R ESEARCH. F IRST, YOU ARE … Finds sources Takes notes The Receiver, who Then, The Sender Creates...

RESEARCH

FIRST, YOU ARE…

Finds sourcesTakes notes

The Receiver, who Then, The Sender

Creates a product which may be an essay, often called a research paper, a poster, a PowerPoint, speech, etc.

Research: patient, systematic study of some area of knowledge to discover or revise conclusions.

get it

Source: any resource from which you gather information.

Citation: the form you use when you give credit to the author of words or ideas from one of your sources.

Works Cited: list of sources for the ideas you use in your product.

STEP ONEGetting ready

rces d

Topic?

Sources?

Pages?

Thesis?

Points?

Commentary?

Footnotes?

Works Cited Format?

Ask yourself

questions…

1Ask these questions about the

assignment. 1. What is the general topic of the

assignment?

assignment? 2. How many sources will I need?

assignment? 2. How many sources will I need? 3. What is the final product (essay

or paper, poster, oral report, etc.)?

4. Is there a set length to the project? If so, what is it?

5. When is each component of my assignment due?

Make yourself a Library Worksheet:STATE YOUR TOPIC: __________________________________________________LIST SOME QUESTIONS YOU'D LIKE TO ANSWER ABOUT YOUR TOPIC: 1._______________________________________________________________ 2._______________________________________________________________ 3._______________________________________________________________ 4._______________________________________________________________LIST POSSIBLE SOURCES: 1._______________________________________________________________ 2._______________________________________________________________

3._______________________________________________________________ 4._______________________________________________________________ 5._______________________________________________________________

Make the best use of your time in the library and on line…

STEP TWOLocating sources

KINDS OF SOURCESPrint media

KINDS OF SOURCESCyberspace

KINDS OF SOURCESFace to face

KINDS OF SOURCESObservations & measurements

KINDS OF SOURCESDocumentaries, radio and

television

REMEMBER THIS?

Stated as a fact. Not always supported

by evidence. Can really be an opinion.

Stated as an opinion. Must be demonstrated

or validated.

Fact Opinion

Who knows the truth?

TRUSTWORTHINESS OF SOURCES

Reference books Good publishers Journals Respected

sources

Very Not verySort of

Newspapers Magazines TV networks

Advertisers Political views Grocery store

magazines Lunatics, poets,

loversYou

Don’t believe everything you read in print!

Don’t believe everything you read on the Internet!

1. Who is the AUTHOR of this book or web site? What are his or her credentials? What about the author's education, training or experience? Do you know whether web sites are commercial, informational, governmental, etc.? (.com, .edu, .org, .gov)

ASK THESE QUESTIONS:

2. Is the CONTENT of the book or site accurate and reliable? Is there support for statistics and facts? Can you verify the information in other sources? How current is it? If it is a web site, when was it updated?

3. Do you know the PURPOSE of the information? Is it to inform, teach, sell, persuade, or entertain? Is the presentation fair? Can you distinguish between facts and opinion? Does the author present opinions as though they were facts?

STEP THREEKeeping it honest!

To be fair and honest, you must indicate when you borrow another writer's ideas or words. You do this by documenting, or citing, your sources. "Citing your sources" means nothing more than telling your reader whose ideas or words you have used and where you found them.

Two kinds of Plagiarism:1. Borrowing someone's ideas,

information, or words without citing the source or without using quotation marks to indicate that words and phrases have been borrowed.

2. Copying paragraphs or an entire essay instead of doing your own research.

WHEN MUST YOU DOCUMENT, THAT IS, CITE YOUR SOURCES?1. You must document all direct quotations. 2. You must also document any ideas borrowed from a source:

a. paraphrases, b. summaries, c. statistics,d. little-known facts, e. tables, graphs, or diagrams.

BUT NOT common knowledge. For example, everyone knows that Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky. It is common knowledge and would not have to be cited.

