Post on 01-Aug-2020
Reference maps present a wide range of themes together on a map without strong emphasis on one over another. The goal of reference maps is to provide locational details for both casual map users and professionals. The largest scale reference maps often include details of topography, usually represented with contour lines. Topographic maps are produced as series at a variety of scales covering entire countries across the globe. In the United States, topographic series created by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) are available at 1:24,000, 1:100,000, and 1:250,000 scales (these may be downloaded from USGS at www.store.usgs.gov/locator/ or other Web services). Topographic maps from other countries have quite different designs. The Netherlands and Switzerland, for example, have distinctively different terrains, so their topographic maps emphasize different landforms. Land cover and water features are more prominent on the Dutch map, and mountain detail dominates the Swiss map.
Many contemporary reference maps combine hillshading and elevation tints, rather than relying on contour lines to symbolize landforms. Hillshading techniques model the surface by rendering the hypothetical reflection of sunlight (often coming from the northwest) that illuminates a homogeneous surface (no rock colors or vegetation textures are displayed). Hillshading may be calculated using a digital elevation model (DEM), or hand drawn by interpreting contour lines. It produces a portrait that emphasizes the shape of the landforms. The effect has a variety of names with very similar meanings,
REFERENCE MAPS TOPOGRAPHIC
1
such as relief shading, analytical shaded relief, and terrain shading. Elevation tints, also called hypsometric tints, are often added to hillshading. They may be presented as continuous gradation through a series of colors or split into specific elevation ranges with each class bordered by contours and assigned a color. The combination of land shape and elevation gives a complete sense of the landscape. Flat landforms in a hillshade layer may be colored as a lowland or high plateau by the elevation tints, providing additional information to map readers. The general depth of a gorge and height of a mountain range are communicated through elevation tints.
Terrain and physical features are a key element of some of the maps highlighted in this chapter, with complete labeling for hydrography, glaciers, valleys, ranges, and peaks. On others, physical features function more as supporting information to the political and cultural elements in the foreground, such as boundaries, transportation, cities, and points of interest. Features are generally categorized with serif fonts for physical features and sans serif fonts for human features in most of the maps presented in this chapter.
The chapter progresses from large-scale topographic maps, through country reference maps, to small-scale continent representations, and contains a wide variety of reference map styles that emphasize topography. Together these maps offer design ideas for a common map genre.
DESIGNED MAPS2
1.0 usgs digital topographic map
REFERENCE MAPS: TOPOGRAPHIC 3
BlACk-ANd-whitE dESigN (Page 5)
Road, contour, and boundary line weights are balanced in this design so one does not dominate the map. The streams fit better into the landscape because they are tapered; in other words, small tributaries are indicated by the thinnest lines, slightly thicker lines are used after tributaries join, and this progression continues, building
wider lines with increases in stream flow. Gray is used for water body areas; gray inside cased roads distinguishes them from other fine black lines; large buildings are black; and contours lines are gray with wider index contours. Patterns are used for line dashes, but notice there are no patterned area fills, thereby preserving the readability of contour lines.
EMPhASiS oN NAtuRAl FEAtuRES (Page 5)
In this design, contours are wider, more saturated brown lines that are labeled with greater frequency, and bold hydrography from the original design is repeated. This combination emphasizes natural features. The road net-work becomes a background element with a progression of purple to white cased lines for major roads to small
rural lanes. These light roads allow labels to be placed on roads, but the trade-off is that the reader needs to look closely at the map to extract information about roads. The city boundary is a fine gray dash that would be barely visible, but it is assisted by a light fill outside urban areas to establish city limits behind the landscape information.
EMPhASiS oN BouNdARiES (Page 4)
A wider variety of boundary styles is shown with this design. Green dashes for county lines separate them from other boundaries. A fine red line details city boundar-ies and reddish tint bands distinguish city from noncity sides, adding clarity to an irregular boundary. A band of progressively finer diamond textures outline the interior
side of the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site boundary at the lower left (in the enhanced reservation category). Road symbols are simplified to a hierarchy of widths of black lines and are broken less often by using tighter label halos. Water features are pushed into the background with lighter colors and thinner lines.
oRigiNAl dESigN (Pages 2 and 4)
This map shows a prototype design by US Geological Survey (USGS) for The National Map using a limited set of digital data for contours, hydrography, transportation, boundaries, structures, and geographic names (prepared using data from local, state, and federal agencies). Index contours, streams, and pond outlines are bold elements
in this design. Different dashed black line patterns distinguish line symbols for county, park, and enhanced reservation boundaries and for trails and pipe-lines. The gray band under the yellow dashed line of the city boundaries pro-vides contrast for easy visibility and preserves a clean dash pattern when the line overlaps another dashed boundary. Gray local road lines are frequently broken by white halos on black labels, ensuring that labels are readable.
Topographic map data at a scale of 1:24,000 for an area near Superior, Colorado, is shown with different visual emphases in four designs on the following pages. The original and black-and-white designs balance emphasis among features, and the other two designs place more emphasis on human boundaries or natural features.Courtesy of Parallel Incorporated and U.S. Geological Survey.
