Post on 17-Dec-2015
Quality aspects of urban and natural surface runoff
GEX-22967 Interventions Bassin Versant
Dr. Dirk Muschalla
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Dirk Muschalla
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Literature
• Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses : A Guide To Conservation, Agriculture Handbook Number 537, USDA– http://topsoil.nserl.purdue.edu/usle/AH_537.pdf
• W. James, W.C. Huber, R.E. Dickinson, and W.R.C. James «Water systems models HYDROLOGY», CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (fourth printing 1999)– Chapters 4.8.1 - 4.8.4
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Quality aspects of urban surface runoff
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Urban hydrology cycle
2 3
1
7
5
4
8
1
4
8
8
6
7
2 3
1. Evapotranspiration
/precipitation
2. Runoff generation
3. Runoff concentration
4. Flow translation and
retention
5. Flow diversion and
storage
6. Overflow
7. Calculation of dry
weather flow and
pollution loads
8. Specific processes
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Urban runoff quality
Three methods:
1. Average loads or concentrations• Constant concentration of surface runoff• Direct or via annual load
2. Rating curve• Concentration proportional surface runoff
3. Buildup und wash-off• Dry periods: Buildup of “dust and dirt” (DD)• Period of runoff: complete or partly wash-off of DD
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Average loads / concentrations
Example ATV A128 (German guidleline document)– Annual 600 kg/ha COD– Annual precipitation 800 mm– Average runoff coefficent 0,7
lmgmm
hakgcR /
,
/107100
80070
600
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Rating curve
WFLOW = subcatchment runoff (e.g. m3/s)
POFF = constituent load washed of at time t (e.g. mg/s)
RCOEF= coefficent that includes corrrect units conversion
WASHPO = exponent
WASHPOWFLOWRCOEFPOFF
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Buildup
(Sartor and Boyd, 1972, Quelle:CHI 2006)
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Buildup
(Pitt, 1979, Quelle:CHI 2006)
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Buildup – measured Dust and Dirt
Type Land Use Pounds DD/dry day per 100 ft-curb
1 Single Family Residential 0.7
2 Multi Family Residential 2.3
3 Commercial 3.3
4 Industrial 4.6
5 Undeveloped Park 1.5
Accumulation in Chicago by APWA in 1969
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Buildup – measured Dust and Dirt
Parameter Single Family Residential
Multi Family Residential
Commercial Industrial
BOD5 5.0 3.6 7.7 3.0
COD 40.0 40.0 39.0 40.0
Total Coliforms
1.3 106 2.7 106 1.7 106 1.0106
Total N 0.48 0.61 0.41 0.43
Total PO4 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.03
Accumulation in Chicago by APWA in 1969Milligram of pollutant per gram of DDUnits for coliforms are MPN/gram
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Buildup Equations
DDLIMDD
tDDFACTDD DDPOW
Three different equations
1.Power-linear
2.Exponential
3.Michaelis-Menton
DD=Dust and Dirt (e.g. lb)
)1( tDDPOWeDDFACTDD
tDDFACT
tDDLIMDD
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Buildup
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Buildup
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Washoff
Rate of washoff (e.g.mg/sec) is proportional to remaining quantity
PSHETKdt
dPSHED
PSHED = quantity remaining on surfaceK = coefficient
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Washoff
tkePSHETtPSHED 0)(
)1()( 0tkePSHETtPOFF
PSHED(t) = quantity remaining on surface at time t
PSHED0 = initial amount of quantityPOFF = cumulativ amount washed of at
time t
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Washoff modification
rRCOEFK
PSHETrRCOEFdt
dPSHED WASHPO
» if increase of in runoff rate is sufficient, concentration can increase during the middle of
a strom even if PSHED is dimished «
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
CSO– discharge receiving river
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00
Ab
flu
ss [
m³/
s]
Einleitung + 1000m + 2000m + 3000m
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
CSO – resulting BOD5 concentration
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00
BS
B5 [
mg
/l]
Einleitung + 1000m + 2000m + 3000m
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Quantity (PSHED) on surface over time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
185 192 199 206 213 220 227 234 241 248 255 262 269 276
Tage
P(t
) [k
g B
SB
5/ha
]
Pmax=3, K1=0.12 Pmax=6, K1=0.12 Pmax=9, K1=0.12 Pmax=6, K1=0.06 Pmax=6, K1=0.18
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 85 92
Tage
P(t
) [k
g B
SB
5/ha
]
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Quantity (PSHED) on surface over time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
185 192 199 206 213 220 227 234 241 248 255 262 269 276
Tage
P(t
) [k
g B
SB
5/ha
]
Pmax=3, K1=0.12 Pmax=6, K1=0.12 Pmax=9, K1=0.12 Pmax=6, K1=0.06 Pmax=6, K1=0.18
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
93 100 107 114 121 128 135 142 149 156 163 170 177 184