Plagiarism: Presenting

the work and ideas of others as your own.

Honesty also requires you present both sides of an issue fairly.

#2—There is More than one way to be dishonest…

STEP FOURGetting to work

Ready to get started?

1. Look up your topic in an encyclopedia, a textbook, or an online encyclopedia, such as Wikipedia.

2. Learn the common knowledge basics of your topic from these sources.

3. If this summary has references, copy them. These might be valuable sources.

Repeat: Use a general

reference book or site

for basic facts and to

locate sources.

Wikipedia has sources listed at the end of articles, like this:

See also [links]Cultural depictions of Richard III of EnglandRichard III Museum, York

BibliographyThe Trial of Richard III by Richard Drewett & Mark Redhead (Sutton, 1984) (ISBN 978-0862991982)Richard III: A Sourcebook by Keith Dockray (Sutton, 1997) (ISBN 0-75-091479-3)Royal Blood: Richard III and the mystery of the princes by Bertram Fields (HarperCollins, ©1998) (ISBN 0-06-039269-X)Richard III: The Road to Bosworth Field by Peter W. Hammond & Anne Sutton (Constable, 1985) (ISBN 0-09-466160-X)The Betrayal of Richard III by V.B. Lamb (Coram, London, 1959; reprint A. Sutton, 1991) (ISBN 0-86299-778-X)Richard III and the Princes in the Tower by A.J. Pollard (St Martin's Press, 1991) (ISBN 0-3...)

ReferencesKendall, Paul Murray (1955). Richard The Third. London: Allen & Unwin. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0049420488. Kendall, Richard The Third, pp. 34-44 & 74Kendall, Richard The Third, p. 40Kendall, Richard The Third, pp.87-89Jones, Bosworth 1485: Psychology of a Battle, pp. 96-97Charles Ross, Richard III, 1981, Methuen, p.105-119http://www.castlewales.com/rhysap.htmlBaldwin, David (1986). "King Richard's Grave in Leicester". Transactions (Leicester: Leicester Archaeological Society) 60: 21–22. http://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/BaldwinSmPagesfromvolumeLX-5.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-18. Edward Hall, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancaster and York (1548), in Hall's chronicle : containing the history of England, during the reign of Henry the Fourth, and the succeeding monarchs, to the end of the reign of Henry the Eighth, in which are particularly described the manners and customs of those periods. Carefully collated with the editions of 1548 and 1550 (London, 1809), p. 419.

The Bibliography (or Works Cited Page) in a book may look like this:

What is a way to interpret the meaning of this sketch?

After you’ve listed several possible sources, use a search engine, such as Google, to see which sources are available to you.

Make yourself a Library Worksheet:STATE YOUR TOPIC: ____KING RICHARD III_________________________LIST SOME QUESTIONS YOU'D LIKE TO ANSWER ABOUT YOUR TOPIC: 1.__DID RICHARD KILL THE PRINCES IN THE TOWER?_______________ 2.__IF HE DIDN’T, THEN WHO DID?________________________________ 3.__WHO WAS FIRST TO SAY HE KILLED THE PRINCES?_________________ 4._______________________________________________________________LIST POSSIBLE SOURCES AND WHERE TO FIND THEM: 1.KENDALL, PAUL MURRAY (1955). RICHARD THE THIRD. OKC LIBRARY___ 2.LINK TO RICHARD III MUSEUM, YORK, ENGLAND 3._______________________________________________________________

4._______________________________________________________________

5._______________________________________________________________

If you’ve been using the library worksheet, you have completed about half it. Keep on going…

SOURCE CARDS

Be sure to have the URL for every online source in case you need to go back to it.

Classen SAS Library, by back computers.

Make one card for every source you use.Number the cards in the upper right corner.Note where you found each source in case you need to go back to it.

What goes in a source card or in a Works Cited list is simply what is needed in order to allow others to go back to your source and check it or learn more.

