QC Analytical Water

Treatment/Distribution

ConferenceMay 23, 2016

QC Analytical Training Facility LeClaire, IA

Water System Master Planningby

Brian Roth, P.E.

Principal Civil Engineer

Stanley Consultants, Inc.

Muscatine, IA

Alice: Which road should I take?

Cheshire Cat: That depends on

where you are going.

Alice: I don’t know where I’m

going.

Cheshire Cat: Then it doesn’t

matter which road you take!

As Water Utility, do you feel like Alice?

Adapted from Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass, 1872.

Water System Master Planning

Provides a framework

for decision making to

direct future short- and

long-range

development of the

water system.

• Includes history, trends, projections and goals;

• Blueprint for the future (guides growth);

• Puts your utility decisions on Target!

Water System Master Planning

What does this mean for you as a Water Utility?

Master Planning Goals

• IMPROVE utilities’ capacity to predict flow and pressure

• DETERMINE system improvements needed to meet

current and projected water demands and meet

regulatory requirements.

• PRIORITIZE capital improvement projects that will

sustain reliable water supply, treatment and distribution

into the future.

• DELIVER high quality water to all customers

Water System Master Planning

Audience Pole Questions

• What type of water system do you have?

– Municipal

– Industrial

– Institutional (college/university)

– Military

Water System Master Planning

Audience Pole Questions

• What population size do you serve?

– Less than 1,000

– Between 1,000 to 5,000

– Between 5,000 to 10,000

– More than 10,000

Water System Master Planning

Audience Pole Questions

• How many pressure zones do you serve?

– One

– Two

– More than Two

Water System Master Planning

Audience Pole Questions

• Who has a master plan within last 10 years?

– Yes

– No

Water System Master Planning

Audience Pole Questions

• Who has water system issues that worry you?

– Yes

– No

Water System Master Planning

Who needs to Master Plan?

Every water system responsible for

delivery of adequate & safe water to

customers

• Addresses Demand/Supply Issues

• Addresses Treatment/Quality Issues

• Addresses Regulatory Compliance

• Addresses Aging Infrastructure

Water System Master Planning

Why Plan At All?

Required by Regulating Agencies

• Iowa DNR Construction Permit

– Preliminary Engineering Report (PER) i.e., Master Plan for

major improvements or technical information justifying

improvement for smaller projects

• Iowa State Revolving Fund (SRF) Requires PER

Water System Master PlanningWhy Plan At All?

Financial Planning• Rate setting (allows income to meet current and

expected future system expenditures)

• Permits orderly growth

• Needed as responsible action by Water Utility to rate

payers, utility boards and city councils

Training, Transitions• Communicates institutional knowledge

– When it is needed

– What type of training required

Water System Master Planning

Why Plan At All?

Operation and Maintenance• Places emphasis on Preventive Maintenance instead of

Reactive Maintenance/Repairs

Water System Master Planning

Why Plan At All?

“It’s the Right Thing to Do!”

Water System Master Planning

• Vision Phase

• Information Gathering Phase

• Analysis and Decision-Making Phase

• Facility Master Plan and Capital Improvement Plan

Phase

Water System Master Planning

Vision Phase

• Define Goals (where do we want to be in 20 years?)

– Extent of service area

– Level of technology

• SCADA

• Meter Reading

• GIS

– Resource Allocation

• Funds

• Personnel

• Equipment

Water System Master Planning

Vision Phase (cont.)

• Anticipate ways to meet expected regulation

• System Operations

– Maintain Status Quo

– Change in Direction

• New WTP?

• Sell/Buy water to/from another utility

• Water supply source

Water System Master Planning

Information Gathering Phase

• Collect Data

– Previous reports, records, logs

– Pumping records

– Demand from meter/billing records

– Fire demand (from Insurance Services Office and/or fire

department)

– Population data (trends, land us, projections)

– Water quality information including source and treated water

– Maintenance records/programs

Water System Master Planning

Information Gathering Phase (cont.)

