Post on 16-Apr-2020
BSA Merit Badge Program;
PUBLIC HEALTHA historic public health event in the 1800’s was stopping disease outbreak by removing the water pump handle.
Chronic Diseases
• These are common chronic diseases – Obesity– Diabetes– Heart Disease– Cancer– Stroke
Health Behaviors
• Diet and nutrition• Physical Activity• Smoking• Alcohol consumption
What is PUBLIC HEALTH?“The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals." Charles-Edward Amory Winslow -1920
CORE FUNTIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Source: Center for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov
HOW CAN DISEASESBE SPREAD?
Aerosol/Droplet
Vectors
Contaminated Food
Direct Contact
Contaminated Water
WHAT IS A VECTOR ?A vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but that transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another, serving as a route of transmission.
CONTROLLING DISEASE IN YOUR HOME, COMMUNITY AND AT CAMP
• In our homes and community…– Proper trash storage and disposal– Prompt disposal of pet feces– Eliminate standing water (old tires, poor-draining gutters, natural
puddles and pools, etc.)– Remove debris and weeds, overgrowth (wood or rock piles, construction
debris, etc.)– Make sure your home or business is well maintained, with no opening
for rodents to get inside• At camp…
– Keep your tent and campsite clean (not “Scout clean” make it “Mom clean”!)
– Proper food storage (NOT IN YOUR TENT!)– Proper trash storage and disposal– Practice LEAVE NO TRACE– Leave cabin doors and windows closed to avoid mosquitoes and
unwanted animals– Check body and clothing for ticks
LET’S TALK A BIT MORE ABOUT CAMP…
Bites from rabid raccoons require 5 visits to the doctor on days 0,3,7,14 and 28 after the bite for injections to prevent death from rabies.
BorreliosisLyme Disease
Lyme disease is caused by bacteria transmitted by the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis).
Symptoms can include chills and fever, headache, fatigue, stiff neck, muscle and/or joint pain, and swollen glands, and if left untreated, may include severe fatigue, a stiff aching neck, and tingling or numbness in the arms and legs, or facial paralysis can occur.
Over 77,000 cases have been reported in NYS since Lyme disease became reportable in 1986.
Young deer ticks, called nymphs, are active from mid-May to mid-August and are about the size of poppy seeds. Adult ticks, which are approximately the size of sesame seeds, are most active from March to mid-May and from mid-August to November. Ticks can be active any time the temperature is above freezing.
This is a bull’s eye rash that is typical in many cases.
Lyme Disease
Type or Form?
Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
BACTERIA
• TAKE PRECAUTIONS IN TICK AREAS• Wear light-colored clothing• Use insect repellent w/ DEET• Check your body for ticks • Know how to properly remove a tick if you are bitten• Remove the tick ASAP (36 hour rule)
Antibiotics may be used
DEER TICK (Ixodes scapularis)
InfluenzaType or Form?
Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
Virus
• Hand washing• Social distancing• Animal/Bird- to- person• Antiviral therapies
• Person-to-person• Aerosol/Droplet• No vectors
Every year in the United States, on average:•5% to 20% of the population gets the flu; •more than 200,000 people are hospitalized from flu-related complications •about 36,000 people die from flu-related causes.
The COVID-19 outbreak has been compared most often to influenza. It behaves similarly and is the effect of a “novel” strain of a virus (coronavirus) that we have seen and dealt with before (SARS, most recently.)
IMMUNIZATIONSImmunization is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes “trained” to protect a person from a disease agent.
NATURAL vs. ARTIFICIAL IMMUNIZATION
ACTIVE vs. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
VACCINATION
RECOMMENDED CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
(Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP))
Recom
mended recurring vaccinations for adults include
INFLU
EN
ZA (annually) and TETA
NU
S every 10 years)
DISEASES FOR WHICH THERE IS CURRENTLY NO VACCINATION
• Food Poisonings (E. coli, Salmonella, others)• AIDS• Encephalitis (Some vaccines in development or available outside of
the U.S.)• Gonorrhea• West Nile Virus (available for animals, human trials in progress)• Botulism (In development/Experimental)• Syphilis• Emphysema• Lead Poisoning
Switching Gears
Daily indoor per capita water use in a typical single family home is gallons!
Use
Gallons per Capita
Percentage of Total Daily Use
Showers 11.6 16.8%
Clothes Washers 15.0 21.7%
Dishwashers 1.0 1.4%
Toilets 18.5 26.7%
Baths 1.2 1.7%
Leaks 9.5 13.7%
Faucets 10.9 15.7%
Other Domestic Uses
1.6 2.2%
70Here is how it breaks down…….
