 01 04 03 03 07 u u 93 08 24 01 u u u 01 01 02 03 02 u 93 09 02 02 u 02 03 04 05 14 13 u u 93 09 22 02 13 04 07 04 21 u 14 02 02
Emerald Lake 91 07 24 11 04 29 05 14 02 12 900 16S 91 08 13 07 05 03 03 01 02 02 01 345 70 910827 910924
14 14
03 10
02 04
02 10
01 07
02 02
01 u
01 02
82S 52S
130 15S
92 07 28 92 09 06
18 04
16 15
03 02
10 05
u u
03 04
22 u
12 08
02 55
02 18
93 07 OS 93 07 20
01 01
01 01
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
01 01
02 03
03 02
93 08 23 u 01 u u u 01 u 01 01 04 93 09 07 u 01 u u u u u 01 02 02 n nn 7J V7 I-
93 10 07 n 1 v
u 01 u u u u
u u
u u
u 01
01 03
03 04
76
Table 6 Comparison of pH and major ion determinations between UCSB and CARB laboratories Five different subsamples each of lakewater snowmelt ~d rainwater were sent to the ARB laboratory in El Monte Ion levels are tabulated as microEq L-
MampSamp)e Lab Cl N01 Na K Ca cl~ Lakewater LL-I UCSB 71 02 63 170 39 so 272 618
EIMte 62 lt06 67 144 33 49 289 S99
TZ-61 UCSB 47 2S 9S 188 100 72 444 S66 EMte 4S lt06 8S 196 97 66 394 628
CR-119 UCSB 24 04 70 162 3S 43 237 620 El Mte 20 lt06 1S 16S 36 41 250 629
RB-107 UCSB 18 lt01 78 100 40 31 476 618 EIMte 23 lt06 104 126 40 33 574 633
EML-10 UCSB S6 07 1S 171 43 42 24S 627 EIMte S6 lt06 1S 161 33 41 344 629
Sno~elt lt bull lt ~ 06PR-7 UCSB 17 05 13 535
EIMte 2S 16 33 17 os 08 90 S87
SN-8 UCSB 10 13 11 os 02 02 08 S46 EIMte 11 10 33 04 03 08 60 S60
KW-9 UCSB 10 22 16 08 04 04 os S25 EIMte 14 11 42 04 03 08 60 S61
LL-2 UCSB 10 16 1S 08 01 03 os S3S EMte 14 1S 33 08 lt03 08 90 SSl
Rainwater TPlO 7-16 UCSB so 210 124 46 20 14 S6 449
EIMte 4S 187 131 3S 1S 16 140 S28
SL 7-18 UCSB 43 270 174 S1 26 1S 88 441 EMte 39 247 192 3S 1S 2S 8S 490
AM 9-24 UCSB 43 180 98 31 1S 23 168 463 EMte 31 179 104 30 10 2S 11S S39
SN 7-14 UCSB 48 274 167 29 13 16 72 464 EIMte 42 258 181 26 13 16 8S 479
MM7-16 UCSB 60 362 181 18 14 10 32 441 El Mte S6 331 182 26 1S 16 90 498
77
Table 7 LRTAP COMPARISON OF LABORATORY PERFORMANCE (STUDY 0035) JANUARY 1994 UCSB is L122
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L002 1875 1304 L003 4615 3167 LOOS 2000 1333 L006 556 1278 L007 4444 3140 L0lO 2308 1846 LOll 2857 1077 L013 000 192 L013C llll 395 L014 833 1333 L021 2000 1277 L023 2353 1729 L024 2143 469 L025 1500 725 L029 2222 1598 L030 1429 714 L031 L032
4444 tVUV
1779 2174
L033 1667 673 L034 4000 2099 L047 5000 4853 L049 1765 2679 L057 8889 3889 L061 000 213 L063 1875 733 L073 1000 110 L078 000 000 L081 1538 769 L082 2000 719 L086 000 182 L088 3846 2308 L090 000 935 L090B 10000 5000 L091 667 284 L093 2667 1200 L094 3571 1643 T nnn LV77 5333 2015 L102 2500 1569 L104 000 000 L109 llll 116 Lll2 3333 3667 L114 2000 2195 L116 2308 1855 L119 2222 1067 L122 1000 1979
78
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L126 1250 526 L127 1429 547 Ll2S 2222 2575 L07S 000 000 Ll04 000 000 LOS6 000 182 L013 000 192 L061 000 213 L090 000 935 L091 667 284 L073 1000 IIO L109 1111 116 L006 556 722 LOI3C 1111 395 Ll26 1250 526 L127 1429 547 L030 1429 714 L014 833 1333 L025 1500 725 LOSI 153S 769 T n- ~VJJ i66i 6i3 L063 1875 733 L024 2143 469 L082 2000 719 Ll22 1000 1979 L002 1875 1304 L021 2000 1277 L119 2222 1067 LOOS 2000 1333 L029 2222 1598 L093 2667 1200 L0ll 2857 1077 Ll02 2500 1569 L023 2353 1729 L0IO 2308 1846 L116 2308 1855 Lll4 2000 2195 L049 1765 2679 Ll2S 2222 2575 L094 3571 1643 L034 4000 2099 LOSS 3846 2308 L032 4000 2174
79
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
LAB CODE
L031 L112 L099 L007 L003 L047 L057 L090B
NUMBER OF PARAMETERS BIASED
()
4444 3333 5333 4444 4615 5000 8889
10000
NUMBER OF RESULTS FLAGGED
()
1779 3667 2015 3140 3167 4853 3889 5000
80
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl NO3 SO4 OAc OFm
Kaiser Pass (cont) 92 05 22 136 92 05 26 113 92 07 08 92 07 20 19 92 07 27 07 92 08 06 68 92 08 31 08
115 120 36 18 10 39 10
27 38 10 15 02 07 02
29 39 10 05 06 19 02
31 43 12 27 u 04 u
38 32 u u 02 21 u
66 49 u u 01 74 01
60 68 15 05 01 55 01
05 20
10 01
Sonora Pass 90 08 02 9009 01 90 09 20 90 10 12
35 45 03 05
12 13 01 05
08 09 03 01
16 08 01 02
u 30 u 01
37 38 10 06
18 16 u u
910712 91 08 14 910924 91 10 10 91 10 24
210 18 18 33
19 347 08 13 60
06 77 02 02 19
04 90 01 01 07
08 52 01 01 10
05 61 u u 15
03 02 u 04 48
04 190 u 02 30
05 25 05 05 u
01 63 01 05 u
92 07 31 92 08 07 92 09 IS 92 10 19
32 14 56 15
05 07
379 22
02 02 69 03
02 01 13 01
u u 36 u
02 01 13 01
02 u
110 03
01 01 30 01
22 02 15 02
12 01 10 02
93 07 05 93 07 20 93 08 03 93 08 17 93 08 31 93 09 15
04 u 1 A~ u u 02
01 09 1 u u u
01 u n u bull gt
u u 01
02 01 nA u
01 04 01
01 01 n v 01 07 06
04 04 nL vu 01 02 02
u u 1 n1
01 01 01
04 01 bull L10
u u u
u u nu 14 07 13
u u u 01 05 03
Alpine Meadows 90 07 27 168 19 12 27 30 143 29
92 07 17 10 80 05 06 u 01 14 106
Lost Lake 90 09 03 90 09 17 90 09 25
01 01 01
u u u
u 01 u
u u 01
u 04 01
u u u
u 02 02
91 07 08 91 09 21 91 10 11
06 03
11 05 01
05 02 u
30 05 01
02 01 u
05 12 u
02 01 01
08 01 01
02 02 u
15 02 u
92 08 08 92 08 28 92 09 25 92 09 10
05 22 08 u
08 08 os 18
01 01 01 04
u 02 04 os
u u u u
u u u u
u os 04 os
u 01 01 05
08 os 01 01
01 18 02 06
75
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Lost Lake (cont) 93 06 27 u u u 03 u u 04 01 93 07 06 01 u u 06 05 08 05 01 u 05 93 07 12 03 u 01 05 06 04 03 02 u 01 93 07 20 u 03 01 02 01 u 03 u u u 93 08 11 01 02 01 02 01 u 01 u u u 93 08 18 u 03 01 03 02 u 03 u u u 93 09 06 02 04 02 03 01 04 04 02 u u 93 09 14 u 10 04 05 01 u 54 01 01 01
Mineral King 910624 14 04 02 02 01 u 02 02 05 01 910709 16 30 04 10 01 05 u 05 05 01 91 07 17 10 04 02 01 01 u 01 u 02 01 910723 910808
22 13
11 03
05 02
03 u
06 01
01 u
13 04
05 u
05 05
02 02
910821 910828
14 14
02 07
02 02
01 02
u 01
u u
02 02
02 05
05 08
05 08
92 07 08 02 34 10 11 13 u u 10 08 05 92 07 30 117 119 37 65 38 27 157 175 15 05 92 08 04 u 24 05 09 03 02 u 05 05 02 92 08 07 24 100 22 17 14 u 76 45 05 05 92 08 28 24 110 22 20 12 02 80 35 05 05 92 09 03 03 23 05 07 03 u 30 05 02 02 92 09 14 64 85 17 17 16 03 91 20 05 02 9210 06 01 56 06 05 03 u 24 10 05 02
Cl1 rv 71 VU 1T
93 07 06 gtA gtmiddot 235
nuv
120 77 59
105 29
247 145
84 30
460 01
470 90
10 20
u 05
93 07 15 65 80 43 22 11S 19 u 103 10 02 93 07 29 u 37 28 15 07 08 u 15 20 10 93 08 08 16 66 32 25 14 18 118 94 u u 93 08 18 u u 02 01 04 03 03 07 u u 93 08 24 01 u u u 01 01 02 03 02 u 93 09 02 02 u 02 03 04 05 14 13 u u 93 09 22 02 13 04 07 04 21 u 14 02 02
Emerald Lake 91 07 24 11 04 29 05 14 02 12 900 16S 91 08 13 07 05 03 03 01 02 02 01 345 70 910827 910924
14 14
03 10
02 04
02 10
01 07
02 02
01 u
01 02
82S 52S
130 15S
92 07 28 92 09 06
18 04
16 15
03 02
10 05
u u
03 04
22 u
12 08
02 55
02 18
93 07 OS 93 07 20
01 01
01 01
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
01 01
02 03
03 02
93 08 23 u 01 u u u 01 u 01 01 04 93 09 07 u 01 u u u u u 01 02 02 n nn 7J V7 I-
93 10 07 n 1 v
u 01 u u u u
u u
u u
u 01
01 03
03 04
76
Table 6 Comparison of pH and major ion determinations between UCSB and CARB laboratories Five different subsamples each of lakewater snowmelt ~d rainwater were sent to the ARB laboratory in El Monte Ion levels are tabulated as microEq L-
MampSamp)e Lab Cl N01 Na K Ca cl~ Lakewater LL-I UCSB 71 02 63 170 39 so 272 618
EIMte 62 lt06 67 144 33 49 289 S99
TZ-61 UCSB 47 2S 9S 188 100 72 444 S66 EMte 4S lt06 8S 196 97 66 394 628
CR-119 UCSB 24 04 70 162 3S 43 237 620 El Mte 20 lt06 1S 16S 36 41 250 629
RB-107 UCSB 18 lt01 78 100 40 31 476 618 EIMte 23 lt06 104 126 40 33 574 633
EML-10 UCSB S6 07 1S 171 43 42 24S 627 EIMte S6 lt06 1S 161 33 41 344 629
Sno~elt lt bull lt ~ 06PR-7 UCSB 17 05 13 535
EIMte 2S 16 33 17 os 08 90 S87
SN-8 UCSB 10 13 11 os 02 02 08 S46 EIMte 11 10 33 04 03 08 60 S60
KW-9 UCSB 10 22 16 08 04 04 os S25 EIMte 14 11 42 04 03 08 60 S61
LL-2 UCSB 10 16 1S 08 01 03 os S3S EMte 14 1S 33 08 lt03 08 90 SSl
Rainwater TPlO 7-16 UCSB so 210 124 46 20 14 S6 449
EIMte 4S 187 131 3S 1S 16 140 S28
SL 7-18 UCSB 43 270 174 S1 26 1S 88 441 EMte 39 247 192 3S 1S 2S 8S 490
AM 9-24 UCSB 43 180 98 31 1S 23 168 463 EMte 31 179 104 30 10 2S 11S S39
SN 7-14 UCSB 48 274 167 29 13 16 72 464 EIMte 42 258 181 26 13 16 8S 479
MM7-16 UCSB 60 362 181 18 14 10 32 441 El Mte S6 331 182 26 1S 16 90 498
77
Table 7 LRTAP COMPARISON OF LABORATORY PERFORMANCE (STUDY 0035) JANUARY 1994 UCSB is L122
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L002 1875 1304 L003 4615 3167 LOOS 2000 1333 L006 556 1278 L007 4444 3140 L0lO 2308 1846 LOll 2857 1077 L013 000 192 L013C llll 395 L014 833 1333 L021 2000 1277 L023 2353 1729 L024 2143 469 L025 1500 725 L029 2222 1598 L030 1429 714 L031 L032
4444 tVUV
1779 2174
L033 1667 673 L034 4000 2099 L047 5000 4853 L049 1765 2679 L057 8889 3889 L061 000 213 L063 1875 733 L073 1000 110 L078 000 000 L081 1538 769 L082 2000 719 L086 000 182 L088 3846 2308 L090 000 935 L090B 10000 5000 L091 667 284 L093 2667 1200 L094 3571 1643 T nnn LV77 5333 2015 L102 2500 1569 L104 000 000 L109 llll 116 Lll2 3333 3667 L114 2000 2195 L116 2308 1855 L119 2222 1067 L122 1000 1979
78
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L126 1250 526 L127 1429 547 Ll2S 2222 2575 L07S 000 000 Ll04 000 000 LOS6 000 182 L013 000 192 L061 000 213 L090 000 935 L091 667 284 L073 1000 IIO L109 1111 116 L006 556 722 LOI3C 1111 395 Ll26 1250 526 L127 1429 547 L030 1429 714 L014 833 1333 L025 1500 725 LOSI 153S 769 T n- ~VJJ i66i 6i3 L063 1875 733 L024 2143 469 L082 2000 719 Ll22 1000 1979 L002 1875 1304 L021 2000 1277 L119 2222 1067 LOOS 2000 1333 L029 2222 1598 L093 2667 1200 L0ll 2857 1077 Ll02 2500 1569 L023 2353 1729 L0IO 2308 1846 L116 2308 1855 Lll4 2000 2195 L049 1765 2679 Ll2S 2222 2575 L094 3571 1643 L034 4000 2099 LOSS 3846 2308 L032 4000 2174
79
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
LAB CODE
L031 L112 L099 L007 L003 L047 L057 L090B
NUMBER OF PARAMETERS BIASED
()
4444 3333 5333 4444 4615 5000 8889
10000
NUMBER OF RESULTS FLAGGED
()
1779 3667 2015 3140 3167 4853 3889 5000
80
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 5 (Continued)
Site amp Date NH4 Ca Mg Na K Cl N03 S04 OAc OFm
Lost Lake (cont) 93 06 27 u u u 03 u u 04 01 93 07 06 01 u u 06 05 08 05 01 u 05 93 07 12 03 u 01 05 06 04 03 02 u 01 93 07 20 u 03 01 02 01 u 03 u u u 93 08 11 01 02 01 02 01 u 01 u u u 93 08 18 u 03 01 03 02 u 03 u u u 93 09 06 02 04 02 03 01 04 04 02 u u 93 09 14 u 10 04 05 01 u 54 01 01 01
Mineral King 910624 14 04 02 02 01 u 02 02 05 01 910709 16 30 04 10 01 05 u 05 05 01 91 07 17 10 04 02 01 01 u 01 u 02 01 910723 910808
22 13
11 03
05 02
03 u
06 01
01 u
13 04
05 u
05 05
02 02
910821 910828
14 14
02 07
02 02
01 02
u 01
u u
02 02
02 05
05 08
05 08
92 07 08 02 34 10 11 13 u u 10 08 05 92 07 30 117 119 37 65 38 27 157 175 15 05 92 08 04 u 24 05 09 03 02 u 05 05 02 92 08 07 24 100 22 17 14 u 76 45 05 05 92 08 28 24 110 22 20 12 02 80 35 05 05 92 09 03 03 23 05 07 03 u 30 05 02 02 92 09 14 64 85 17 17 16 03 91 20 05 02 9210 06 01 56 06 05 03 u 24 10 05 02
Cl1 rv 71 VU 1T
93 07 06 gtA gtmiddot 235
nuv
120 77 59
105 29
247 145
84 30
460 01
470 90
10 20
u 05
93 07 15 65 80 43 22 11S 19 u 103 10 02 93 07 29 u 37 28 15 07 08 u 15 20 10 93 08 08 16 66 32 25 14 18 118 94 u u 93 08 18 u u 02 01 04 03 03 07 u u 93 08 24 01 u u u 01 01 02 03 02 u 93 09 02 02 u 02 03 04 05 14 13 u u 93 09 22 02 13 04 07 04 21 u 14 02 02
Emerald Lake 91 07 24 11 04 29 05 14 02 12 900 16S 91 08 13 07 05 03 03 01 02 02 01 345 70 910827 910924
14 14
03 10
02 04
02 10
01 07
02 02
01 u
01 02
82S 52S
130 15S
92 07 28 92 09 06
18 04
16 15
03 02
10 05
u u
03 04
22 u
12 08
02 55
02 18
93 07 OS 93 07 20
01 01
01 01
u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
01 01
02 03
03 02
93 08 23 u 01 u u u 01 u 01 01 04 93 09 07 u 01 u u u u u 01 02 02 n nn 7J V7 I-
93 10 07 n 1 v
u 01 u u u u
u u
u u
u 01
01 03
03 04
76
Table 6 Comparison of pH and major ion determinations between UCSB and CARB laboratories Five different subsamples each of lakewater snowmelt ~d rainwater were sent to the ARB laboratory in El Monte Ion levels are tabulated as microEq L-
MampSamp)e Lab Cl N01 Na K Ca cl~ Lakewater LL-I UCSB 71 02 63 170 39 so 272 618
EIMte 62 lt06 67 144 33 49 289 S99
TZ-61 UCSB 47 2S 9S 188 100 72 444 S66 EMte 4S lt06 8S 196 97 66 394 628
CR-119 UCSB 24 04 70 162 3S 43 237 620 El Mte 20 lt06 1S 16S 36 41 250 629
RB-107 UCSB 18 lt01 78 100 40 31 476 618 EIMte 23 lt06 104 126 40 33 574 633
EML-10 UCSB S6 07 1S 171 43 42 24S 627 EIMte S6 lt06 1S 161 33 41 344 629
Sno~elt lt bull lt ~ 06PR-7 UCSB 17 05 13 535
EIMte 2S 16 33 17 os 08 90 S87
SN-8 UCSB 10 13 11 os 02 02 08 S46 EIMte 11 10 33 04 03 08 60 S60
KW-9 UCSB 10 22 16 08 04 04 os S25 EIMte 14 11 42 04 03 08 60 S61
LL-2 UCSB 10 16 1S 08 01 03 os S3S EMte 14 1S 33 08 lt03 08 90 SSl
Rainwater TPlO 7-16 UCSB so 210 124 46 20 14 S6 449
EIMte 4S 187 131 3S 1S 16 140 S28
SL 7-18 UCSB 43 270 174 S1 26 1S 88 441 EMte 39 247 192 3S 1S 2S 8S 490
AM 9-24 UCSB 43 180 98 31 1S 23 168 463 EMte 31 179 104 30 10 2S 11S S39
SN 7-14 UCSB 48 274 167 29 13 16 72 464 EIMte 42 258 181 26 13 16 8S 479
MM7-16 UCSB 60 362 181 18 14 10 32 441 El Mte S6 331 182 26 1S 16 90 498
77
Table 7 LRTAP COMPARISON OF LABORATORY PERFORMANCE (STUDY 0035) JANUARY 1994 UCSB is L122
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L002 1875 1304 L003 4615 3167 LOOS 2000 1333 L006 556 1278 L007 4444 3140 L0lO 2308 1846 LOll 2857 1077 L013 000 192 L013C llll 395 L014 833 1333 L021 2000 1277 L023 2353 1729 L024 2143 469 L025 1500 725 L029 2222 1598 L030 1429 714 L031 L032
4444 tVUV
1779 2174
L033 1667 673 L034 4000 2099 L047 5000 4853 L049 1765 2679 L057 8889 3889 L061 000 213 L063 1875 733 L073 1000 110 L078 000 000 L081 1538 769 L082 2000 719 L086 000 182 L088 3846 2308 L090 000 935 L090B 10000 5000 L091 667 284 L093 2667 1200 L094 3571 1643 T nnn LV77 5333 2015 L102 2500 1569 L104 000 000 L109 llll 116 Lll2 3333 3667 L114 2000 2195 L116 2308 1855 L119 2222 1067 L122 1000 1979
78
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L126 1250 526 L127 1429 547 Ll2S 2222 2575 L07S 000 000 Ll04 000 000 LOS6 000 182 L013 000 192 L061 000 213 L090 000 935 L091 667 284 L073 1000 IIO L109 1111 116 L006 556 722 LOI3C 1111 395 Ll26 1250 526 L127 1429 547 L030 1429 714 L014 833 1333 L025 1500 725 LOSI 153S 769 T n- ~VJJ i66i 6i3 L063 1875 733 L024 2143 469 L082 2000 719 Ll22 1000 1979 L002 1875 1304 L021 2000 1277 L119 2222 1067 LOOS 2000 1333 L029 2222 1598 L093 2667 1200 L0ll 2857 1077 Ll02 2500 1569 L023 2353 1729 L0IO 2308 1846 L116 2308 1855 Lll4 2000 2195 L049 1765 2679 Ll2S 2222 2575 L094 3571 1643 L034 4000 2099 LOSS 3846 2308 L032 4000 2174
79
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
LAB CODE
L031 L112 L099 L007 L003 L047 L057 L090B
NUMBER OF PARAMETERS BIASED
()
4444 3333 5333 4444 4615 5000 8889
10000
NUMBER OF RESULTS FLAGGED
()
1779 3667 2015 3140 3167 4853 3889 5000
80
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 6 Comparison of pH and major ion determinations between UCSB and CARB laboratories Five different subsamples each of lakewater snowmelt ~d rainwater were sent to the ARB laboratory in El Monte Ion levels are tabulated as microEq L-
MampSamp)e Lab Cl N01 Na K Ca cl~ Lakewater LL-I UCSB 71 02 63 170 39 so 272 618
EIMte 62 lt06 67 144 33 49 289 S99
TZ-61 UCSB 47 2S 9S 188 100 72 444 S66 EMte 4S lt06 8S 196 97 66 394 628
CR-119 UCSB 24 04 70 162 3S 43 237 620 El Mte 20 lt06 1S 16S 36 41 250 629
RB-107 UCSB 18 lt01 78 100 40 31 476 618 EIMte 23 lt06 104 126 40 33 574 633
EML-10 UCSB S6 07 1S 171 43 42 24S 627 EIMte S6 lt06 1S 161 33 41 344 629
