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Course ContentsCourse Contents

Content 10 chapter:Chapter 1:INTRODUCTION OF CRMChapter 2:GENERATION OF CRMChapter 3:CRM SITUATIONAL AWARENESSChapter 4:COGNITIVE SKILL –DECISION MAKINGChapter 5:INTERPERSONAL-COMMUNICATION SKILLS------------------------mid-test-------------------------------------Chapter 6:INTERPERSONAL-TEAMWORKSChapter 7:WORKLOADChapter 8:PERSONAL&ATTITUDEChapter 9:STRESSChapter 10:SLEEP,JETLAG,FATIGUE

Learning OutcomesLearning OutcomesAt the end of this lecture, student should be

able to:◦ Realize the importance of good decision

making process especially in the flight.◦ Acquire the skills in decision making

process.◦ Understand the impact of good/bad

decision making.

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Crew Resources Crew Resources ManagementManagement

Lecture 4:Lecture 4:Cognitive Skills:Cognitive Skills:Decision MakingDecision Making

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Outline for the Outline for the PresentationPresentation

1. CRM skills (review)2. Introduction3. Factors influence the Decision Making4. Factors of poor Decision making5. Factors promote good Decision Making6. Decision Making Process7. Case Study8. Successful Decision Making9. Conclusion10. Q-BANK

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Cognitive and Interpersonal Cognitive and Interpersonal SkillsSkills

Cognitive Skills Situational Awareness Decision Making

Interpersonal Skills Communications Teamwork

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Major Causes of Human Error in Major Causes of Human Error in Aircraft AccidentsAircraft Accidents

Lack of Situational AwarenessPoor Decision Making

Lack of CommunicationLack of TeamworkLack of ResourcesLack of Knowledge

Lack of AssertivenessDistraction

Pressure & StressCrew Fatigue

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What is your Decision ?

IntroductionIntroduction

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Decision MakingDecision Making

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Every time, we faced to a condition so that we have to make a decision:

In the morning, when the bell ringing, . . .Wake up or not . .?

What is the DECISION What is the DECISION MAKING?MAKING?

~~The ability to use logical and sound judgment to

make decisions based on available information.~~

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What is DECISION What is DECISION MAKING?MAKING?

• An understanding of decision-making process provides a flight crew with a foundation for developing decision-making skills.

• Engine failures, require a flight crew to respond immediately using established procedures with little time for detailed analysis.

• During flight, there is a little time to examine any changes occur (problem), gather information, and assess risk before reaching a decision.

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The Dominant factors influence The Dominant factors influence human decision makinghuman decision making

Perception /Situational awareness

StressHuman cultural

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WHAT CAUSES ACCIDENTS?WHAT CAUSES ACCIDENTS?

From the study, approximately 80 percent of all air crashes caused by human error. the NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) further breaks down human errors into the following categories:

HUMAN ERROR CHART

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Unprofessional Attitudes 47%

Visual Perception Misjudgment

19%

Pilot Technique 21%

Inflight Judgment or Decision

5%

Improper Operation of Equip.

6%

Unknown Causes 4%

Factors that lead to Poor Factors that lead to Poor Decision MakingDecision Making• What’s are the factors lead to poor

decision making?:– Initiating flights under poor conditions.

(ex: heavy fog)–Continuing flights in worst conditions.

(ex: fire catch in the cabin, unpressurized aircraft)–Operating aircraft beyond their limits.

(ex: No adequate fuels, flying outside the envelope)–Operating an un-airworthy aircraft.

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Factors which promote good Factors which promote good Decision MakingDecision Making

TeamworkExtra time to make decisionAlert crew membersDecision strategies and

experience

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Example when the decision Example when the decision making takes place:making takes place:Situation 1Time is late and the captain is in a

hurry to take-off. But the runway visibility is poor due to fog. DECISION?

Situation 2Low oil pressure reading indicate

that the engine is about to fail. DECISION?

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Cont.Cont.Situation 3• The pilot recognize there is

insufficient fuel to reach the destination. DECISION?

Situation 4• The aircraft is flying to towards a

thunderstorm and the co-pilot see a big re dot in aircraft weather radar. But, captain don’t want to avoid the thunderstorm. DECISION?

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Ans.: Use DECISION MAKING PROCESSAns.: Use DECISION MAKING PROCESS

Every problems needs good decision.

How you would create decisions in order to overcome problems?

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Decision Making ProcessDecision Making Process

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What needs to be corrected?

What resources do you have?

Evaluate decision

2. Define the Problems 2. Define the Problems CorrectlyCorrectlyHow to recognize the problem?

◦A problem is perceived first by the senses, and then distinguished through insight (deep perception) and experience.

◦An objective analysis of all available information that use to determine the exact nature and severity of the problem.

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Cont.Cont.• INCORRECT DEFINING THE PROBLEM

can lead to the error in decision making.

