Post on 28-Jun-2020
Radon and geology in Spain: Past, Radon and geology in Spain: Past, present and futurepresent and future
Fuente Merino, I; Sainz Fernandez, C.; Gutierrez Villanueva Fuente Merino, I; Sainz Fernandez, C.; Gutierrez Villanueva J.L.; Quindos Lopez, L.; Quindos Poncela, L.S.J.L.; Quindos Lopez, L.; Quindos Poncela, L.S.
Radon GroupRadon Group
Universidad de CantabriaUniversidad de Cantabria
Santander, Cantabria, SpainSantander, Cantabria, Spain
Noble gasNoble gas
Emisor alfa (5.49 MeV)Emisor alfa (5.49 MeV)
TT1/21/2 = 3.82 d= 3.82 d
222222RnRn SOURCES and transport SOURCES and transport mechanismsmechanisms
P rue b as nuc le a re s
P ro fe s iona l
P rod uc c ión d e Ene rg ía
Nuc le o e lé c tric a
Dia g nó s tic os Mé d ic os
Fo nd o Na tura l
Ra dón1.2
2.4
0.01
0.002
1
0.0002
MAIN MAIN SOURCE OF SOURCE OF RADIATIONRADIATION
SoilsSoilsBuilding Building MaterialsMaterials
WaterWater
RADON PROGENY INHALATIONRADON PROGENY INHALATION
LUNG CANCER RISKLUNG CANCER RISKOthers ?Others ?
Increase in risk of lung cancer:
16% por 100 Bq/m3 95% CI (5, 31)
after correction for the dilution due to random yea r-to-year variability in residential radon concentrations,
as well stratification for study, age, sex, broad region of residence within study, and detailed smoking histor y.
(Darby el al. 2006)
INTERNATIONAL RADON PROJECT (WHO, 2005 INTERNATIONAL RADON PROJECT (WHO, 2005 -- 2009)2009)
RADON CONCENTRATION MAY PRESENT VARIATIONSRADON CONCENTRATION MAY PRESENT VARIATIONS
-- OF 3 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDEOF 3 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE
-- FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHERFROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER
-- FROM ONE AREA TO ANOTHERFROM ONE AREA TO ANOTHER
…… SO MEASUREMENT CAMPAINGS ARE ESSENTIALSO MEASUREMENT CAMPAINGS ARE ESSENTIAL
SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW ……....
RADON MEASUREMENTS : MAIN RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL SURVEY (1989-1991)
�NUMBER OF DWELLINGS SURVEYED: 2,000
�ABOUT 500 CITIES AND VILLAGES
�POPULATED WEIGHTED GEOMETRIC MEAN 45 Bq/m3; G.S.D.:2.7
�PERCENTAGE OF DWELLINGS ABOVE 400 Bq/m3 : 2%
�HIGHEST VALUE: 15,400 Bq/m3
AREAS WITH HIGH RADON INDOOR VALUES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, IN THE CENTER AND THE WEST OF THE COUNTRY
6
SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW ……....
> 400 Bq/m> 400 Bq/m33
16%
7%
18%
7% 7%0% 3% 0%
0%
0%
19%
0%
4%
8%
0%
2%
0%0%
4%
17%
4%
0%
0%
0%
7% 0%
0% 0%
0%
0%
0%
0% 0%
3%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%0%
6%
0%
0%
7
SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW ……....
> 200 Bq/m> 200 Bq/m33
28%
21%
32%
18% 14%2% 7% 4%
0%
0%
36%
6%
22%
20%
0%
11%
4%0,3%
12%
39%
8%
12%
0%
0%
10% 1%
3% 0%
3%
0%
1%
4% 7%
13%
0%
0%
1%
3%
0%4%
11%
4%
0%
NATURAL RADIATION MAP (MARNA Project) (1991- )
�AN ONGOING PROJECT THAT IS BEING CARRIED OUT BY THE CSN , THE URANIUM NATIONAL COMPANY, SOME UNIVERSITIES AND AUTONOMOUS COMUNITIES.