Sno~elt lt bull lt ~ 06PR-7 UCSB 17 05 13 535
EIMte 2S 16 33 17 os 08 90 S87
SN-8 UCSB 10 13 11 os 02 02 08 S46 EIMte 11 10 33 04 03 08 60 S60
KW-9 UCSB 10 22 16 08 04 04 os S25 EIMte 14 11 42 04 03 08 60 S61
LL-2 UCSB 10 16 1S 08 01 03 os S3S EMte 14 1S 33 08 lt03 08 90 SSl
Rainwater TPlO 7-16 UCSB so 210 124 46 20 14 S6 449
EIMte 4S 187 131 3S 1S 16 140 S28
SL 7-18 UCSB 43 270 174 S1 26 1S 88 441 EMte 39 247 192 3S 1S 2S 8S 490
AM 9-24 UCSB 43 180 98 31 1S 23 168 463 EMte 31 179 104 30 10 2S 11S S39
SN 7-14 UCSB 48 274 167 29 13 16 72 464 EIMte 42 258 181 26 13 16 8S 479
MM7-16 UCSB 60 362 181 18 14 10 32 441 El Mte S6 331 182 26 1S 16 90 498
77
Table 7 LRTAP COMPARISON OF LABORATORY PERFORMANCE (STUDY 0035) JANUARY 1994 UCSB is L122
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L002 1875 1304 L003 4615 3167 LOOS 2000 1333 L006 556 1278 L007 4444 3140 L0lO 2308 1846 LOll 2857 1077 L013 000 192 L013C llll 395 L014 833 1333 L021 2000 1277 L023 2353 1729 L024 2143 469 L025 1500 725 L029 2222 1598 L030 1429 714 L031 L032
4444 tVUV
1779 2174
L033 1667 673 L034 4000 2099 L047 5000 4853 L049 1765 2679 L057 8889 3889 L061 000 213 L063 1875 733 L073 1000 110 L078 000 000 L081 1538 769 L082 2000 719 L086 000 182 L088 3846 2308 L090 000 935 L090B 10000 5000 L091 667 284 L093 2667 1200 L094 3571 1643 T nnn LV77 5333 2015 L102 2500 1569 L104 000 000 L109 llll 116 Lll2 3333 3667 L114 2000 2195 L116 2308 1855 L119 2222 1067 L122 1000 1979
78
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L126 1250 526 L127 1429 547 Ll2S 2222 2575 L07S 000 000 Ll04 000 000 LOS6 000 182 L013 000 192 L061 000 213 L090 000 935 L091 667 284 L073 1000 IIO L109 1111 116 L006 556 722 LOI3C 1111 395 Ll26 1250 526 L127 1429 547 L030 1429 714 L014 833 1333 L025 1500 725 LOSI 153S 769 T n- ~VJJ i66i 6i3 L063 1875 733 L024 2143 469 L082 2000 719 Ll22 1000 1979 L002 1875 1304 L021 2000 1277 L119 2222 1067 LOOS 2000 1333 L029 2222 1598 L093 2667 1200 L0ll 2857 1077 Ll02 2500 1569 L023 2353 1729 L0IO 2308 1846 L116 2308 1855 Lll4 2000 2195 L049 1765 2679 Ll2S 2222 2575 L094 3571 1643 L034 4000 2099 LOSS 3846 2308 L032 4000 2174
79
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
LAB CODE
L031 L112 L099 L007 L003 L047 L057 L090B
NUMBER OF PARAMETERS BIASED
()
4444 3333 5333 4444 4615 5000 8889
10000
NUMBER OF RESULTS FLAGGED
()
1779 3667 2015 3140 3167 4853 3889 5000
80
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 7 LRTAP COMPARISON OF LABORATORY PERFORMANCE (STUDY 0035) JANUARY 1994 UCSB is L122
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L002 1875 1304 L003 4615 3167 LOOS 2000 1333 L006 556 1278 L007 4444 3140 L0lO 2308 1846 LOll 2857 1077 L013 000 192 L013C llll 395 L014 833 1333 L021 2000 1277 L023 2353 1729 L024 2143 469 L025 1500 725 L029 2222 1598 L030 1429 714 L031 L032
4444 tVUV
1779 2174
L033 1667 673 L034 4000 2099 L047 5000 4853 L049 1765 2679 L057 8889 3889 L061 000 213 L063 1875 733 L073 1000 110 L078 000 000 L081 1538 769 L082 2000 719 L086 000 182 L088 3846 2308 L090 000 935 L090B 10000 5000 L091 667 284 L093 2667 1200 L094 3571 1643 T nnn LV77 5333 2015 L102 2500 1569 L104 000 000 L109 llll 116 Lll2 3333 3667 L114 2000 2195 L116 2308 1855 L119 2222 1067 L122 1000 1979
78
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L126 1250 526 L127 1429 547 Ll2S 2222 2575 L07S 000 000 Ll04 000 000 LOS6 000 182 L013 000 192 L061 000 213 L090 000 935 L091 667 284 L073 1000 IIO L109 1111 116 L006 556 722 LOI3C 1111 395 Ll26 1250 526 L127 1429 547 L030 1429 714 L014 833 1333 L025 1500 725 LOSI 153S 769 T n- ~VJJ i66i 6i3 L063 1875 733 L024 2143 469 L082 2000 719 Ll22 1000 1979 L002 1875 1304 L021 2000 1277 L119 2222 1067 LOOS 2000 1333 L029 2222 1598 L093 2667 1200 L0ll 2857 1077 Ll02 2500 1569 L023 2353 1729 L0IO 2308 1846 L116 2308 1855 Lll4 2000 2195 L049 1765 2679 Ll2S 2222 2575 L094 3571 1643 L034 4000 2099 LOSS 3846 2308 L032 4000 2174
79
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
LAB CODE
L031 L112 L099 L007 L003 L047 L057 L090B
NUMBER OF PARAMETERS BIASED
()
4444 3333 5333 4444 4615 5000 8889
10000
NUMBER OF RESULTS FLAGGED
()
1779 3667 2015 3140 3167 4853 3889 5000
80
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF LAB CODE PARAMETERS BIASED RESULTS FLAGGED
() ()
L126 1250 526 L127 1429 547 Ll2S 2222 2575 L07S 000 000 Ll04 000 000 LOS6 000 182 L013 000 192 L061 000 213 L090 000 935 L091 667 284 L073 1000 IIO L109 1111 116 L006 556 722 LOI3C 1111 395 Ll26 1250 526 L127 1429 547 L030 1429 714 L014 833 1333 L025 1500 725 LOSI 153S 769 T n- ~VJJ i66i 6i3 L063 1875 733 L024 2143 469 L082 2000 719 Ll22 1000 1979 L002 1875 1304 L021 2000 1277 L119 2222 1067 LOOS 2000 1333 L029 2222 1598 L093 2667 1200 L0ll 2857 1077 Ll02 2500 1569 L023 2353 1729 L0IO 2308 1846 L116 2308 1855 Lll4 2000 2195 L049 1765 2679 Ll2S 2222 2575 L094 3571 1643 L034 4000 2099 LOSS 3846 2308 L032 4000 2174
79
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
LAB CODE
L031 L112 L099 L007 L003 L047 L057 L090B
NUMBER OF PARAMETERS BIASED
()
4444 3333 5333 4444 4615 5000 8889
10000
NUMBER OF RESULTS FLAGGED
()
1779 3667 2015 3140 3167 4853 3889 5000
80
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 7 (continued)
BIAS FLAGS
LAB CODE
L031 L112 L099 L007 L003 L047 L057 L090B
NUMBER OF PARAMETERS BIASED
()
4444 3333 5333 4444 4615 5000 8889
10000
NUMBER OF RESULTS FLAGGED
()
1779 3667 2015 3140 3167 4853 3889 5000
80
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 8 Holding time test for major anions on eight filtered melted snow samples maintained at 4 degC in high density polypropylene bottles Data are in microequivalents per liter
Sample 2Jlm fum 33 days 4 months
Chloride EBL26 15 15 16 18 EBL27 09 11 12 09 OV37 04 06 09 05 OV38 09 11 12 09 OV42 06 08 10 07 ov 43 18 24 22 21 SL26 07 16 09 07 SL27 15 16 20 18
Nitrate EBL26 49 52 53 56 EBL27 44 46 47 49 OV37 28 29 30 30 OV38 41 44 46 47 ov 42 41 43 44 46 f1 Al-- ~ ~ 0
UoJ 0 7u 0 Q
U7 Q
SL26 26 27 27 27 SL27 43 46 47 49
Sulfate EBL26 37 38 38 42 EBL27 24 23 26 25 OV37 22 21 24 24 OV38 51 53 54 57 ov 42 28 28 30 32 ov 43 65 66 69 74 SL26 11 13 12 11 SL27 23 23 26 24
81
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 9 Holding time test for major anions on six replicates of a synthetic sample 20 microequivalents per liter each in er NO3- SOl- maintained at 4degC in high density polyethylene bottles
Sample 0 months 1 month 4 months 5 months 8 months
Chloride mean 17 19 19 22 26
SD 01 01 01 01 05
Nitrate mean 19 19 i9 2i 20
SD 00 00 00 00 01
Sulfate mean 19 20 21 25 27
SD 01 00 01 01 01
82
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198
Table 10 Standard deviation (SD) and method detection limit1 (MDL = 2 SD) of chemical methods at UCSB during 1990 Ammonium phosphate and silica were determined using colorimetric techniques and pH was measured with an electrode The remaining cations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and the remaining anions were determined with ion chromatography Replicate determinations (N) of deionized water (DIW) or low concentration standards (levels tabulated are theoretical concentrations) were measured on separate days ex1ept where indicated () when a single trial on one day was used All units are microEq L- except for phosphate and silica which are microM
Constituent N Standard
Ammonium 10 DIW 015 030
Phosphate 10 DIW 003 006
Silica 7 DIW 020 040
Hydrogen (pH) 7 Snowmelt 002 004
Acetate 8 100 005 010
Formate 8 100 005 010
Nitrate 7 050 010 020
Chloride 7 050 019 038
Sulfate 7 075 022 044
Calcium 4 250 050 100
Magnesium 4 206 016 032
Sodium 6 109 025 050
Potassium 6 064 022 045
1 Limits of detection for major ions were established in accordance with the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association definition for detection limit that concentration which yields aJ1 absorbaTce equal to twice the standard deviation of a series of measurements of a solution whose concentration is detectable above but close to the blank absorbance Determination of method detection limits for ions by io~ chromatography (Dionex 2010i ion chromatograph 200-microliter sample loop 3 microS cm- attenuation) or atomic absorption spectrophotometry necessitated the use of a low-level standards as DIW gave no signal under our routine operating conditions
83
--
--
I
Table 11 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Emerald Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemisLry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Collected is the amount of precipitation caught in the rain collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip) Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990
Emerald Lake - bullbullmiddot c --- bull-bull-bullbullbull-bullmiddotbullbull--bull bull-bull bull- bull-bullbullbullbullbullbull ~ ~r( I bull-bull - --bull
-bullbull gt- bullbull--
529 512 544 -
516 533 549 555 529 bull 51 75 36 70 47 33 28 52
--I
88 104 68 54 28 22 36 29 -
middotmiddotmiddot-bullmiddotmiddot
120 411 103 126 46 29 34 22bull -
bullbull-bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 41 33 25 25 21 12 17 20
------
~ 00 ~ -ini78 225 10 oo ~V ~ I bull
7 r 18 131 152 98 81 26 12 19 24
102 101 32 24 13 11 25 09 ))
27 35 08 05 06 04 05 05bull-
bull
67 29 35 19 18 10 09 09 61 38 18 12 05 03 01 03
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull NA 65 102 22 10 02 06 06
middotbullbull-
-bull-middot-bull
1--1 Ibull bullT bull-
NA 116 73 56 04 03 06 02 ---bull-bull--
-gtlt 126 142 239 89 553 916 591 2185
9lcent~ 76 88 96 91 na na na na bull
5-17 to 6-3 to 5-20 to 5-25 to 3-19 4-8 3-26 4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
-bull-bull middotbullmiddotmiddot
ltI
---- bullmiddotbullmiddot
----- - ---- -- middotmiddot-middot middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-_- bull- --- -bull--- ------
bull---
-~
bull
-~ bull-bull
----- - -------- ---- ---- - ---- ---bull- ---- bull-bullbull ----
84
bull bull bull bull
Table 11 Continued
Emerald Lake middotdB tlt middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull bullltbullbullbulltbullmiddot bullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddotbullbull
~2sect~j
~l
Ir middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~-bullmiddotbullbullmiddot Ilt lt bull ~rtlt iibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull gtbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot L 533 554 547
47 29 34
bullbullmiddot 24 22 i 132
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 153 35 18
bullmiddotbullbullmiddotbull
I 103 21 10
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 175 27 21
107 15 14 gt
88 26 16
middotbullmiddotbull
ltbullbull 24 05 03
bullbullmiddotbull
85 14 07
41 06 04gt bullmiddot
bullmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot
r Y 23 00 00
gt
h bull 26 06 00 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull
100 835 2694 IImiddotmiddot~
88 na na
I
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullIgt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 5-16 to 3-31 4-24
-4n -tn 1v-1ii middot-- middot lt
middot - ---bull middotbullmiddotmiddotbull
85
bull bullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 12 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Onion Valley Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coHected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters SnoV chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry and amount for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two coshylocated collectors Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Onion Valley middot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotccia qc bullbull 11 - i1 middotmiddotbull gt middotmiddotbullmiddotbull bullbullbullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
IU iFIairFu gtJ g i Ji gt middotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddot ltgt lt ltgtmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 1r
5
r
~
--- bull middotmiddotmiddot_middotbull-bull ------middot- -- -middot-middot middotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot I 472
474 489 487 515
536 532 533I
bull 190 180 132 138 70 44 48 47
151 146 137 90 38 30 40 34
330 422 400 146 26 38 30 22
bullmiddotbull 49 59 56 31 14 13 08 09
1bull middotmiddotbull
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 228 294 326 201 23 40 50 24
201 240 289 159 20 21 43 16 middotbull
100 201 214 79 48 24 31 18 I
20 59 45 14 10 06 07 07 I
48 53 60 26 14 08 16 07 I
1 bullbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 13 18 21 12 20 04 07 06
_ 78 70 91 21 04 06 03 06
h 136 153 120 34 03 14 09 01lt middot middotmiddotbullmiddot
0) A~ Ai middotbullbullmiddotbullbull 0~ 38 226 617 487 817
bull 98 98 89 87 na na na na
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-30 4-13 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
bullbull
86
Table 13 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for South Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
South Lake
middot--~ ~II (L--~middot Ii llC Ibullmiddot-
middotmiddot middotmiddot middot
472 470 464 460 543 539 543 middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot_middotmiddotbull
545
192 200 231 253 37 41 37 36
lt 129 119 145 88 26 20 34 25middot )
207 220 309 167 25 11 24 11
44 40 29 31 17 07 12 06gt
bull 185 247 306 218 30 14 39 18 bull-bullbull-bullmiddot middotbullmiddotbull
middot-middotmiddotbull middot-bull-bull middot
lt 135 188 241 138 16 17 17 19
middotmiddotbull
-
bullbullbullbull 81 104 108 72 12 15 18 12
19 34 28 20 03 04 05 04
34 31 45 32 06 06 09 05e
14 11 23 32 05 03 04 03 ) )
~ 66 57 92 42 07 07 04 06
110 65 92 30 07 02 08 08
gt _ 107 55 91 13 331 466 350 1026 --
89 97 93 92 na na na na - _
bullc 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10 4-6 3-31 10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
-
87
bullbullbullbull
bullbull
Table 14 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Eastern Brook Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddotl Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Eastern Brook Lake
473
bull 185I 147
225
52
237 ~ ) 153
middotmiddotbullmiddot middotbull
bull gt- gt~I 225
k middotcc 33
I middotbullbullmiddot gt
la 45 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbull
12
lt 45
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullbull
gt bull imiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 1-J rdl 95
bullmiddotbullmiddotbull 76
j middotmiddot 86Ilt bullmiddotbull
7-08 to 10-19bullmiddotbullmiddotbullbull
middotmiddotbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbullmiddotmiddot
middot middot
466
220
155
345
44
282
197
115
20
31
15
97
137
68
99
6-13 to 10-09
bull If _ltlt
467
215
144
257
33
267
226
120
26
44
19
84
91
93
80
5-12 to 10-23
_middotmiddot~ middotmiddot~ middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull middotbull
516
69
50
82
18
91
78
71
11
16
11
25
41
33
95
5-27 to 10-18
bullC middot - ~middot
532
47
26
24
15
26
11
10
02
04
03
01
00
267
na
3-22
bullmiddotbull bullbullmiddotbull lt
middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot 530
40
22
17
11
15
13
14
06
06
04
03
07
336
na
4-09
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot cmiddot
546
35
31
26
12
37
24
25
24
12
10
03
07
326
na
4-1
-middotmiddot_ ___
~~~middotmiddotbull L
)
549
33
27
10
13
16
19
21
07
05
13
03
02
485
na
3-30
88
Table 14 Continued Snow chemistry and amount for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake (Ruby Lake)
114
64
105
26