(Example: a low oil pressure reading could indicate that the engine is about to fail and an emergency landing should be planned or it could mean that the oil pressure sensor has failed.)

• The problem that does not exist can divert attention from important tasks.

• So, once initial assumption is made regarding the problem, other sources must be used to verify that the conclusion is correct.

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3. Evaluate Situations3. Evaluate SituationsEvaluate the need to react to the

identified/defined problem.Determine the actions that may

be taken to resolve the situations.

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4. Gather all information and 4. Gather all information and available Resourcesavailable ResourcesA flight crew must become aware of the

resources found both inside and outside the cockpit.

Resources must be identified first. Evaluate whether there is time to use a

particular resource and the impact that its use will have upon the safety of the flight.

For example, the assistance of air traffic control (ATC) may be very useful if a flight crew become lost. However, in an emergency situation when action needs to be taken quickly, time may not be available to contact ATC immediately.

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5. Identify all possible solution5. Identify all possible solution

In depth understanding of all the equipment and systems in the airplane is necessary to fully utilize all resources.◦ For example, advanced navigation and

autopilot systems are valuable resources. However, if flight crews do not fully understand how to use this equipment, or they rely on it so much it can become harm to safe flight.

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Cont.Cont.Examples of available resources

that can used:◦Equipment

E.g. Autopilot system, navigation system and other cockpit instruments.

◦Checklist Essential cockpit resources for verifying

that the airplane instruments and systems are checked, set, operating properly, and proper procedures are performed if there is a system malfunction or in-flight emergency.

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Cont.Cont.◦Flight Manual

E.g.: Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) and Flight crew’s Operating Handbook (POH)

Essential for accurate flight planning and for resolving in-flight malfunction.

◦Passengers Help watch the traffic Provide information of irregular situation

◦Flight Crew Provide information of irregular situation to

the captain. Provide the status of passenger.

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Cont.Cont.◦ATC and flight service specialist

Greatest external resources during flight. ATC can help decrease flight crew

workload by providing traffic advisories, radar vectors, and assistance in emergency situations.

Flight service stations can provide updates on weather, answer questions about airport conditions, and may offer direction-finding assistance.

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6. Consider consequences6. Consider consequencesThe consequence of all possible action

should be considered and the risks assessed before deciding on a response to the situation.

The expected outcome of each possible action must be considered along with the an assessment of the risk involved.

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7. Make Decision and 7. Make Decision and evaluateevaluateIt is important to think ahead and

determine how the decision could affect other phases of the flight.

Flight crew must continue to evaluate the outcome of the decision to ensure that it is producing the desired result.

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Case StudyCase Study1980, Lockheed Tri-Star Riyadh to

Jeddah.

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• Safe landing but all 301 persons died. WHY?

PROBABLE CAUSE:PROBABLE CAUSE:"The initiation of a fire in the C-3 cargo

compartment. The source of the ignition of the fire is undetermined.Factors contributing to the fatal results of this accident were

1 ) the failure of the captain to prepare the cabin crew for immediate evacuation upon landing and his failure in not making a maximum stop landing on the runway, with immediate evacuation,

2) the failure of the captain to properly utilize his flight crew throughout the emergency

3) the failure of headquarters management personnel to ensure that its personnel had adequate equipment and training to function as required during an emergency."

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ConclusionConclusionRemember!!:

◦Don’t overlook the basic airman tasks at hand while addressing other priorities.

◦Good decisions minimize errors, while poor decisions increase them.

◦Each decision affects your future options

◦Poor decision making is a leading cause of failure to complete missions and of mishaps

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Poor Decision MakingPoor Decision MakingDon’t overlook the basic airman

tasks at hand while addressing other priorities.

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The aircraft experienced a landing gear problem while on approach to runway 28R at Portland International Airport. The aircraft ran out of fuel while the

crew circled in an attempt to remedy the problem.

Good Decision MakingGood Decision MakingAlthough the aircraft crashed, the crew

managed to land on a runway saving 187 of 298. The CRM & Decision Making utilized by the crew is professionalism in aviation.

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A United Air Lines DC-10 crashed at Sioux City, Iowa after an engine explosion caused the total loss of all hydraulics at FL370.  The crew was able to control the plane only with engine throttle settings. Miraculously, 187 of 298 aboard survived.

(July 19, 1989)

Successful Decision Successful Decision MakingMakingSuccessful decision making requires a pilot

to evaluate an entire range of possible responses to the detected change and determine the best course of action.

Use all available information from human and hardware sources in identifying potential or real problems.

Always evaluate and crosscheck the available information in the operational environment to support or re-evaluate your actions.

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Q-BANKQ-BANKBriefly explain how the air crew

would create good decisions to overcome the problem using step-by-step of decision making process?

Give three (3) factors that lead to poor decision making.

Name five (5) human factors in aviation and explain how they can cause poor CRM

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