�CURRENTLY IS IN THE LAST PHASE. THIS PROJECT PROVIDES US MAPS OF THE COUNTRY WHERE THE ZONES WITH DIFFERENT GAMMA RADIATIONLEVELS ARE SHOWED.
1.500.000 nationwide terrestrial gamma radiation values
1320 nationwide activity concentration data of 40K, 226Ra, y 232Th in soil.
SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW ……....
SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW ……....
““NATURAL GAMMA RADIATION MAP (MARNA) AND INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN SNATURAL GAMMA RADIATION MAP (MARNA) AND INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN SPAINPAIN””
Environment International, 29 (8), 1091Environment International, 29 (8), 1091--96, 200496, 2004
SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW ……....
28%
21%
32%
18% 14%2% 7% 4%
0%
0%
36%
6%
22%
20%
0%
11%
4%0,3%
12%
39%
8%
12%
0%
0%
10% 1%
3% 0%
3%
0%
1%
4% 7%
13%
0%
0%
1%
3%
0%4%
11%
4%
0%
SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW ……....
RADON MEASUREMENTS:RADON MEASUREMENTS:
REGIONAL SURVEYSREGIONAL SURVEYS
..-- NUCLEAR POWER STATIONSNUCLEAR POWER STATIONS
..-- OLD URANIUM MININGOLD URANIUM MINING
..-- LOS ARRIBES DEL DUEROLOS ARRIBES DEL DUERO
..-- SIERRA DE GUADARRAMASIERRA DE GUADARRAMA
..-- VILLAR DE LA YEGUAVILLAR DE LA YEGUA
SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW ……....
RADON MEASUREMENTS:RADON MEASUREMENTS:
REGIONAL SURVEYSREGIONAL SURVEYS
..-- NUCLEAR POWER STATIONSNUCLEAR POWER STATIONS
12
NATURAL RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE VICINITYNATURAL RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE VICINITYOF SPANISH NUCLEAR POWER STATIONSOF SPANISH NUCLEAR POWER STATIONSHealth Physics, Vol 85(5), 594Health Physics, Vol 85(5), 594--598,2003598,2003
Garoña
Vandellós
Ascó
Almaraz
Trillo
Zorita
Cofrentes
13
14
NATURAL RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE VICINITYNATURAL RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE VICINITYOF SPANISH NUCLEAR POWER STATIONSOF SPANISH NUCLEAR POWER STATIONSHealth Physics, Vol 85(5), 594Health Physics, Vol 85(5), 594--598,2003598,2003
15
NATURAL RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE VICINITYNATURAL RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE VICINITYOF SPANISH NUCLEAR POWER STATIONSOF SPANISH NUCLEAR POWER STATIONSHealth Physics, Vol 85(5), 594Health Physics, Vol 85(5), 594--598,2003598,2003
3% of houses > 400 Bq/m3% of houses > 400 Bq/m33
16
““NATURAL RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE VICINITY NATURAL RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE VICINITY OF THE SPANISH NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS. OF THE SPANISH NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS.
SPECIFIC STUDY OF CAMPO ARASPECIFIC STUDY OF CAMPO ARAÑÑUELO (CUELO (CÁÁCERES, CERES, SPAIN)SPAIN)””
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol 79, 347Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol 79, 347--54, 200554, 2005
La Vera, 9 % of houses > 400 Bq/m3.
STUDY A.M. (Bq/m3)
G.M. (Bq/m3)
PERCENTA
GE >200
Bq/m3
PERCENTA
GE > 400 Bq/m3
Nº OF MEAS.
TOTAL CAMPO
ARAÑUELO
87.6
65.7
7.2
2.7
349
NORTHERN ZONE
168.6 113.9 23.6 9.0 55
““NATURAL RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE VICINITY NATURAL RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE VICINITY OF THE SPANISH NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS. OF THE SPANISH NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS.