98
89
40
08
15
06
21
18
50
96
r bull-0-10 lO
10-19
24 62
26 23
36 17
09 06
38 25
25 17
24 15
06 03
12 07
06 03
04 02
01 02
278 1884
na na
3-28 5-9
89
Table 15 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mammoth Mountain Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq Lmiddot1bull Precip is the amount of coliected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemist- is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mammoth Mountain
222 180 135 69 59 41 37 38
162 149 97 51 29 28 31 27
293 306 236 118 39 37 31 21
53 49 13 13 13 17 10 12
301 278 187 84 30 30 35 19
164 218 138 89 22 22 28 25
122 162 60 22 13 16 19 14
23 21 14 05 01 04 05 04
55 90 19 10 11 13 11 11
21 18 08 05 03 04 06 04
76 104 69 10 11 05 02 04
150 138 74 24 03 10 09 02
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
62 86 95 57 na na na na
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
90
Table 15 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
69
48
82
17
73
61
36
09
17
05
07
16
154
67
A ll _--LL LU
10-18
36 63
37 28
58 32
18 12
44 30
29 26
22 14
12 05
23 13
06 04
05 01
16 01
621 2930
na na
~ gtn t A ~-poundJ
91
Table 16 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Tioga Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of coiiected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemisL-J is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
I
lt gt
middot
190
159
47
91
5-06 to 10-19
259
159
328
56
299
219
152
25
42
16
105
133
68
84
6-18 to 10-24
225
122
198
30
164
71
19
33
13
89
98
197
86
5-11 to 10-22
105
73
216
19
A- r 10U
112
31
09
19
12
25
41
33
76
6-23 to 10-20
525
56
23
16
13
13
09
03
07
04
03
02
685
na
3-26
541
39
25
22
11
17
20
04
10
07
05
07
909
na
4-19
545
35
32
27
10
22
18
06
09
10
05
05
698
na
4-2
-
550
31
23
17
11
17
19
05
09
03
08
01
1961
na
4-15
92
Table 16 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
90
73
110
17
118
80
134
11
19
09
28
51
74
93
7-6 to 10-7
35 55
28 24
24 17
10 12
29 23
18 15
13 09
03 04
08 10
02 03
05 02
016 06
818 2800
na na
4-8 5-18
93
Table 17 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Sonora Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Sonora Pass
166 348 206 135 64 33 29 30
157 229 122 88 24 27 26 23
289 336 199 200 13 20 19 13
51 64 16 32 10 18 07 10
233 412 192 224 16 19 21 15
160 285 166 155 10 37 15 18
128 193 82 56 13 33 22 18
25 50 22 22 04 14 10 09
46 51 37 44 07 31 08 08
17 49 13 17 06 10 18 04
76 244 93 45 05 03 04 03
165 311 98 35 01 10 08 03
104 83 103 23 462 519 456 1042
109 71 100 80 na na na na
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
94
Table 18 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Alpine Meadows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Alpine Meadows
170
119
186
50
231 bullgt
bullbull 134
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot 237
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 6-21 to 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
149
72
140
43
193
103
131
05
58
32
59
66
236
76
6-17 to
149
160
321
51
345
245
138
36
76
41
58
79
92
89
5-29 to
26
68
98
14
145
76
23
05
09
06
P6
06
98
100
6-28 to
524
57
23
20
15
17
15
06
03
10
02
08
02
786
na
4-01
540
39
25
29
23
29
18
14
05
14
06
03
04
1108
na
4-21
539
41
30
24
14
24
18
11
05
12
05
02
02
745
na
4-07
middot -
556
28
23
17
10
13
14
08
05
08
04
04
01
1892
na
4-08
95
bullbullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 18 Continued Rainfall was not collected at Alpine Meadows in 1994
Alpine Meadows _ - bullmiddotmiddotmiddot TI middotbull
~ middotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotbullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull
nr 1 )Smiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot gt
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbull
gt l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 548
t middot bull 33
lt middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
bullbull~ 23 bullbullbull gti gt
19 middotmiddot
middotmiddot
bull (
13
19 bullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot F middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
14
middotbullbullmiddotbull 10
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 05
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 08
04bull 05
bull
h2E ~o lt 00 ~
bull middotmiddotmiddot middotbullbull
726 bullbullbull
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull gt
Ibullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull ~ middotbull na i
bull
bullmiddotbullbullmiddot 3-31 middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
It middotmiddotmiddotmiddotlt
96
----
bullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbull
Table 19 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Angora Lake Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount vf vll1vtdi 111~ipitativu u1 )uuw-watca ClJUivalcuC iu 1uilliunka) Suuw hcaui)tiy i) ftu1u samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Angora Lake (Lost Lake)
-
middotmiddotbullmiddot
lt
t middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
Ibull
bull-middot t
-bull-bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull(_ middot-bull-bull
u
--
bullbull-bull
-
Ibullmiddotbullbull middotbullbull-
(middotbullbullmiddot bullgtmiddot
-bullbullmiddotmiddot -
bull-bullbull bull-bull bull---bull
) C ~bull
-bullbull-middotmiddotmiddot
lt Ibull
--
-bull-bull-
484
143
120
215
59
265
182
132
41
62
32
176
40
nA Jo+
92
6-03 to
---bullbull )11[
1~~ ~middotbullbull~ff rt_middot ~-~ -middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot
( 1~~~~6 lt gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot -bull--
bull~middot bullbull-
-
~
$2(middot-middotbull bullbullce --umiddot
---
-----
487 486 521 537 548 543 553
135 137 62 43 33 37 29
95 109 111 26 38 31 25
202 104 237 24 33 17 33
47 36 28 21 21 12 21
192 179 288 29 25 16 23
132 150 192 21 19 13 23
71 80 67 11 14 13 22
25 19 29 05 07 06 03
70 48 33 17 14 13 16
19 17 68 04 03 05 03
120 48 01 08 06 05 07
94 61 01 01 10 06 05
~no IUO
~ t7
- ~A 16+
n~~
ntA JiJt
07A 0 t
ln-t7u I
94 99 89 na na na na
6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30 10-17 10-11 10-21 10-14
97
bullbullbullbullbullbull
bullbullbullbullbullbull
Table 19 Continued No snow surveys were conducted at Lost Lake or Angora Lake during 1994 or 1995
Angora Lake
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot
496
110
98
92 bullgt
27
133
101
61
18
24
19
50
31
70
760
~IA_u-Lt LU
10-31
98
Table 20 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Mineral King Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1bull Precip is the amount nf rnll11-tirrf nrir-n1tlt1nn nT cnnn_nrrif-o- on11lano --11_af11tbull Cn-nr 1-a+- +__-bull _-___I-- y1 -1y1114111VII V1 ~ampIV n - ffULWI oAj_ U1 YUJU- 111 lllllJllULJgtbull ~IIVyen 11111lgtU] 13 11 VIII
samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Mineral King
128 77 76 137 61 38 30 30
199 84 52 159 48 30 43 22
609 207 168 322 46 76 72 16
76 38 22 40 22 14 19 15
437 239 153 361 33 55 48 14
349 167 112 175 26 17 25 16
177 108 51 61 29 13 28 20
64 19 08 12 18 06 07 04
92 31 26 34 18 12 14 09
37 23 15 20 27 08 07 01
20 06 142 54 21 05 09 03
51 11 162 52 11 15 07 01
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
57 95 83 68 na na na na
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
99
Table 20 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 1995 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake A fire burned all vegetation within the immediate area of the rain collector during 1994 Dust cu1d ash vere common in samples after the fire and contributed calcium and acid neutralizing capacity to the samples
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
middotbull t ~--f - -- -- lt ----
546 549
34 32
288 27
68 39
268 38
266 18
823 na
105 25
142 08
11
08
11 12
20 02
82 598
na
3-27bullmiddotbullbull 6-10 to 10-16
_ middot- middot
548
32
21
17
no vv
19
12
na
08
03
06
01
00
00
1738
na
4-25
100
Table 21 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kaiser Pass Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of collected precipiiation or snow-water equivaience in miilimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Collected is the percentage of precipitation which was caught in the collector relative to the amount which was measured in a nearby rain gauge (Precip)
Kaiser Pass
I
na 551 536
na 117 74 53 na 31 44 32
na 99 86 159 na 26 33 24
na 272 159 118 na 42 28 15
na 26 21 38 na 10 12 13
na 126 229 170 na 29 23 11
na 127 178 97 na 15 13 16
na 78 89 258 na 22 12 34
na 26 22 26 na 04 05 04
28 29 35 na 11 11 10
50 28 24 na 05 07 03
52 24 39 na 04 05 01
87 37 38 na 17 01 003
88 173 36 na 873 705 1437
921 951 494 na na na na
na 6-25 to 5-26 to 6-27 to na 4-26 4-01 3-19 11-03 11-06 11-16
101
Table 21 Continued
Kaiser Pass
64
69
63
37
110
97
112
27
28
27
19
32
118
85
10-23
39 40
33 23
21 08
28 14
19 17
18 10
28 12
12 05
18 10
29 05
25 00
02 00
600 1564
na na
3-22 4-4
102
Table 22 Volume-weighted mean snow chemistry for snowoits du2 prior to and after maximum snow-pack accumulation Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microS cm-1 All other concentrations are in microEq L-1 Precip is the amount of snow-water equivalence in millimeters
SiteYear Date pH sc NH4+ ctmiddot N03 somiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCltI CH2CltI- Precip
AM-1990 24-Feb 532 30 24 1 7 24 21 12 03 18 03 12 o 1 718 AM-1991 16-Feb 518 55 64 34 83 36 43 18 27 25 06 02 239 AM-1992 16-Mar 545 31 30 12 25 18 13 04 1 1 07 04 03 752 AM-1993 10-Mar 540 29 18 19 19 20 09 06 16 02 04 00 1605
EML-1990 07middotFeb 542 3 1 35 34 16 23 2 1 14 31 09 13 os 550 EMLmiddot1991 25middotFeb 534 49 185 25 127 33 18 07 19 09 02 1 7 235 EML-1992 30middotJan 553 37 84 22 49 34 21 08 17 06 05 07 240 EMLmiddot1993 03bullFeb 5 70 29 19 43 22 27 62 08 26 08 08 03 1027 EML-1994 03middotMar 549 22 10 17 14 14 13 04 13 05 15 o 1 877 EML-1994 29-Apr 550 22 19 06 16 12 14 03 06 04 02 oo 826
MM-1990 MM-1991 MM-1991 MM-1992
19middotFeb 10-Feb 07-May03middotMar
534 536 543 545
31 36 29 36
28 56 48 48
20 12 15 1o
31 55 42 37
21 29 21 27
1 7 43 20 23
02 07 1 bull 1 05
13 12 11 12
05 09 12 08
06 05 06 05
05 07 06
720 84
702 720
MM-1993 08middotMar 540 26 13 16 14 20 10 04 09 04 03 03 1664 MM-1994 10-Mar 552 26 24 13 28 21 22 09 20 05 03 02 589
OV i991 20-Feb 504 59 87 i 7 78 30 56 15 13 23 06 04 151
TG-1995 12middotJul 550 17 04 05 09 05 07 03 04 02 07 oo 886
103
Table 23 Volume-weighted precipitation chemistry for Kirkwood Merdows Units for Specific Conductance (SC) are microSiem All other concentrations are in microEq e Precip is the amount of ullcttcd y1taiJJib1tiuu u1 tuuw-watc1 cyuivalcuic iu 111illiuutc1 Suvw h11u1it1y frvua samples collected from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum
Kirkwood Meadows
na na na na 64 na na na
na na na na 32 na na na
na na na 21 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 18 na na na
na na na na 14 na na na
na na na na 10 na na na
na na na na 07 na na na
na na na na 09 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 08 na na na
na na na na 03 na na na
na na na na 737 na na na
na na na na 3-31 na na na
104
Table 24 Summary of statistical analyses of snow chemistry from 1990 through 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits For each station data from all years were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included because of changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among stations
1 SULFATE
a MM gt KP b MM gt AM c MM gt SN d MM gt EBL e MM gt TG f MM gt SL g MM gt ANG h ov gt KP
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a ov gt AM L J bull ov gt SN c ov gt TG
3 FORMATE
a ov gt KP
4 ACETATE
a ANG gt EBL b MK gt EBL c TG gt EBL
5 NITRATE
a MK gt SN b MK gt SL c MK gt EBL d MK gt TG middotamiddot1 gt SN f MM gt SL h EML gt SN h EML gt SL i ov gt SN
6 AMMONIUM
a ov gt SN b ov gt TG c MK gt SN
105d MK gt TG
Table 24 (continued)
7 MAGNESIUM
a SN gt SL b SN gt MM c SN gt TG d ov gt SL e ov gt MM
8 SODIUM
a EBL lt MM b EBL lt ANG c EBL lt MK d ANG gt TG e SL lt MM f SL lt AM g SL lt EML h SL lt KP i SL lt ov j SL lt SN _ I SL lt ANG 1 SL lt MK
9 POTASSIUM
a ov gt EML b SN gt EML c MK gt EML
10 HYDROGEN (pH)
NONE
11 CHLORIDE
a MK gt SL b MK gt SN c ANGgt SL d EML gt SL
12 CALCIUM
a ov gt AM b OV gt EML c ov gt ANG d OV gt SL e SN gt -AM f MK gt AM
106
Table 24 (continued)
B Summary of ranks
GREATER THAN OCCURENCES ov 15 MK 11 MM 8 SN 5 EML 3 ANG 3
LESS THAN OCCURANCES SL 18 SN 10 EBL 8 AM 6 MM 6 EML 5 KP 4 ANG 3 MK 2 ov 1
NET OCCURANCES ov +14 MK +9 MM +2 ANG 0 EML -2 KP -4 SN -5 AM -6 EBL -8 SN -10 SL -18
107
Table 25 Summarv of statistical analvses of snow chemistrv from 1990 throueh 1993 Data used in the tests were volume-weighted mean concentration for snowpits - For each year data from all stations were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOV A and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005 and P lt010 when indicated) among years Data from 1994 and 1995 was not included due to changes in the number and location of snow survey sites
1 Snow Chemistry 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in snow chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
NONE
2 SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1991 c 1992 gt 1993 d 1993 lt 1990 e 1993 lt 1991 f 1993 lt 1992
108
Table 25 (continued)
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
9 POTASSIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
10 HYDROGEN
a 1990 gt 1991 b 1990 gt 1992 c 1990 gt 1993
11 CHLORIDE
a 1990 gt 1992 b 1990 gt 1993 c 1990 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
1 T rTTnlJ~ bull tLlL Ul1
a 1992 gt 1990 b 1992 gt 1993 c 1992 gt 1991 AT 90 CONFIDENCE LEVEL
109
Table 26 Solute loading for Emerald Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from sn01)its dug in late tyfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Emerald Lake was calculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the watershed Acetate and formate were not determined in rain collected during 1990 Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Emerald Lake
J -
bull
bullmiddotmiddot 151
51
224
165
bullbullbull 128
34
126
584
46
319
215
143
50
41
53
93
164
160
142
5-17 to 6-3 to
246
60
301
234
77
18
84
43
245
176
169
239
5-20 to
112
22
78
72
21
05
17
11
19
49
157
89
254
119
142
143
70
32
101
26
57
24
na
553
i 10
264
106
156
106
101
34
91
25
20
27
na
916
48
203
100
177
115
147
28
55
08
35
33
na
591
479
426
384
513
188
112
201
58
130
50
na
2185
4-7 11-24 11-9 11-4 10-28
llO
Table 26 Continued
Emerald Lake
152
102
174
106
88
24
85
41
23
26
157
100
5-16 to 10-19
296
172
223
125
221
43
115
54
00
48 middot
na
835
3-31
480
277
578
376
433
67
198
105
00
00
na
2694
4-24
111
Table 27 Solute loading for Onion Valley All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemistrJ is from samples collected from snowpits dug in late viarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Rain chemistry for 1992 and 1993 is the average from two co-located collectors Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Onion Valley
274 171 178 55 59 233 147 176
40 24 25 11 32 80 41 76
189 119 145 75 53 247 243 198
167 98 129 60 46 128 207 134
83 82 95 29 108 146 152 149
17 24 20 05 21 37 35 56
40 21 27 10 32 49 76 57
11 07 09 05 45 26 33 50
65 28 40 08- 09 36 13 48
113 62 53 13 07 89 43 09
122 153 180 141 na na na na
83 41 45 38 226 617 487 817