• Collect Data

– Facility condition reports including:

• Water mains, fire hydrants, valves, storage, wells, pumps, treatment,

surface water intake

– Maps (pipe network, topographic)

– Pump curves

– Storage tank data (capacity, operating levels)

– IDNR, 10 State Standards, local rules, regulations and criteria

– Water treatment unit capacity, operating conditions, etc.

– Water supply capacity, sustainability, operating conditions, etc.

Water System Master Planning

Analysis and Decision-Making Phase

• Water Use Projections

– Compile water billed from previous 5-10 years

– Compile water pumped from previous 5-10 years

– Determine

• Average day water use

• Maximum day water use

• Peak hour water use

– Project water use based on anticipated population growth

– Evaluate fire demands (location and amount)

– Identify top 10 or 15 water users

– Calculate unmetered/unbilled/unaccounted for water

Data EntryResults

Water System Master Planning

Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)• Existing Facilities

– Pressure Zones

• Take into account service area, topography, desired pressure

– Storage

• Condition assessment (when last inspected, painted, cathodic protection, etc.)

• Establish how each is used (control pumps, effective capacity, turnover, etc.)

– High Service Pumps

• Number, capacity, duty and standby (determine firm capacity)

• How operated (sequencing, soft start/stop, manual/automatic control)

– Distribution System

• Pipe location, sizes (accurate mapping)

• Pipe age and material

• Maintenance programs (hydrant flushing, valve exercising)

• W.Q. issues (red water complaints)

• Maintenance issues (break history)

Water System Master Planning

Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)

• Raw Water Sources

– Groundwater (number, depth, capacity, W.Q.)

• Maintenance issues (reduction in yield, etc.)

• Pump condition

• Water quality

• Reliability

– Surface Water

• Condition and maintenance of intake, pumps, etc.

• Water quality (seasonal variations)

• Maintenance issues

• Reliability

Water System Master Planning

Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)

• Treatment Facilities

– Schematic flow diagram (processes, chemical addition)

– Condition and maintenance issues

– Redundancy/flexibility

– Operational control

– Type of chemicals and quantities

– Capacity (max day)

Water System Master Planning

Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)• Regulation

– Water supply/water quality

• Safe Drinking Water Act

• Lead & Copper Rule

• Total Coliform Rule

• Comprehensive Surface Water Treatment Rules

• Stage 1 Disinfectants & Disinfection Byproducts Rule

• Consumer Confidence Report Rule

• Stage 2 Disinfectants & Disinfection Byproducts Rule

• Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Treatment Rule

• Ten State Standards

• Iowa Administrative Code & IDNR Guidelines

• Future Regulations

Water System Master Planning

Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)• Water Distribution

– Ten State Standards

• Pumps, storage, water mains, pressure

– Iowa DNR (Guidelines)

• Pumps, storage, water mains, pressure

– Insurance Services Office (ISO)

• Use recommended by Ten State Standards & Iowa DNR

Water System Master Planning

Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)• Water Supply & Treatment Evaluations

– Establish W.Q. target for finished water

– Determine capacity of supply and WTP unit processes

– Compare to design criteria from regulation (loading and W.Q.)

– Identify deficiencies

– Recommend improvements

• Develop cost

• Prioritize

Water System Master Planning

Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)• Water Distribution System

– The heart of a water distribution system analysis is a computer

model of the network

• Software (model) selection is important first step

• Used to identify and make decisions on:

– Deficiencies (pipes, storage, pumps, pressure zone boundaries)

– Pipe sizing

– Pump operations

– Storage location & effectiveness

Water System Master Planning

Analysis and Decision-Making Phase (cont.)• Water Distribution System

– Enter all characteristics of network into model• Pipes, pumps, storage, PRVs, demands, hydrants, operating conditions

– Analyze and evaluate water system performance for:• Average day demand

• Maximum day demand

• Peak hour demand

• Fire demand

• Storage refilling

– Compare performance to design criteria from regulation/guidelines

– Identify deficiencies

– Recommend improvements• Develop cost

• Prioritize

Water System Master Planning

Capital Improvement Plan Phase• Develop list of deficiencies

• Develop list of improvements to correct deficiencies

• Cost each improvement

• Prioritize Improvements

• Develop a timeline for implementation

• Summarize MASTER PLAN in final report (PER)

