Renz Advanced MG invasive plant training · Glossy buckthorn (CV) Helleborine orchid Hemp nettle,...

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Transcript of Renz Advanced MG invasive plant training · Glossy buckthorn (CV) Helleborine orchid Hemp nettle,...

Advanced invasive plant training

Mark J. RenzExtension Weed Specialist

mrenz@wisc.edu

What is an invasive plant?

•Weed: plant out of place

•Invasive plants:1. Not native2. Survive and reproduce 3. Spread into undisturbed areas4. Dominates areas it occupies

Is corn a weed or invasive plant?

Is garlic mustard a weed/invasive plant?

Is garlic mustard a weed/invasive plant?

• Weed = yes– Is rarely considered

desirable

• Invasive = yes– Not native– reproduces– spreads – Dominates

Is common buckthorn a weed/invasive plant?

Is common buckthorn a weed/invasive plant?

• Weed = sometimes– Purposely planted on landscape

• Invasive = yes– Not native– reproduces– Spreads– Dominates

Is kentucky blue grass a weed/invasive plant?

Is kentucky blue grass a weed/invasive plant?

• Weed = can be– Purposely planted on landscape– Can be weedy in gardens

• Invasive = ?????– Not native– reproduces– Does it spread on it’s own or by us?– Doesn’t dominate native landscapes

What about native plants?• Sometimes native plants can become overly

abundant and act invasive. – Early successional species = like disturbance

• EXAMPLES:– Box Elder – Prickly Ash– Aspen trees– Staghorn/smooth Sumac

Calling something invasive can be tricky

Impacts of Plant Invasions• Interfere with crop/animal

production– Reduce crop yield, harvesting, poison

cattle

• Societal impacts:– Interfere with recreation

• Ecosystem impacts:– Interfere with native species – Ecosystem processes

Impacts on Ecosystem Function

– Hydrological processes• Flooding frequency• Depth of groundwater• Bank stabilization/channelization

– Biogeochemical cycling• Increased N in soil• Change in C/N ratios (litter deposition)

– Disturbance regimes• Fire frequency/fuel load• Flood frequency

Soil impacts

• Spotted knapweed – Dominated sites had increased water

runoff and soil erosion• Surface water runoff increased 56%• Soil erosion increased 192%

• Garlic mustard– Infested areas had reduced biomass

of sapling hardwood trees • sugar maple, red maple, white ash

When do we know when a plant is invasive?

• Based on observations in the field

• Difficult to predict– Several researchers have attempted, best

predictor has been• Acting invasive elsewhere

– Results tend to be specific to region

Time 0

Time 1

Time 2

Time 3

Time 5

Time 7

Time 10

Time 15

Time 25

Time 35

Time 50

Acr

es In

fest

ed

Absent or off-site few locations

Many locations

At or near biological potential

Weed Increase Over Time and Control Potential

Con

trol

Cos

ts

Public awareness typically begins

Introduction

Time

Detection

Years 0-2 Y >10

Years20- >50Yrs 3-10

Early Detection and Rapid Response

• Best management practice for eradicating invasions– Similar to wildfires

• Example Dyer’s Woad in Montana– Discovered small populations

• $225,000 to eradicate 1994-2005

– If let expand during this time 1 year of control = $1.9 Million

We are asking for your help!www.gledn.org

• Please contribute invasive plant location data for Wisconsin– Focusing on species actively spreading in the

state

• Created a resource for you to add species location: GLEDN– Need

• GPS or able to find GPS location from a map• Access to a computer

Home

Simple Report Form

Expert Verification

• Recruiting verifiers to help verify submissions– Customizable by county and invasive plant

species– An email will be sent to verifiers when a new

species is ready for review• Once verified submission will be on the

distribution map

Signup for email alerts

• Can get alerts for species of concern to specific geographic areas– Currently based on states and counties

What do we do with the data?

