Question # 3

• What is a samurai? What is his job? What does he look like?

Reflection # 3

• How does the code of Bushido guide the samurai? Do you think a similar code would work today with our soldiers?

Question # 6

• What is a shogun? What is a shogunate?

Reflection # 6

• What significant changes did Tokugawa bring about in Japan during his rule?

The Nara Period

700’s new capital-NaraCenter of government and religionAppointed officials by connections, not civil

service exams.Emperor’s power came from control of land.Used a census-based on results all people

who held land had to pay taxes in rice or silk.

The men counted in the census had to serve in the army.

Heian Period: 794-1156Heian Period: 794-1156

• Emperor Kammu built a new capital city called Heian-offical capital for 1000 years.

• Emperor’s power weakened-many were children when they became emperor and had regents to rule for them.

• Regents-refused to give up power.• Most were from the Fujiwara clan.

The Fujiwara

• Under the Fujiwara emperors were honored but had no real power.

• Other powerful nobles gained control of much of the land in the provinces of Japan.

• Land was given as gifts to the nobles for their work.

• In order to make the nobles happy-they no longer had to pay taxes.

• Nobles began to collect taxes from peasants working the land.

Heian Period: 794-Heian Period: 794-11561156

Heian Period: 794-Heian Period: 794-11561156CharacteristicsCharacteristics::

Growth of large landed estates.Growth of large landed estates. Arts & literature of China Arts & literature of China flourished. flourished. Elaborate court life [highly refined] Elaborate court life [highly refined]

ETIQUETTE. ETIQUETTE. Personal diaries Personal diaries

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon by Sei Shonagon [10c][10c]

Great novelGreat novel The Tale of GenjiThe Tale of Genji by by Lady Lady MurasakiMurasaki Shikibu Shikibu [1000 pgs.+] [1000 pgs.+]

Moving away from Chinese models inMoving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government. religion, the arts, and government.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics:: Growth of large landed estates.Growth of large landed estates. Arts & literature of China Arts & literature of China flourished. flourished. Elaborate court life [highly refined] Elaborate court life [highly refined]

ETIQUETTE. ETIQUETTE. Personal diaries Personal diaries

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon by Sei Shonagon [10c][10c]

Great novelGreat novel The Tale of GenjiThe Tale of Genji by by Lady Lady MurasakiMurasaki Shikibu Shikibu [1000 pgs.+] [1000 pgs.+]

Moving away from Chinese models inMoving away from Chinese models in religion, the arts, and government. religion, the arts, and government.

Heian Period:Heian Period:Cultural BorrowingCultural Borrowing

Heian Period:Heian Period:Cultural BorrowingCultural Borrowing

1.1.Chinese writing.Chinese writing.

2.2.Chinese artistic styles.Chinese artistic styles.

3.3.Buddhism [in the form Buddhism [in the form of of ZEN].ZEN].

4.4.BUT, not the Chinese BUT, not the Chinese civil civil service system! service system!

1.1.Chinese writing.Chinese writing.

2.2.Chinese artistic styles.Chinese artistic styles.

3.3.Buddhism [in the form Buddhism [in the form of of ZEN].ZEN].

4.4.BUT, not the Chinese BUT, not the Chinese civil civil service system! service system!

Heian Court DressHeian Court DressHeian Court DressHeian Court Dress

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)by Sei Shonagon (diary)

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)by Sei Shonagon (diary)

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)by Sei Shonagon (diary)

The Pillow BookThe Pillow Bookby Sei Shonagon (diary)by Sei Shonagon (diary)

Tale of GenjiTale of Genji ( (first novel)first novel)Tale of GenjiTale of Genji ( (first novel)first novel)

Tale of GenjiTale of Genji Scroll Scroll(first novel)(first novel)

Tale of GenjiTale of Genji Scroll Scroll(first novel)(first novel)

Lady Murasaki ShikibuLady Murasaki ShikibuLady Murasaki ShikibuLady Murasaki Shikibu

She contributed much to the Japanese script known as kana, while men wrote with Chinese characters, kanji.

She contributed much to the Japanese script known as kana, while men wrote with Chinese characters, kanji.

The Samurai

• To protect land and enforce the law, nobles formed private armies.

• To create armies they gave land to warriors who agreed to fight for them.