2'1 MILS
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BaselineReservoir
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GoodhueReservoirNumber1
StearnsLake
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EgglestonReservoirNumber4
NissenReservoirNumber2
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FireFire DepartmentDepartment StationStation 6464
MinersMiners MuseumMuseum
StandleyStandley LakeLakeNatureNature CenterCenter
LouisvilleLouisvilleLibraryLibrary
LouisvilleLouisvilleHistoricalHistoricalMuseumMuseum
SuperiorSuperior CityCity HallHall
TheThe VillageVillageAtAt ParkPark CentreCentre
LafayetteLafayetteElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
AngevineAngevineMiddleMiddle SchoolSchool
LafayetteLafayetteCityCity HallHall
LouisvilleLouisvilleSportsSports ComplexComplex
RyanRyan ElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
LouisvilleLouisville CemeteryCemetery
HolyHoly FamilyFamily HighHigh SchoolSchool
BroadlandsBroadlands GolfGolf CourseCourse
AspenAspen CreekCreekK-8K-8 SchoolSchool
CentennialCentennialElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
KohlKohl ElementaryElementarySchoolSchool
MountainMountain ViewViewElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
FireFire DepartmentDepartment StationStation 66
BroomfieldBroomfieldTownTown CentreCentre
BroomfieldBroomfieldPlazaPlaza
VillagerVillager SquareSquareShoppingShopping CenterCenter
RyanRyan ElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
WestminsterWestminsterPromenadePromenade
FederalFederalHeightsHeights PlazaPlaza
TheThe GolfGolf CoursesCoursesAtAt HylandHyland HillsHills
MeadowsMeadowsBranchBranch LibraryLibrary
BurbankBurbank MiddleMiddle SchoolSchool
HorizonsHorizons AlternativeAlternativeK-8K-8 CharterCharter SchoolSchool
SacredSacred HeartHeart OfOfMaryMary CemeteryCemetery
TableTable MesaMesaShoppingShopping CenterCenter
SummitSummit MiddleMiddle CharterCharter SchoolSchool
LouisvilleLouisvilleElementaryElementary SchoolSchoolSouthernSouthern HillsHills
MiddleMiddle SchoolSchoolFairviewFairviewHighHigh SchoolSchool
CentennialCentennial CenterCenterShoppingShopping CenterCenter
CharterCharter CentennialCentennial PeaksPeaksBehaviorialBehaviorial HealthHealth CenterCenter
AvistaAvista AdventistAdventistHospitalHospital
SuperiorSuperiorCemeteryCemetery
SuperiorSuperiorElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
EldoradoEldoradoK-8K-8 SchoolSchool
CreeksideCreeksideElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
SacredSacred HeartHeartOfOf MaryMary ChurchChurch
CoalCoal CreekCreekElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
LouisvilleLouisvilleRecreationRecreation CenterCenter
LouisvilleLouisvilleMiddleMiddle SchoolSchool
VillageVillage SquareSquareShoppingShopping CenterCenter
LouisvilleLouisvilleCityCity HallHall
CentaurusCentaurusHighHigh SchoolSchool
CoalCoal CreekCreek VillageVillageShoppingShopping CenterCenter
CountrysideCountryside VillageVillageShoppingShopping CenterCenter
CoalCoal CreekCreekMemorialMemorial GardensGardens
CoyoteCoyote RidgeRidgeElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
MonarchMonarch K-K-88 SchoolSchool
MonarchMonarchHighHigh SchoolSchool
FiresideFiresideElementaryElementary
SchoolSchool
CoalCoal CreekCreekGolfGolf CourseCourse
OmniOmni InterlockenInterlocken ResortResort GolfGolf ClubClub
BroomfieldBroomfield HeightsHeightsMiddleMiddle SchoolSchool
EagleEagleTraceTrace
GolfGolf ClubClub
BirchBirch ElementaryElementarySchoolSchool
LakeviewLakeview CemeteryCemetery
BroomfieldBroomfieldHighHigh SchoolSchool
NativityNativity OfOfOurOur LordLord SchoolSchool
BroomfieldBroomfieldCityCity HallHall
EmeraldEmeraldElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
WestlakeWestlakeMiddleMiddle SchoolSchool
LegacyLegacyHighHigh SchoolSchool
ArapahoeArapahoe RidgeRidgeElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
TheThe RanchRanchCountryCountry ClubClub
FrontFront RangeRange CommunityCommunityCollegeCollege -- WestminsterWestminster CampusCampus
LegacyLegacy RidgeRidge GolfGolfCourseCourse AtAt WestminsterWestminster
FireFire DepartmentDepartmentStationStation 44
CottonCotton CreekCreekElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
SheridanSheridan GreenGreenElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
GreenwayGreenway ParkParkGolfGolf CourseCourse
TheThe HeritageHeritage GolfGolfCourseCourse AtAt WestmoorWestmoor
WittWitt ElementaryElementarySchoolSchool
StandleyStandley LakeLakeHighHigh SchoolSchool
FireFire DepartmentDepartmentStationStation 55
StandleyStandley ShoresShoresShoppingShopping CenterCenter JeffersonJefferson AcademyAcademy
CharterCharter SchoolSchool
ButterflyButterfly PavilionPavilionAndAnd InsectInsect CenterCenter
HillcrestHillcrestElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
WestviewWestviewElementaryElementary SchoolSchool
105°12'30"W
105°12'30"W
105°10'0"W
105°10'0"W
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105°7'30"W
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105°5'0"W
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39°57'30"N 39°57'30"N
39°52'30"N
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LOUISVILLE
BROOMFIELD
WESTMINSTER
NORTHGLENN
THORNTON
LAFAYETTE
BOULDER
LAFAYETTE, COLOUISVILLE, CO
Legend
Interstates
U.S. and State HighwaysLocal RoadsTrails
PipelineTransmission Line
Buildings
MinesCounty Boundary
City BoundarySmall Parks
WellsRivers and StreamsLakes
Contour LineContour Line, Index
RailroadsEnhancedReservation
ROCKY FLATS ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY SITE
SUPERIOR
105°10'0"W
105°5'0"W105°15'0"W
105°15'0"W40°0'0"W
105°12'30"W 105°5'0"W
39°52'30"N105°0'0"W
The National Map Prototype Graphic Product
482000 105°12'30"W
The Lafayette-Louisville 1:24,000 scale map was produced from the Denver Pilot data compiled for The National Map. The map depicts the USGS Lafayette,CO and Louisville, CO 7.5-minute series areas, illustrating the seamless quality of the data. The data, all 1:24,000 scale or better, represents local, state andfederal cooperative datasets. Contributing partners include: Colorado, Department of Transportation, Colorado Office of Emergency, Management, ColoradoDepartment of Public Health, Federal Emergency Management Agency, US Department of Transportation, and US Geological Survey. These datasets werecollected and integrated as part of the U.S. Geological Survey 133 City Denver Pilot project and processed at the Rocky Mountain Mapping Center, usingESRI ArcGIS and ERDAS Imagine software. ESRI Maplex software was used to generate labels.
