Post on 25-Feb-2016
description
Renewable Energy Renewable Energy IntegrationIntegration
The Only Real Sensible Approach The Only Real Sensible Approach must be done a resource must be done a resource
optimized regional leveloptimized regional level
Overall FocusOverall Focus
Current and future sources of energyCurrent and future sources of energy What’s best in terms of most efficient What’s best in terms of most efficient
combination of capital cost, land use, combination of capital cost, land use, ecological footprint, material use.ecological footprint, material use.
Distributed GenerationDistributed GenerationHow to improve the GridHow to improve the GridLocal Energy StorageLocal Energy Storage
The Business as Usual TrajectoryThe Business as Usual Trajectory
BP website (BP.com)
World Energy Consumption to 2025World Energy Consumption to 2025
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html
Primary energy consumed per Primary energy consumed per capitacapita
BP website (BP.com)
Global Fossil Carbon EmissionsGlobal Fossil Carbon Emissions
Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles
And if we require continued Fossil And if we require continued Fossil Fuel usage as transport fuel thenFuel usage as transport fuel thenAlternatives to Crude Oil must be usedAlternatives to Crude Oil must be usedThese alternatives will do incredible These alternatives will do incredible environmental damage due to the great environmental damage due to the great inefficiency involved in extracting a barrel inefficiency involved in extracting a barrel of oil.of oil.And of course, Coal remains the choice for And of course, Coal remains the choice for producing the bulk of electricityproducing the bulk of electricity
Tar SandsTar Sands
http://www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels.htm http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cfm
Oil ShaleOil Shale
http://nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/896-shale_rock.jpg http://geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid=104
Typical Coal-Fired Power PlantTypical Coal-Fired Power Plant
CategoryCategory Power PlantPower Plant100W Light 100W Light
BulbBulbPowerPower 500 MW500 MW 100 W100 W
Energy / yearEnergy / year 3.5 billion kWh3.5 billion kWh 876 kWh876 kWh
Coal / yearCoal / year 1.43 million tons1.43 million tons 714 lbs714 lbs
Sulfur Dioxide / yearSulfur Dioxide / year 10,000 Tons10,000 Tons 5 pounds5 pounds
Nitrogen Oxides / yearNitrogen Oxides / year 10,200 Tons10,200 Tons 5.1 pounds5.1 poundsCarbon Dioxide / yearCarbon Dioxide / year 3,700,000 Tons3,700,000 Tons 1,852 pounds1,852 pounds
COCO22 Mitigation Options Mitigation Options
http://www.netl.doe.gov
Carbon Sequestration OptionsCarbon Sequestration Options
http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/energy.html
Ocean SequestrationOcean Sequestration
http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html
Nuclear Energy Consumption – a Nuclear Energy Consumption – a green alternative to fossil emissiongreen alternative to fossil emission
Transportation ConcernsTransportation Concerns
http://www.nei.org/http://www.nei.org/index.asp?catnum=2&catid=84
Wind EnergyWind Energy
US Wind Energy GenerationUS Wind Energy Generation
2003 1.8 MW 350’2000
850 kW 265’
2006 5 MW 600’
Recent Capacity Enhancements
$0.00
$0.10
$0.20
$0.30
$0.40
1980 1984 1988 1991 1995 2000 2005
38 cents/kWh
Costs Nosedive Costs Nosedive Wind’s Success Wind’s Success
3.5-5.0 cents/kWh
Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal dollars, not including tax credit
Solar EnergySolar Energy
http://www.c-a-b.org.uk/projects/tech1.htm
Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales
Large Scale Solar – Land Use Large Scale Solar – Land Use IssuesIssues
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel
Small Scale Solar – yes , yes ,yesSmall Scale Solar – yes , yes ,yes
Oceanic EnergyOceanic Energy
““Mighty Whale” Design – JapanMighty Whale” Design – Japan
http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/
Ocean Wave Conversion Ocean Wave Conversion SystemSystem
http://www.sara.com/energy/WEC.html
Geothermal Energy PlantGeothermal Energy Plant
Geothermal energy plant in Icelandhttp://www.wateryear2003.org/en/
Methods of Heat ExtractionMethods of Heat Extraction