1.Author2.Title3.Publisher4.Date5.Where you found it

Jones, Jones J. The Importance of Me. Mustang, OK: Okiedokie and Co., 1953.

Belle Isle Library, 827.J12

What goes in a source card or in a Works Cited list is simply what is needed in order to allow others to go back to your source and check it or learn more.

1.Author2.Title3.URL4.Date5.Page

Jones, Jones J. The New, Improved Importance of Me. <http://www.itsall aboutmoi.superme.ok.us.org>, posted 2/6/1999, accessed 2/6/2011.

PURPOSES OF CITATIONS AND DOCUMENTATION:

1. Give credit to the original source.2. Allow others to go back to your source and

check it or learn more.

Hint: What are two

meanings of credit?“I could not have done it without this book I read by Mr. Jones J. Jones.”

There is a section of the textbook, pages 1031-1066, which repeats many of these ideas. If in doubt, consult it, study it, review it.

Why use index cards? you say. They are traditional and have been used

successfully for generations. Your teacher has used them successfully. They can be sorted and organized in a variety

of ways. They are handy to carry.

Do we have to use index cards? you say. Why wouldn’t you want to use the easiest method

known?

What’s missing?

Village Library

Why do you need numbers on the cards?You number the cards so you don’t have to write so much when taking notes.

What’s missing here?

You use information about the location of the book or other source in case you want to look up something later.

SEVERAL GOOD QUESTIONS Why do you put the author’s name last name first?

Because the works cited page is alphabetized by author’s last name. If there’s more than one author why do you only put the first

author’s name last name first?Because only the first named author is used for alphabetizing.

abcdefghijklmnopqurstuvwxyz Why do you put the date a web site was posted?

So you know when this information was created or updated. Why do you include the date you accessed the web page?

Web sites are updated constantly; this tells when you found the information posted.

Jan. 18, 2005, Feb. 6, 2009, April 11, 2012, Nov. 28, 2019

STEP FIVETaking notes

Two kinds of index cards:

Notes: what the source says

Sources: what and where the source is 3

All Note Cards should start with the source number to identify the source the data came from, the page number where the data were found, and a short title.

Quotation cards are used to record a quote, word for word, from the source. Be sure to include the writer/author of the quote, punctuate as in the source, and use quotation marks.

“These are the times that try men’s souls.”Thomas Paine

Q-card

Quotation cards are used to record a quote, word for word, from the source. Be sure to include the writer/author of the quote, punctuate as in the source, and use quotation marks.

You should use a topic header.

3Contributions of Augustus

"Because of Augustus and the stable form of government he created, Rome was able to survive for centuries more." Kathryn Hindsp. 16

Q-card

Paraphrase cards are used to record information, from the source, in your own words. Write in complete sentences, in your style and with your vocabulary.

3Current difficulties The times we are living in are as bad as possible. You really get tested whether you’re good enough.Thomas Painep. 2

P-card

Paraphrase cards are used to record information, from the source, in your own words. Write in complete sentences, in your style and with your vocabulary.

You can still use a header, if it helps you.

3 Contributions of Augustus

Augustus helped the government of Rome to be stable and so the empire lasted for several centuries. There were other reasons that it lasted. Augustus conquered a lot of land, and more people had enough to live well so they were more content.

P-card

VERY IMPORTANT, HELPFUL HINT

Only put one idea on each note card.

Combination cards are used to summarize information or opinions in the source. They may contain a short quote to support summary and are useful in drawing conclusions or making observations from research.

3Changes under Constantine

There were at least two major changes that occurred during the reign of Constantine: 1. Constantinople became the capital. 2. Christianity became the religion. These changes "marked a break with the past, although the Roman Empire continued to survive for roughly another 150 years."

C-card

ALL NOTE CARDS SHOULD HAVE THESE ITEMS: 1. Page Number to remind you of the specific page

from which you took the note. (Page title for a web site.)