SCALE 1:24,000
1 0 10.5MILES
1 0 10.5KILOMETERS
1,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000FEET
LAFAYETTE/LOUISVILLECOLORADO7.5 MINUTE
LOCAL DATA REVISED
1.0 uSgS digitAl toPogRAPhiC MAP
DESIGNED MAPS4
REdESigNS
1A oRigiNAl dESigN 1B EMPhASiS oN BouNdARiES
CONTOURSIndex: 1 pt, 33C 48M 100Y 12K, round joinIntermediate: 0.25 pt, 12C 34M 88Y, round joinLabel: 6 pt, Arial, 33C 48M 100Y 12K Halo: 1 pt, white
ROADSHighwaysLine: 1 pt, 15C 100M 100YCasing: 1.5 pt, 100KMajorLine: 1.2 pt, 50KLabel: 5 pt, Arial, 100KHalo: 1 pt, whiteMinorLine: 0.5 pt, 50K
BOUNDARIESEnhanced ReservationLine: 0.5 pt, 100K, dash pattern 6/2/2/2 (dash/gap in pts)Offset band: 6 pt, 31M 15Y, offset -3 ptCountyLine: 0.75 pt, 100K, dash pattern 17/2/5/2CityLine: 0.5 pt, 6C 96Y, dash pattern 6/1/3/1Casing: 3 pt, 30KLabel: 14 pt, Times Roman, 100K
OTHERWaterFill : 34C 4YLine: 1 pt, 70C 40M, round joinLabel: 6 pt, Arial Italic, 80C 57MTransmission lineLine: 0.25 pt, 100K, circle marker line pattern 1.5/28 (symbol size/spacing in pts)BuildingsFill : 100KLabel: 6 pt, Arial, 100K
CONTOURSIndex: 0.75 pt, 30C 50M 70Y, round joinIntermediate: 0.25 pt, 20C 40M 60Y, round joinLabel: 6 pt, Arial, 30C 50M 70Y Halo: 1 pt, white
ROADSAll lines: round cap/joinHighwaysLine: 1 pt, 100KMajorLine: 0.5 pt, 100KLabel: 5 pt, Franklin Gothic Book, 100KHalo: 0.5 pt, whiteMinorLine: 0.25 pt, 100K
BOUNDARIESEnhanced ReservationLine: 1 pt, 100M 100Y, three diamond marker line patterns: 3/14; 2/14 offset 2.5 pt; 1.5/7 offset 6.5 ptCountyLine: 2 pt, 60C 60Y, dash pattern 5/2CityLine: 0.5 pt, 10C 80M 80Y, round join Offset bands: 3 pt, 40M 40Y; 6 pt, 20M 20Y; 9 pt, 10M 10YOffset bands: 3 pt, 20M 55Y; 6 pt, 15M 40Y; 9 pt, 10M 25YLabel: 14 pt, Franklin Gothic Medium, 100KHalo: 1 pt, white
OTHERWaterFill : 15CLine: 0.5 pt, 40C, round joinLabel: 6 pt, Franklin Gothic Book Italic, 60C 10MTransmission lineLine: 1 pt, 50C 80M, circle marker line pattern 2.5/28BuildingsFill : 100KLabel: 6 pt, Franklin Gothic Book, 100K
ArcMap tips (see pages 161 to 167)
2 Multilayer line 5 Marker line
6 Offset line 40 Layer order
ArcMap tips
6 Offset line 10 Tint bands
12 Index contours 34 Maplex settings
REFERENCE MAPS: TOPOGRAPHIC 5
REdESigNS
1C EMPhASiS oN NAtuRAl FEAtuRES 1d BlACk-ANd-whitE dESigN
CONTOURSIndex: 1 pt, 25C 85M 100Y, round joinIntermediate: 0.4 pt, 20C 75M 90Y, round joinLabel: 6 pt, Arial, 25C 85M 100YHalo: 1 pt
ROADSAll lines: round cap/joinHighwaysLine: 2 pt, 40C 70MCasing: 2.5 pt, 100KMajorLine: 1 pt, 20C 20MCasing: 1.5 pt, 50KLabel: 5 pt, Arial, 100KMinorLine: 1 pt, whiteCasing: 1.5 pt, 30K
BOUNDARIESEnhanced ReservationLine: 1 pt, 4C 90YOffset band: 8 pt, 40Y, offset -4 ptCountyLine: 1 pt, 100K, dash pattern 10/2/3/2 CityFill : 3M 20Y (outside city)Line: 0.5 pt, 35K, dash pattern 2/2Label: 14 pt, Times Roman, 100K
OTHERWaterFill : 15CLine: 0.5 pt, 65C 35M, round joinLabel: 6 pt, Arial Italic, 65C 35MTransmission lineLine: 0.5 pt, 60C 100M, circle marker line pattern 1/28 BuildingsFill : 100KLabel: 6 pt, Arial, 100K
CONTOURSIndex: 1 pt, 35K, round joinIntermediate: 0.4 pt, 35K, round joinLabel: 6 pt, Arial, 50KHalo: 1 pt, white
ROADSAll lines: round cap/joinHighwaysLine: 2 pt, 35KCasing: 2.5 pt, 100KMajorLine: 1 pt, 5K, round cap/joinCasing: 1.5 pt, 100K, round cap/joinLabel: 5 pt, Franklin Gothic Book, 100KHalo: 0.5 pt, whiteMinorLine: 1 pt, white, round cap/joinCasing: 1.5 pt, 50K
BOUNDARIESEnhanced ReservationLine: 0.5 pt, 100K, dash pattern 10/5 CountyLine: 1 pt, 100K, dash pattern 10/2/3/2CityLine: 0.5 pt, 100K, dash pattern 2/2Label: 14 pt, Franklin Gothic Medium, 100K
OTHERWaterFill : 20KLines (four classes): 0.5 pt, 0.75 pt, 1 pt, 1.25 pt, 100KLabel: 6 pt, Franklin Gothic Book Italic, 100KTransmission lineLine: 0.25 pt, 100K, circle marker line pattern 2/28BuildingsFill : 100KLabel: 6 pt, Franklin Gothic Book, 100K
ArcMap tips
1 Dashed line 3 Cased line
10 Tint bands 28 Variable-depth masking
ArcMap tips
4 Merge/overpass 14 Tapered lines
34 Maplex settings 37 Curved labels
DESIGNED MAPS6
RIVERS, LAKES, AND CANALS
Perennial stream
Perennial river
Intermittent stream
Intermittent river
Disappearing stream Falls, small
Falls, large
Rapids, small
ROADS AND RELATED FEATURES
Primary highwaySecondary highway
Light duty road Light duty road, paved* Light duty road, gravel* Light duty road, dirt* Light duty road, unspecifi ed*
Please note: Roads on Provisional-edition maps are not classifi ed as primary, secondary, or light duty. These roads are all classifi ed as improved roads and are symbolized the same as light duty roads.