• Share it with everyone– Contributing citizens– Other data management providers– Local, state, federal agencies– Researchers

• Create habitat suitability maps– Predict potential spread– Improves survey work– Target high probability species for

education/eradication

Black = Low ProbabilityWhite = High Probability

Wild Parsnip

1 inch : 50 miles

List of data management systems contributing data

To get involved with the Great Lakes Early Detection Network or the Global Invasive Species Information Network, please email

Alycia Crall (crall@wisc.edu)

Funding and support provided by:

How are invasive plants regulated?

• Federally– Federally listed noxious weeds– Q-37 plant import screening

• Wisconsin– Noxious – Nuisance law– NR40

• Locally– Noxious

Federal programs/laws

• Federal noxious weed act (1974)– Non-native plants– prevent the introduction into US– prevent the spread

• Q-37 plant import screening (2011)– Non-native plants imported for nursery industry– Lists potentially invasive plants that can’t be

introduced until risk assessment is done

Usage breakdown for the sixty-six plants on the IPAW working list of Wisconsin invasives (2003)

30

214

2

2

13

2Landscaping/ornamentalgardeningHuman food

Forage/turf/and or erosioncontrolForestry

Cut flowers

Accidental

Other

Wisconsin Noxious Weed Law1975

• Requires action for:– Canada thistle– Leafy spurge– Field bindweed

Wisconsin Noxious Weed Law1975

• Allows for local municipalities to add weeds to the noxious weed law

• Problems with the law, no clear authority on who to enforce– Left to local police/sheriff

• Result: rarely enforced!

Wisconsin nuisance weed law1987

• Prohibits sale, distribution and cultivation of:

– multiflora rose– purple loosestrife

• DATCP has authority to enforce and has done a good job!

NR40: Wisconsin’s invasive species rule (2009)

New law created in 2009 by WI DNR

Prohibited species– are not yet in the state or only exist as small

populations

Restricted species– are invasive species that are already too widespread to

expect statewide eradicated.

http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/classification/

NR40 Wisconsin’s invasive species rule (2009)

Prohibited species– It is illegal for people to transport, import, possess,

transfer, sell and introduce these species without a permit.

– Landowners will be expected to control prohibited species found on their property.

Restricted species– it is illegal for people to transport, import, transfer,

sell and introduce these species, but people may possess plants.

http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/classification/

Prohibited SpeciesCommon name

Australian swamp cropBrazilian waterweedBrittle waternymphChinese yamEuropean frog-bitFanwort, Carolina FanwortGiant hogweedGiant knotweedHydrillaJapanese honeysuckleJapanese stilt grassKudzuMile-a-minute vineOxygen-weed

Common nameOxygen-weed, African elodeaPale swallow-wortParrot featherPerennial pepperweedPorcelain berryPrincess treeSawtooth oakScotch broomSericea lespedezaSpreading hedge parsleyWater chestnutWineberryYellow floating heartYellow star thistle

Restricted SpeciesCommon name

Autumn oliveBells honeysuckleCanada thistleCattail hybridCommon buckthornCommon teaselCreeping bellflowerCurly-leaf pondweedCut-leaved teaselCypress spurgeDame's rocketEurasian water milfoil

Common nameFlowering rushGarlic mustardGlossy buckthorn (CV)Helleborine orchidHemp nettle, brittlestem

hemp nettleHound's tongueJapanese knotweedLeafy spurgeMorrow's honeysuckleMultiflora roseMusk thistle

Common nameNarrow-leaf cattailOriental bittersweetPhragmites, Common reedPlumeless thistlePurple loosestrifeRussian oliveSpotted knapweedTansy (CV)Tartarian honeysuckleTree-of-heavenWild parnsip

Prohibited/Restricted SpeciesCommon name

Amur honeysuckle

Black swallow-wort

Celandine

European marsh thistle

Hairy willow herb

Hill mustard

Japanese hedge-parsley

Japanese hops

Lyme grass or sand ryegrass

Poison hemlock

Tall or Reed manna grass

Wild chervil

1. Pest identification = WHAT IS IT?

2. Population size = HOW MUCH?

3. Select appropriate control tactic = WHAT CAN I DO?

4. Monitor and adapt management over time = WHAT CAN I DO BETTER?

What can we do?Pest management steps

Lots of resources to aid in identification

• Books• Field guides• Websites• Videos• Ask an expert• Interactive tools

– CDs– Websites

http://weedid.wisc.edu

• 300+ of the most common weeds of Wisconsin entered

• Allows for selection of known traits to reduce the potential weeds that fit this criteria

