REPEAT BREEDING SYNDROME

Presented to Prof: Dr Hafiz Abdul SamadDr Waheed

Prepared By Hafiz Adnan Ahmad Presented By 18, 25, 103, 59, 87

THE MOST VEXING PROBLEM FOR A VETERINARIAN!

DEFINITIONA repeat breeder cow is defined as one

• That has been bred 3 or more times but not conceived• Has normal estrous cycle• Is free from palpable abnormality• Has no abnormal vaginal discharge • Has calved atleast once and • Is less than 10 years old

ETIOLOGY

FERTILIZATION FAILURE

EARLY EMBRYONIC DEATH

• Anovulatory heat• Delayed ovulation• Early embryonic death• Failure of nidation of fertilized ovum• Deficiency of energy• Deficiency of progesterone• Excess of oestrogen• First degree endometritis• Aged sperm and ovum• Poor hygiene at the time of calving and A.I.• Poor management and handling of frozen semen• High ambient temperature and humidity• Urovagina• Pneumovagina• Malnutrition

Causes

FERTILIZATION FAILURE ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT 15 PERCENT OF REPRODUCTIVE

WASTAGE IN NORMAL COWS.

IN REPEAT BREEDER COWS THE FERTILIZATION FAILURE MAY

BE HIGHER AROUND 28-44 PER CENT.

FERTILIZATION FAILURE

Fertilization failures may be due toAbnormalities in ovulation

Anovulation Delayed ovulation

• Defective ovum• Ageing of ovum- aged ova are viable only for few hours• Inability of sperm to fertilize ovum

• Fertility of bull• High sperm abnormality• Low sperm motility• Inflammation of genital tract• Very early AI

• Inability of the gametes to reach one another due to congenital and acquired defects of the genital tract

• Congenital defects - segmental aplasia

ACQUIRED DEFECTS - OVAROBURSAL ADHESIONS

FAILURE OF OVA PICK-UP

HYDROSALPHINX

Cystic ovary• Follicular Cyst and Hydrosalpinx.

01. Delayed Ovulation & Anovulatory heat

Examine the ovaries on the day of oestrus and record the location of follicle.Examine the animal again first day and second day, considering the day of oestrus as zero to know whether the ovulation has occurred or not.If ovulation occurs, there will be a ovulatory depression on the ovary in place of mature Graafian follicle.

If the animal ovulates second day or later on, it is a case of delayed ovulation.In case of delayed ovulation, a cow can be inseminated two or three times at 12 hours interval.Examine the ovaries on 9th or 10th day of oestrus for presence of corpus luteum. If corpus luteum is not present on the ovary, it is a case of anovulatory heat.

Treatment of Delayed ovulation and Anovulatory heat

GnRH analogues or hCG at the time of insemination to promote ovulation.Dose: Receptal 2.5 ml. I/M.

• Skip AI, adm.PGF2 after 9-10 days and do fixed time AI at 72 and 96 hrs

• CIDR, ear implant or PRID application and fixed time AI twice at 48 and 72 hours

21 Day estrous Cycle

21 Day Estrous cycle

Approx. 12 daysFunctional CL

Approx. 4-5 DaysDev. CL

Approx.4-5 DaysReg. CL

Use of Prostaglandins

2. EARLY EMBRYONIC DEATH• Accounts for 25% of reproductive wastage.

• Major portion of embryonic death occurs between

days 8 and 16 after breeding

• Most embryo death occurs before the critical stage

of pregnancy recognition and the cow will return to

estrus at the normal 18-25 days interval

Causes of embryonic death :

1 .External factors: Stress like pain & long transportation etc.

2 .Malnutrition Season and climate like summer

3. Maternal factorsoProgesterone deficiencyoUterine infectionoEmbryonic factors like chromosomal abnormalitiesoGenetic factors

4. Unfavorable uterine environmentUterine environment can be affected by– Nutrition– Age of dam Ambient temperature Hormonal imbalance Infections• Rectal examination• Vaginal speculum

Treatment• Genetic Factor : - Change the Bull• Environmental Factor : - Proper Management

is required • Subclinical Infection : - Pre and Post AI

Antibiotic treatment is done. • Pre (5-6 hours)• After (3-4 hours)And on day 4 and day 10 Also.

Treatment

• Luteal deficiency: Progesterone deficiency is treated with the administration 3-5 days after AI.

• Administration of hCG after 5 days will produce an accessory CL which will help in the increase in plasma Progesterone level.

• Administration of GnRH analogue may also be helpful as it decrease Ostradiole and PGF2 alpha release.

3. Deficiency of oxytocin:

• The lack of tonicity of uterus in an oestrous animal may be due to deficiency of oxytocin. These animals may pass large quantity of urine when examined per rectally.

• 30-50 IU oxytocin should be injected intramuscularly after insemination.

4. Deficiency of Energy

• Energy of the body is observed as it effect fertility in two ways

• GnRH and LH activity • Metabolic regulator of overiesRxIf suspected 20% dextrose should be given 2

hours before AI intravenously.

Precautionary Measures

• Avoid Stress• Cold water on back of animal• Clitoris massage• Proper Thawing and Semen quality• Proper Insemination technique• Proper Nutrition is necessary• Feed should contain at least 2% minral mixture.• Feeding of high level of CP is avoided.

Conclusions• Control of uterine infections

• Correct negative energy balance

• Correct timing of Artificial insemination

• Assure quality of semen

ANY POINT FOR DISCUSSION

Question from teacher

• White side test• Endometrial cytology and biopsy• Spin Brackiet test