4WD road 4WD road*
Trail
Unimproved road Unimproved road*
Highway or road under construction
Highway or road underpass; overpass
Highway or road bridge; drawbridge
Highway or road tunnel Road block, berm, or barrier* Gate on road*
Highway or road with median strip
Trailhead*
Intermittent lake/pond
Perennial lake/pond
Dry lake/pond
Wide wash
Narrow wash
Canal, fl ume, or aqueduct with lock
Elevated aqueduct, fl ume, or conduit
Aqueduct tunnelWater well, geyser, fumarole, or mud potSpring or seep
SUBMERGED AREAS AND BOGS
Marsh or swamp
Submerged marsh or swamp
Wooded marsh or swamp
Submerged wooded marsh or swamp
Land subject to inundation
SURFACE FEATURES
Levee
Sand or mud
Disturbed surface
Gravel beach or glacial moraine
Tailings pond
Power transmission line; pole; tower
Telephone line
Aboveground pipeline
Underground pipeline
TRANSMISSION LINES AND PIPELINES
VEGETATION
Shrubland
Mangrove
Vineyard
Orchard
Woodland
* USGS-USDA Forest Service Single-Edition Quadrangle maps only.In August 1993, the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service signed an Interagency Agreement to begin a single-edition joint mapping program. This agreement established the coordination for producing and maintaining single-edition primary series topographic maps for quadrangles containing National Forest System lands. The joint mapping program eliminates duplication of effort by the agencies and results in a more frequent revision cycle for quadrangles containing National Forests. Maps are revised on the basis of jointly developed standards and contain normal features mapped by the USGS, as well as additional features required for effi -cient management of National Forest System lands. Single-edition maps look slightly different but meet the content, accuracy, and quality criteria of other USGS products.
BOUNDARIES
National
State or territorial
County or equivalent
Civil township or equivalent
Incorporated city or equivalent
Federally administered park, reservation, or monument (external)
Federally administered park, reservation, or monument (internal)
State forest, park, reservation, or monument and large county park Forest Service administrative area*
Forest Service ranger district*
National Forest System land status, Forest Service lands* National Forest System land status, non-Forest Service lands*
Small park (county or city)
BUILDINGS AND RELATED FEATURES
Building
School; house of worship
Built-up area
Forest headquarters*
Ranger district offi ce*
Guard station or work center*
Racetrack or raceway
Airport, paved landing strip, runway, taxiway, or apron
Gaging station
Located or landmark object (feature as labeled)
Covered reservoir
Boat ramp or boat access*
Unpaved landing strip
Well (other than water), windmill or wind generator
Tanks
Roadside park or rest area
Campground
Picnic area
Winter recreation area*
Cemetery
Athletic fi eld RAILROADS AND RELATED FEATURES
Standard guage railroad, single trackStandard guage railroad, multiple trackNarrow guage railroad, single track
Narrow guage railroad, multiple track
Railroad siding
Railroad underpass; overpass
Railroad bridge; drawbridge
Railroad tunnel
Railroad yard
Railroad turntable; roundhouse
Railroad in highway Railroad in road Railroad in light duty road*
CONTOURS
Index 6000
Approximate or indefi nite
Intermediate
Approximate or indefi nite
Depression
Cut
Fill
Supplementary
Continental divide
Index***
Intermediate***
Index primary***
Primary***
Supplementary***
Bathymetric
Topographic
See the full legend at erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/symbols/topomapsymbols.pdf.
1.1 uSgS toPogRAPhiC MAPS, 1980 ANd 1990
USGS topographic maps have varied in design over the years. This example shows most of Dayton, Tennessee, with the southeast corner of the Morgan Springs quadrangle positioned above the northeast corner of the Graysville quadrangle. The maps show content field checked in 1972, with a 1980 photorevision for the upper half and 1990 limited updating on the lower half. These are the most current printed topo sheets at 1:24,000 for this area. Printed USGS topo quads are on average over twenty years old, and data currency efforts now focus on digital products. The fonts USGS uses for newer topographic print products (lower half) are bolder with a large x-height to aid reproduction. Other symbols are also more simply designed. For example, roads rely less on cased lines and cross-hatch patterns are not used in large buildings. U.S. topographic maps may be printed with five spot colors (green, blue, red, black, brown inks) plus purple for the photorevisions. This simplicity of production maintains the detail of fine contours, for example (because brown is not produced by registering cyan, magenta, and yellow inks during the press run), but it requires a five- or six-color press, which may increase costs.
Courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey.
REFERENCE MAPS: TOPOGRAPHIC 7
DESIGNED MAPS10
1.3 SwiSS toPogRAPhiC MAP
Swiss topographic maps present the country’s high-relief landscape with beautifully rendered detail. Hand-drawn cliffs and rocks are placed where slopes are too rugged to describe with contours. Light hillshading is augmented with nuanced use of blue hues on shadowed slopes and warm yellow and peach hues highlighting sunlit slopes. The forms of glaciated surfaces are represented with blue contours and crevasse drawings, striking against a cold white background. Fine, mostly italic labels lie on the surface, elegantly spaced across features. Similarly, buildings, roads, and trails are characterized by thin or small black symbols that do not compete with the topography details, which are the main message of the map. Labels are carefully fit to the terrain with attention to the placement of each letter. For example, the letters of the Stechelberg label running vertically up the valley are each placed between building clusters and labels for towns and spot height.
Reproduced by permission of swisstopo (BA071473).
3536
Ried
Adorf
Wil
77 7773 73
A1
Ried
A1
Wil
Adorf
387 387 387
2127.6 2127.6 2127.6
1587 713 1587 713 1587 713
800 800 800
419
Roads, tracks
Highway (divided lanes)Junction under construction
Rest areaParking
2nd cl. highway (undivided lanes)Exit / Access under construction
Trunk road Main connecting road
1st cl. road (at least 6 m wide) conspicuous bridge
2nd cl. road (at least 4 m wide) conspicuous bridge
Suburban road (at least 4 m wide) conspicuous bridge
3rd cl. road (at least 2.8 m wide) covered bridge
4th cl., narrow road (at least 1.8 m) Bridge
5th cl., path, trail, bicycle path Footbridge, catwalk
6th cl., footpath Passenger ferry, attachedfree
Traces, mountain passage on glacier
Barrier, traffic ban
conspicuous roundabout Parking lot
Level crossings
Underpasses
Overpasses
Tunnels Ventilation shaft
Gallerie
Parklane Tank road
Traces of historic road
Airport, hard surface runwayAirfield, grass strip
National boundary with numbered markers
Cantonal boundary with markers
District boundary with markers
Municipal boundary with markers
Boundary for National Park or protected area
Boundaries
1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000 Railways
Topography
Vegetation
Trigonometric points, spot heights
1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000 Individual symbols 1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000
Railway station, tracks Platform roof
Stop with separate track
Stop without separate track
Normal gauge railway: multiple tracks Bridge
Normal gauge railway: single track Bridge
Narrow gauge railway: multiple tracks Bridge
Narrow gauge, rack, cable railway:single track Bridge
Freight or nostalgic railwayRailway out of service Bridge
Intercommunal tramwaywith stop Bridge
Industrial track Bridge
Tunnels
Galleries
Aerial cable way, chairliftwith intermediate station PylonGoods lift Pylon
Skilift
House Ruin
Remote inn Tower
Greenhouse Storage tank
Allotment (garden) Monument
Church Chapel
Cemetery Shrine, cross
Cooling tower Wind power station
Chimney-stack Castle
Lookout tower Radio transmitter
large antenna small antenna
Camp site Summer toboggan-run
Sports ground Stadium
Rifle range
Race course (horses)
Border of an area Golf course
Ski jump dry wall
Wall Avalanche barricade
Cave, grotto erratic bloc
Contour lines earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Index contours earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Intermediate contours earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Small depression Doline
Escarpment, earth Escarpment, stone
Cutting Embankment
Earth slip Gravel pit
Clay pit Quarry
Rock Scree
Glacier Moraine
10 m (Jura Mtns., Plateau)20 m (Alps) 20 m 50 m
100 m 200 m 200 m
5 m / 10 m 10 m 25 m
Rock with 100 m contour lines
Trigonometric points 1st to 3rd order and LV95
Spot height
Index contour
Lake level Spot height at lake bottom
Forest, defined outline undefined outline
Scattered forest isolated tree / group of trees
Scrub Hedge
Orchard Tree nursery
Vineyard
only Pyramids
3536
Ried
Adorf
Wil
77 7773 73
A1
Ried
A1
Wil
Adorf
387 387 387
2127.6 2127.6 2127.6
1587 713 1587 713 1587 713
800 800 800
419
Roads, tracks
Highway (divided lanes)Junction under construction
Rest areaParking
2nd cl. highway (undivided lanes)Exit / Access under construction
Trunk road Main connecting road
1st cl. road (at least 6 m wide) conspicuous bridge
2nd cl. road (at least 4 m wide) conspicuous bridge
Suburban road (at least 4 m wide) conspicuous bridge
3rd cl. road (at least 2.8 m wide) covered bridge
4th cl., narrow road (at least 1.8 m) Bridge
5th cl., path, trail, bicycle path Footbridge, catwalk
6th cl., footpath Passenger ferry, attachedfree
Traces, mountain passage on glacier
Barrier, traffic ban
conspicuous roundabout Parking lot
Level crossings
Underpasses
Overpasses
Tunnels Ventilation shaft
Gallerie
Parklane Tank road
Traces of historic road
Airport, hard surface runwayAirfield, grass strip
National boundary with numbered markers
Cantonal boundary with markers
District boundary with markers
Municipal boundary with markers
Boundary for National Park or protected area
Boundaries
1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000 Railways
Topography
Vegetation
Trigonometric points, spot heights
1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000 Individual symbols 1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000
Railway station, tracks Platform roof
Stop with separate track
Stop without separate track