SPECIFIC STUDY OF CAMPO ARASPECIFIC STUDY OF CAMPO ARAÑÑUELO (CUELO (CÁÁCERES, CERES, SPAIN)SPAIN)””
La Vera: La Vera: 6 mSv/y6 mSv/y
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol 79, 347Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, Vol 79, 347--54, 200554, 2005
JarandillaJarandilla: 25 mSv/y: 25 mSv/y 30 % of houses > 400 Bq/m3.
SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW ……....
RADON MEASUREMENTS:RADON MEASUREMENTS:
REGIONAL SURVEYSREGIONAL SURVEYS
..-- OLD URANIUM MININGOLD URANIUM MINING
18
POPULATION DOSE IN THE VICINITYPOPULATION DOSE IN THE VICINITYOF OLD SPANISH URANIUM MINESOF OLD SPANISH URANIUM MINES
The Science of th Total Environment, vol 329, 1The Science of th Total Environment, vol 329, 1--3, 3, 283283--288, 2004288, 2004
Alburquerque
AndújarCardeña
CabrilPeñarolla
La HabaDon Benito
Albala
JuzbadoVitigudino
20
POPULATION DOSE IN THE VICINITYPOPULATION DOSE IN THE VICINITYOF OLD SPANISH URANIUM MINESOF OLD SPANISH URANIUM MINES
The Science of th Total Environment, vol 329, 1The Science of th Total Environment, vol 329, 1--3, 3, 283283--288, 2004288, 2004
21
POPULATION DOSE IN THE VICINITYPOPULATION DOSE IN THE VICINITYOF OLD SPANISH URANIUM MINESOF OLD SPANISH URANIUM MINES
The Science of th Total Environment, vol 329, 1The Science of th Total Environment, vol 329, 1--3, 3, 283283--288, 2004288, 2004
POPULATION DOSE IN THE VICINITYPOPULATION DOSE IN THE VICINITYOF OLD SPANISH URANIUM MINESOF OLD SPANISH URANIUM MINES
The Science of th Total Environment, vol 329, 1The Science of th Total Environment, vol 329, 1--3, 3, 283283--288, 2004288, 2004
ALL THE AREAS ARE INCLUDED ALL THE AREAS ARE INCLUDED IN THE ICRP 65 CRITERIA FOR IN THE ICRP 65 CRITERIA FOR
RADON PRONE AREARADON PRONE AREA
ZONE PERCENTAGE > 400 Bq/m3
ALBALA 14
LA HABA-DON BENITO 6 ALBURQUERQUE 8
JUZBADO-VITIGUDINO
9
ANDUJAR-CARDEÑA 8 CABRIL-PEÑARROYA 5
SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW SPAIN: WHAT WE KNOW ……....
RADON MEASUREMENTS:RADON MEASUREMENTS:
REGIONAL SURVEYSREGIONAL SURVEYS
..-- SIERRA DE GUADARRAMASIERRA DE GUADARRAMA
SIERRA DE GUADARRAMASIERRA DE GUADARRAMA
24
� First survey (1988-1990)
�7 % OF HOUSES > 400 Bq/m3
�28 % OF HOUSES > 200 Bq/m3
�GEOMETRIC MEAN: 122 Bq/m3 G.S.D. :2.1
�HIGHEST VALUE: 1,706 Bq/m3
SIERRA DE GUADARRAMASIERRA DE GUADARRAMA
0.5 million 0.5 million populationpopulation
1.5 million 1.5 million populationpopulation
� Actual survey (2002- )
� 14 % OF HOUSES > 400 Bq/m3.