Invasive plant ID videos

http://fyi.uwex.edu/weedsci– Black swallow-wort– Bull thistle– Bush honeysuckles– Canada thistle– Creeping bellflower– Dame’s rocket– Garlic mustard– Hill mustard– Japanese hedge parsley

– Japanese hop– Leafy spurge– Perennial pepperweed– Poison hemlock– Plumeless thistle– Spotted knapweed– Teasels– Wild chervil– Wild parsnip

Step 2: Determine population size

Important for determining best management Small infestations

– Choose options that are effective

Large infestations– Choose options that are

• Fit management objectives, effective, affordable• Minimize injury to other plants/environment• Can repeat for many years to accomplish goal

Step 3: Select appropriate control tactics

• Consider site specific issues– Location to surface/ground water– Access to site– Is it legal?

• Limited information available– Timing/stage of growth specific

• Major effort to create/summarize information

Methods availableRemember effectiveness is

species specific!!!!!!

• Manipulation of the environment• Physical management • Herbicide• Prevention• Burning• Biological control• Grazing

http://fyi.uwex.edu/weedsci/

Control information for WIFACTSHEETS AVAILABLE1. Wild parsnip2. Japanese knotweed3. Japanese honeysuckle4. Bush honeysuckle5. Dame’s rocket6. Creeping bellflower7. Buckthorn8. Garlic mustard 9. Spotted knapweed10.Black Swallow-wort11.Teasels12.Hedge-parsley13.Canada thistle14.Perennial pepperweed15.Poison hemlock16.Hill mustard

OTHER MANAGEMENT INFO1. Brush management in WI2. Thistles in pastures and beyond3. Herbicide effectiveness table4. Multi-flora rose

mipncontroldatabase.wisc.edu

What this website doesn’t do

• Determine if control measure is suitable for the area– Is herbicide labeled for use in the area?– Give general areas registered, but need to read

the label for specifics

• Obtain appropriate permits/licenses

What is coming this spring?

• 21 more factsheets– Annuals: Japanese stiltgrass, Japanese hop– Biennials: biennial thistles, sweet clovers– Perennials: Common tansy, crown vetch, leafy spurge– Woody: Privets, black locust

• On database – Now available

How to read a label

• Active ingredient

• Environmental restrictions/hazards:

• Directions for use

• Specific information for site

Review control methods

• Prevention• Manipulation of the environment• Physical management • Burning• Biological control• Grazing• Herbicide

Understand the biology of weeds!

• How do they reproduce and spread?– Annuals– Biennials – Creeping Perennials– Simple Perennials

Field bindweedresults 1 month after treatment

Mowing Sprayed with glyphosate

Annual plant lifecycle

Biennial lifecycle

Perennial lifecycle

Prevention

• Washing equipment to remove soil and plant parts from infested areas

• Use of weed free inputs:– hay and straw– free gravel, fill, top soil– compost

• Keep adjacent areas weed free

Manipulation of the environment

• Competition/prevention in establishment– Desirable plants compete

with weeds• Changing management can

reduce invasives– See example

Manipulation of the environmentan example

• Increasing grass cover in fall can reduce germination invasives (burdock, thistle seedlings)

• Mowed in October, compared– Mow 4” = 10 weeds/10 ft2

– Mow 8” inches = 3 weeds/10 ft2

75% light interception

20% lightinterception

Mowing

• Can effectively reduce production of seeds

• Specific to weed species– Annuals and Biennial:

• reduce population sizes if timed correctly and conducted for multiple years

– Perennials: • typically need additional management to

reduce populations

Grazing• Can suppress growth of weeds if

timed correctly– Same timing and effectiveness as

mowing except for palatability– Palatability is dependent on stage of

growth, animal• BUT ANIMALS CAN BE TRAINED

• Promotes grasses to be more competitive

Biological control of weeds• Definition: the use of natural enemies to reduce the

damage caused by a pest population • GOAL: Reduce the populations (not eliminate)• Introduced agents: Not native to area

(REGULATED)• Natural agents: native to area (NOT

REGULATED)

Applications of herbicides

• Broadcast applications

• Directed methods/ Individual plant treatments (IPT)– Spot treatment– Basal bark applications– Cut stump

Using Herbicides

• One of many tools• Many aspects to safe and effective use• Consider location, site characteristics,

environmental setting, etc.• May be cheapest method but may not be the

appropriate choice in some cases

Herbicide Use Tips• Read and follow label directions on all chemicals.