Normal gauge railway: multiple tracks Bridge
Normal gauge railway: single track Bridge
Narrow gauge railway: multiple tracks Bridge
Narrow gauge, rack, cable railway:single track Bridge
Freight or nostalgic railwayRailway out of service Bridge
Intercommunal tramwaywith stop Bridge
Industrial track Bridge
Tunnels
Galleries
Aerial cable way, chairliftwith intermediate station PylonGoods lift Pylon
Skilift
House Ruin
Remote inn Tower
Greenhouse Storage tank
Allotment (garden) Monument
Church Chapel
Cemetery Shrine, cross
Cooling tower Wind power station
Chimney-stack Castle
Lookout tower Radio transmitter
large antenna small antenna
Camp site Summer toboggan-run
Sports ground Stadium
Rifle range
Race course (horses)
Border of an area Golf course
Ski jump dry wall
Wall Avalanche barricade
Cave, grotto erratic bloc
Contour lines earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Index contours earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Intermediate contours earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Small depression Doline
Escarpment, earth Escarpment, stone
Cutting Embankment
Earth slip Gravel pit
Clay pit Quarry
Rock Scree
Glacier Moraine
10 m (Jura Mtns., Plateau)20 m (Alps) 20 m 50 m
100 m 200 m 200 m
5 m / 10 m 10 m 25 m
Rock with 100 m contour lines
Trigonometric points 1st to 3rd order and LV95
Spot height
Index contour
Lake level Spot height at lake bottom
Forest, defined outline undefined outline
Scattered forest isolated tree / group of trees
Scrub Hedge
Orchard Tree nursery
Vineyard
only Pyramids
3536
Ried
Adorf
Wil
77 7773 73
A1
Ried
A1
Wil
Adorf
387 387 387
2127.6 2127.6 2127.6
1587 713 1587 713 1587 713
800 800 800
419
Roads, tracks
Highway (divided lanes)Junction under construction
Rest areaParking
2nd cl. highway (undivided lanes)Exit / Access under construction
Trunk road Main connecting road
1st cl. road (at least 6 m wide) conspicuous bridge
2nd cl. road (at least 4 m wide) conspicuous bridge
Suburban road (at least 4 m wide) conspicuous bridge
3rd cl. road (at least 2.8 m wide) covered bridge
4th cl., narrow road (at least 1.8 m) Bridge
5th cl., path, trail, bicycle path Footbridge, catwalk
6th cl., footpath Passenger ferry, attachedfree
Traces, mountain passage on glacier
Barrier, traffic ban
conspicuous roundabout Parking lot
Level crossings
Underpasses
Overpasses
Tunnels Ventilation shaft
Gallerie
Parklane Tank road
Traces of historic road
Airport, hard surface runwayAirfield, grass strip
National boundary with numbered markers
Cantonal boundary with markers
District boundary with markers
Municipal boundary with markers
Boundary for National Park or protected area
Boundaries
1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000 Railways
Topography
Vegetation
Trigonometric points, spot heights
1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000 Individual symbols 1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000
Railway station, tracks Platform roof
Stop with separate track
Stop without separate track
Normal gauge railway: multiple tracks Bridge
Normal gauge railway: single track Bridge
Narrow gauge railway: multiple tracks Bridge
Narrow gauge, rack, cable railway:single track Bridge
Freight or nostalgic railwayRailway out of service Bridge
Intercommunal tramwaywith stop Bridge
Industrial track Bridge
Tunnels
Galleries
Aerial cable way, chairliftwith intermediate station PylonGoods lift Pylon
Skilift
House Ruin
Remote inn Tower
Greenhouse Storage tank
Allotment (garden) Monument
Church Chapel
Cemetery Shrine, cross
Cooling tower Wind power station
Chimney-stack Castle
Lookout tower Radio transmitter
large antenna small antenna
Camp site Summer toboggan-run
Sports ground Stadium
Rifle range
Race course (horses)
Border of an area Golf course
Ski jump dry wall
Wall Avalanche barricade
Cave, grotto erratic bloc
Contour lines earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Index contours earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Intermediate contours earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Small depression Doline
Escarpment, earth Escarpment, stone
Cutting Embankment
Earth slip Gravel pit
Clay pit Quarry
Rock Scree
Glacier Moraine
10 m (Jura Mtns., Plateau)20 m (Alps) 20 m 50 m
100 m 200 m 200 m
5 m / 10 m 10 m 25 m
Rock with 100 m contour lines
Trigonometric points 1st to 3rd order and LV95
Spot height
Index contour
Lake level Spot height at lake bottom
Forest, defined outline undefined outline
Scattered forest isolated tree / group of trees
Scrub Hedge
Orchard Tree nursery
Vineyard
only Pyramids
3536
Ried
Adorf
Wil
77 7773 73
A1
Ried
A1
Wil
Adorf
387 387 387
2127.6 2127.6 2127.6
1587 713 1587 713 1587 713
800 800 800
419
Roads, tracks
Highway (divided lanes)Junction under construction
Rest areaParking
2nd cl. highway (undivided lanes)Exit / Access under construction
Trunk road Main connecting road
1st cl. road (at least 6 m wide) conspicuous bridge
2nd cl. road (at least 4 m wide) conspicuous bridge
Suburban road (at least 4 m wide) conspicuous bridge
3rd cl. road (at least 2.8 m wide) covered bridge
4th cl., narrow road (at least 1.8 m) Bridge
5th cl., path, trail, bicycle path Footbridge, catwalk
6th cl., footpath Passenger ferry, attachedfree
Traces, mountain passage on glacier
Barrier, traffic ban
conspicuous roundabout Parking lot
Level crossings
Underpasses
Overpasses
Tunnels Ventilation shaft
Gallerie
Parklane Tank road
Traces of historic road
Airport, hard surface runwayAirfield, grass strip
National boundary with numbered markers
Cantonal boundary with markers
District boundary with markers
Municipal boundary with markers
Boundary for National Park or protected area