�30 % OF HOUSES > 200 Bq/m3
�GEOMETRIC MEAN: 180 Bq/m3 G.S.D. :1.9
�HIGHEST VALUE: 2,600 Bq/m3
““Lung cancer risk estimations:A comparition between radon prone aLung cancer risk estimations:A comparition between radon prone areas Stei (Romania) and Sierra de reas Stei (Romania) and Sierra de Guadarrama (Spain)Guadarrama (Spain)””
Proceedings of the IRPA Regional Congress for Central and EasterProceedings of the IRPA Regional Congress for Central and Eastern Europe, Romania, 2007n Europe, Romania, 2007
26
VILLAR DE LA YEGUAVILLAR DE LA YEGUA
““The Spanish experience on HBRAThe Spanish experience on HBRA””
International Congress Series, Vol 1276, 50International Congress Series, Vol 1276, 50--53, 200553, 2005
RADON SURVEYS:
(1988-1990); (1992-1995);(2000-2002) (2004- )
Nº OF MEASUREMENTS: 500
200 POPULATION
MAIN RESULTS:
�GEOMETRIC MEAN: 818 Bq/m3 G.S.D.: 1.7
�HIGHEST VALUE: 25,160 Bq/m3
�75% OF HOUSES > 400 Bq/m3
�25% OF HOUSES > 1,000 Bq/m3
�AVERAGE EXTERNAL GAMMA DOSE RATE: 300 nGy/h
�RADON IN WATER: 1,500 Bq/l
THE VILLAR DE LA YEGUA TOWNTHE VILLAR DE LA YEGUA TOWN
27
DOSES AS HIGH AS 40 mSv per yearDOSES AS HIGH AS 40 mSv per year
High background radiation areas: The case of Villa r de la YeguaHigh background radiation areas: The case of Villa r de la Yeguavillage (Spain); Radiation Protection Dosimetry 125 ,pp. 565 village (Spain); Radiation Protection Dosimetry 125 ,pp. 565 –– 567, 2007.567, 2007.
EFFECTIVENESS OF REMEDIATION TECHNIQUESEFFECTIVENESS OF REMEDIATION TECHNIQUES
POTENTIAL RADON MAPPING
Source:
Spanish Nuclear Safety Council
Location of the experimental pilot houseLocation of the experimental pilot house
�� Determination of radioactive isotopes in soilDetermination of radioactive isotopes in soil►► High radiumHigh radiumconcentrationconcentration
�� Determination of radon in soil at 1 m depth Determination of radon in soil at 1 m depth ►► AM = 250000 Bq mAM = 250000 Bq m--33
(70000(70000--500000)500000)
�� Granulometry and permeability determination Granulometry and permeability determination ►► AM = 10AM = 10--12 12 mm2 2
(medium)(medium)
HIGH RADON RISK AREA
PREVIOUS SOIL STUDYPREVIOUS SOIL STUDY
Design of the experimental pilot houseDesign of the experimental pilot house
MATERIAL AND METHODS
•COUNTER LUDLUM •8 TEMPERATURE SENSORS (T1 ... T8)• 4 PRESSURE DIFFERENCE SENSORS (P1... P4)
CONTINUOUS RADON MONITORING:
•2 DoseMan SARAD•2 Radon Scout SARAD
Initial measurementsInitial measurements
T1
P3
T2
P2
T7 T8
P4
FLOOR 1
T4
T3
SOIL
T5 T6
P1
CELLAR
ENTRANCE
LABORATORY INSTALLED AT THE MODEL HOUSE
METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS PROVIDED BY A NEARBY STAT ION
Data were recorded every 10 minutes
• Mean wind velocity (m/s)• Maximum wind velocity (m/s)• Mean wind direction (º)• Mean air temperature (ºC)• Maximum air temperature (ºC)• Mean relative humidity (%)• Mean pressure (mb)• Mean solar radiation (W/m2)• Maximum solar radiation (W/m2)• Accumulated fall (mm)• Evaporation (mm)• Battery state (V)
Mean wind speed varied from January 2006 until June 2007 between 0 y 11,6 m/s whereas air temperature between –5,3ºC y +36,1 ºC.
