Quality Assured Measurements of Animal Building Emissions: Part 1. Gas

Concentrations

Albert Heber; Ji-Qin Ni; Teng Lim; Pei-Chun TaoPurdue University, West Lafayette, IN

Amy M. MillmierUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, MO

Larry Jacobson, Richard NicolaiUniversity of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN

Jacek KozielTexas A&M University, Amarillo, TX

Steven HoffIowa State University, Ames, IA 

Yuanhui ZhangUniversity of Illinois, Urbana, IL

David BeasleyNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 

Dr. Ji-Qin Ni

Dr. Teng Lim

Feed

H2S, NH3

Eggs

Waste

“Livestock take a relatively benign N (and S) in the feed

and convert it to a susceptible, volatile, and

mobile form of N (and S)” H. Tyrell 4/29/02

Emission Sources

Land Application

HousingStorage/Treatment

Source: Arogo et al. 2001

Emission Point = Exhaust Fan

Inside Exhaust Fans

1996-97 Air Quality Study

3,500 data subsets were collected between March and September

Instrument Shelter

SamplingManifolds

PC

Gas analyzers

Full-time field engineer

Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

Photoacoustic infrared

1.0 Lpm internal pump

0 - 5,000 ppm

Model 3600, MSA, Inc.

$2,000

Pegged!Concentration,ppm

SummerWinter

Zero and span calibration gases

H2S Concentrations(pulsed fluorescence technique)

Site 3

1 to 1,527 ppb

H2S odor threshold concentration = 1 ppb

NH3 Concentrations(chemiluminescence method)

NH3 odor threshold concentration ~ 5 ppm

Sampling Location Group (SLG)

Wall fans

Pit fan

Instrument trailer

AnalyzersSamplingmanifold

Mixing

manifold

Teflon manifolds

Problems Condensation in gas lines.

Keep gas temperature 3 C above that of sampled air. Air conditioning in trailer caused condensation.

Sensor failure and drift. Lack of sensor maintenance, e.g. psychrometer ran dry. Lightning strikes (need UPS systems) PC hard drive failed. Dust and moisture buildups in gas sampling lines. Pigs damaged several sensors and lines. Harsh environment for sensors.

Recommendations from 1997 Study Develop Quality Assurance Project Plan (needed or not) Test, evaluate and fine-tune DAQ before taking to field Test field installation and data analysis before collecting

data Assure good field site management Establish good communication with collaborator Keep gas temperature 3 C above that of sampled air. Protect integrity of data collection/storage Use proper statistical techniques

Proper sampling frequency/locations Sufficient accuracy Estimate and propagate all errors Use proper averaging methods

Manure Additive Study, 1999

Gas Sampling System (GSS)

First QAQC-based contract

Web-based Labview data monitoring

Biweekly calibrations

39 reactors

Calibrationnotebooks

BackupAnalyzers

Hood failure:1000’s emails!

PC DAQ

Documentation of procedures Accurate records Reference gases for CEM. Reactor ventilation monitoring Email of alarms to reseachers. Monitoring of all exhaust hoods in lab Blank checks. Pilot Study

Real Time Gas Monitoring

Reactor Number

Hydrogen sulfide

Ammonia

Carbon dioxide

Reactor airflow

Emission Measurement Methods Study – 2001-2002

“Air Sampling & Measurement Methodology for Confined Animal Housing Systems”

“Improving Measurement of Emissions from Poultry Houses”

“Odor Emissions Factors for Caged-Layers” “Real-time Dust Concentration Monitor”

CL Method: Spatial 9 exhaust locations 1 inlet location 2 cage location 10 min sampling period

CL Method: Temporal 1 exhaust location Continuous monitoring

Photoacoustric IR Electrochemical sensors

Six months of gas sampling Analyzer comparisons Bypass pumping tests Sampling period 5-10 min Labview DAQ &

Computer Boards First test of TEOM Ammonia 15 to 150 ppm QAQC-based contract Wireless ISP Web publishing of data Lightning arrestor for IS Microwave oven Small vane anemometers

Monitoring Plan at Laying House

Ammonia emission = k x 186 m3/s x (25.3 – 1.6) = 11,267 g/d

APECAB StudyAerial: Air quality new EPA initiative for ag.Pollutant: Volatile forms of N, S, odor.Emissions: Outward mass flows from barns.

from

Confined: Efficient method of raising animals.Animals: Swine is the focus in this studyBuildings: Mechanically-ventilated rooms only.

Measurement Sites: APECAB study

SwinePoultry

All sites described in paper

E67 E47

N

Attic

Pit

Cages

W20

W1

Mixing manifold

Floor plan (186 m x 30 m)

Hall

Exhaust air locations

Fan number

Instrument shelter

1 2

5

6

4 3

Animal exposure group

Air inlet group

Side view

Cages

Mettower

Cross-sectional view

Exhaust air locations

Thermocouple Air

samplingAnemometer (SVA)RH/Temp probeStatic pressure port

To instrumentshelter

Instrument shelter

Pit

Barn A(not shown)

Barn B

Barn 14

Lab

Feedbins

Barn 13

Service road

N

Barn 15 Barn 16

Hall

Barns 1-12

Hall

Control of Aerial Pollutant Emissions from Swine Housing (CAPESH)

Test soybean oil sprinkling Test the “Biocurtain”

Lagoon

Tunnel-ventilated finishing houses

with flushing

CAPESHstudy

APECABstudy

Mobile Instrument Shelters

3

1

S

Attic

Shallow pit with recycle flush

Pens

Side View

5

Exhaust air sampling

Fan #

Trailer

Instrument trailer

TEOM sampler for PM10Air sampling

Static pressure port

Background air sampling

Met tower

4

2

Barn 7

1-5

Relative humidity/temperature probe

Temperature sensor

Diffusers

Summer air inlets

Odor sampling location

Floor plan (61 m x 13.2 m)