Boundaries
1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000 Railways
Topography
Vegetation
Trigonometric points, spot heights
1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000 Individual symbols 1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000
Railway station, tracks Platform roof
Stop with separate track
Stop without separate track
Normal gauge railway: multiple tracks Bridge
Normal gauge railway: single track Bridge
Narrow gauge railway: multiple tracks Bridge
Narrow gauge, rack, cable railway:single track Bridge
Freight or nostalgic railwayRailway out of service Bridge
Intercommunal tramwaywith stop Bridge
Industrial track Bridge
Tunnels
Galleries
Aerial cable way, chairliftwith intermediate station PylonGoods lift Pylon
Skilift
House Ruin
Remote inn Tower
Greenhouse Storage tank
Allotment (garden) Monument
Church Chapel
Cemetery Shrine, cross
Cooling tower Wind power station
Chimney-stack Castle
Lookout tower Radio transmitter
large antenna small antenna
Camp site Summer toboggan-run
Sports ground Stadium
Rifle range
Race course (horses)
Border of an area Golf course
Ski jump dry wall
Wall Avalanche barricade
Cave, grotto erratic bloc
Contour lines earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Index contours earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Intermediate contours earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Small depression Doline
Escarpment, earth Escarpment, stone
Cutting Embankment
Earth slip Gravel pit
Clay pit Quarry
Rock Scree
Glacier Moraine
10 m (Jura Mtns., Plateau)20 m (Alps) 20 m 50 m
100 m 200 m 200 m
5 m / 10 m 10 m 25 m
Rock with 100 m contour lines
Trigonometric points 1st to 3rd order and LV95
Spot height
Index contour
Lake level Spot height at lake bottom
Forest, defined outline undefined outline
Scattered forest isolated tree / group of trees
Scrub Hedge
Orchard Tree nursery
Vineyard
only Pyramids
3536
Ried
Adorf
Wil
77 7773 73
A1
Ried
A1
Wil
Adorf
387 387 387
2127.6 2127.6 2127.6
1587 713 1587 713 1587 713
800 800 800
419
Roads, tracks
Highway (divided lanes)Junction under construction
Rest areaParking
2nd cl. highway (undivided lanes)Exit / Access under construction
Trunk road Main connecting road
1st cl. road (at least 6 m wide) conspicuous bridge
2nd cl. road (at least 4 m wide) conspicuous bridge
Suburban road (at least 4 m wide) conspicuous bridge
3rd cl. road (at least 2.8 m wide) covered bridge
4th cl., narrow road (at least 1.8 m) Bridge
5th cl., path, trail, bicycle path Footbridge, catwalk
6th cl., footpath Passenger ferry, attachedfree
Traces, mountain passage on glacier
Barrier, traffic ban
conspicuous roundabout Parking lot
Level crossings
Underpasses
Overpasses
Tunnels Ventilation shaft
Gallerie
Parklane Tank road
Traces of historic road
Airport, hard surface runwayAirfield, grass strip
National boundary with numbered markers
Cantonal boundary with markers
District boundary with markers
Municipal boundary with markers
Boundary for National Park or protected area
Boundaries
1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000 Railways
Topography
Vegetation
Trigonometric points, spot heights
1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000 Individual symbols 1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000
Railway station, tracks Platform roof
Stop with separate track
Stop without separate track
Normal gauge railway: multiple tracks Bridge
Normal gauge railway: single track Bridge
Narrow gauge railway: multiple tracks Bridge
Narrow gauge, rack, cable railway:single track Bridge
Freight or nostalgic railwayRailway out of service Bridge
Intercommunal tramwaywith stop Bridge
Industrial track Bridge
Tunnels
Galleries
Aerial cable way, chairliftwith intermediate station PylonGoods lift Pylon
Skilift
House Ruin
Remote inn Tower
Greenhouse Storage tank
Allotment (garden) Monument
Church Chapel
Cemetery Shrine, cross
Cooling tower Wind power station
Chimney-stack Castle
Lookout tower Radio transmitter
large antenna small antenna
Camp site Summer toboggan-run
Sports ground Stadium
Rifle range
Race course (horses)
Border of an area Golf course
Ski jump dry wall
Wall Avalanche barricade
Cave, grotto erratic bloc
Contour lines earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Index contours earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Intermediate contours earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Small depression Doline
Escarpment, earth Escarpment, stone
Cutting Embankment
Earth slip Gravel pit
Clay pit Quarry
Rock Scree
Glacier Moraine
10 m (Jura Mtns., Plateau)20 m (Alps) 20 m 50 m
100 m 200 m 200 m
5 m / 10 m 10 m 25 m
Rock with 100 m contour lines
Trigonometric points 1st to 3rd order and LV95
Spot height
Index contour
Lake level Spot height at lake bottom
Forest, defined outline undefined outline
Scattered forest isolated tree / group of trees
Scrub Hedge
Orchard Tree nursery
Vineyard
only Pyramids
3536
Ried
Adorf
Wil
77 7773 73
A1
Ried
A1
Wil
Adorf
387 387 387
2127.6 2127.6 2127.6
1587 713 1587 713 1587 713
800 800 800
419
Roads, tracks
Highway (divided lanes)Junction under construction
Rest areaParking
2nd cl. highway (undivided lanes)Exit / Access under construction
Trunk road Main connecting road
1st cl. road (at least 6 m wide) conspicuous bridge
2nd cl. road (at least 4 m wide) conspicuous bridge
Suburban road (at least 4 m wide) conspicuous bridge
3rd cl. road (at least 2.8 m wide) covered bridge
4th cl., narrow road (at least 1.8 m) Bridge
5th cl., path, trail, bicycle path Footbridge, catwalk
6th cl., footpath Passenger ferry, attachedfree
Traces, mountain passage on glacier
Barrier, traffic ban