6-20 to 5-24 to 5-1 to 5-26 to 3-20 4-8 3-26 4-7 1 n~1-i10-19 1023 10=27 IJ- I J
112
bullbullbullbull
I
Table 28 Solute loading for South Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrJ is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late lviarch or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
South Lake middot-middotbullmiddotbull bullbullmiddot
bullqII middot cbulluICmiddot--bull --middotmiddot --___ bullbull -----middotmiddotbull---middot---middotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot bullbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotbullbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot
206 110 210 33 122 191
222 121 280 22 82 53
~middotmiddot 47 22 26 04 56 35
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ti I middot 199 136 277 28 100 67middotC
Ilt middotbullbullmiddot
145 103 218 18 54 80
87 57 98 09 40 69
21 19 25 03 10 21 bull bullmiddotbullmiddot
middotmiddot
36 17 41 04 20 27
ltmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 15 06 21 04 15 13 _bullmiddot
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
~ _ ) 71 32 84 06 24 30
~ a~gtIbull
bullbullbullbull
II l
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull
middotbullbull
r 118 36 83 04 23 11
middotbullmiddotbullJ )bullbullbullmiddot
middotbullmiddotbull 122 135 152 122 na na
- middot-- lt 107 55 91 130 331 466
gtlt I 6-20 to 6-11 to 5-29 to 6-14 to 3-21 4-10) -1 ~middot
10-19 10-23 10-27 10-13
middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
middotbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
bull -middot
i -middotbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbull
)(bull ) gt
middotii middotbullmiddotbull
130
82
42
134
59
64
17
32
15
13
26
na
350
4-6
365
111
61
188
198
122
38
50
27
56
77
na
1026
3-31
113
Table 29 Solute loading for Eastern Brook Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snov chemist~ is from samples collected from sno~vpits dug in late ~farch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Eastern Brook Lake
2middot
middot~11 middotmiddotmiddot middot middot middotbull bullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddot
~5 bullmiddotbullmiddot 1 bullmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull~ 91middot~ ~~ ~ I bullbullmiddotbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullgt-i
141 149 199 23 126 167 113 158
172 234 239 27 64 57 86 51
40 30 31 06 40 36 38 62
181 191 248 30 69 50 121 75 )
bullbullbull 117 134 210 26 30 44 79 90
172 78 112 23 27 48 82 99 I
I bull bullbull 25 14 25 04 06 19 77 35
j 35 21 41 05 12 20 40 26
ltlt 09 10 18 04 08 13 33 62
Imiddot 35 66 78 08 02 09 10 12
73 93 85 13 00 22 23 11middotmiddotbullmiddot
~
~
middotbullbullmiddot
I 104 119 165 145 na na na na
1bull 1 bull Xi
lt 76 68 93 33 267 336 326 485
bullmiddotbull -J 7-08 to 6-13 to 5-12 to 5-27 to 3-22 4-09 4-1 3-30 10-19 10-09 10-23 10-18) middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
114
Table 29 Continued Snow loading for 1995 are from Ruby Lake Samples from Eastern Brook Lake were lost due to a freezer malfunction
Eastern Brook Lake
54
14
51
46
21
04
08
03
11
11
130
50
5-31 to 10-7
100
25
106
69
66
16
34
17
10
03
na
278
3-28
316
113
462
315
281
61
139
63
38
38
na
1884
5-9
115
Table 30 Solute loading for Mammoth Mountain All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in miiiimeters Snow chemistry is from sampies coilected from snow-pits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mammoth Mountain
172 218 296 139 317 345 275 463
31 35 16 15 109 159 91 270
176 198 227 98 247 281 312 405
96 155 169 105 179 207 250 535
71 115 71 26 106 149 169 309
14 15 16 06 09 39 49 86
32 64 24 12 87 120 102 243
12 13 10 05 26 34 57 88
45 74 82 12 87 47 21 84
88 99 86 28 27 96 77 48
128 165 159 163 na na na na
59 71 122 118 814 937 892 2173
6-14 to 5-14 to 5-28 to 5-23 to 3-23 4-06 4-8 4-03 10-19 10-25 11-02 11-01
116
Table 30 Continued
Mammoth Mountain
190
40
170
141
84
20
40
12
16
37
180
154
4-22 to 10-18
359
115
274
180
136
75
143
40
32
99
na
621
3-29
950
344
878
754
410
141
372
119
29
29
na
2930
5-4
117
Table 31 Solute loading for Tioga Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is fiom samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvfarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow-water equivalence at Tioga Pass was caculated from depth and density measurements made throughout the Spuller Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
299 224 389 71 107 210 192 325
80 38 59 06 89 103 70 218
324 204 381 53 104 196 210 273
198 149 323 37 87 161 152 336
147 103 140 10 64 188 125 377
35 17 38 03 23 42 39 89
141 29 65 06 47 95 61 173
49 11 25 04 30 71 72 63
207 72 175 08 22 46 35 153
130 91 193 13 16 70 35 19
167 129 165 120 na na na na
104 68 197 330 685 909 698 1961
6-18 to 5-11 to 6-23 to 3-26 4-19 4-2 4-15 1fL10 1 fl gtA 1n gtgt 1 n gtfliv- 1v-v1v-1 v I v-L-Y
118
Table 31 Continued
Tioga Pass (Spuller Lake)
--
I
ltbull
14
93
63
106
09
15
07
94
74
7-6 to 10-7
85
234
145
106
26
67
20
17
06
na
818
4-8
323
637
412
244
104
268
85
56
168
na
2800
5-18
119
Table 32 Solute loading for Sonora Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrj is from samples colleeted from snow-pits dug in late lvlarch or early April when tile snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Sonora Pass
301 278 205 45 61 104 89 137
53 53 16 07 48 92 30 109
242 342 198 51 73 101 97 158
166 236 172 35 48 191 69 189
133 160 85 13 58 170 99 183
26 41 22 05 20 73 46 89
47 43 38 10 30 160 37 80
18 40 14 04 25 54 81 40
79 202 96 10 24 16 17 30
171 258 101 08 04 54 37 33
120 119 176 120 na na na na
104 83 103 230 462 519 456 1042
6-22 to 6-28 to 5-04 to 6-23 to 3-24 4-12 4-07 4-06 10-19 10-24 10-26 10-20
120
Table 33 Solute loading for Alpine Meadows All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistrf is from samples collected from snow-pits dug in late fvlarch or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Alpine Meadows
82 351 13 7 26 448 437
I
I middot
24
y 112
115
20
16
134
middotmiddot 48 i
330
100
457
242
308
12
137
75
138
157
152
236
294
47
316
224
126
33
70
38
53
72
153
92
96
14
141
75
22
05
09
06
06
06
111
98
153
120
133
120
44
24
81
18
64
19
na
786
middotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 6-21 to 6-17 to 5-29 to 6-28 to 4-01 middotbullmiddotbull 11-1 11-15 10-28 10-16
317
256
316
198
157
59
152
68
36
41
na
1108
4-21
306
178
102
178
132
83
38
91
36
18
17
na
745
4-07
520
313
192
252
263
153
90
158
73
68
26
na
1892
4-08
121
Table 33 Continued
Alpine Meadows
)middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot~~iiimiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
238
bullbullbull 135
96
141
99
75
34
56
31
0 38
lI 00
gt na rbull middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
middotbullmiddotmiddot middot ltltmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 726
3-31
122
bullbull
Table 34 Solute loading for Angora Lake All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples colleeted from snowpits dug in late March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Snow chemistry and quantity are from the Lost Lake watershed Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Angora Lake (Lost Lake) middotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middotbullmiddotbullmiddot bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotbullmiddot middotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot irmiddotmiddotbull
1 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot~ 1 ~111 C i ~ cmiddot ~- 31 middotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull middotmiddotmiddot middot -gt - middot -bullmiddotbull bullbull-middot =middot -------middot ---middot - -middot---bull--- bullmiddotbullbullbullmiddot
128 146 215
21 399 319 324 885
bullbull 202 218 163 79 220 315 152 998
55 51 56 09 195 203 101 629
249 207 280 97 266 238 140 683
171 142 235 65 194 182 112 686
lt 124 77 125 23 106 135 114 660 middotbullmiddotmiddot
middoti 39 27 29 10 43 70 49 88 ktlt 58 75 76 11 155 134 116 490
30 21 26 23 38 25 40 100middotbullmiddotbullmiddot
H 165 130 76 003 72 62 41 224
middotbullmiddotbullmiddotbull 38 101 96 003 11 97 52 140 bullmiddotbull
bullbull 137 107 173 117 na na na na
bullr
I
bullmiddotmiddotmiddot
c
I )~)( 94 108 157 34 933 954 874 3017 ~bullmiddot bullmiddot middotmiddotbullmiddot 6-03 to 6-27 to 5-02 to 6-20 to 4-05 4-22 4-06 3-30
bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot
123
Table 34 Continued
Angora Lake
middotbullmiddotbull 65
19
- 71
43
13
17
C 13
bullbullbullbull 35
22
gt 112
70
6-24 to 10-31
124
Table 35 Solute loading for Mineral King All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or eariy Aprii when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Mineral King
31
17
~Jfgt - middot-lt-bull
lt ~ middotmiddotmiddotbull ~ jlt lt bull ~ ~
512 223 339 52 266 425 327 139
64 40 45 06 129 81 88 133
367 257 308 58 192 307 219 120
I 293 179 226 28 151 98 111 144
bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbull 148 116 103 10 168 72 126 179
54 21 16 02 102 34 31
78 34 53 05 103 70 61 81
24 31 03 155 47 29 08
07 285 09 122 26 39 25
11 327 08 66 83 31 09
101 153 144 154 na na na na
84 107 202 16 579 559 453 882
7-12 to 6-13 to 6-14 to 6-08 to 3-18 4-15 3-17 3-23 10-20 11-12 11-04 11-08
125
Table 35 Continued No snow survey was conducted in Mineral King during 1995 Snow data for 199 5 are from surveys conducted at Topaz Lake
Mineral King (Topaz Lake)
56
53
116
88
81
09
16
129
82
233
82
228
107
na
147
50
67
47
74
12
na
621
3-29
295
142
327
211
na
142
54
108
21
00
00
na
1738
4-25
126
Table 36 Solute loading for Kaiser Pass All loadings are in Equivalents per hectare Precip is the amount of measured precipitation or snow-water equivalence in millimeters Snow chemistry is from samples collected from snowpits dug in iate March or early April when the snowpack was at or near maximum Duration is the number of days the rain collector was operated during each year
Kaiser Pass
na
na
na
na
na
240
23
112
112
69
23
25
44
46
77
132
88
6-25 to 11-03
275
36
397
309
154
38
50
48
41
64
165
173
5-26 to 11-06
43
14
61
35
93
09
12
09
14
14
143
36
6-27 to 11-16
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
na
366
88
251
129
190
34
96
40
35
150
na
873
4-26
198
85
160
92
82
35
77
47
38
05
na
705
4-01
462
222
188
152
224
483
59
142
47
17
05
na
1437
3-19
127
Table 36 Continued
Kaiser Pass
74
43
130
115
132
31
33
32
22
37
136
118
6-10 to 10-23
125 133
170 211
113 265
109 164
170 183
70 74
105 150
176 81
150 00
09 00
na na
600 1564
3-22 4-4
128
Table 37 Annual solute loadiM bv site for the neriod of 1990 thro111gth 1994 E~ch vears total is the sum of snowpack loading and loadfng by precipitation ir-0111 latespring through late autumnmiddot Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha- ) Also shown is the average annual deposition for each site Precip is the amount of annual precipitation (snow and rain) in millimeters For 1994 data are only presented for stations where both winter and non-winter precipitation were measured
SiteYear ic+
A11middot90 530 243 144 245 185 159 45 10 1 141 31 833 All-91 784 644 354 769 438 464 70 288 174 197 1333 AM-92 435 467 147 489 353 207 69 158 70 89 819 AMmiddot93 501 382 189 371 315 162 88 153 69 30 1827 M4MYgt t5Abull3 4~~ gt 29i~ ~r9bull middotmiddot 32t bull 2i~bull middot Ai~Y lt 17Sgt uirmiddot liq lQ~ ANGmiddot90 527 411 248 503 356 224 79 210 66 229 47 1022 ANGmiddot91 465 534 254 445 325 211 96 209 46 191 198 1061 ANGmiddot92 539 315 157 421 347 238 78 191 67 117 147 1031 ANGmiddot93 906 1078 638 780 751 682 98 501 123 225 140 3051 lMhVii bull~Ol r ~llift +s~ 53J A4Sgt qscgt2 i88 ltt 7~ltbullbull t4 13il 4~M EBLmiddot90 268 235 80 249 147 198 31 46 17 36 73 343 EBLmiddot91 316 291 66 241 177 126 33 41 24 75 115 403 ESL-92 313 325 69 369 288 193 101 81 50 88 107 419 EBLmiddot93 181 78 68 105 115 123 39 3 1 66 20 25 518 EBLmiddot94 126 154 39 157 115 87 20 42 20 21 12 328 ~~~tlVi bull middotfV Jf(gt 64 2z4r 1((9 l4IA JES ltbull ltMhgt 35 (lt 4bull~ c~t c I402
EHLmiddot90 324 405 170 366 308 199 66 185 104 NA NA 679 EHLmiddot91 409 848 153 475 321 245 84 132 78 113 191 1058 EHLmiddot92 254 449 160 478 349 224 46 139 50 280 208 830 EMLmiddot93 1189 591 448 462 585 209 116 218 68 149 100 2273 EMLmiddot94 289 447 274 398 231 309 67 200 95 22 74 935 ~LflVi ) 49l ~~iFi 24i1 43-(H ) 359 zg7 7IA ltJ~) )1~9 lt ~ ]IA U~5
KPmiddot91 373 606 110 363 241 259 57 120 84 80 227 961 KPmiddot92 438 473 121 557 401 236 73 127 95 79 69 878 KPmiddot93 481 264 201 213 259 576 68 154 55 31 18 1473 KPmiddot94 310 199 214 243 224 302 102 138 208 172 46 718 (l)flV~ gt4lil J~bull~ MA2 frac34bull+ c~H 3~3 ns f 43q AlHM f iflf liiV H99 HKmiddot90 46 1 778 193 559 444 317 155 181 187 139 109 663 MKmiddot91 295 648 121 563 277 188 54 104 71 33 95 666 MKmiddot92 288 665 132 527 337 230 48 114 60 324 358 655 MKmiddot93 282 191 140 178 172 189 37 87 11 33 17 898 MKmiddot94 221 289 136 447 325 1007 166 154 128 83 28 680 -~tbullW~ bull J9i gt middot 5h4cc 1~bull~gt 455 bull JVlgt 73~~ lt bull9g t ilcgt il1 122 Ud bull middot nz MHmiddot90 614 488 140 424 276 178 23 119 39 132 115 873 MM-91 515 563 194 479 362 264 54 184 47 122 194 1008 MM-92 494 565 107 540 419 239 65 125 67 103 164 1014 MMmiddot93 899 602 284 503 640 335 92 255 93 96 76 2291 MMmiddot94 385 549 155 444 321 220 95 183 52 48 136 776 ~lvqr r s~1 ~5fgt A76 lt middot418 494 bullmiddot 24t lt 66 J7I4 ~Il t A9At bull J3H bulln~ OVmiddot90 316 333 72 242 213 191 38 72 74 OV-91 342 404 104 36 7 226 228 61 70 65 OV-92 293 325 66 388 336 24 7 55 102 54 OVmiddot93 434 231 87 269 193 178 61 67 55 PVMV~ gt middotmiddotmiddotmiddot 346 ~l~ bullcllZc slt1middotmiddotmiddot 24~2 21r gt A 64 Slmiddot90 3211 304 29 199 1211 30 56 30 SLmiddot91 301 174 202 183 126 39 44 19 SLmiddot92 339 362 412 278 162 42 74 36 SL-93 397 133 216 216 132 41 54 31 ~-~wrn r s4J z4s r 28p 219 J37 lt 38 ~Vr j
129
Table 37 Continued
SiteYear Cl - ca2bull HCOz- CH2c0z- Precip
SN-90 471 362 101 316 214 19 1 47 78 43 104 175 566 SN-91 461 382 144 442 427 330 114 202 94 219 313 602 SN-92 346 294 46 295 241 184 69 75 95 112 138 559 SN-93 ~~ ~~
342 r rPitr
182 JObull~)
116 middot 1Qg (
209 qJft )
224 p~
195 V~
94middotuim 90 U4 r
44 M~
41 r bullmiddotnni r 41
~w lt 1064 ~
TG-90 579 405 169 428 285 212 58 188 79 228 147 789 TG-91 546 434 142 399 310 291 59 123 82 118 161 977 TG-92 68 7 580 129 590 475 265 76 126 97 210 228 895 TG-93 TG-94 rg~y9
651 355lt~~ middotmiddot
396 280
lt4Jr 224 99
middot 15$ t
326 327 414
373 208
)331)
387 21274
92 179 35 82 ~if Jd
67 2 7 ZQ
161 39
J~1
32 46
g~gt 1994 891
MW
130
Table 3 8 Percent of annual solute loading contributed by non-winter precipitation by site for the period of 1990 through 1994 Also shown is the average loading fraction for all sites by year Data from the Lake Comparison watersheds is also included Precip is the ratio of non-winter precipitation to annual precipitation
SiteYear Cl ca2+
AM-90 15X 37 17 46X 35X 72X 47 20X 46X SSX 39 6X ANG-90 24X 47 21X 47 46X 53X 46X 26X 43X 69 76X 9 CRmiddot90 37 54X 25X 53X 4SX 41X 31X 22 20X 41X 65X 11X EBL-90 53X 73X SOX 72X 79 87 BOX 74X 53X 95X 1OOX 22 EMLmiddot90 20X 37 30X 61X 53X 65X 51X 46X 74X NA NA 19 MK-90 23X 66X 33X 66X 66X 47 34X 43X 17 12X 40X 13X MMmiddot90 21X 35X 22X 42X 35X 40X 60X 27 32 34X 76X 7 OVmiddot90 SOX 82X 56X 78X 78X 43X 44X 55X 20X 87 94X 27 PR-90 18 35X 26X 60X 48X 65X 49 42 79 NA NA 16X RB-90 38 67 48X 59 54X 66X 53X 42X 38X 43X 69 14X SL-90 63X 73X 46X 67 73X 6BX 68X 64X 49 75X 84X 25X SNmiddot90 37 83X 53X 77 7BX 70X 56X 61X 41X 76X 98X 18X TG-90 34X 74X 47 76X 69 70X 60X 75X 62X 91X 89 13X TZ-90 1~9AYli