2. Header, next to the page number, to help you later organize your cards.

3. Source Code, located in the upper right hand corner, used to identify the source of the note.

4. The Note is the information you took from the source.

NOW, I IMAGINE SOME OF YOU THINK THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION! How many note cards do we need?

(How many bricks do you need to build a house?)

Answer #1: as many as it takes to write the paper or complete the project.

(How many bricks do you have?How big do you want the house to be?)

Answer #2: 3-7 per source, depending on how much information the source has.

(7,812, give or take a few)Just

kidding

STEP SIXSorting your note cardsDetermining three pointsCreating a thesis sentence

Now that you have collected information on your topic, it is time to organize that information so that it can be the most useful to you.Oh, goody.

PLANNING

Your notes may lead you from many, many ideas….

…to points…

…to an outline…

…then to a thesis statement.

SORTING AND GROUPING

Go through your note cards and divide them into general categories. For example, do it

like this.

A. Write your general topic here: ________ Gladiators ____________________

B. Now, sort your note cards into general categories. List the categories:

1.____________ weapons __________________________________________________________

2.____________ training __________________________________________________________

3.____________types of gladiators _________________________________________________

4.___________ when gladiators were active__________________________________________

5.___________ where gladiators were active_________________________________________

SOME CARDS WILL NOT BE USED! Do you have cards whose information does not fit into

any of these categories? You may add another point if you think the information

might be useful. Set aside unused cards until you’re sure you don’t need

them. Discard unwanted cards.

EVALUATING YOUR INFORMATION Of your points (or categories), for which do you have the most information?

______________ For which point or category do you have the least information?

________________________ Has your research enabled you to answer all of your original questions? If not, what information do you still need? 1.______________________________________________________________________ 2.______________________________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________________________ 4,______________________________________________________________________ Have any new questions come up that you need to research? If so, list those new

questions. 1.______________________________________________________________________ 2.______________________________________________________________________ 3.______________________________________________________________________ 4.______________________________________________________________________

Look back over the work you've done so far. Do you have all of the information that you need to complete this project? If not, return to the library for a little more research. It is much easier to conduct more research now, before moving on to the next step.

OUTLINING YOUR INFORMATION

Use the sorted cards to create an outline. Determine which point will be first and which data will support that point. Then move to the next point and so on.

Example of Thesis and Outline Thesis: There are many kinds of waves in nature I. Seismic Waves A. Characteristics 1. P wave - strongest type of body wave 2. Longitudinal 3. Travel through either liquid or solid matter B. Effects 1. Results in liquid or solid vibrating uncontrollably 2. Vibrations-compression or expansion of rocks II. Sound Waves A. Characteristics 1. Pure tone - the simplest sound wave 2. Characterized by frequency B. Behavior 1. Light waves and sound waves - same actions 2. Reflect and scatter

1. Put your thesis statement at the top.

KEEP THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES IN MIND WHEN WRITING YOUR OUTLINE:

2. Make items at the same level as parallel as possible.

Note that the topics beside the roman numerals are general topics. These correspond to the categories into which you sorted your note cards. Details about those categories are found in the subdivisions.

3. Use the following system of numbers and letters:

I, II, III, etc.A, B, C, etc.1, 2, 3, etc.a, b, c, etc.i, ii, iii, etc.a), b), c), etc.

4. Always use at least two subdivisions for each category. Nothing can be divided into fewer than two parts.

5. Limit the number of major sections in the outline: if any list of numbers or letters is too long, find a way to combine the items or eliminate some.

6. Be flexible: be prepared to change your outline as you write your draft.

STEP SEVENWriting the first draftInserting commentary (CM) as needed

STEP EIGHTDocumenting Work

TWO KINDS OF DOCUMENTATION

*In the text * Works Cited page

TWO KINDS OF DOCUMENTATION

*In the text * Works Cited page

R ESEARCH. F IRST, YOU ARE … Finds sources Takes notes The Receiver, who Then, The Sender Creates...

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