• Samurai means “one who serves.”

• Were not suppose to care for wealth.

Full Samurai AttireFull Samurai AttireFull Samurai AttireFull Samurai Attire

Early Mounted Early Mounted Samurai WarriorsSamurai WarriorsEarly Mounted Early Mounted

Samurai WarriorsSamurai Warriors

Samurai SwordSamurai SwordSamurai SwordSamurai Sword

Underpinnings: Basic Steps in Self Defense

Underpinnings: Basic Steps in Self Defense

A COTTON BREECH CLOUTA COTTON BREECH CLOUT that extended up over the chest was the basic undergarment of a samurai’s costume

A SHORT SLEEVED KIMONOA SHORT SLEEVED KIMONO, or “armor robe,” was tied snugly at the waist with a special knot (lower right)

BILLOWING BILLOWING PANTALOONSPANTALOONS,,worn over the armor robe, fitted loosely in the legs to allow freedom of movement

STURDY STURDY SHINGUARDSSHINGUARDS of cloth or leather were reinforced with strips of iron to give protection from the front

AN EXQUISITE AN EXQUISITE BROCADEBROCADE, richly worked with a design of peonies, was one of the extravagant materials used in an armor robe that may have been made for a 14th Century imperial prince

Samurai ChargingSamurai ChargingSamurai ChargingSamurai Charging

Code of Code of BushidoBushidoCode of Code of BushidoBushido

* Fidelity

* Politeness

* Virility

* Simplicity

* Fidelity

* Politeness

* Virility

* Simplicity

Modern-Day “Samurai Modern-Day “Samurai Warriors”Warriors”

Modern-Day “Samurai Modern-Day “Samurai Warriors”Warriors”

Seppuku: Seppuku: Ritual SuicideRitual Suicide

Seppuku: Seppuku: Ritual SuicideRitual Suicide

Kaishaku – his “seconds”

Kaishaku – his “seconds”

It is honorable to die in this way.

It is honorable to die in this way.

What is a Shogun?

• By the early 1100’s the most powerful Japanese families had begun fighting each other using their samurai armies.

• They fought over land and to gain control over the emperor and his government.

• 1180-Gempei War• Civil war between Taira and Minamoto

family.

Minamoto Yoritomo

• 1185-Minamoto forces won.• Leader-Minamoto Yoritomo• The emperor was afraid the Minamoto

family would replace the Yamato family as the rulers of Japan-better to reward him to keep him loyal.

• 1192-gave Yoritomo the title of shogun-commander of all of the emperor’s military forces.

The Shogun

• Created two governments in Japan.• The emperor stayed in his palace at

Heian with his bureaucracy-still officially the head of the country but had no power.

• Shogun set up his own government in Kamakura-known as a shogunate.

• Shoguns rule Japan for the next 700 years.

Minamoto YoritomoMinamoto YoritomoMinamoto YoritomoMinamoto Yoritomo

Founded the Kamakura Shogunate: 1185-1333Founded the Kamakura Shogunate: 1185-1333

The Mongols Attack

• 1274 and 1281 Kublai Khan sent ships and warriors to invade Japan.

• Both times the Mongols were defeated because of violent Pacific storms smashed many of their ships.

Mongol“Invasio

ns”of Japan

Mongol“Invasio

ns”of Japan

4,400 ships and 140,000 men, but kamikaze winds stopped them.

4,400 ships and 140,000 men, but kamikaze winds stopped them.

Ashikaga Age: 1338-1573

Ashikaga Age: 1338-1573

► Shoguns fought for power.

Laws are unclear.

Less efficient than the Kamakura.

Armies of samurai protected the country.

Ashikaga Age: 1338-1573

• Many samurai had become resentful- samurai had gotten less and less land has it was passed down to their sons.

• Many samurai had gotten poor. And no longer felt they owed loyalty to the shogun.

• 1331- emperor rebelled and may samurai came to his aid-was a success but could not gain control because he would not give up land.

• General Ashinkaga turned against the emperor and make himself shogun.

The Daimyo

• The Ashikaga shoguns were weak rulers and revolts broke out.

• The country was divided into a number of small territories which were headed by powerful military lords known as daimyos.

• The daimyo pledged to the emperor and the shogun.