16X (g1l11
36X rn1ir
24X 35SX
53X 61JX
46X J76lll
68X 51X 6J9X gt ~2311
40X 45 6Xgt
66X ts+s
NA NA 61gty ~bull4X
13X JSdXlt
AM-91 45X 51X 28X 59 ssx 66X 17 48 53X SOX 79 18X ANGmiddot91 31X 41X 20X 47 44X 36X 28X 36X 46X 68X 51X 10X CR-91 36X 36X 20X 38X 48X 28X 19 31X 15 57 60 9 EBLmiddot91 47 BOX 45X 79 75X 62X 42X SOX 44X 88X 81X 17 EMLmiddot91 26X 69 30X 67 67 59 60X 31X 68 82X 86X 13X KP-91 28X 40X 21X 31X 47 27 40X 20X 53X 57 34X 9 MKmiddot91 28X 34X 33X 46X 65X 62X 38X 33X 34X 20X 12X 16X MM-91 25X 39 1BX 41X 43X 44X 2BX 35X 28X 61X 51X 7 OV-91 21X 42X 23X 33X 43X 36X 39 30X 22 44X 41X 6X PR-91 26X 63X 34X 59 59 SSX 57 33X 71X 70X 64X 14X RB-91 SLmiddot91 SN-91
53X 37 L-WUJ_
64X 70XJ
49 39 -J
69 67 Tri
65X 56Xn
39 45X 48X
46X 48X 36X
44X 39 21X
SSX ~~ ~
77 51X 934
57 77 831
12X 11X i 41
TG-91 32X 52X 27 51X 48X 35X 29 23X 13X 61X 57 7 TZ-91 199hAVG
25X 34IIXf
78X SOX 55i5X gt 3J~6X
70X 556X
68X middot560X
36X 452 middot
64X bull3114x
36X middotbullbull34middot0Xtmiddot
79 4311X
66X 6411
71X Mllx
15X Ui--
AM-92 31X 63X 32 65X 64X 61X 47 44X 52 75X 81X 11X ANGmiddot92 40X 52 36X rn 68 m m ~ 39 ~x m 1~ CRmiddot92 37 SOX 16X 49 43X 20X 14X 23X 6X 71X 61X 14X EBL middot92 64X 74X 44X rn m m m ~ m ~ m m EML middot92 34X SSX 37 ~ rn ~ ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ m KP-92 29 58X 30X nx m m m ffl ~ m ~x ~ MKmiddot92 53X 51X 34X SBX 67 45X 34X 47 51X 88 91X 31X MM-92 33X 51X 15X 42X 40X 30X 25X 1IX 15X BOX 53X 12 OV-92 20X SSX 3BX m ~ ~ m ~ m m m sx PRmiddot92 32X 54X 4BX 65X 69 SOX 45X sex 83X 94X 81X 30X RB-92 51X 6BX 47 67 68X 52 55X 42X 61X BOX 79 15X SLmiddot92 62X 77 39 67 79 60X 59 56X 57 86X 76X 21X SN-92 61X 70X 35X 67 71X 46X 32 51X 14X 85X 73X 1BX TGmiddot92 64X 67 46X 64X 68X 53X 49 51X 26X 83X 85X 22X TZ middot92 32X 64X 44X 69 72X 51X 44X 74X 41X 96X 91X 31X 1~2AIIG middot J3IOX_ t 60SX ~6IX gt 6h3X t 644ll 477X Jn6Xt 4S~xr 42~5X ll(IJ bull 6I5X t 9QX
AM-93 SX 25X 7 3BX 24X 14X 6X 6X 8 9 20X sx ANGmiddot93 2X 7 1X 12X 9 n ox zx 19 ox OX 1X CR-93 11X 31X 10X 27 24X 9 7 7 11X 15X 49 6X EBL middot93 13X 35X 9 2BX 22 19 10X 17 6X 42 54X 6X EML middot93 SX 19 SX 17 12 10X 4X 8 15X 13X SOX 4X KP-93 4X 16X 7 29 13X 16X 14X 8 16X 45X 75X 2 MKmiddot93 BX 27 5X 33X 16X SX SX 6X 28 26X 48X 2X MM-93 9 23X 5X 19 ~ 8 7 ~ 6X 12X 37 sx OVmiddot93 12X 24X 13X 28X 31X 16X 8 14X 8 14X 60X 4X PRmiddot93 9 22 6X 20X 15X 9 SX 6X 15X 13X SSX 4X RB-93 SLmiddot93
4X BX
14X 16X
SX 6X
121n
9 sx
x n
9 ~
sx sx
11X 13X
11X 9
35X SX
2 1X
SNmiddot93 9 25X 6X 24X 16X 7 SX 11X 9 25X 20X 2X TGmiddot93 SX 1BX 3X 16X 10X 3X 3X 3X 6X SX 42X 2X TZ-93 17 31X 9 30X 22X 3X 9 7 22X 26X ssx 7 1993-AVG 8i1Xi t222X (4ll 3iX i 16SX X~i4Xt Xi bull ]sect 1~lf gllX middotbull 403x 37
131
Table 38 Continued
SiteYear Cl ca2bull
CR-94 43X 40X 17 45X 53X 38X 34X 36X 16X sax 82 16X EBL-94 47 35X 36X 32 4OX 24X 20X 19X 15X 53X 76X 15X EML-94 16X 34X 37 44X 46X 28X 35X 42 43X 1OOX 35X 11X KPmiddot 94 24X 37 20X 53X 51X 44X 31X 24X 16X 13X 81X 16X MK-94 13X 19X 39X 49X 67 85X 70X 57 63X 11X sax 12 MM-94 42X 35X 26X 38X 44X 38X 21X 22 23X 33X 27 2OX RB-94 47 46X 39X 48X 54X 42X 45X 41X 33X 2OX 95X 22X TG-94 2OX 31X 14X 28X 3OX SOX 25X 1ax 26X 57 86X BX TZ-94 14AYL r
17 ~-~
64X 58X ~ll~Qcr ~1~gt
57 4~~lt
SOX 4114r
43X ~)
45X saxyen~ L ~5IJt
ssx ~v~c i
38X 1OOX 12X to~ gt11g Mfr
132
Table 39 1990 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PFAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOI COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 50 71 NA OsWE (cm) 198 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 41 45 NA ampsWE (cm) 160 149 NA n 25 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 37 39 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 230223 248 NA n 3534 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 3436 3637 33
crsWE (cm) n
156 140 6663
150 142 47 46
101 1-
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 21
OsWE (cm) 141 151 118 n 34 28 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 16 25 NA OsWE (cm) 128 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 22 23 NA ampsWE (cm) 139 148 NA n 36 29 0
second value represents statistic with snow courses that have no snow during Stlvey period removed from sample population
133
Table 40 1991 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 63 73 NA OsWE (cm) 210 NA NA n 25 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 63 81 NA OsWE (cm) 186 188 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 59 61 NA 8-sWE (cm) 176 238 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 58 58 55 OsWE (cm) 155 157 129 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 49 OsWE (cm) 151 151 123 n 37 30 14
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 55 62 NA ampsWE (cm) 95 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 49 51 NA ampsWE (cm) 148 150 NA n 39 31 0
134
Table 41 1992 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00-40deg00 SWE(cm) 47 60 NA ampsWE (cm) 216 NA NA n 24 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 50 67 NA ampsWE (cm) 211 214 NA n 22 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 47 56 NA ampsWE (cm) 197 245 NA n 32 12 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 45 45 43 ampsWE (cm) 155 144 115 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 34 ampsWE (cm) 125 118 84 n 36 29 13
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 34 52 NA ampsWE (cm) 251 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 33 36 NA ampsWE (cm) 128 120 NA n 38 30 0
135
Table 42 1993 WATER YEAR SNOW WATER EQUIVALENCE PEAK ACCUMULATION FROM CCSS SNOW COURSES
Elevation Range
Latitude Interval gt2000m gt2500m gt3000m
39deg00---40deg00 SWE(cm) 142 168 NA ampsWE (cm) 390 NA NA n 26 1 0
38deg30-39deg00 SWE(cm) 127 166 NA ampsWE (cm) 413 381 NA n 24 3 0
38deg00-38deg30 SWE(cm) 122 127 NA ampsWE (cm) 422 538 NA n 33 13 0
37deg00-38deg00 SWE(cm) 119 117 105 ampsWE (cm) 340 344 276 n 63 46 13
36deg00-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 86 81 ampsWE (cm) 334 345 316 n 34 27 12
35deg15-36deg00 SWE(cm) 79 104 NA ampsWE (cm) 359 NA NA n 2 1 0
35deg15-37deg00 SWE(cm) 83 87 NA ampsWE (cm) 330 340 NA n 36 28 0
136
Table 43
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 39deg00 to 40deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
359 GRIZZLY FEATHER 6900 3955 120387 388 PILOT PEAK FEATHER 6800 39472 121523 279 EUREKA BOWL FEATHER 6800 39453 120432 75 CHURCH MDWS FEATHER 6700 39409 120374 74 YUBA PASS YUBA 6700 3937 120295 72 HAYPRESS VALLEY YUBA 6800 39326 120312 91 INDEPENDENCE CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39295 120169 89 WEBBER LAKE 1RUCKEE 7000 39291 120255 64 WEBBER PEAK 1RUCKEE 7800 3929 120264 78 FINDLEY PEAK YUBA 6500 39282 120343 88 INDEPENDENCE CAMP 1RUCKEE 7000 3927 120175 68 ENGLISH M1N YUBA 7100 39262 120315 86 INDEPENDENCE LAKE 1RUCKEE 8450 39255 12019 66 MDW LAKE YUBA 7200 3925 120305 90 SAGE HEN CREEK 1RUCKEE 6500 39225 12014 77 LAKF FOROYCR YUBA 6500 39216 12030 76 FURNACE FLAT YUBA 6700 39213 120302 65 CASTLE CREEK 5 YUBA 7400 39212 120212 70 LAKE STERLING YUBA 7100 3921 120295 67 RED M1N YUBA 7200 39206 120305 71 SAWMILL FLAT YUBA 7100 39205 120301 73 SODA SPRINGS YUBA 6750 3919 12023 69 DONNER SUMMIT YUBA 6900 39186 120203
115 HUYSINK AMERICAN 6600 39169 120316 385 BROCKWAY SUMMIT LAKE TAHOE 7100 39157 120043 318 SQUAW VALLEY 2 1RUCKEE 7700 39113 120149 317 SQUAW VALLEY 1 1RUCKEE 7500 3911l 120147 400 TAHOE CITY CROSS LAKE TAHOE 6750 39101 120092 332 MARLETTE LAKE LAKE TAHOE 8000 39095 11954 101 WARD CREEK LAKE TAHOE 7000 39085 120135 376 WARD CREEK 3 LAKE TAHOE 6750 3908 12014 338 LOST CORNER M1N AMERICAN 7500 3901 120129 102 RUBICON PEAK NO 3 LAKE TAHOE 6700 39005 12008 99 RUBICON PEAK 2 LAKE TAHOE 7500 3900 12008
137
Table 44 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg30 to 39deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
97 RUBICON PEAK I LAKE TAHOE 8100 38595 120085 337 DAGGETTS PASS LAKE TAHOE 7350 3859 11953 375 HEAVENLY VALLEY LAKE TAHOE 8850 3856 11914 103 RICHARDSONS 2 LAKE TAHOE 6500 3855 12003 96 LAKE LUCILLE LAKE TAHOE 8200 38516 120067 98 HAGANS MOW LAKE TAHOE 8000 3851 119558
405 ECHO PEAK (NEVADA) 5 LAKE TAHOE 7800 3851 12004 100 FREEL BENCH LAKE TAHOE 7300 3851 11957 316 WRIGHTS LAKE AMERICAN 6900 38508 12014 108 ECHO SUMMIT AMERICAN 7450 38497 120022 Ill DARRINGTON AMERICAN 7100 38495 120032 110 LAKE AUDRAIN AMERICAN 7300 38492 120022 113 PHILLIPS AMERICAN 6800 38491 120043 320 LYONS CREEK AMERICAN 6700 38487 120146 289 TAMARACK FLAT AMERICAN 6550 38484 120062 365 ALPHA AMERICAN 7600 38483 120129 107 CAPLES LAKE AMERICAN 8000 38426 120025 106 UPPER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8500 38417 11959 331 LOWER CARSON PASS AMERICAN 8400 38416 119599 109 SILVER LAKE AMERICAN 7100 38407 12071 297 EMIGRANT VALLEY AMERICAN 8400 38403 120028 130 lRAGEDY SPRINGS MOKELUMNE 7900 38383 12009 364 lRAGEDY CREEK MOKELUMNE 8150 38375 12038 133 CORRAL FLAT MOKELUMNE 7200 38375 120131 134 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 1 MOKELUMNE 6700 38371 120137 403 WET MOWS LAKE CARSON 8100 38366 119517 129 BLUE LAKES MOKELUMNE 8000 38365 119553 363 PODESTA MOKELUMNE 7200 38363 120137 135 LUMBERYARD MOKELUMNE 6500 38327 120183 339 BEAR VALLEY RIDGE 2 MOKELUMNE 6600 38316 120137 131 WHEELER LAKE MOKELUMNE 7800 3831l I 19591 132 PACIFIC VALLEY MOKELUMNE 7500 3831 11954 330 POISON FLAT CARSON 7900 3830S 119375 384 STANISLAUS MOW STANISLAUS 7750 3830 119562
138
Table 45
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 38deg00 to 38deg30 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
323 lilGlilAND MDW MOKELUMNE 8800 38294 119481 141 LAKE ALPINE STANISLAUS 7550 38288 120008 416 BLOODS CREEK STANISLAUS 7200 3827 12002 373 HELLS KITCHEN STANISLAUS 6550 3825 12006 146 BIG MDW STANISLAUS 6550 3825 120067 415 GARDNER MDW STANISLAUS 6800 38245 120022 144 SPICERS STANISLAUS 6600 38241 119596 430 CORRAL MDW STANISLAUS 6650 38239 120024 386 BLACK SPRING STANISLAUS 6500 38225 120122 344 CLARK FORK MDW STANISLAUS 8900 38217 119408 406 EBBETTS PASS CARSON 8700 38204 119457 345 DEADMAN CREEK STANISLAUS 9250 38199 119392 156 LEAVITT MDW WALKER 7200 38197 119335 145 NIAGARA FLAT STANISLAUS 6500 38196 119547 152 SONORA PASS WALKER 8800 38188 119364 140 EAGLE MDW STANTST ATTS 7500 38173 119499 143 RELIEF DAM STANISLAUS 7250 38168 119438 154 WILLOW FLAT WALKER 8250 38165 11927 139 SODA CREEK FLAT STANISLAUS 7800 38162 119407 421 LEAVITT LAKE WALKER 9400 3816 11917 138 LOWER RELIEF VALLEY STANISLAUS 8100 38146 119455 142 HERRING CREEK STANISLAUS 7300 38145 119565 427 GIANELLI MDW STANISLAUS 8400 38124 119535 379 DODGE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 8150 38114 119556 155 BUCKEYE ROUGHS WALKER 7900 38113 119265 422 SAWMlLL RIDGE WALKER 8750 3811 11921 159 BOND PASS TUOLUMNE 9300 38107 119374 348 KERRICK CORRAL TUOLUMNE 7000 38106 119576 153 BUCKEYE FORKS WALKER 8500 38102 11929 172 BELL MDW TUOLUMNE 6500 3810 119565 162 HORSE MDW TUOLUMNE 8400 38095 119397 368 NEW GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 160 GRACE MDW TUOLUMNE 8900 3809 11937 151 CENTER MTN WALKER 9400 3809 11928 166 HUCKLEBERRY LAKE TUOLUMNE 7800 38061 119447 164 SPOTTED FAWN TUOLUMNE 7800 38055 119455 165 SACHSE SPRINGS TUOLUMNE 7900 38051 119502 377 VIRGINIA LAKES RIDGE WALKER 9200 3805 11914 163 WILMER LAKE TUOLUMNE 8000 3805 11938 150 VIRGINIA LAKES WALKER 9500 3805 11915 167 PARADISE TUOLUMNE 7700 38028 11940 173 LOWER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38027 119528 168 UPPER KIBBIE RIDGE TUOLUMNE 6700 38026 119532 169 VERNON LAKE TUOLUMNE 6700 3801 11943
139
Table 46 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
171 BEEHIVE MOW TUOLUMNE 6500 37597 119468 287 SADDLEBAG LAKE MONO LAKE 9750 37574 11916 286 ELLERY LAKE MONO LAKE 9600 37563 119149 181 TIOGA PASS MONO LAKE 9800 3755 119152 170 SMITH MOWS TUOLUMNE 6600 3755 11945 157 DANA MOWS TUOLUMNE 9850 37539 119154 161 TUOLUMNE MOWS TUOLUMNE 8600 37524 11921 178 LAKE 1ENAYA MERCED 8150 37503 119269 158 RAFFERTY MOWS TUOLUMNE 9400 37502 119195 176 SNOW FLAT MERCED 8700 37496 119298 175 FLETCHER LAKE MERCED 10300 37478 119206 281 GEM PASS MONO LAKE 10400 37468 119102 179 GIN FLAT MERCED 7000 37459 119464 282 GEM LAKE MONO LAKE 9150 37451 119097 189 AGNEW PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9450 37436 119085 180 PEREGOY MOWS MERCED 7000 3740 119375 206 MINARETS 2 OWENS 9000 37398 11901 367 MINARETS 3 OWENS 8200 37392 118595 207 MINARETS NO 1 OWENS 8300 3739 118597 424 LONG VALLEY NORTH OWENS 7200 37382 118487 177 OSTRANDER LAKE MERCED 8200 37382 11933 208 MAMMOTH OWENS 8300 37372 118595 205 MAMMOTH PASS OWENS 9500 37366 il902 193 CORA LAKES SAN JOAQUIN 8400 37359 11916 425 LONG VALLEY SOUTH OWENS 7300 37344 118401 381 JOHNSON LAKE MERCED 8500 37341 11931 200 CLOVER MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37317 119165 202 CIDQUITO CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37299 119245 407 CAMPITO M1N OWENS 10200 37298 118104 201 JACKASS MOW SAN JOAQUIN 69SQ 37298 119198 211 ROCK CREEK 1 OWENS 8700 37295 11843 210 ROCK CREEK 2 OWENS 9050 37284 11843 276 PIONEER BASIN SAN JOAQUIN 10400 37274 118477 209 ROCK CREEK 3 OWENS 10000 3727 118445 203 BEASORE MOWS SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37265 119288 182 MONO PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11450 37263 118464 197 CJilLKOOT MOW SAN JOAQUIN 7150 37246 119294 196 CJilLKOOT LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7450 37245 119288 204 POISON MOW SAN JOAQUIN 6800 37238 119311 186 VOLCANIC KNOB SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37233 118542 195 VERMILLION VALLEY SAN JOAQUIN 7500 37231 118583 324 LAKE Tt-iOMAS A EDISON SAN jQAQlJIN 7800
_ n 1111nn1
J lfUJ~
(continued next page)
140
Table 46
CONTINUED- Latitude interval 37deg00 to 38deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (fl) Latitude Longitude
357 NUCLEAR I OWENS 7800 37224 11842 358 NUCLEAR 2 OWENS 9500 37222 118429 187 ROSE MARIE SAN JOAQUIN 10000 37192 118523 190 KAISER PASS SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37177 119061 198 FLORENCE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7200 37166 118577 185 HEART LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10100 37163 118526 346 BADGER FLAT SAN JOAQUIN 8300 37159 119065 191 DUTCH LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 9100 37155 118598 194 NELLIE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8000 37154 119135 183 PIUTE PASS SAN JOAQUIN 11300 37144 118412 216 BISHOP PARK OWENS 8400 37143 118358 212 EAST PIUTE PASS OWENS 10800 37141 118412 214 NORTH LAKE OWENS 9300 37137 118372 199 HUNTINGTON LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 7000 37137 119133 192 COYOTE LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 8850 37125 119044 215 SOUTH FORK OWENS 8850 37123 118342 224 UPPER BURNT CORRAL MDW KINGS 9700 3711 118562 184 EMERALD LAKE SAN JOAQUIN 10600 3711 118457 347 TAMARACK CREEK SAN JOAQUIN 7250 37107 119123 188 COLBY MDW SAN JOAQUIN 9700 37107 118432 213 SAWMILL OWENS 10300 37095 118337 228 SWAMP MDW KINGS 9000 37081 119045 232 LONG MDW KINGS 8500 37078 118552 218 BIG PINE CREEK 3 OWENS 9800 37077 118285 219 BIG PINE CREEK 2 OWENS 9700 37076 118282 217 BIG PINE CREEK 1 OWENS 10000 37075 11829 284 BISHOP LAKE OWENS 11300 37074 118326 234 POST CORRAL MDW KINGS 8200 37073 118537 230 HELMS MDW KINGS 8250 37073 119003 225 BEARD MDW KINGS 9800 37068 118502 222 BISHOP PASS KINGS 11200 3706 118334 235 SAND MDW KINGS 8050 37059 11858 308 OODSONS MDW KINGS 8050 37055 118575 426 COURTRIGHT KINGS 8350 37043 118579 223 BLACKCAP BASIN KINGS 10300 3704 118462 341 UPPER WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 9100 37023 118542 238 BEAR RIDGE KINGS 7400 37022 119052 227 WOODCHUCK MDW KINGS 8800 37015 118545 239 FRED MDW KINGS 6950 37014 119048