conspicuous roundabout Parking lot
Level crossings
Underpasses
Overpasses
Tunnels Ventilation shaft
Gallerie
Parklane Tank road
Traces of historic road
Airport, hard surface runwayAirfield, grass strip
National boundary with numbered markers
Cantonal boundary with markers
District boundary with markers
Municipal boundary with markers
Boundary for National Park or protected area
Boundaries
1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000 Railways
Topography
Vegetation
Trigonometric points, spot heights
1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000 Individual symbols 1: 25 000 1: 50 000 1:100 000
Railway station, tracks Platform roof
Stop with separate track
Stop without separate track
Normal gauge railway: multiple tracks Bridge
Normal gauge railway: single track Bridge
Narrow gauge railway: multiple tracks Bridge
Narrow gauge, rack, cable railway:single track Bridge
Freight or nostalgic railwayRailway out of service Bridge
Intercommunal tramwaywith stop Bridge
Industrial track Bridge
Tunnels
Galleries
Aerial cable way, chairliftwith intermediate station PylonGoods lift Pylon
Skilift
House Ruin
Remote inn Tower
Greenhouse Storage tank
Allotment (garden) Monument
Church Chapel
Cemetery Shrine, cross
Cooling tower Wind power station
Chimney-stack Castle
Lookout tower Radio transmitter
large antenna small antenna
Camp site Summer toboggan-run
Sports ground Stadium
Rifle range
Race course (horses)
Border of an area Golf course
Ski jump dry wall
Wall Avalanche barricade
Cave, grotto erratic bloc
Contour lines earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Index contours earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Intermediate contours earth, scree / shingle, ice / lake
Small depression Doline
Escarpment, earth Escarpment, stone
Cutting Embankment
Earth slip Gravel pit
Clay pit Quarry
Rock Scree
Glacier Moraine
10 m (Jura Mtns., Plateau)20 m (Alps) 20 m 50 m
100 m 200 m 200 m
5 m / 10 m 10 m 25 m
Rock with 100 m contour lines
Trigonometric points 1st to 3rd order and LV95
Spot height
Index contour
Lake level Spot height at lake bottom
Forest, defined outline undefined outline
Scattered forest isolated tree / group of trees
Scrub Hedge
Orchard Tree nursery
Vineyard
only Pyramids
REFERENCE MAPS: TOPOGRAPHIC 11
DESIGNED MAPS22
1.9 ARCtiC CoNSERvAtioN AREA MAP
This map emphasizes the lack of land at the Arctic Pole by showing the form of the ocean floor in the region rather than the ice cap. A thin two-tone shadow line along the coasts pulls the land above the water, and green-brown hypsometric tints provide a strong hue contrast with the blue progression for bathymetric tints. The landform colors provide a dark background to contrast with white areas representing permanent ice on land. International boundaries in white also contrast with the land-form colors. Shaded relief combines with the elevation and depth colors for a fuller representation of form both above and below sea level. The map provides a small-scale reference to physical features within the area of concern for the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) working group of the Arctic Coun-cil. The boundary of this area is rep-resented with a bold green outline and a wide gradient from white to transparent inward from the bound-ary line. This gradient lightens areas at the inner edge of the area CAFF addresses, producing an appearance of illumination.
Courtesy of Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-
Arendal.
C A N A D A
R U S S I A NF E D E R A T I O N
A L A S K A( U S A )
ICELAND
SWEDENNORWAY
GREENLAND(DENMARK)
FINLAND
Svalbard(Norway)
FaroeIslands
(Denmark)
PACIFICOCEAN
ARCTICOCEAN
ATLANTICOCEAN
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
caff_map.pdf 2006-09-14 18:55:29
ArcMap TIPS
LIneS
1 Dashed line
• SymbolSelector>Properties>SymbolPropertyEditor>Type:Carto-graphicLineSymbol>Templatetab>dragandclicktemplatetocreatedashpattern
• UseRepresentations*tobettercontroldashedlines:Stroketab>End-ingstoconstraindashbehavioratlineends.
• Representations>Geometriceffect(+)>CutCurvetocontroldashesatlinecornersandends.Usecontrolpointstoensuredashesareplacedovercornersforclaritywherelinechangesdirection
• ArcToolbox>DatamanagementTools>Generalization>Dissolvetocombinelinesegmentstoavoidunnecessarystopsandrestartsinacontinuingdashpattern(dissolveonthefieldbeingsymbolized)
1C 5A 6A 6B
*Right-clickthelayernameinthetableofcontentsandchooseConvertSymbologytoRepresentation.OnlyavailablewithArcEditorandArcInfolicenselevels.
2 Multilayer line
• SymbolPropertyEditor>Type:CartographicLineSymbol>addlayersformultilayerlineeffect(+atbottomleft)>adjustlayerorderusingarrowbuttonsandsetpropertiesforeachlayer
• Amultilayerlinethatincludesasolidlinebelowadashlineprotectstwodashedlinesfromcombiningwitheachothertocreateaninconsistentpattern(suchasoverlaiddashesfromtheboundariesoftwoadjacentcities)
1A 2B 2D
Twolayers:dashandsolidthickerline
Twolayers:hashandwiderline
Threelayers:centerline,fillline,andwidercase
3Cased line
Acasedlinecombinesathinner“fill”lineoverlayingathickerlineinacontrastingcolorthatformsthecase(an“outline”aroundthefillline)• SymbolPropertyEditor>Type:CartographicLineSymbol>create
twolayers>adjustorder,width,andcolor• Lockthecaselinelayertoallowquickerchangestojustthefillline
color
1C 5D
These tips are suited for people who are experienced ArcGIS users and are comfortable navigating the ArcMap application in particular. They do not offer full instructions but rather pointers and keywords that help users dis-cover parts of the software that can be used to accomplish cartographic goals. The instructions are for versions 9.2 or higher.