UNIT I INTRODUCTION

Part 1

1. System load characteristics2. Load curves - daily, weekly and annual, load-duration curve, load factor, diversity

factor. (Including Problems)3. Reserve requirements: Installed reserves, spinning reserves, cold reserves, hot

reserves.

Part 2

1. Overview of system operation: Load forecasting, techniques of forecasting2. Basics of power system operation and control.

UNIT II REAL POWER - FREQUENCY CONTROL

Part 1

1. Fundamentals of speed governing mechanism and modelling2. Speed-load characteristics3. Load sharing between two synchronous machines in parallel (Including Problem) 4. Concept of control area, LFC control of a single-area system: Static and dynamic

analysis of uncontrolled and controlled cases5. Economic Dispatch Control.

Part 2

1. Multi-area systems: Two-area system modelling; static analysis, uncontrolled case;2. Tie line with frequency bias control of two-area system derivation, 3. State variable model.

UNIT III HYDROTHERMAL SCHEDULING PROBLEM

Part 1

1. Hydrothermal scheduling problem: short term2. Long term-mathematical model, algorithm. 3. Dynamic programming solution methodology for Hydro-thermal scheduling with

pumped hydro plant: 4. Optimization with pumped hydro plant-Scheduling of systems with pumped hydro

plant during off-peak seasons: algorithm.

Part 2

1. Selection of initial feasible trajectory for pumped hydro plant-2. Pumped hydro plant as spinning reserve unit3. generation of outage induced constraint4. Pumped hydro plant as Load management plant.

UNIT IV UNIT COMMITMENT AND ECONOMIC DISPATCH

Part 1

1. Constraints in UC2. Spinning reserve, 3. Thermal unit constraints, hydro constraints, fuel constraints and other constraints; 4. UC solution methods: Priority-list methods, 5. Forward dynamic programming approach6. Problems on UC

Part 2

1. Incremental cost curve, 2. Co-ordination equations without loss and with loss, Solution by direct method and λ-

iteration method. 3. Base point and participation factors.4. Economic dispatch controller added to LFC control.5. Problems on ED

UNIT V COMPUTER CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS

Part 1

1. Energy control centre: Functions – Monitoring, data acquisition and control.2. System hardware configuration – SCADA and EMS functions:3. Network topology determination4. State estimation, 5. Security analysis and control.

Part 2

1. State estimation2. Security analysis and control.3. Various operating states: Normal, alert, emergency, in-extremis and restorative4. State transition diagram showing various state transitions and control strategies.