141
Table 47
Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 36deg00 to 37deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
229 ROUND CORRAL KINGS 9000 36596 118541 396 RATTLESNAKE CREEK BASIN KINGS 9900 36589 118432 398 BENCH LAKE KINGS 10000 36575 118267 233 STATUM MDW KINGS 8300 36566 118548 408 FLOWER LAKE 2 OWENS 10660 36462 118216 307 BULLFROG LAKE KINGS 10650 36462 118239 299 CHARLOTTE RIDGE KINGS 10700 36462 118249 380 KENNEDY MOWS KINGS 7600 36461 11850 309 VIDETTE MOW KINGS 9500 36455 118246 231 JUNCTION MOW KINGS 8250 36453 118263 237 HORSE CORRAL MOW KINGS 7600 36451 11845 240 GRANT GROVE KINGS 6600 36445 118578 382 MORAINE MOWS KINGS 8400 36432 118343 226 ROWELL MOW KINGS 8850 3643 118442 236 BIG MOWS KINGS 7600 36429 118505 397 SCENIC MOW KINGS 9650 36411 118358 255 TYNDALL CREEK KERN 10650 36379 118235 250 BIGHORN PLATEAU KERN 11350 36369 118226 243 PANTHER MOW KAWEAH 8600 36353 11843 275 SANDY MOWS KERN 10650 36343 11822 253 CRABTREE MOW KERN 10700 36338 118207 254 GUYOT FLAT KERN 10650 36314 118209 256 ROCK CREEK KERN 9600 36298 i i820 221 COTTONWOOD LAKES 1 OWENS 10200 36295 11811 220 COTTONWOOD LAKES 2 OWENS 11100 3629 11813 252 SIBERIAN PASS KERN 10900 36284 11816 251 COTTONWOOD PASS KERN 11050 3627 11813 257 BIG WHI1NEY MDW KERN 9750 36264 118153 245 MINERAL KING KAWEAH 8000 36262 118352 374 WlilTE CHIEF KAWEAH 9200 36253 118355 292 FAREWELL GAP KAWEAH 9500 36247 11835 244 HOCKETT MOWS KAWEAH 8500 36229 118393 260 LITTLE WHI1NEY MOW KERN 8500 36227 118208 259 RAMSHAW MOWS KERN 8700 36211 118159 423 1RAILHEAD OWENS 9100 36202 118093 264 QUINN RANGER STATION KERN 8350 36197 118344 248 OLD ENTERPRISE MILL 1ULE 6600 36146 118407 263 MONACHE MOWS KERN 8000 3612 118103 262 CASA VIEJA MOWS KERN 8400 3612 118163 265 BEACH MOWS KERN 7650 36073 118176 247 QUAKING ASPEN 1ULE 7000 36073 118327 261 lIUNUA MLJWS KERN 8300 - lVI II
)OU-bull- I 10tn11011
142
Table 48 Snow courses used in snow water equivalence analysis Latitude interval 35deg15 to 36deg00 and base elevation of 6500 feet (-2000 m) Listed by decreasing latitude
Snow Course Elevation Number Course Name Drainage Basin (ft) Latitude Longitude
258 ROUND MOW KERN 9000 35579 118216 249 DEAD HORSE MOW DEER CREEK 7300 35524 118352 383 CANNELL MOW KERN 7500 3550 118223
143
Table 49 Snownack solute-loadine bv reeion for 1990 Loadines were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califom1a Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake To_paz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - N03- sol- ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ i+ HCOz- CH2COz- Precip
40deg00deg- gt2000 M 285 98 76 84 76 28 15 5 1 12 41 12 so 39deg00deg gt2500 M 405 139 108 120 108 40 22 73 17 58 17 71
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 220 92 72 95 72 44 25 52 24 3 1 09 41
38deg30 gt2500 M 241 101 79 104 79 48 27 57 26 34 10 45
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 - gt2000 M 251 52 41 62 40 49 17 26 2 1 2 1 04 39
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 335 69 54 83 54 65 23 34 29 27 05 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 179 92 53 97 66 52 13 37 17 27 18 36
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 184 94 54 100 67 53 13 38 18 28 18 37
gt3000 M 164 84 48 89 60 47 12 34 16 25 16 33
37deg00- gt2000 M 115 84 44 57 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M 11 o 80 42 54 s 1 45 18 35 25 23 13 21
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 83 6 1 32 4 1 39 34 13 26 19 17 1o 16
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 130 96 49 64 61 54middot 21 4 1 30 27 16 25
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 _ gt2000 M 115 84 44 s7 54 47 19 36 26 24 14 22 TC04CIJJ - gt2500 M 120 88 46 59 56 49 19 38 27 25 14 23
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
144
Table 50 Snowpack solute-loading bv region for 1991 Loadinls were calculated usinl snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Califorrna Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- solmiddot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ rt He~middot cH2~- Precip
40deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 249 180 145 180 112 89 33 86 39 20 23 63
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 288 209 169 208 130 104 39 100 45 24 27 73
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00middot gt2000 M 211 208 134 15 7 120 89 46 88 16 41 64 63
38deg30 gt2500 M 271 268 173 202 155 114 59 114 21 52 82 81
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA flA
38deg30middot gt2000 M 196 118 104 115 21 7 194 83 182 62 18 62 59
38deg00 1 gt2500 M 202 122 108 119 224 200 85 188 64 19 64 61
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 bull gt2000 M 217 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
37deg00 gt2500 M 21 7 175 68 141 101 126 29 59 28 29 55 58
gt3000 M 205 166 65 134 96 120 27 56 27 28 52 55
37deg00 bull gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00 gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
36deg00middot gt2000 M 208 222 6 1 170 87 101 26 54 2 1 26 56 55
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 235 251 69 192 99 114 29 6 1 24 29 64 62
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00 middot gt2000 M 186 198 54 152 78 90 23 48 19 23 50 49
35bull15bull gt2500 M 193 206 57 158 81 94 24 50 20 24 52 51
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
145
Table 51 Snowoack solute-loadin2 bv re2ion for 1992 Loadin2s were calculated usin2 snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the Calfforma Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl - NOJ- sol- ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ Kdeg HC~- CH2c~- Precip
40deg00 1 - gt2000 M 193 112 64 112 83 52 24 57 23 11 11 47
39deg00 gt2500 M 246 143 82 143 106 67 30 73 29 15 1-4 60
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 - gt2000 M 185 87 58 80 64 65 28 66 23 2-4 29 50
38deg30deg gt2500 M 248 11 7 77 107 86 87 38 89 31 32 39 67
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg3D- gt2000 M 138 91 31 100 71 103 48 38 84 1 7 38 47
38deg00deg gt2500 M 164 109 37 119 85 122 57 45 100 20 46 56
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg00 1 - gt2000 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
37deg00 1 gt2500 M 168 127 47 140 99 97 40 48 40 18 26 45
gt3000 M 161 121 45 134 94 93 38 46 38 17 25 43
37deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 21 33
36deg00 1 gt2500 M 125 145 51 131 88 80 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
36deg00deg- gt2000 M 118 137 48 124 83 76 18 37 19 15 22 34
35deg15 gt2500 M 181 209 73 189 127 116 28 57 29 23 33 52
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00deg- gt2000 M 115 133 46 120 81 74 18 36 18 15 2 1 33
35deg15 1 gt2500 M 125 145 5bull 1 13 1 ee eo 19 39 20 16 23 36
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
146
Table 52 Snowpack solute-loading by region for 1993 Loadings were calculated using snow-water equivalence (SWE) data from the California Cooperative Snow Survey Snow chemistry used in the estimates was from the 12 study sites plus snow chemistry from Pear Lake Topaz Lake Ruby Lake and Crystal Lake The regions used in the analysis were constrained by elevation and latitude The data for snow chemistry and SWE are from the Sierra snowpack on or near April 1 Units are equivalents per hectare (eq ha-1) Precip is the amount of SWE in centimeters Elevations are meters
Region Elevation H+ NH4+ Cl N~- s042middot ca2bull Mg2+ Na+ r HCOz CH2COzmiddot Precip
40deg00middot gt2000 M 390 235 144 189 197 115 68 119 55 51 20 142
39deg00 1 gt2500 M 462 278 171 223 234 136 80 141 65 6 1 23 168
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
39deg00 1 bull gt2000 M 373 420 265 288 289 278 37 206 42 94 59 127
3a~30= gt2500 M 487 549 346 376 378 363 49 270 55 123 77 166
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
38deg30 1 bull gt2000 M 365 160 127 185 221 214 105 94 47 35 38 122
38deg00 gt2500 M 380 167 133 193 230 223 109 98 49 37 40 127
gt3000 M NA NA HA NA NA NA iiA NA iiA NA NA NA
38deg00bull- gt2000 M 411 176 121 18 1 223 218 53 95 52 50 28 119
37deg00 gt2500 M 404 173 119 178 219 214 52 93 51 49 28 117
gt3000 M 363 155 107 160 197 192 47 84 46 44 25 105
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
36deg00 gt2500 M 318 172 154 149 169 186 41 109 27 43 1 7 86
gt3000 M 300 162 145 140 159 175 39 102 26 41 16 81
36deg00middot gt2000 M 293 158 141 137 155 171 38 100 25 40 15 79
35deg15 gt2500 M 385 207 186 180 204 225 50 131 33 53 20 104
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
37deg00middot gt2000 M 307 166 149 143 163 180 40 105 26 42 16 83
35deg15 gt2500 M 322 174 156 150 171 188 42 110 28 44 17 117
gt3000 M NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
147
Table 53 Average chemistry ofno-orecioitation bucket-rinses bv site for the oeriod of 1990 through 1993 Bucket rinses were collected when no precipitation occurred during the weekly or biweekly installation interval Bucket rinses were done with 250 ml of deionized water Duration is the ave~age number of days the bucket was installed prior to being rinsed All concentrations are in microEq L- MM2 and OV2 were co-located rain collectors installed at Mammoth Mountain and Onion Valley respectively No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
SiteYear Cl
AM-90 NA 30 143 29 168 19 12 27 NA NA NA
ANG-90 NA 02 00 01 01 00 00 00 NA NA 80 ANG-91 05 06 01 03 06 02 12 0 7 o 1 06 100 ANG-92 09 00 04 02 1o 02 03 oo 04 o7 103 ANG-93 01 02 10 01 03 01 04 02 00 01 74 NGtAIIG os bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbulltQ1lt 94bullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot qi2middot 05middotmiddot middotmiddot01gt ro5y middot~Mbbullmiddotgt 92 middot bullbullQw bull middotrWiL EBL-90 NA 00 01 oo 02 01 03 01 NA NA 125 EBL middot91 07 1o 03 02 06 02 02 01 04 oo 130 EBL-92 30 03 42 25 66 11 17 15 04 02 143 EBL-93 04 05 04 02 06 o 1 02 02 1o 21 139 ~BljJllL middotmiddotbullmiddotbull 13) middot04 12 t PP 2or o3 gtWtlt ps middotbullo6 W~ 41iffr bull EMLmiddot91 13 06 01 05 08 03 14 04 750 150 127 EMLmiddot92 ii 04 ii iO iO 09 06 03 29 iO i70 EML-93 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 O 1 02 03 170 ~lP0AVGrbullbullmiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotbull 0bull8 94 t middot 4N Ptbull li15 bull tmiddot 94bullr rgttgt bullmiddotlML middot ~I ~ bullbullbullbullbullbull45~middotmiddot KP-91 20 10 29 22 36 09 14 12 08 01 88 KPmiddot92 28 0 7 10 18 39 13 12 16 05 02 62 ~fAVG gt 214 08 bull zrnt middot 20 bullr1a middottA middotmiddot middot Mlgt htr 9-1middot r t Pdt middot rsr MK-91 15 00 04 02 05 03 0 1 02 05 04 68 MICmiddot92 29 04 57 38 69 14 19 13 00 00 85 MIC-93 12 09 03 25 13 05 05 21 06 02 108 ~JIIL middotbullbullmiddot h9 liff bull 2i2gt 2g lt gt29 - Pi Q-V Jf tPf AML r bullf1f
MH2middot92 12 02 0 1 0 1 07 0 1 0 1 0 1 04 00 150 HM2middot93 15 0 7 24 10 18 03 06 05 04 01 142 AVG middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot1i4) middot middot94 42 95middot Jg t Qi2t rmiddotbullP4 rbullbulldMt bullCgt44 JMt rt44irr HM1middot90 NA 39 MM1middot91 10 02 MM1 middot92 23 02 MM1middot93 03 22 MMkAVG bull 12- bull 47middot
OV2middot92 OV2middot93 QVrAVG
OV1middot90 NA 05 16 06 21 03 04 01 NA OV1 middot91 30 11 36 19 89 13 17 19 06 OV1middot92 5 9 10 78 28 140 23 2 1 26 06 OV1middot93 03 06 01 02 18 02 02 02 03 QMVW 3l middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot rornmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot 33lt( y14middotmiddot t 6Tgt gg Ft hiL Qftgt
SL-90 NA 00 15 12 17 03 05 07 NA NA 123 SLmiddot91 2 1 1o 42 25 54 o 7 08 09 15 06 135 SL-92 17 01 05 04 12 02 05 04 03 02 143 SL-93 04 08 01 03 09 02 03 02 04 04 123 ~IfAvwmiddotmiddotmiddot h4 J15middotmiddotmiddot Ft r Jamiddotmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 2l Wl 9t Mfsect t Mt 9 J~lt SN-90 NA 08 23 09 22 08 05 07 NA NA 100 SNmiddot91 20 05 14 09 25 07 03 05 04 02 140 SNmiddot92 20 o 1 02 o 1 1 1 02 o 1 oo 09 05 120 SN-93 0 1 03 o 1 o 1 02 00 02 03 o7 02 144 SNAVG 14 94p UQ l5 P5f gt04 lt pqx bullQV gt (lii~t Jg~ A~I~t TG-90 NA 08 42 25 44 08 09 05 NA TG-92 02 01 06 03 14 03 04 06 00 TG-93 12 04 04 03 11 01 02 03 09 TGIAVG (0li middotlt94y middot 41 middottOJ bullbulllt 23 Q4 t ll5 QI4i middotO~
148
Table 54 Summary of statistical analyses of No-Precipitation Bucket Rinse (NPBR) samples from 1990 through 1993 For each station data from the entire study were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multipleshycomparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among stations No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among sites
1 SULFATE
a MK gt ANG
3 FORMATE
NONE
4 ACETATE
a ANG lt EML b ANG lt TG
5 NITRATE
NONE
6 AMMONIUM
NONE
7 MAGNESIUM
a KP gt ANG b OV2 gt ANG
8 SODIUM
NONE
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
10 CHLORIDE
NONE
149
Table 54 (continued)
11 CALCIUM
a OV2 gt EML b OV2 gt ANG c OV2 gt EBL d OVl gt EML e OVl gt ANG
12 BUCKET DURATION
a ANG lt MMl b ANG lt MM2 c ANG lt EML d ANG lt TG e ANG lt OV2 f ANG lt OVl
a KP lt MMl b KP lt MM2 c KP lt EML d KP lt TG e KP lt OV2 f KP lt OVl
a MK lt MMl b MK lt MM2 c MK lt EML d MK lt TG e MK lt OV2 f MK lt OVl
150
Table 55 Summary of statistical analvses of No-Precioitation Bucket Rinse lNPBR) samoles from 1990 through middot1993_ For each station data from all station were combined for the analyses The Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunns multiple-comparsion tests were used to detect significant differences (P lt005) among years No bucket rinses were obtained in 1994
1 NO-PRECIPITATION BUCKET RINSE CHEMISTRY 1990-1993
A Tests for differences in chemistry among years
1 SULFATE
a 1992 gt 1993
3 FORMATE
a 1991 gt 1993
4 ACETATE
NONE
5 NITRATE
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1992
6 SODIUM
a 1992 gt 1993
7 AMMONIUM
a 1993 lt 1991 b 1993 lt 1992 NOTE NO NH4+ IN 1990
8 MAGNESIUM
a 1993 lt 1990 b 1993 lt 1991 c 1993 lt 1992
9 POTASSIUM
NONE
lTT TITrriTI1 LUbull -01JVZiUL
a 1993 gt 1992
11 CALCIUM
a 1992 lt 1993
12 BUCKET DURATION
NONE 151
Table 56 Average contamination rate of buckets by site for the period of 1990 through 1993 The contamination rate was calculated from no-precipitation bucket-rinse chemistry and bu1ket duration Units are expressed in milliequivalents per hectare per
1day (mEq ha- d- ) These units were chosen to simplify comparisons between bucketshycontamination rates and solute-loading rates No bucket rinses were collected in 1994
SiteYear Cl ca2+ ic+ HCOz
ANG-90 NA 08 00 06 05 00 02 00 00 00 ANGmiddot91 18 22 05 13 22 09 46 27 05 22 ANG-92 32 00 13 06 36 06 10 00 14 25 ANG-93 ANGbullAG r
05 J8
10 middot10
5 0 17
05 O
14 06 4lrmiddotmiddot Ql gt
19 ht
11 Q~9
01 Q
05 h7