Water System Master Planning

Typical Report Table of Content• General

• Water Quality

• Water Demands

• Water Supply

• Water Treatment

• Water Storage

• Water Pumping

• Water Transmission/Distribution

• Cost Estimating

• Recommendations

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Planning Horizon• 20 Years

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb - Frequency• Update Every 10 Years

• At major milestone events:

– New regulations

– Adding new demands

– Losing major water customer

– Major capital improvements

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Average Day DemandSource Design Criteria

General (default)

Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards

10 States Standards

100 gpcpd

100 gpcpd (>500 people)80 gpcpd (100-500 people)60 gpcpd (<100 people)

None

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Maximum Day DemandSource Design Criteria

General

Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards

10 States Standards

2 x average day

2 x average day (>500 people)2.5 x average day (<500 people)

None

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Peak Hour DemandSource Design Criteria

General

Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards

10 States Standards

Varies with water system

9.0 x average day (< 220 people) 7/P0.167 x average day (>220 people) Where P= population in 1,000s

7.0 for 1K4.8 for 10K3.2 for 100K

None

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Fire DemandSource Design Criteria

Insurance Services Office (ISO)(see Fire Suppression Rating Schedule for details)

Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards

10 States Standards

3,500 gpm (Maximum Basic Fire Flow) Needed Fire Flow for specific buildings:Up to 2,500 gpm for 2 hrs. (300 K gal)3,000-3,500 gpm for 3 hrs. (630 K gal)>3,500 gpm for 4 hrs. (840 K gal)

Use State ISO Recommendations Minimum: 500 gpm

In accordance with State ISO Requirements

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Maximum Day + Fire Demand

• Compare to peak hour

• Typically more demanding due to concentrate, localized

water demands

• Assume elevated storage is near empty (end of fire)

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Prioritization

Flow Condition Current Future

Average Day Priority 1 Priority 5

Maximum Day Priority 2 Priority 6

Peak Hour Priority 3 Priority 7

Max Day & Fire Priority 4 Priority 8

Prioritization sets the order of improvement implementation. Improvements needs to be designed to accommodate future peak hr/max day & fire flow conditions.

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Unaccounted for WaterSource Design Criteria

General

Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards

10 States Standards

<10 percent

None

None

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Working PressureSource Design Criteria

General

Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards

10 States Standards

Normal range: 35-90 psi Optimum: 60 psiMinimum during fire flow: 20 psi

Working pressure: 60 psi Minimum working pressure: 35 psi Minimum during fire flow: 20 psi

Normal working pressure: 60-80 psiMinimum working pressure: 35 psi Minimum pressure: 20 psi

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Topography Effects

Static HGL

H2 = 100 ft

H1 = 120 ft

System Pressure (PSI) = H (ft) x 0.43 (PSI/ft)

Example: H1 = 120 ftH2 = 100 ft

H1 ≈ 120 ft x 0.43 (PSI/ft)≈ 52 PSI

H2 ≈ 100 ft x .43 (PSI/ft)≈ 43 PSI

20 ft change in topography ≈ 9 PSI

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Pipe SizeSource Design Criteria

General

Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards

10 States Standards

Absolute minimum: 4" Minimum serving hydrants: 6"

Absolute minimum: 2" Minimum serving hydrants: 6"

Absolute minimum: None Minimum serving hydrants: 6"

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – System Pipe Velocity• Average/Max Day – limit to 2 ft/sec

• Fire – limit to 5 ft/sec

• Higher velocities result in higher headlosses/lower

system pressures

• Localized high velocities (ex. Pump Discharge) is ok

• Maximum ≤ 10 ft/sec

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Friction Factor• Estimates the system headlosses

• Varies by pipe material

• Varies by pipe age

• Typically includes minor headlosses for fittings/valves

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Quick Pipe Capacity Comparison

Pipe Dia(inch)