Visit this site to calculate your water consumption! http://www.csgnetwork.com/waterusagecalc.html
DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE IN WILDERNESS CAMPING ENVIRONMENTSPack it in, pack it out. Inspect your campsite and rest areas for trash or spilled foods. Pack out all trash, leftover food, and litter.
Deposit solid human waste in holes dug 6 to 8 inches deep at least 200 feet from water, camp, and trails. Cover and disguise the hole when finished.
Pack out toilet paper and hygiene products.To wash yourself or your dishes, carry water 200 feet away from streams or lakes and use small amounts of biodegradable soap. Scatter strained dishwater.
MAKING WATER SAFE TO DRINK WHILE CAMPING
BOILING
FILTRATION
Common agents of concern found in water:Bacteria – E. coli, SalmonellaProtozoa – Giardia, CryptosporidiumChemical – Heavy metals, Organic compounds, Pesticides
CHEMICAL TREATMENTFollow directions for safety.
Ineffective against some agents.
Escherichia coliE. coliIs it dangerous?
E. coli is one of the most common bacteria found in human and animal digestive systems. It benefits to us include the production of vitamin K2 (important to the body for helping blood to clot) and by preventing other dangerous germs to grow in our guts.
However, some varieties, or STRAINS, are bad. They have developed the ability to produce toxins that can make us very ill or even cause death.
Occasionally during butchering or other food preparation processes our food becomes contaminated with the “bad” E. coli. If the food is not cooked or not cooked properly, we consume the bad germs and they grow inside our digestive tracts and cause illness. Can also be acquired by swallowing contaminated swimming water (lakes or pools).
Gram negative bacillus
Pathogenic E. coli
Type or Form?
Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
BACTERIANONE
• USE CARE WHEN PREPARING FOODS. • KEEP MEATS AWAY FROM FOODS THAT WON’T BE COOKED.
• COOK GROUND OR TENDERIZED MEATS TO AN INTERNAL TEMPERATURE OF 160oF.
• SUPPORTIVE CARE, INCLUDING HYDRATION. • ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI-DIARRHEALS SHOULD NOT BE USED AS THEY INCREASE THE RISK OF COMPLICATIONS (Kidney failure in 5% - 10% of cases ).
Clostridium tetani TetanusGram positive bacillus
• Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is caused by a toxin (tetanospasmin) produced by the bacteria Clostridium tetani.
• C. tetani is a common environmental bacteria found in soil, especially current or former farm lands.
• The disease was first described by the Greek physician Hippocrates in the fifth century BC.
• Characteristic symptoms include severe muscle pain and stiffness, difficulty swallowing, muscle spasms (strong enough to break bones)
• Commonly associated with rusty nails, it is not the rust that causes tetanus, but the dirt and low oxygen environment of the rust that provides a place for the germs to hide. The rusty nails act as a “FOMITE”.
•10% - 20% of those infected die.
Tetanus
Type or Form?
Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
BACTERIA
• CHILDHOOD VACCINATION SERIES AVAILABLE. • BOOSTER SHOTS EVERY 10 YEARS FOR ADULTS.• IF YOU SUFFER A DEEP PUNCTURE WOUND APPLY APPROPRIATE FIRST-AID AND FOLLOW-UP WITH A DOCTOR.
• TETANUS BOOSTER SHOT. • TETANUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN. • ANTIBIOTICS.
PUNCTURE WOUNDS FROM DIRTY OBJECTS (FOMITES)
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDSCaused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The virus replicates itself inside the human white blood cells responsible for controlling our immune systems. When the virus destroys enough cells over time, our immune system fails. Patients become very susceptible to “opportunistic infections”
Spread person-to-person or by needles/surgical instruments when infected body fluids are present (i.e. bloodborne pathogen):
• Sexually transmitted • Use of dirty/contaminated needles• Mother to child: During pregnancy, at birth, and from breastfeeding.
• Healthcare and Emergency Service Professionals
What about Blood and organ donation/transplant? AIDS requires a lot of drugs to treat it.
AIDS
Type or Form?
Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
VIRUS
• SAFE SEX PRACTICES OR ABSTINENCE. • DON’T USE ILLICIT DRUGS.• SUBSTANCE ABUSERS TAKE ADVANTAGE OF NEEDLE EXCHANGE PROGRAMS.
• WORKERS NEED TO WEAR personal protective equipment (PPE).• TESTING OF BLOOD/ORGANS BEFORE TRANSFUSION/TRANSPLANT.
• NO VACCINE, NO CURE. • ANTIVIRAL DRUGS CAN SLOW PROGRESS OF DISEASE.
• TREATMENT OF OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS.
NONE IDENTIFIED
ENCEPHALITISEN- What?
ENCEPHAL – “In the head” (greek origin – enkephalos).-ITIS – refering to an inflammation of an organ or tissue.