EBL-90 NA 00 03 00 06 02 09 03 oo oo EBL-91 19 28 09 06 16 04 06 03 10 00 EBL-92 79 07 110 65 174 28 44 39 1 bull 1 06 EBL-93 ~~~fAVG
11 3 6
14 HZ)
11 J3
06 15 h9 middotmiddotbullbull5 3
03 99
06 tltt
05 h2
26 J(gt
57 2t
MK-91 MK-92 MK-93 MKfAYi
82 131 41
ltltgtlS MH2middot92 30 05 01 03 16 01 01 01 10 00 HH2middot93 41 20 64 26 48 07 15 12 12 02 ltMAVG gt q(gt gt Jigt middot gt 33I bullbullmiddotbullbullbullbull 1bull4gt t 32 t Q4 t 9iI Qi t 14 lt gt 9il MM1middot90 NA 92 572 286 357 96 133 87 MM1 middot91 20 05 04 05 16 04 03 01 MM1 middot92 58 06 15 17 27 06 07 02 MM1 middot93 08 59 06 11 18 07 16 351-hAVG bull8) IM9L bullJl+9r JgQ bull105 2bull1 middot t39rmiddot bull3~1
OV2middot92 138 22 123 10 1 199 33 49 27 16 24 OV2middot93 34 26 26 34 148 17 25 17 17 16 oy2-Avct ca6 tbull rt2-t middot gtgtgt75 gt middot gt6middot8 q73 middotmiddotg5rbullbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddot 3A 22middotmiddot middot middot middotJI6bull 2f11 middot
OV1middot90 NA 16 48 18 65 10 12 04 oo oo OV1middot91 79 29 93 48 231 35 43 48 16 10 OV1middot92 151 25 200 7 1 358 60 54 68 16 17 OV1middot93 10 16 02 0 7 50 04 04 04 08 01 ClVJtAYG i 410 22 86 middotmiddotmiddot 36 V6 gt2-T t 2i9t 31 13 09
SL-90 NA 01 45 36 51 09 15 22 oo oo SL-91 58 27 117 70 151 18 23 25 4 1 15 SL-92 45 03 12 11 31 05 13 11 08 06 SL-93 13 24 03 09 26 05 10 07 13 12 lLbullAYGt bull bullbull39rbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot middotmiddott$middot 4A c 3i2t (gt5lt t0y bullttit middot16 zbulllgt Jt
SN-90 NA 29 86 32 84 29 20 26 00 00 SN-91 54 14 37 24 68 20 09 14 1o 05 SN-92 64 04 05 03 36 o 7 04 00 27 16 SN-93 03 07 02 03 05 01 05 08 1 05 lgt~iAG rmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddot 4qgt r1r lt 33 r 16 4amp bullbullr 14 J-9gt 12middotbull middoti9 9li TG-90 NA 28 141 84 148 26 31 16 00 00 TGmiddot92 05 03 15 08 35 08 10 14 00 00 TG-93 32 10 10 09 28 03 04 08 24 11 tGtAYG ltl9 lilt Jii 33 y7Q bull 1pound2 middot Ji Jo3 middotbullmiddotbullmiddot J~2middotmiddot gtQflll
152
Table 57 Contamination loadinj bv site for the non-winter oeriods of 1990 throueh 1993 This loading was calculated from the average contamination rate at each site and the number of days buckets were installed when there was a rain event sampled
Contamination Rate+ 1000 x Installation Interval= Contamination Loading(mEq ha-1 day-1) (days) (Eq ha-1)
SiteYear Me2+
ANG-1990 NA 007 000 006 004 000 001 000 ooo ooo ANG-1991 056 000 022 011 063 011 018 000 024 043 ANG-1991 007 009 002 005 009 004 019 011 002 009 ANG-1993 001 003 015 001 004 002 006 003 000 001 ~libullAV9gt gtltgtgtmiddotQ2bullbull bull ltV0t tbullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbull01Q bullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullmiddotbull006 bullbullbullmiddotbullmiddotbullbullbullmiddotltPbull2Qbullmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddot middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotOo4bull ttmiddotbullPmiddotImiddot bullbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotbullbull9bullbullmiddotQbullmiddotbullmiddotbull QsQ7 Oi1( middotbull
EBL-1990 NA 000 002 000 003 001 005 002 000 ooo EBL-1991 020 029 009 006 017 005 006 0-03 011 000 EBL-1992 130 012 182 108 287 047 0 73 064 017 010 EBL-1993 003 003 003 002 004 001 001 001 007 014 ~Jl~tAVlii tt(051bullbullbullbullbullbull 04t Q49gt gt029 ltQi78 o3 bullbullQ2 bullOAll ()9 bull006
EML-1991 034 016 003 013 021 009 036 012 2003 401 EML-1992 042 013 042 038 038 034 023 009 108 038 EML-1993 ~lkAVlit
000 pg~
001 lt010 gt
000 middotmiddot 015
000 Jl17
000 020
000 000 middotmiddotbullQ14t 020
001 bullbullbullP p7 bullgtbull
002 middotmiddot middot 41Agt
003 bullJIAbull
MK-1991 067 001 020 011 025 012 006 008 023 016 MK-1992 189 027 369 245 443 092 122 082 000 ooo MK-1993 tAV~rmiddotmiddot
016 middotbullmiddotbullbullmiddotmiddot091
012 Jl43
004 J31 middott
033 097
017 1)(2
006 0061137 bullbullbull tQi45
028Mi4P
008(MQ
003941gt i
MM1-1990 NA 058 361 180 225 061 084 055 000 000 MM1 -1991 021 005 004 005 018 004 003 001 013 006 MM1-1992 092 009 024 028 043 009 011 003 021 009 MM1-1993 003 019 002 004 006 002 005 o 11 004 002 lkAVli dh39J 9~r lt Olgt Q54 QiJL middot QW i O( t QJ~ bullmiddot 99t 904
OV1-1990 NA 008 023 009 031 005 006 002 000 000 OV1-1991 043 016 051 027 127 019 024 027 009 006 OV1-1992 2n 045 360 128 645 108 098 122 030 031 OV1-1993 DVkAVlibull
002 106bull
004 QJI
000 109
00204t
013 middotmiddotbullbullc204bull
001 001 001 i 033bullmiddot gtltgt932bull bullbullbullbullbull bull+9bullbull31l bullbull
002 Q49gt
000 99t
OV2-1992 249 040 221 182 358 060 089 049 029 043 OV2-1993 9V2AVf
009 J29
007 f023
007 lt1Pfr
009 oysy
039 Hilf
004 li~2
006 Pl4~I
004 004 927y 947 middotmiddotmiddotmiddot
004 li2M
SL-1990 NA 000 027 022 031 006 009 013 000 000 SL-1991 034 016 069 042 089 011 013 015 024 009 SL-1992 069 004 019 016 047 008 020 016 012 009 SL-1993 SLbullAV9f middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
006 Q36
011ltoo~middotbullmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 001 Q29
004 0l)
012 945
002 poz
005 Q12
003 PRf
006 QlF
005 QI06
SP-1990 NA 019 056 021 054 019 013 017 000 ooo SP-1991 028 007 019 013 035 010 005 007 005 002 SP-1992 SP-1993
113 001
007 003
C09 001
006 001
o63 002
013 000
001 002
ooo 003
oa 007
02a 002
SP~AVG p4z QbullP9t rog1r onor o39 QUJt gtQf07lt gtQI Q1r QA~gt TG-1990 NA 023 118 070 124 022 026 013 ooo 000 TG-1991 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA TG-1992 008 004 025 013 059 013 017 023 000 ooo TG-1993 rnAVGgtbullbull
010 fpo9ymiddotmiddotmiddot
003 wwmiddotmiddot 003 049
003 02 )
009 064
001 Q12
001 915 t
003 op~
008 middot Alll~
004 middot11~1l
153
Table 58 Percent of non-winter solute loading contributed bv contamination loadinit bv site for the period of 1990 through 1993 Also shown is the average loading fraction for-alf sites by year
SiteYear NH4+ Cl N05 s042middot ca2+ Mg2+ Na+ ic+ HCOz CH2COz
ANGmiddot1991 ANGmiddot1991 ANG-1993
26X 05X 02
oo 16X 34X
11 01 16X
08X 0202
81X 07X 20
42 13X 20
23X 25X 52
00 42 15X
19 03X 59
43X 09
416X
EBLmiddot1990 EBLmiddot1991 EBLmiddot1992 EBL-1993
08X 54X 10X
oox 96X 38X 58X
01 05X 73X 09
oo 05X 52 06X
0221
257X 16X
03X 33X
190X 21
15X 29
178X 27X
19 29
362 32
00 16X 22 78
00 oox 12
107
EMLbull1991 EMLmiddot1992 EMLmiddot1993
06X 17X oox
35X 22X osx
01X 14X oox
06X 16X oox
15 49 oox
18X 18BX os
90X 27X oox
22 22 06X
44X 11X
22 24X
KP-1991 KPmiddot1992
24X 102X
132X 190X
77X 26X
58 59
157X 25SX
111 359
174X 253X
82 348
ox 123X
o x 35X
MK-1991 MKmiddot1992 MKmiddot1993
30X S6X 30
02X 61X
188X
08 120X 07X
06X 109 11 8X
21X 429 173X
58 567X 322X
19 228 11 1
34X 266X 875X
352 00 87
144X 00 37
MM1middot1991 MM1middot1992 MM1middot1993
ox 25X 02
14X 47X
117X
02X 08X 02X
03X 13X 03X
1sx 56X 22
29 47X 41X
04X 36X 41X
11 20
209
1n 22 22
on 10 osx
MM2middot1992 MM2middot1993
17X 1 ox
48X 48X
o x 21x
02 08X
31X 59
11X 34X
08 42
20 76X
17 67
0003X
OV1middot1990 OV1middot1991 01-1992OV1middot1993
25X 134X osx
20 67X
16 x34X
12X 43X
22SX o x
05X 27X 93X 03X
37X 155X 624X 43X
29 79
48li 23X
15X 111X 32li 12
18 360
114IIX 27X
0030 59X 27
oo09 48 02
OV2middot1992 163X 184X 171X 153X 412X 337X 387X 623X 94X 10 IX OV2middot1993 1SX 6SX 09 1SX 134X 88 66X 92 5SX 31X
Slmiddot1990 Slmiddot1991 Slmiddot1992
28X 24X
01X 71X 1SX
14X 51X 07X
15X 40 on
3SX 155X 48
27X 58X 32X
25X 78X 49
89 243X 79
00 76X 14X
oo 25x 1 IX
SLmiddot1993 28X 268 05X 24X 129 82 113X 81X 107 14IX
SPmiddot1990 SPmiddot1991 SPmiddot1992 SPmiddot 1993
10 5SX 03X
36X 13X 46X 37X
23X 06X 05X 01X
13X 05X 03X 03X
41X 22 7SX 16X
73X 25X 58 09
27X 1 1 19X 19
95X 18 oo 89
oo 03X 5070X
00 01X 28 24X
TGmiddot1990 TGmiddot 1992 TGmiddot1993
02X 14X
29 07X 53X
37X 07X 06X
36X 04X 07X
84X 42 8SX
62 33X 33X
19X 26X 21X
27X 91X 67
00 oo 93X
oo00 27X
I9tlY1 middotmiddot middot middot middot 29 gtJ iIgt r25 W3gt J~ rq ~ 4ftlt bull 3Ic 1~JbullAV(i ) 1s rzxymiddot W9Xi q5xy 56X X 4)1 65 13 6IUgt middot ittmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot 1zybull11(i )S9 middotrs )60X gt461f Q7 210 J41 H~t Ph1lgt g4bull
193middotIV(i middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot qqx bullbullbullbull 82X Pi h gt ~3 tbull t61 4i~lk Jffr3X 61t gt7~(
154
CJ C Cl)S 100 er Cl) LL 50
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28+
Rain 1990-94 250 -------------------~
200 ~ CJ Mean= 13C 150 Cl) er 100e LL
50
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10+
Delay Before Sample Collection days
Rain 1990-94 200 ----------------------
~ 150 Mean= 47
Bucket Age Prior to Sample (days)
Figure 1 Frequency diagrams of delay before sample collection and bucket age prior to precipitation event
155
Potassium 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1045
Acetate 1990-93 6 10 C 8 CD 6 er 4
LL 2
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Formate 1990-93 14---------------------
gt- 12 g 10 CD 8
5- 4
6
LL 2 o~-shy
s5deg 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1070
Figure 2 Accuracy for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
156
Potassium 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 31
Acetate 1990-9314---------------------
gt 12 g 10 Cl) B
6- 6 e 4 u 2
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 ii50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 58
Formate 1990-93
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 35
Figure 3 Precision for assays of potassium acetate and formate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
157
Chloride 1990-93
O 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 985
Nitrate 1990-9335~-------------------
gtii 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1019
Sulfate 1990-9335----------------------
gti 30 g 25 CD 20
5 15 e 10 u 5
0 -----------------L_-L 550 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 it150
Percent Recovery After K11own Addition Mean = 1058
Figure 4 Accuracy for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
158
Chloride 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 59
Nitrate 1990-93 100---------------------
t i
80
60 er 40 e
LI 20
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 15
Sulfate 1990-93 100-------------------
~ 80 C Cl) 60 er 40 eLI 20
O 0 5 10 15 - 20 25 - 30 35 - 40 45 250
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) middotmiddot---IYIVGII -- ampVft 78
Figure 5 Precision for assays of chloride nitrate and sulfate during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
159
14r--------------------
100 110 120 130 140~150
Calcium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 _________ S50 80 70
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1010
14r---------------------
______ 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Magnesium 1990-93 -1
uC Cl)
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
~~ 8
O S50 80 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140~150
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean= 1041
Sodium 1990-93 gt-12 g 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 e 4 LL 2
0 ______ _______J---___- S50 80 70 80 90
Percent Recovery After Known Addition Mean = 1104
Figure 6 Accuracy for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Accuracy was not determined during 1994-95
160
calcium 1990-93 35--------------------
gt 30 g 25 Cl) 20
5 15 10 ~ 5
O 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean = 32
Magnesium 1990-93 14------------------------
gt 12 c 10 Cl) 8
5- 6 4 ~ 2
0 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Mean= 39
Sodium 1990-93
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45i50
Percent Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) Ifgt~ OLUaan -- vbullbull _
Figure 7 Precision for assays of calcium magnesium and sodium during 1990-93 Precision was not determined during 1994-95
16-------------------- gt 14 U 12i 10 8 C 6 4 ~ 2
0
161
Program LRTAP ~tudy 0035 Laboratory L 122
Comparison of Results Reported versus the lnterlaboratory Median values
10 28 4amp 14 82 100 452 5t II 73 8 lnlerlab Median Values lnlerlab Median Values
NOl mg NL D D 9 9r=7gt gtD D v 0 - Median 1930 0-I) 4 Value 1863 os-I) 0 00 Median 4180 0lC CValue 4092omiddotI)
-4 l 0 -4 0 4 a 12 11
lnlerlab Median Values
No mgL Ug mgL D 2 D 2
99 u J- uJ- u
0 Median 293 0 -I) Value 222 -I) o9 00 05 Median 276 04QC
I) Value 210 I) 0 00 0 0 05 u 2 0 o o8 12 u 2
lnterlob Median Values lnterlob Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Codemiddot L122
~]
0 030S0t U U lnlerlob Median Values
Nate arrows Indicate data off scale
plllllmbull LR~A D I bullu-Jmiddotymiddotmiddot nunu ~i I I V~I YI I bull 11r - - bull --
Laboratory L122 Comparison of Results Reported versus
the lnterlaboratory Median values S04-IC mg
-8 s J gt-D 3 ~
~ z g_ amp oar-----
0123 s lnterlob Median Values
IC mgI Co mg CoI D D 10 9 9 IS gt- os gtmiddotmiddotmiddot1 sD D
- OAL i 0 02 -ii 0 Median 1340C Q 2 II Value 1240
0 oo amp 0 00 02 04 0S 0IS 0 Z I IS 10lnterlob Median Values lnterlab Median Values
Study Date 21-JAN-94 Lab Code l122 Note arrows Indicate data off scale
- FiQHre 8 - (continued)
0
500
300
200
100
Mean= 083
SNOW 1990-95 500 -------------------~
gt 400
Z 300w C 200 w a U 100
0 -------------30 20 10
Ion Difference
SNOW 1990-95
Mean= 236
o 10 20 30 40 so eo 10 eo+
600---------------------
0Z 400 w
C W a U
~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ bull ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~middot
Theoretical SC divided by Measured SC
Figure 9 Charge and conductance balances for snow samples during 1990-95 SC=speclflc conductance
164
i40 ---------------------
120
80
40
20
Mean = 101
Rain 1990-94 120 -------------------~
~ C G) er LL
~100
i er 60
LL
100
80
60
40
20
Mean= 01
-30 -25 bull20 -15 bull1C -5 C 5 10 15 20 25 ampG+
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15+
Thonroti~AI ~ ~ rliuirlorl hu IAolcu bullbullorl ~ I _ _ bullbull bull _ -1111i1 7 IWlwW__WI 1iiiiirW bull
Figure 1 o Charge and conductance balances for rain
samples during 1990-94 SC=speclflc conductance
165
SNOW 1990-95 800 ---------------------
700
gt 600 () Mean= 39 C soo Ci)I 400 er G) 300 LL 200
100
0 -----------------
Cations minus Anions
Figure 11 Frequency diagram for the difference between
measured cations and anions In snow samples during 1990-95
166
0 Snow 1990-95
ti) 25 r-------~-----------~------~ C
2 Overestimated Anion u ca CD E 15
C Overestimated Catio~ a____ 0 e
CJ C1 0 ~i
=r O~ 0 0~ a
0 u
4 1 1--~---~--~U 0 Ou
ii 0 08 05 ~o
csectDO On Unmeasured Cation ured Anion
0 OL---1----J--_---iJ_J~__-L---J
I- -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ion Difference
Rain 1990-94
0
Overestimated Anion Overestimated Cation
0 0 0
0 (b u
Q 0 0
0 0
Unmeasured Anion
0
0
70
Ion Difference
Figure 12 Relationship between charge and conductance balance in rain and snow samples
167
Snow 1992 4) 64 4)
62c Q 11 Lineen 6 0 E 58
i 56 0
54 middot-ltC 524)
5C )
48 I Q 46
48 5 52 54 56 58 6 62 64
pH Under Argon Atmosphere
Behavior of Calibration Curves at Low Concentrations
-0013 0012
cu 0011
C 0010 2) 0009 en 0008
0007C 4) 0006 E 0005 0004 en 0003 C- 0002
OOOi
0 0
Extrapolated Standard Curve Omiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
True Callbratlon Curve ---G---middot
Standard Curve ---True value = 10
0 ------ ------ ------0 02 04 06 08 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26
Concentration Figure 13 Comparison of pH measured under air and argon atmospheres
Second panel behavior of callbratlon curves below the method detection llmlt
