Quantum technologiesBusiness opportunity or global threat?

Richard MurrayLead Technologist Emerging Technologies and industries

The first quantum revolution

The second quantum revolution

Entanglement

Sensors Secure Communications

Imaging Computing

Superposition

Entanglement

Superposition

Entanglement

QUANTUM COMPUTING

Size of problem

Tim

e to

cal

cula

te a

solu

tion

How far away are we?

1 qubit 10 qubits 300 qubits 1,000 qubits

14

Sensors built from single qubits

100 qubit 1000 qubits 30,000 qubits 100,000 qubits

Quantum computers can run useful algorithms

Proof of principle tests of quantum speedup etc

1

To date, the largest number that has been factorised is 21.

The odds of achiving a quantum computer capable of factoring numbers by 2026 is 1/7 by 2031 1/2

Company investments

• 2006 Microsoft start station Q research group

• May 2011 - Lockheed Martin sign multi-year contract with D-wave

• 2012 Microsoft sign €135 million research deal with university of Delft

• Sept 2014- Google- undisclosed amount- bought out John Martinis’ group at university of Southern California

• Sept 2015 – Intel will invest $50m over 10 years in quantum computing

QUANTUM COMMUNICATIONS

Algorithm Key Length Classical Bit Strength

Quantum bit strength

RSA 1024 1024 bits 80 bits 0 bitRSA 2048 2048 bits 122 bits 0 bitECC 256 256 bits 128 bits 0 bitECC 521 521 bits 256 bits 0 bitAES 128 128 bits 128 bits 64 bitsAES 256 256 bits 256 bits 128 bitsSHA 256 256 bits 256 bits 128 bits

Post-quantum cryptography

Quantum Key Distribution

Government responses

“There is an emerging consensus that the best practical approach to quantum security is to evolve current security applications and packet-based communication protocols towards adopting post-quantum public key cryptography.”CESG - 18th February 2016

“we recommend not making a significant expenditure to do so at this point but instead to prepare for the upcoming quantum resistant algorithm transition”NSA- 21st August 2015

Quantum random numbers

QUANTUM SENSING

www.jammer4u.co.uk

In the UK: £270+ programme million with £50 million of grant funding for companies

Thank you

Richard.Murray@InnovateUK.gov.uk