Anemometer (SVA)

End view

End view

Barn 7 Barn 8

S12

P1

P2

M3P3

F

Analyzers

Cal gases

S1

M: manifold

P: pumpS: solenoid

Sampling probes,

10-115 mlong

C6H14/CH4

CO2

Zero air

NH3

H2S

NO6-port diluter

(5 L/min)

p

M2

M1

Flow restrictors

Bypass pumping circuit

Mass flow meter

NH3

H2S

CO2

CH4/VOC

7.9 mm OD, 4.8 mm ID vinyl

22.2 mm OD 15.9 mm ID

vinyl

9.5 mm OD,6.4 mm ID Teflon

9.5 mm OD, 6.4 mm ID Teflon

3.2 mm OD, 1.6 mm ID Teflon

6.4 mm OD3.2 mm ID vinyl

Exhaust

F

f

SO2

6-solenoid manifold

Pressuresensor

M4Exhaust

ABCD

Bubbler

F: filter

F

Note: S1-S6: NO, S7-S12: NC

Calibration gas circuit

Bag fillport

JarP4

Rotameter

Leak test circuit

1

1

Pressure gage

Air valve

S13

S14

Bypass manifold M1

Analyzer sampling manifold M3

M4

Bag fill port

3-way solenoid

Sampling manifold M2

Bypass pump P1

Sampling pump P2

3-way solenoid

Sampled airfrom sampling

location group (SLG)

¼” i.d.3/8” o.d.Teflon

Mass flow meter0-10 L/min

Flow restrictor

Sample airflow & manifold pressure

1: Ambient, 2: Barn A, 3: Barn B

Figure 1. Sample airf low and manifold pressure before and after maintenance.

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0

Time of Day, h (Oct. 28, 2002)

Pre

ss

ure

, 10

00

x P

a

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Sa

mp

le A

irfl

ow

, L/m

inMaintenanceand calibration

activity

1

2

3

Samplingprobe

Pressure1

2

3

Plugged probe

Evidence of leak

Leak fixed

Flow

Probe unplugged

On-Line Data Inspection

Flushing peak

AmbientBarn A

Barn B

The Measurement SystemSample system

Sample acquisitionSample transportSample conditioningProtection of analyzers from sampled

gas

Gas analyzer: senses and generates output

Data recorder

NH3 analyzer

APMTRC

Pump

SolenoidCatalytic converter

ScrubberCapillary

Filter

DetectorInternal gas sampling system

0.6 L/min

Calibration at A accounts for converter inefficiency and losses in scrubber, solenoid, capillary, filter and tubing along with detector sensitivity.

p

f

Manifold

Pump

NH3 analyzer

B

CA

PMTRC

Pump

SolenoidCatalytic converter

ScrubberCapillary

Filter

DetectorInternal gas sampling system

External gas sampling system

Pressure sensor

Manifold

Solenoid Massflow

meter

RestrictorD

10-123 mTeflon tube

0.6 L/min

4.0 L/min

Filter

Calibration at A accounts for converter inefficiency and losses in scrubber, solenoid, capillary, filter and tubing along with detector sensitivity.

Calibration at B or C accounts for additional error introduced by the external gas sampling system.

Calibration at D accounts for additional error introduced by the long sampling probes and is the most desirable location to introduce calibration gas but is sometimes too impractical.

Gas Analyzer Calibration

Remote Calibration of Gas Analyzers at Point D in Barn A

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

21:00 21:10 21:20 21:30 21:40 21:50

Time of Day

NH

3, C

on

cen

trat

ion

, p

pm

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

H2S

, p

pb

; C

O2,

pp

m

Zero air

NH3

2500 ppb CO2

H2S

4000 ppm 40 ppm

Raw CO2 Concentrations CAPESH Site, 11/8/02

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0

Time of day, h

CO

2 co

ncen

tratio

n

CO2 Concentrations by LocationCAPESH Site, 11/8/02

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0

Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)

CO

2 Con

cent

ratio

n, p

pm

60

20

Barn A

Barn B

Amb

November 8, 2002CAPESH Site

H2S Concentrations by LocationCAPESH Site, 11/8/02

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0

Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)

H2 S

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n, p

pb

Barn A Barn BFlushingevents

NH3 Concentrations by LocationCAPESH Site, 11/8/02

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)

NH

3 C

on

cen

tra

tion

, pp

m

November 8, 2002CAPESH Site

Barn A

Barn B

Samplingcycle

Ambient

Ambient NH3 Concentrations CAPESH Site, 11/8/02

0

1

2

3

4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)

NH

3 C

on

cen

tra

tion

, p

pm

Ambient NH3

Sampling location: 1: ambient, 2: barn A, 3: barn B

Methane Concentrations

0

25

50

75

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0

Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)

CH

4 C

on

cen

tra

tion

, pp

m

Barn A

Ambient

Flushingevents

Barn B

VOC Concentrations by LocationCAPESH Site, 11/8/02

0

25

50

75

100

125

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0

Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)

VO

C C

on

cen

tra

tion

, pp

b

Barn A Barn B

Unexplained peakAutomaticcalibration(2.03 ppm)

Recent Advances to Emission Measurements at Livestock Buildings

New gas sampling system with mass flow sensor and manifold pressure sensor

Complete QAPP documentsRemote multipoint calibrationsIntroduction of cal gas into probeNon-methane VOC measurementsCommon protocol among

universities

Albert J. HeberProfessor

Agricultural and Biological Engineering

Purdue University

Building EnvironmentResearch & Education

AgAirQuality.com

Check out www.AgAirQuality.com

Thank you!