CLOSED MODULE
Mean indoor radon concentrations:
42.000 Bq/m3 in CELLAR (MAX VALUE 120.000 Bq/m3)7.000 Bq/m3 in FIRST FLOOR (MAX VALUE 40.000 Bq/m3)
•• Increased indoor radon concentrations after heavy r ainIncreased indoor radon concentrations after heavy r ain
•• No significant influence of wind and temperatureNo significant influence of wind and temperature
•• Inverse correlation with athmospheric pressure vari ations. Main Inverse correlation with athmospheric pressure vari ations. Main factorfactor
Initial measurements (4 months)Initial measurements (4 months)
Remedial actions testedRemedial actions tested
Natural/Forced air extraction Natural/Forced air extraction from soil with lateral and central from soil with lateral and central pipepipe
Pressurization/depressurization Pressurization/depressurization of air within the soil with central of air within the soil with central pipepipe
Crossed ventilation in cellarCrossed ventilation in cellar
Insulation barrierInsulation barrier
CENTRAL PIPE UNDER SOIL
Radon barrier
EFFECTIVENESSEFFECTIVENESS
Radon - Doseman y Scout
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1-1-200611-1-200621-1-200631-1-200610-2-200620-2-2006
2-3-200612-3-200622-3-2006
1-4-200611-4-200621-4-2006
1-5-2006
Fecha
Bq/m
3
Doseman Sotano
Doseman Planta 1
Scout Sotano
Scout Planta 1
2 Ventiladores
Considerable radon reduction with all actionsConsiderable radon reduction with all actions
MEAN RADON CONCENTRATION REACHED
1.700 Bq/m 3 CELLAR
500 Bq/m 3 FIRST FLOOR
EFFECTIVENESS EFFECTIVENESS (mean lowest level reached in Bq m(mean lowest level reached in Bq m--33))
Action First floor Cellar
Central natural ventilation 600 1700
Lateral natural ventilation 2300 16000
Central forced extraction 250 400
Lateral forced extraction 700 1300
Central pressurization 400 300
Crossed ventilation 500 7200
Radon barrier 300 1700
Mean lowest level reached in Bq m-3
WHOLE STUDIED PERIOD. 2006 AND FIRST SIX MONTHS OF 2007
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
..-- THE RISK COMING FROM NATURAL RADIATION IS VERY THE RISK COMING FROM NATURAL RADIATION IS VERY DIFFICAULT TO ACCEPT FOR THE AUTHORITIES WHICHDIFFICAULT TO ACCEPT FOR THE AUTHORITIES WHICHFINALLY ARE SUPPORTING THE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES.FINALLY ARE SUPPORTING THE RESEARCH ACTIVITIES.
..-- THE INCLUSION OF RADON AS ANOTHER INDOOR AIR THE INCLUSION OF RADON AS ANOTHER INDOOR AIR POLLUTANT, IS VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE THIS MEANS POLLUTANT, IS VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE THIS MEANS TO BE IN LAW AS A NATURAL WAY.TO BE IN LAW AS A NATURAL WAY.
WHAT ABOUT THE NEXT FUTURE WHAT ABOUT THE NEXT FUTURE …………....
There is a lack of requirements concerning radon protection in the Spanish legislation for radon in houses BECAUSE in this case only exist a Recomendation 90/143/EURATOM with a
design level value of 200 Bq/m3
INTERNATIONAL INTERCOMPARISON EXERCISE ON NATURAL RADIATION MEASUREMENTS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Organized by the Radon Group (University of Cantabria, SPAIN)
SUMMER 2011
Saelices el Chico (Salamanca, Spain)
GRUPO RADGRUPO RADÓÓNNFacultad de MedicinaFacultad de MedicinaAvda. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/nAvda. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n39011 Santander39011 SantanderCantabria (SPAIN)Cantabria (SPAIN)Phone: +34 942 20 22 07Phone: +34 942 20 22 07ee--mail: laruc@unican.esmail: laruc@unican.es
SINCERE THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!