– Use correct rates– Calibrate your sprayer

• Be sure that chemicals are mixed thoroughly • Never spray when it is windy• Spray only the targeted area• Be aware of properties of herbicides

– Some volatize when air temperatures are > 80F.– Some persist in the soil for extended periods– Some are selective herbicides others are not– Some may leach into the water table

Contact Herbicides

• Are not translocated• Kill only what is

treated• Give no residual

control = chemical mowers

• Examples:– Herbicidal soaps

(salts+fatty acids)– Vinegar (acetic acid)

Roundup 2,4-D

Systemic herbicides

Herbicide typesSelectivity

• Nonselective (Example glyphosate/Roundup)– Will injure any plant it contacts

• Selective (2,4-D)– Won’t harm grasses– Won’t harm broadleaved species– Random selectivity

Herbicide typesResidual activity

• No residual (hours- 1 day)• Example: Roundup (glyphosate)

• Short residual (days to weeks)• Example: 2,4-D, Banvel, Garlon, Weedmaster

• Long lasting=soil sterilant (months – years)• Example: Tordon (Picloram), Arsenal (Imazapyr)

Methods of Herbicide Application

• Soil applications• Foliar applications

– spot or broadcasted• To stems

– basal bark, cut stump, hack and squirt

FOR ANY HERBICIDE TO WORK MUST BE TAKEN UP INTO THE PLANT

Methods of Applicationfoliar treatments

• Can be applied to individual plants– Apply to foliage, but NOT so it “runs off” leaves/stems

• Can be broadcasted– most cost effective for large populations

• Use lower rates on smaller plants and less dense populations

• KEY POINTS:• Weeds must be actively growing• Rainfall may reduce effect (1/4-1/2 day) • Higher rates can reduce control (read label)• Surfactants can help (read label)

Methods of ApplicationBasal bark

• Apply herbicide in a ring around lower 6-18” of stem

• Practical on woody species 5” or less in diameter

• Solutions have high concentration of herbicide– Most use basal bark oil as a carrier

• Apply so bark shines/glistens• Do not apply when excessive

Snow present!

Methods of Applicationcut surface/stump

• Solutions have high concentration of herbicide

• Cut a stem near the base, treat soon after cutting

• Water-based formulations ASAP• Oil-based formulations within the

a day of cutting

• Treat entire surface if small, outer part of cut surface and root collar

• Do not apply when excessive snow present or heavy sap flow in spring!

Check out resources for further descriptions

• Brush management in Wisconsin– http://fyi.uwex.edu/weedsci/2007/08/30/brush-

weeds/

• Video on application methods by Dow Agrosciences– cut stump, basal bark, foliar, hack-and-

squirt– http://www.dowagro.com/vm/application/

applications.htm

Timing the ApplicationANNUALS, BIENNIALS & NONWOODY

PERENNIALS

• Annuals and biennials most sensitive when young and small

• Biennials easily killed as seedlings and anytime while in rosette stage

• Perennials often best treated in bud to early flower stage or in fall prior to frost– Varies considerably with plant species

Timing the ApplicationWOODY PERENNIALS

Woody plant control– Foliar applications best in late spring - early

summer• Leaves fully expanded• Plants actively growing

– Cut stump and basal bark treatments effective throughout the year

Summary• Invasive plant management is species specific

• Develop a plan to manage invasive plants

• Consult an expert or factsheets about selecting an appropriate control option

• No one option will work under all situations, and often an integrated approach works the best.

Thanks and happy weeding!