Pipe Area( Sq Ft )

Pipe Velocity(Ft/Sec) (Cu Ft/Sec) GPM

6 (3/12)²∏=0.20 2 0.4 180

8 (4/12)²∏=0.35 2 0.7 315

12 (6/12)²∏=0.80 2 1.6 720

Flow Rate

Pipe Flow = Pipe Area x Pipe VelocityPipe Area = R² ∏

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Supply• Water quality is dependent upon the supply source

• Surface water – typically more variable in water

quality/temperature

• Well water – typically harder in water quality

• Supply rate - firm capacity greater than Maximum day

• Requires redundant power supply

• Reclaimed water – gaining in use/popularity

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Treatment• Water treatment is dependent upon the supply

source/quality

• Treatment rate - firm capacity greater than Maximum

Day

• Requires redundant power supply

• Membrane Treatment – gaining in use/popularity,

pretreatment requirements vary based on water

source/quality

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Storage

• Storage volume is dependent upon water demands and

fire flows

• Storage volume is to simplify pumping/treatment

requirements from peak hour to maximum day

• Elevated water storage can have water quality impacts

• Need to purposely let the tank fill/empty over typical day

• Can take advantages of off peak electrical rates

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Storage Location

• Typically located away from pumping to reduce system

headlosses

• Typically located on high ground to reduce tank

height/construction costs

HGL

Pump Station

HGL

Flow Flow

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Storage VolumeSource Design Criteria

General

Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards

Per Procedures in " AWWA M32, Section 5

Effective storage = maximum day demand

Minimum total storage = average day demand for systems not providing fire protectionFor systems providing fire protection, storage is larger of the following:Effective storage = average day demand or QfTf+0.8QiTf Qf = fire flow demand rate (gpm) Tf = fire flow duration (min.)Qi = instantaneous peak flow (gpm)(These values may be reduced if additional source, pumping, and emergency power is available)

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Storage Volume (cont)Source Design Criteria

10 States Standards Minimum storage: average day demand (where no fire protection provided)

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Pumping• Pumping capacity is dependent upon the water storage

type

• Pumping rate = firm capacity greater than Maximum Day

with elevated water storage

• Pumping Capacity = firm capacity greater than Peak Hr

without elevated water storage

• Requires redundant power supply

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – PumpingSource Design Criteria

General

Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards

Maximum day rate with largest pump out of service

a) If adequate effective elevated storage is available, each ground storage facility is equipped with 2 service pumps each capable of pumping at maximum day rate.

b) If effective storage is less than minimum required, high services pumping is determined as:

HSP Capacity = QP24 + (Qi – QP24 +Qf)(1-Actual Effective Elevated Storage/Storage per 7.1.3.d)

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Pumping (Cont)Source Design Criteria

Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards

10 States Standards

Where: HSP = High Service Pump Firm Capacity QP24 = Maximum day demand rate (gpm)Qi = Instantaneous peak flow rate (gpm) Qf = Fire flow demand rate (gpm)Storage per Chap 7.1.3d: = QfTf + 0.2 x maximum day demand (gallons) when adequate emergency power is available and Tf = fire flow duration

Minimum of 2 pumping units providing maximum daily pumping demand with largest pump out of service

Water System Master Planning

Rule of Thumb – Hydrant CoverageSource Design Criteria

General

Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards

10 States Standards

Spacing: 1 every 400 feet

None

Spacing: at each street intersection and 1 every 350 to 600 feet depending on area served

Water System Master Planning

Modeling• Estimating water supply under various water demand

conditions is difficult

• Water modeling provides tool to estimate system

response

• Results need to make sense on a gut level

Water System Master Planning

Rate Study• Water master planning typically results in capital

improvement projects

• Water system should be a self funding enterprise

• Rates need to cover capital improvement projects

CONCLUSION

Don’t ever be in Alice’s position

and have to ask, “Which road

should I take?”

Master Planning will make the direction clear

and the road straight!

For any questions or support,

please contact Brian Roth563-264-6638 RothBrian@StanleyGroup.com

Thank you !