Tage
P(t
) [k
g B
SB
5/ha
]
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Quantity (PSHED) on surface over time
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
185 192 199 206 213 220 227 234 241 248 255 262 269 276
Tage
P(t
) [k
g B
SB
5/ha
]
Pmax=3, K1=0.12 Pmax=6, K1=0.12 Pmax=9, K1=0.12 Pmax=6, K1=0.06 Pmax=6, K1=0.18
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Rainfall event
0
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
16:30 16:55 17:20
Nie
der
sch
lag
[m
m]
hN hNeff
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Hydro- and Pollutograph
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
16:30 16:55 17:20
Ab
flu
ss [
m³/
s]
0
0,015
0,03
0,045
0,06
0,075
0,09
0,105
0,12
BS
B5
[kg
/(h
a*m
in)]
Abfuss SchmutzfrachtK2=2.0, w=0.6
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
POFF over time
0
0,3
0,6
0,9
1,2
1,5
1,8
2,1
16:30 16:55 17:20 17:45
Po
ten
tial
BS
B5 [
kg/h
a]
SchmutzfrachtK2=2.0, w=0.6
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
M (V) diagram
1.0 2.0 3.0
0.2
0.6
1.0
Relative Frachtsummenkurven für BSB5
S BSB5 1.680 [kg/ha], max. BSB5 0.087 [kg/(ha*min)] S BSB5 1.917 [kg/ha], max. BSB5 0.107 [kg/(ha*min)] S BSB5 1.952 [kg/ha], max. BSB5 0.116 [kg/(ha*min)]
S BSB5 0.996 [kg/ha], max. BSB5 0.055 [kg/(ha*min)] S BSB5 1.379 [kg/ha], max. BSB5 0.077 [kg/(ha*min)] S BSB5 1.580 [kg/ha], max. BSB5 0.089 [kg/(ha*min)]
Abtragskoeffizient K2
Fo
rmfa
kto
r w
S BSB5 1.320 [kg/ha], max. BSB5 0.071 [kg/(ha*min)] S BSB5 1.663 [kg/ha], max. BSB5 0.090 [kg/(ha*min)] S BSB5 1.825 [kg/ha], max. BSB5 0.100 [kg/(ha*min)]
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Abfluss
BS
B5
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Abfluss
BS
B5
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00%
Abfluss
BS
B5
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Abfluss
BS
B5
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Abfluss
BS
B5
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Abfluss
BS
B5
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Abfluss
BS
B5
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Abfluss
BS
B5
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Abfluss
BS
B5
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Quality aspects of natural surface runoff
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Upland processes
Upland Processes
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Hydrology
Erosion
Plant Growth
Nutrient Cycling
Pesticide Dynamics
Agricultural Management
Upland Processes
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Root Zone
Shallow (unconfined)
Aquifer
Vadose (unsaturated)
Zone
Confining Layer
Deep (confined) Aquifer
Precipitation
Evaporation and Transpiration
Infiltration/plant uptake/ Soil moisture redistribution
Surface Runoff
Lateral Flow
Return Flow
Revap from shallow aquifer
Percolation to shallow aquifer
Recharge to deep aquifer
Flow out of watershed
Hydrologic Balance
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
2 10840
0
9
6
3
12
Month
LAI
126
Plant Growth
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
NO3- NH4
+
Soil Organic Matter
NO2-
manures, wastes and
sludge
ammonium fixationclay
mineralization
immobilization
nitrification
immobilization
Symbiotic fixation
NO3
-
anaerobicconditions
N2
N2O
NH3Atmospheric N fixation
leaching
fertilizer fertilizer
Harvest
denitrification
ammonia volatilizati
on
runoff
Nitrogen Cycle
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Soil Organic Matter
H2PO4-
HPO4-2
manures, wastes and
sludge
mineralization
immobilization
fertilizer
Harvest
manures, wastes, and
sludge
Adsorbed and fixed Inorganic
Fe, Al, Ca, and clay
runoff
Phosphorous Cycle
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Foliar Application
Degradation
Washoff
Infiltration
Leaching
Runoff
Surface Application
Degradation
Pesticide dynamics
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Erosion
Effects on environmental quality and productivity
• Loss of organic matter, clay and nutrients reduces productivity
• Damage to plants
• Formation of rills and gullies affects management
• Sedimentation in waterways, diversions, terraces and ditches
• Delivery of nutrients to surface water
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Types of soil erosion
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Soil water erosion process
Soil
Sediment LoadSediment Transport
Detachment
Deposition
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Deposition
Transport capacity=
sediment load
Sediment production less than transport
capacity
Deposition because sediment production exceeds transport capacity
Hill slopeTransport capacity
Sediment load
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Erosion plot
©Ali Fares
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Erosion plot
©Ali Fares
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla©Ali Fares
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
©Ali Fares
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
USLEUniversal Soil Loss
EquationWischmeier, W.H. and D.D. Smith. 1978.