• Ruled their land as individual kingdoms.• To protect these kingdoms-created their own

local armies made up of samurai warriors.

Feudalism

• Many samurai became vassals of a daimyo.• A vassal-a noble who held land from and

served a higher-ranking lord and in return was given protection.

• The samurai gave an oath of loyalty to his daimyo and promised to serve him in times of war.

• This bond of loyalty between a lord and a vassal is known as feudalism.

• Feudalism-a political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords and vassals.

FeudaFeudal l

SocietSocietyy

FeudaFeudal l

SocietSocietyy

The emperor The emperor reigned, but reigned, but

did not always did not always rule!rule!

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Japan:Japan:

A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Japan:Japan: Shogun

Daimyo Daimyo

Samurai Samurai Samurai

Peasant PeasantPeasantPeasant

Land - Shoen

Land - Shoen

Protection

Loyalty

Loyalty

Food

Onin War 1467-1477

• The breakdown of central government, Japan’s warriors fought each other.

• The city of Kyoto (Heian) was almost completely destroyed.

• For 100 years after the Onin War a series of weak shoguns tried to reunite Japan.

• Powerful daimyo resisted control and fighting spread throughout the country.

• The violence broke down the Ashikaga shogunate in 1567.

The Age of the Warring States:

(1467 - 1568)

The Age of the Warring States:

(1467 - 1568) Castles built on hills in different provinces.

Power shifts from above to below.

Europeans arrive in Japan bringing firearms & Christianity.

Christianity & foreign trade flourish.

Catholic Jesuits in Catholic Jesuits in JapanJapan

Catholic Jesuits in Catholic Jesuits in JapanJapan

St. Francis Xavier[First Catholic Missionaries in [First Catholic Missionaries in

Asia]Asia]

St. Francis Xavier[First Catholic Missionaries in [First Catholic Missionaries in

Asia]Asia]

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)

Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun.

Unifies a large part of Japan.

Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun.

Unifies a large part of Japan.

Toyotomi Hideyoshi(1536-1598)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi(1536-1598)

Becomes suspicious of European territorial ambitions.

Orders all European missionaries expelled from Japan. Tries to invade Korea, but fails.

First Christian Martyrs First Christian Martyrs (1597): Shrine in (1597): Shrine in

NagasakiNagasakiTodayToday

First Christian Martyrs First Christian Martyrs (1597): Shrine in (1597): Shrine in

NagasakiNagasakiTodayToday

Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-(1543-1616)1616)

Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-(1543-1616)1616) Appointed shogun Appointed shogun

by by the Emperor. the Emperor.

Four-class system Four-class system laid down with laid down with marriage marriage restrictedrestricted to members of the to members of the same class! same class!

Warriors.Warriors.

Farmers.Farmers.

Artisans.Artisans.

Merchants.Merchants.

Tokugawa Shogunate Period

Tokugawa Shogunate Period Japan closed off to all trade

[except to the Dutch and Chinese]. The Dutch were restricted to a small island in Nagasaki harbor.

Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is forbidden. The government is centralized with all power in the hands of the shogun. Domestic trade flourishes. Towns, esp. castle towns, increase. Merchant class becomes rich! New art forms haiku poetry, kabuki theater.

R

O

E

N

S

R

O

E

N

S

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Europe:

A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, the holding of land, and military service.

Europe:

King

Lord Lord

Knight Knight Knight

Peasant PeasantPeasantPeasant

Land - Fief

Land - Fief

Protection

Loyalty

Loyalty

Food

Code of Code of ChivalryChivalryCode of Code of ChivalryChivalry

* Justice

* Loyalty

* Defense

* Courage

* Faith

* Humility

* Nobility

* Justice

* Loyalty

* Defense

* Courage

* Faith

* Humility

* Nobility

European knightEuropean knight Samurai WarriorSamurai Warrior

vs.vs.

Medieval WarriorsMedieval Warriors

Knight’s ArmorKnight’s Armor Samurai ArmorSamurai Armor

vs.vs.

Medieval WarriorsMedieval Warriors

C

A

S

T

L

E

S

C

A

S

T

L

E

S

Osaka CastleOsaka Castle

Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle

Main Gate of Hiroshima Castle

Caernorfon Castle, Wales

Caernorfon Castle, Wales

Warwick Castle, EnglandWarwick Castle, England