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain• Inflammation is usually caused by infection or an inappropriate auto-immune response to infection
• The incidence is reported as 7.4 cases per 100,000 people (based on US statistics)• Anyone can become ill with encephalitis, at any age• The inflammation can damage nerve cells resulting in “acquired brain injury”• Compared to other infectious diseases, encephalitis has a high death rate
ARBOVIRUSES – Viruses transmitted by Arthropods (Mosquitoes & Ticks)• West Nile Fever, St. Louis Encephalitis, Japanese Encephalitis, Australian Encephalitis, Dengue Fever• LaCrosse Encephalitis, California Encephalitis, Rift Valley Fever, Yellow Fever Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE), Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE), Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Colorado Tick Fever
OTHER CAUSES• Syphilis• Lyme Disease• Rabies
Encephalitis
Type or Form?
Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
VIRUS or BACTERIA• VECTOR CONTROL• SOME VACCINES AVAILABLE• USE OF TICK & MOSQUITO REPELLENTS
• SOME VACCINES AVAILABLE• ANTIVIRAL DRUGS SOMETIMES WORK• SUPPORTIVE CARE• ANTIBIOTICS FOR BACTERIAL CAUSES• SOME HAVE NO CURE/TREATMENT
MOSQUITOES, TICKS, ???
SalmonellaCaused by the bacterial genus Salmonella.
Infection occurs by ingesting food products contaminated with Salmonella bacteria.
Symptoms occur 12 to 72 after consuming contaminated food and include vomiting and diarrhea.
In children, elderly, and persons with weakened immune systems severity of the infection can cause death.
Contamination usually occurs or spreads during food handling and preparation.
The bacteria are also commonly found on reptiles, amphibians, rodents and birds.
Gram negative bacillus
Salmonella
Type or Form?
Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
BACTERIA
• SAFE FOOD HANDLING PRACTICES• Wash hands after handing pet rodents, turtles, lizards, etc.
• SUPPORTIVE CARE• ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI-DIARRHEALS SHOULD NOT BE USED AS THEY INCREASE THE RISK OF COMPLICATIONS
NONE
Gonorrhea
Type or Form?
Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
Bacteria
• ABSTINENCE• SAFE SEX PRACTICES
• ANTIBIOTICS
• SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD)• NO VECTORS
Gram Negative Diplococci
West Nile Disease
Type or Form?
Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
Virus
• Eliminate stagnant water sources• Use insect repellent
• No disease treatment• Supportive care
Mosquitoes transmit virus from birds
Botulism
Type or Form?
Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
Bacteria (toxin)
• Safe food handling• Proper wound care
• ANTITOXIN • SUPPORTIVE CARE • ANTIBIOTICS
• Usually foodborne, can be wound related• NO VECTORS
Gram positive bacillus
Botox is purified and diluted botulinum toxin. People used to use castor oil as a laxative, Castor oil comes from castor beans and contains ricin in trace amounts which can cause diarrhea/GI distress.
Syphilis
Type or Form?
Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
Bacteria
• ABSTINENCE• SAFE SEX PRACTICES
• ANTIBIOTICS
• SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD)• NO VECTORS
Hepatitis
Type or Form?
Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
Virus(es)
• BLOOD AND BODY FLUID PRECAUTIONS• PROPER FOOD HANDLING/ HYGIENE
• ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES• SUPPORTIVE CARE• SOMETIMES SELF-LIMITING
• BLOODBORNE PATHOGEN• FOODBORNE ILLNESS
Liver infection can cause whites of eyes to become yellow.
Emphysema
Type or Form?
Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
Environmental
• NO/STOP SMOKING• Avoid second- hand smoke
• NO CURE• SUPPORTIVE/COMFORT CARE UNTIL DEATH• LUNG TRANSPLANTS
• CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO TOXIC CHEMICALS, NOTABLY LONG-TERM TOBACCO USE
Meningitis: Inflammation of the lining of the spinal cord or brain
Type or Form?
Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
Bacterial or Viral
• Vaccination• Isolation/Quarantine
• Bacterial – Antibiotics• Viral – Usually self-limiting• Supportive care
• Person-to-Person• No vectors
Herpes
Type or Form?
Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
Virus
• Avoidance• Safe Sex•Avoid contact with old-world primates
• Person-to-Person• SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD)• Maternal-to-Infant• Primate- to- person
• NO CURE• ANTIVIRALS TO CONTROL OUTBREAKS
Lead Poisoning
Type or Form?
Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors?
Methods of prevention?
Available treatments?