168
80 ----------------------
40
20
Mean= 539
Snow 1990-95
gti 80
CJ C Cl) tT e
LL
~ C 80 Cl) O 40Cl)
LL 20
0 __----
0 1 2 3 4 5
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 58 57 58
pH
~nnw 1 aanasV 100----------------------
80
Mean= 271
8 7 8 9 10
Ammonium microEq J-i)
Figure 14 Frequency diagrams of pH and ammonium In snowplts 1990-1995
169
140
120
~100
C a 80 C 60 a
LL 40
20
0
C a
a LL
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 138
0 1 2 3 4 5 8
Chloride (microEq 1-1)
~ -bullr-1 1 nnn_tu-11 IUV I -1JUbullJ~
100
80
~ Mean= 250
80
C 40
20
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 15 Frequency diagrams of chloride and nitrate In snowplts 1990-1995
170
-----
Snow 1990-95 160
140
gt 120 () c 100 G) 80 er G) 60
LL 40
20
ftV - - 7- --
0
Mean= 190
I-~-
1 2 3 4 5 8 7
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 120
100
gta () 80 C G) 60 erG)
40 LL
20
0
Mean= 405
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Figure 16 Frequency diagrams ofsulfate and base cations (calcium magnesium sodium and potassium) In snowplts 1990-1995
171
Snow 1990-95 140 ---------------------
120
~100 Mean= 100 5i 80 er so eLL 40
20
0 0 i 2 3 4 5 8
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Snow 1990-95 200 ---------------------
Figure 17 Frequency diagrams of acetate plus formate and specific conductance In snowplts 1990-1995
gt 150 () C CP 100 er e LL 50
0 L_________
1 2 3
Mean= 283
4 5 8 7
172
120
100
~ () 80 C Cl) l 60 tr Cl) 40 u
20
0
Snow 1990-95
Mean= 870
0 400 800 1200 1800 2000 2400 2600 3200
Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Snow 1990-95 300------------------~
0Z w )
C Wa U
250
200
150
100
50
Mean= 398
bD~lhlHIIHllll$llltl Snow Density (kg m-3)
Figure 18 Frequency diagrams of snow water equivalence and snow density In snowplts 1990-1995
173
40
t eo
IOz w
s
a 20 u
13 t 10
z 10 w 40 s o
ff 20
10 0
IO
t 10
z 40w o C
20 aw
10u 0
t 140 120
100z w IO s 10
a 40
u 20 0
o
t 25
z 20w 11 C
10 aw
Iu 0
11 0
12z w IC wa 4 u
1990 Mean= 384
1991 Mean= 400
1992 Mean= 365
1993 Mean= 428
Mean= 365
Mean= 464
0 100 121150 171 200 225 250 275 JOO 21 S50 375 400 421 450 475 500 121150 1175 IOO
Snow Density (kg m-a)
Figure 19 Frequency diagrams for snow density 1990-95
174
25 (gt 20
i 15 I er 10 Cl)
LL 5
0 1
pr1ng 1orms
a
5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (milIImeters)
Summer Storms 160
II -umiddot120 bC
Cl) I 80 er Cl)
40 II- 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+ Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Autumn Storms 30
( 25 C 20 Cl) I 15 2deg 10
5LL 0
1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100+
Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 20 Histograms of storm size for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
175
C
- Ral n 1990-94p _ __
I lUU C
a[ 80 a
C 2
ramp
Cl) iPt a cP C
C
cn C e ~ ~ C
C gt- l cP-gcaii~ s~ 0
c 00 20 40
60 80
100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
-I
E u Rain 1990-94 u 100 a
80
C ca ts
C C
C 0 0 cftP
u C Q
C Im
ia 0 60 80 100 Cl) C Storm Size (mllllmeters)u
Rain 1990-94 ~200
I a[ 150
a 8
E 100 c 0 E -i ID
80 100 Ctftbull1111 C Ibulla I 11 II A lllolIVI Ill Vlamp1iiiiJ IIIIIIIIIIVIVIOJ
Figure 21 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
176
Rain 1990-94 - 60 _ 50
a[ 40
g Clgt
20 0
aC 10 ()
00 C
40 60 80 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
a
330 a
a a a
200 -- 150 er w
C a
Clgt
= z Ill
d 00 20 40 60 80 100
Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Rain 1990-94
3100
160----------------------------i 0
-e 120 a er w 3 Clgt
ati t 40 C en a
cPlb
20 40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 22 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
177
100
Rain 1990-94 _1oor0----------------------~
i
--[ 3
E u ii 0
a a
a
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 -- so------------------------
I
--[ 40
3 30 E I 20
i a a a
C 10 r-E 80 100
Storm Size (millimeters)
00 40 60
Rain 1990-94 70--------------------------- a60
0 50--~40 B a
E 30 a
2 20 -c 0 en 10 a a a
00 40 60 a
80 100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Figure 23 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
178
Rain 1990-94 -30
I
- 25 er LLI 20 s
e 15
i 10 D D
5 D0 =
0 00 40 60 80
Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 80-
D
D
60LLI S 40
D
a 5 rP
~ 20 - D
if 00 20
D
40 D
60 80
100 Storm Size (millimeters)
Rain 1990-94 100- D
I 80-
iB s a 40 D D5 t
~ 20
D
D D D
40 60 80 100 Storm Size (mllllmeters)
Figure 24 Scatterplots of the relationship between storm size and solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation 1990-1994
179
100
Spring Storms 20---------------------
gtshyg 15
10 O e 5 u
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Summer Storms 100------------------------
~ 80
ii 60 O 40 e
20o_______ 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600
pH
Autumn Storms 25-----------------------
~20 ii 15 O 10
uG)
5 0----~----
400 420 440 480 480 500 520 540 580 580 800
pH
Figure 25 Histograms of pH for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001 difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
180
25
~20
i 15
gI
10 5LL 0
0
Spring storms
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 160
gt u 120C aG) I 80 C G) 40
LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C G) I 10 C G)
5 LL
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ammonium (microEq 1-1)
Figure 26 Histograms of ammonium for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
181
Spring Storms 40
gt-c 30 C bG) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
1 5 10
120 gt u C 80G) l C 40G) u
0 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chloride (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
15 20 25 30 Chloride (microEq l-1)
Figure 27 Histograms of chloride for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
40 gt-c 30 C G) l 20 C 10 u
0 0 1 5 10
182
25
~20 i 15 2deg 10
5LL ~
0 0
~ ~amp ~ t11111y LUI Ill~
b
5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Nitrate (microEq 1-1)
Summer Storms 140
~ 120 c 100
aa 806- 60 a 40 ~
LL 20 0
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160 Nitrate (microEq J-1)
Autumn Storms 20
gt u 15C a 10 CT a ~ 5
LL 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Niiraie (microEq J-1)
Figure 28 Histograms of nitrate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
183
b
Spring Storms 25------------------~
~20 b 15
2deg 10 at 5
0 _____ 0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms 140~--------------~
~ 120 c 100 ~ ~ a6- 60 e 40
U 20O-------------0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms 25~----------------
~20 15 b tT 10 eu 5
o____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Sulfate (microEq 1-1)
Figure 29 Histograms of sulfate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) difference among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
184
Spring Storms 20--------------------
gta g 15 bG) 10
5 LL
o_____-0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200
120 ~ 100 c 80G) 60 0 G) 40 LL 20
0
Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Summer Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 Sum of Base Cations (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160200 ~ bullbull-- -a n--- -abull--- 1--~- 1t~UIII UI 0iUn iILIUn ucq JfbullJ
Figure 30 Histograms of the sum of base cations (calclum magnesium sodium potassium) for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not slgnlflcantly different
185
25
( 20
m15 C 10 G) 5LL
0
Spring Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Summer Storms 100
Iiu- 80 C G) 60 C 40 G) 20
0
35 ( 30 C 25 a 20 6-15 10 LL 5
0
a
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100120140160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq l-1)
Autumn Storms
b
0 5 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Acetate plus Formate (microEq J-1)
Figure 31 Histograms of the sum acetate and formate for non-winter precipitation 1990-94 Letters Indicate significant (plt001) differences among storm types Storms with the same letter are not significantly different
186
Rain 1990=94 1100r--------------------
B 80
fC 60 a
a40
20 40
a
60
rP a
8 a
~ 80 100 lGI
Hydrogen Ion (microEq 1-1) y =049(x) + 62 r2 =050
-i Rain 1990-94 ~ 200r-----------------------
a a
er a ai 150
E 100 I middot2 50 0 Ea 00 20 40 60 80 100
Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 064(x) + 210 r2 = 011
Rain 1990-94 200r---------------------~
Nitrate (microEq l-1)
y = 085x) + 543 r2 = 066
a[ 150 3i E 100
1 50 E
10050 150 200
Figure 32 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
187
Rain 1990-94 - 180r--------------------~ ~
B 135 3 90
J-Cl)
5 u 100
45
a
40 60
80 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 061 (x) + 126 r2 = 021
- Rain 1990-94 i 100e---------------------- ~
er so w
3 40
20
20 40
60 E
middotcs 0
~ 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq 11)
y = 014(x) + 139 r2 = 001
- Rain 1990-94 so----------------------- er 40 0 deg w
3 30 8
deg
E 20 middot-
0S 10
en oo 20 40 60 80 100 Hydrogen Ion (microEq J-1)
y = 0037(x) + 586 r2 = 0004
Figure 33 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt linear regression Is also shown
188
0
a
0
00 20 30 40 50 60
Rain 1990-94 r-2oor--------------------- er 150 w 3 100
la
50 = Z 10
Chloride microEq e1) y =361 (x + 127 r2 =060
Rain 1990-94
10 20 30 40 Chloride microEq l-1)
50 60
y =270(x + 924 r2 =062
- Rain 1990-94 - 60 $so 3 40 E 30 20 middot- 10 -g -UJ uo
10---------------------
0
rP a
10 20 30 40 50 60 Chloride microEq l-1)
y =101 (x + 121 r2 =053
Figure 34 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
189
10050 150
80
40
0
0
0
10050 150 200
- i Rain 1990-94 _ 200--------------------~ er ~ 150
E 100 = i 50 0 E
-i 200
y =085(x) +543 r2 =066
Rain 1990-94
Nitrate (microEq J-1)
~ 160------------------------- a[ 120
S
jCD
u = Nitrate (microEq J-1)
y = 068(x) + 180 r2 = 086
- Rain 1990-94 ~ 80r--------------=----~---- 0
a[ 60 0
S 40 CD-ca 20e
u uo 20 40 60 80 100
y =100(x) + 117 r2 =077
0
Ii 0
Acetate (microEq J-1)
Figure 35 Scatterplots of the relationship among solute concentrations In non-winter precipitation The best-flt llnear regression Is also shown
190
Regional Snow Water Equivalence Elevation gt 2500 meters
e 2 CD 150 u i 1 i 100E
ii 10
~ C u
--
0 ____________1__________LJ
3700-3ro04000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Hydrogen Loading llauatln ~ann abullabullbull --1vwMbull VII ~ AoVVV IIIVloVI
-cdi 10
~ g40 ---------
-------- ------ -
---- CCI -9 30
[3---------shyi en bullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot - e 20 gt-c
10 ______________________________----
4000-3900 H00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 36 Regional distribution of SWE and hydrogen loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
191
ID )I
_1_ff~- -~-~shyV
Fiegionai Ammonium Loading Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
-_-El_ ----- middot-
middot- -------0 middotmiddot- II- - - - - - - - - _a-o - - --
middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot ~~~~~~-~~-~-~-_--middot -middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbull 10
C __ J
4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-3ro0 LATITUDE ZONE
n--bull---1 -11bullbull-bull- I ---11-shynVIJIVIHII 1i111111bull 1ucnu11v
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
30
I 1121
If20
J 11
i 10
I
o________________________________~ 4000-3800 3900-3130 3130-3100
LATITUDE ZONE 3100-3700 3700-3ro0
Figure 37 Regional distribution ot ammonium and nitrate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
192
----
A1aglnnAI ~hlnrlttA I nbullttlng
Elevatlon gt 2500 meters
_ g
middotmiddotmiddotmiddot-bullbullbullG ----------------~ 10 L~-- c () Ii
4deg0049deg00
LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Sulfate Loading Eevaton gt 2500 meters
0 LL---------------------------------
tff -~-~shyI
0 _________--______________________
4ClOD-SllOO 3100-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
L4TITU01 ZONI
Figure 38 Regional distribution of chloride and sulfate loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevatlon 1990-1993
-311 -di C 30 [ -25 Cl C i5 20 CCI middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotG _ -_ 9 15 middot-
tff -~vii I
193
rt--middot---1 ~--- -ampI-- I __ _ __nv111u11a1 gan wauu11 LUau111y
Elevation gt 2500 meters
-d 70 c
ldeg g 10
=ti
9Ill
S 30
i () CII I 10 m
40
20 middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotbullmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot
o______________________________
40w-3~ s-aomiddots-ucr sUOmiddotsrucr s100-11roo LATITUDE ZONE
Regional Organic Acid Loading Elevationgt 2500 meters
-dr C 20
I[ cn 5 15
10
~ C IIll ~ 0
_1_ff~-tF V
0 _______________________________
4000-3800 31deg00-3130 3130-3100 3100-3700 3700-SlOO
LATITUDE ZONE
Figure 39 Regional distribution of base cation and organic anion loading In the Sierra Nevada above 2500 m elevation 1990-1993
194
- Vinier Loading 1990-95 i 80 -------------------------- ~ 0
0Cl 60
01 5 40
l - 20
I GI
~ 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y =0019(x) bull 015 r2 =083
i Winter Loading 1990-95 ~ 200----------------------------
0B a-150
01 C
j 100
9 C 50
e G
ts 00 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0042(x) middot 308 r2 = 081
500 lUUU lDUU 2000 2500
a
3000 3500 Snow Water Equlvalence (mm)
y = 0011 (x) + 039 r2 = 073
Figure 40 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
195
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 c 70-------------------------
a
a a
er a 60 i 50
e 40 ca 30 _9 20
ig 10L~~~~~~__--~-~~-----------_J0o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 cCJ Snow Water Equivalence (mm) y = 0013(x) + 034 r2 = 070
-- Winter Loading 1990-95 c 25------------------------- er a
l1J
----~ g 15 aa
bullL_-c-~a~~ C-~_o~~a_-a__l---~~~--7 m _ a 1i uo------=-5-oo-------ee---______1-soo__e---2-oo-o---2-so-o---3-oo-o----3soo ~ Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 00025(x) + 204 r2 = 018
- --___W_in_te_r_Lo_a_d_i_n_g-1_9_9_0_-9_5_____~ 100
a[ 80
i 60C
] 40
20
Cl)
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500= z Snow Water Equivalence (mm)
Figure 41 Scatterplots of the relationship between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
196
-bull Winter Loading 1990-95 ~16r-------------------------~ICI
0l14 en 12 5 10i 8 9 6 sect 4
1 25i 00-----=---5-00____1_00_0___1~5_oo---2-oo-o---2-5-oo---3-oo-o---3-500
0 0
0 0
0 0 a 0
la amp Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =00030(x) + 189 r2 =050
~ Winter Loading 1990-95 - 120----------------------------
~ 100 0
f 80 1 60 9sect 40
C 20l-~~~ra0 aJt
E O O 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500Ecs Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y = 0020(x) + 507 r2 = 059
i -------W_i_nt_e_r_L_o_a_d1_middotn_g_1_9_9_0_-9_5________70
0
ICI 60 I 50 en middot= 40i 30 9 20 sect 10
0
00
0
0 0
D
i 00____5_00____1_00_0___1_5_00___2_00_0___2_5_00___3_00_0___3~500 0
Snow Water Equlvalence (mm) y =0013(x) + 374 r1 =050
Figure 42 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loadlng In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt llnear regression Is shown
197
C
C
Winter Loading 1990-95 C
C C
a C
2500
C
C C
3000 3500
Figure 43 Scatterplots of the relatlonshlp between SWE and solute loading In winter precipitation 1990-1995 The best-flt linear regression Is shown
198