Predicting rainfall erosion losses. USDA Agriculture Handbook 537, U.S. Department of
Agriculture.
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
USLEUniversal Soil Loss Equation
• A = average annual soil loss (tons/acre year)• R = rainfall and runoff erosivity index• K = soil erodibility factor• L = slope length factor• S = slope steepness factor• C= crop/management factor• P = conservation or support practice factor
PCLSKR A
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
USLEUniversal Soil Loss Equation
• Empirical model: – Analysis of observations– Seeks to characterize response from these data.
• Based on:– Rainfall pattern, soil type, topography, crop system and
management practices.
• Predicts:– Long term average annual rate of erosion
• Subroutine in models such as:– SWRRB (Williams, 1975), EPIC (Williams et al., 1980), ANSWERS
(Beasly et al., 1980), AGNPS (Young et al., 1989)
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
R (rainfall and runoff erosivity index)
• Erosion index (EI) for a given storm:– Product of the kinetic energy of the falling
raindrops and its maximum 30 minute intensity.
• R factor = S EI over a year / 100
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Average annual values of the rainfall erosion index (R).
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
K (soil erodibility)
• Susceptibility of a given soil to erosion by rainfall and runoff.
• Depend on: – Texture, structure, organic matter content, and
permeability.
A =R x K x LS x C x P
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Soil-erodibility nomograph
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
LS (slope length-gradient)
Ratio of soil loss under given conditions to that at a site with the "standard" slope and slope length.
A =R x K x LS x C x P
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Standard USLE plot
– 22.1m (72.6 ft) long– 9% slope– 4m (13.12 ft) wide.
©Ali Fares
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Topographic LS factor
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
C (crop/management)
Ratio of soil loss from land use under specified conditions to that from continuously fallow and tilled land.
A =R x K x LS x C x P
Crop FactorGrain Corn 0.40
Silage Corn, Beans & Canola 0.50Cereals (Spring & Winter) 0.35
Seasonal Horticultural Crops 0.50Fruit Trees 0.10
Hay and Pasture 0.02
Tillage FactorFall Plow 1.00
Spring Plow 0.90Mulch Tillage 0.60Ridge Tillage 0.35Zone Tillage 0.25
No-Till 0.25
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
P (conservation practices)
• Ratio of soil loss by a support practice to that of straight-row farming up and down the slope.
A =R x K x LS x C x P
Support Practice P Factor
Up & Down Slope 1.00
Cross Slope 0.75
Contour farming 0.50
Strip cropping, cross slope 0.37
Strip cropping, contour 0.25
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
MUSLE
Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation
V = surface
qp = is the peak flow rate
K = erodibility factor
C = crop management factor
P = the erosion control practice factor
LS = slope length and steepness factor.
PCLSK )q (V 11.8 = Y 0.56p
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
MUSLE
Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation
The MUSLE was developed by replacing the rainfall-energy factor in the USLE with a runoff energy factor
K, LS, C and P are the standard USLE factors
MUSLE is e.g. used in SWAT
PCLSK )q (V 11.8 = Y 0.56p
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
CONTOUR STRIP CROPPING
Crawford CO
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Terracing & Contour Farming
Dr.-Ing. Dirk Muschalla
Contour cropping Strip cropping
Buffer strips Vegitated creeks