Environmental
• Identification of “at risk” persons• Environmental monitoring• Abatement
• Chelation Therapy
• Environmental exposure (usually ingestion by infants/toddlers)
Lead Paint
Lead Shot
FOOD SAFETY
FOOD SAFETY
VIDEO #1
FOOD SAFETY
VIDEO #2
When this presentation was originally given, the badge leader showed 2 short videos on food safety. You may want to look for similar videos or other activities related to food safety.
FOOD SAFETY WHILE CAMPING• KEEP PERISHABLE FOODS STORED AT
TEMPERATURES BELOW 40oF.
• DO NOT ALLOW FOODS TO SIT AT TEMPERATURES BETWEEN 40oF AND 140oF FOR MORE THAN 2 HOURS.
• ALWAYS THOUROUGHLY WASH HANDS BEFORE DOING ANY FOOD PREPARATION OR COOKING.
• DO NOT PREPARE/COOK FOOD ON THE GROUND, USE A TABLE OR GROUNDCLOTH.
• PLAN PORTIONS CAFEFULLY TO AVOID HAVING TO STORE LEFTOVERS.
• MAKE SURE COOKING UTENSILS AND MESS KITS ARE PROPERLY CLEANED AFTER USE.
• AVOID USING THE SAME UTENSILS FOR MEATS AND OTHER FOODS THAT WON’T BE COOKED, OR SANITIZE BETWEEN USES.
PROPER CLEANING OF COOKING TOOLS & MESS KITS
1. Use a rag or 1 piece of paper towel to wipe all leftover food scraps from utensils.
2. Fill the first wash pan ¾ full. Use 2 parts boiling water and 1 part cool, clean water. Add a DASH of soap.
“WASH PAN”
3. Fill a second wash pan ¾ full. Use 2 parts boiling water and 1 part cool, clean water. “RINSE PAN”
4. Fill a third wash pan ¾ full. Use all cool, clean water. Add a DASH of bleach. Leave the pan in the mixture for at least 1 minute for proper sanitation. “SANITIZE PAN”
5. Rinse all pans out with the water from the “SANITIZE PAN” and allow all dishes and pans to air-dry in a clean location.
HOW NOT TO WASH DISHES AT CAMP…
A FINAL THOUGHT ON FOODBORNE ILLNESS
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that every year in the United States…..
76 Million people suffer from foodborne illness
325,000 people must be hospitalized due to foodborne illness
5,000 people die due to complications from foodborne illness
Most of these illnesses and deaths could be prevented by hand washing!
And in case you haven’t picked up on the message
POLLUTION & PUBLIC HEALTHAIR POLLUTANTS
OF CONCERNSulfur Oxides Nitrogen Oxides VOCsCarbon Monoxide/Dioxide Particulates Toxics/Heavy Metal dusts Radioactive gasesOzonePathogens
Related Health ConditionsAsthma, COPD Emphysema, Cystic Fibrosis Lung Cancer, MesotheliomaPneumonia, BronchitisAllergiesLegionnaire’s disease, CO poisoning
WATER POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN
PathogensHeavy MetalsPesticidesDisinfection By-productsPetroleum Hydrocarbons
Related Health ConditionsAsthma, COPD Emphysema, Cystic Fibrosis CancerPneumonia, Bronchitis
NOISE POLLUTANTS SOURCES OF CONCERN
Headphone/Earbud useIndustrialTransportationShooting sportsHousehold
Related Health ConditionsHearing Loss Stress & Depression
www.epa.gov; www.health.state.ny.us
TRACKING SOME LEADING CAUSES OF MORTALITY (sample)
2007Heart Disease (26,081
[cases])Cancer (20,833)CLRD (4,835)Stroke (3,889)
Accidents (2,912)
2006Heart Disease
CancerCLRDStroke
Accidents
2005Heart Disease
CancerCLRDStroke
Accidents
2004Heart Disease
CancerCLRDStroke
Accidents
2003Heart Disease
CancerCLRDStroke
Accidents
Total Population
10- 19 Age Group
2003AccidentsSuicideCancer
Heart DiseaseHomicide
2004AccidentsSuicideCancer
HomicideHeart Disease
2005Accidents
CancerSuicide
Heart DiseaseCongenital
2006AccidentsHomicideSuicideCancer
Heart Disease
2007Accidents (162
[cases])Suicide (32)Cancer (31)
Homicide (13)Heart Disease (12)
YOUR THOUGHTS?
Careers in Public Health
Provide contact information here for someone who can respond to questions and answers.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
PLEASE CLEAN UP AROUND YOU BEFORE YOU LEAVE!
MAKE SURE YOU GET YOUR SIGNED BLUE CARD BACK
BEFORE YOU LEAVE!
Acknowledgements
Michael Simkins, Erie County Public Health LaboratoriesErie County Department of HealthDr. Millicent Eidson, New York State Department of HealthNew York State Department of Health, Office of Public Health Practice