http://www.geothermal.ch/eng/vision.html
Global Geothermal SitesGlobal Geothermal Sites
http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/umwelt/img/geothe.jpg
Bioenergy CycleBioenergy Cycle
http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg
Types of BiomassTypes of Biomass
Landfill GassesLandfill Gasses
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Hydrogen Economy SchematicHydrogen Economy Schematic
Transporting HydrogenTransporting Hydrogen
One Transition PlanOne Transition Plan
http://www.unido-ichet.org/ICHET-transition.php
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Distributed Generation Distributed Generation as the New Power Gridas the New Power Grid
Centralized vs. Distributed GenerationCentralized vs. Distributed Generation
http://www.nfcrc.uci.edu/fcresources/FCexplained/stationary.htm
Central Power Generation Central Power Generation (today)(today)
Remote, Large, Expensive Remote, Large, Expensive Long Distance Delivery Long Distance Delivery Fossil Fuel Plants Fossil Fuel Plants Waste Heat (Nuclear) Waste Heat (Nuclear) Environment Unfriendly (Co2) Environment Unfriendly (Co2) Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg) Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg)
Nuclear Plants Nuclear Plants Waste Disposal Waste Disposal
Hydroelectric Plants Hydroelectric Plants Flooding Flooding
Unreliable (2000-2003) Unreliable (2000-2003) 110 Grid Failures 110 Grid Failures Cost $80-123 B./Yr Cost $80-123 B./Yr Adds 29-45% To Electric Bill Adds 29-45% To Electric Bill
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Distributed GenerationDistributed GenerationLocated next to user Located next to user Range of energy sources Range of energy sources Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables, Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables, Hydrogen, nuclear Hydrogen, nuclear
Capacity kw –Mw Capacity kw –Mw Economic benefits Economic benefits ““Waste” heat used Waste” heat used Lowers fossil fuel use Lowers fossil fuel use Low investment Low investment Power failure losses eliminated Power failure losses eliminated Environmental/ health costs reduced Environmental/ health costs reduced Grid costs – peak/capital Grid costs – peak/capital Lower electric bills Lower electric bills
Flexibility of location Flexibility of location Cogeneration Cogeneration Combined heat & power (CHP)Combined heat & power (CHP)
Micropower Micropower
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
Sources of DGSources of DG
Solar – photovoltaic and thermalSolar – photovoltaic and thermalWind TurbinesWind TurbinesHydroelectric (large scale and micro)Hydroelectric (large scale and micro)GeothermalGeothermalOceanicOceanicNuclearNuclearFossil FuelsFossil Fuels Combined Heat & Power (CHP)Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm
MicroturbinesMicroturbines
Low to moderate initial capital Low to moderate initial capital cost cost Fuel flexibility, Fuel flexibility,
burn either gaseous (natural burn either gaseous (natural gas, propane, biogases, oil-field gas, propane, biogases, oil-field flared gas) or liquid fuels (diesel, flared gas) or liquid fuels (diesel, kerosene) kerosene)
Heat released from burning the Heat released from burning the fuel also providing heating and fuel also providing heating and cooling needs (CHPcooling needs (CHPExtremely low air emissions Extremely low air emissions
NOx, CO, and SOx NOx, CO, and SOx Continuous operating even Continuous operating even during brownout or blackoutduring brownout or blackout
A cutaway of a microturbine; 30 and 60-kilowatt units have just one moving part – a shaft that turns at 96,000 rpm.
Microturbine SystemsMicroturbine Systems
http://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/2001/01Jun/microturbine.htmhttp://www.cleanenergyresourceteams.org/microturbines.html
Micro-HydroMicro-Hydro
http://www.itdg.org/?id=micro_hydro_expertise http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs46.htm
Summary Solutions Exist both on small scale and very
large scale We do not really have an energy crisis – we
do have an energy by fossil fuel crisis Transition requires leadership and courage
and commitment – a true test of humanity as a global entity.
OTEC, Wind, Small Scale Solar, Snakes, Dragons, Hydrogen Production represents solution space