Post on 30-Dec-2016
Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report
For Proposed Expansion 2x660 MW
Obra Coal Fired Thermal Power Project District : Sonebhadra (U.P.)
Project Proponent Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd.
Consultant
Pollution Control Research Institute,
BHEL, Ranipur, Haridwar – 249 403 Uttarakhand
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 1
INDEX
S.NO. INTRODUCTION PAGE NO. 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose of the Report 1 1.2 Identification of Project & Project Proponent 3
1.2.1 Identification of Project 3 1.2.2 Project Proponent 3 1.3 Scope of Environment Impact Assessment Study 4 1.4 TOR Compliance 6 1.5 Compliance status of clarifications sought by the EAC in
the 60th meeting 10
1.6 Environmental Impact Assessment Report 11
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 13 2.1 Type of Project 13 2.2 Need of the Proposed Project 13
2.2.1 Location and Accessibility 16 2.2.2 Existing Plant 18 2.2.3 Size or Magnitude of Operation including Resources 20 2.3 Layout Plan/Land Requirement 21 2.4 Coal Requirement , Availability and Linkage 25 2.5 Technical Details of Proposed Expansion 26
2.5.1 Steam Generator and Auxiliaries 26 2.5.2 Turbine and its Auxiliaries 28 2.5.3 Steam Generator Circulation System (For Once Through
Boiler) 29
2.6 Air and Flue Gas System 29 2.6.1 Fuel Oil Burning System 30 2.6.2 Coal Burning System 30 2.6.3 Soot Blowing System 30 2.7 Cooling Tower 31 2.8 Fuel Transportation and Handing System 32
2.8.1 Coal 32 2.8.2 Fuel Oil 33 2.9 Power Evacuation 34
2.10 Power Requirement 35 2.11 Make Up Water Requirement & Treatment 35
2.11.1 Water Treatment Systems 37 2.11.2 Water Pre-Treatment Plant 37 2.11.3 De-Mineralization Plant 37 2.11.4 Chlorination Plant 38 2.11.5 Condensate Polishing Plant 38 2.11.6 CW Treatment System 39 2.11.7 Ash Water Re-circulation System 39 2.12 Pollution Generation and Management 39
2.12.1 Air Emission and Management 39
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 2
2.12.2 Waste Water Management 41 2.12.3 Proposed Expansion 41 2.12.4 Effluent from Process 42 2.12.5 Effluent from Domestic Activities 43 2.12.6 Existing Plant 44 2.12.7 Blow down from boilers, rejects from DM plant and others;
and Overflow from ash dyke. 45
2.13 Ash Generation and Handling System 46 2.13.1 Bottom Ash Handling System 47 2.13.2 Fly Ash Handling System 48 2.13.3 Ash Slurry Disposal system 48 2.13.4 Ash Water System 48 2.13.5 Ash Dyke/Pond 49 2.13.6 Existing Plant 49 2.14 Fire Detection and Protection System 50 2.15 Project Cost 52
3.0 BASELINE STUDY 53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Baseline Study 54 3.3 Air Environment 54
3.3.1 Selection of Sampling Locations 55 3.3.2 Description of Ambient Air Monitoring Stations 56 3.3.3 Methodology for Sampling and Analysis 58 3.3.4 Results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 61
3.3.4.1 Air Quality 64 3.3.5 Micro-Meteorology 66 3.3.6 Climate 67 3.3.7 Wind Speed and Wind Direction 67 3.3.8 Air Quality Impact Assessment by means of Modeling
(ISCST3 Model) 70
3.3.9 Input Data and Model Application 75 3.3.10 Emission Inventory 76 3.3.11 Model Application 77 3.3.12 Assessment of Impact on Ambient Air Quality 81 3.3.13 Noise Environment 82 3.4.0 Water Environment 84 3.4.1 Drainage and Hydrology 84 3.4.2 Ground Water Assessment 85 3.4.3 Surface Water quality 94 3.4.4 Standards for Surface Water 95 3.5.0 Land Environment 96 3.5.1 Land Use 96 3.5.2 Seismic consideration 99 3.5.3 Soil Quality 99 3.6 Biological Environment 105
3.6.1 Introduction 105
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 3
3.6.2 Baseline Status 106 3.6.3 Methodology for Biological Environment 107 3.6.4 Terrestrial Ecology 108 3.6.5 Aquatic Ecology 108 3.6.6 Terrestrial Environment 109 3.6.7 Rare and Endangered Species 125 3.6.8 Fisheries and Aquatic Life 125 3.6.9 Aquatic Environment 126
3.6.10 Ecological Sensitive Areas 129 3.6.11 Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary 129
3.7 R & R Plan 133 3.8 Socio-Economic Environment 133
4.0 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS AND
MITGATION MEASURES 139
4.1 Impacts during Construction Phase 139 4.1.1 Land of OTPS 140 4.1.2 Site Development 140 4.1.3 Civil Construction Work 140 4.1.4 Construction Materials 141 4.1.5 Mechanical & Electrical Erection 141 4.1.6 Immigration 141 4.1.7 Staff Quarters and Other Requirements 141 4.1.8 Sanitation, Rest Room Facilities to Labour Force 142 4.1.9 Water Resources 143
4.1.10 Air Quality 144 4.1.11 Noise Level 145 4.1.12 Water Quality 146 4.1.13 Soil Quality 148 4.1.14 Components Creating Impacts to Socio-Economic
Environment 150
4.2 Environmental Impact Matrix-Construction Phase 152 4.3 Environmental Control Measures during Construction
Phase 157
4.4 Impacts during Operation Phase 158 4.5 Operation Phase Impact Matrix 170 4.6 Environmental Impact Matrix 174
5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE SITES & TECHNOLOGY 177 5.1 Introduction 177 5.2 With no expansion of project 178 5.3 Establishment of proposed Expansion at New Site 179 5.4 Establishment of proposed Expansion at same Site 179
5.4.1 Location 179 5.4.2 Raw Material 180 5.4.3 Configuration and Process Technology 180 5.4.4 Advantage of Supercritical Technology 181
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 4
5.4.5 Operational 183 5.4.6 Environmental Aspects 183 5.5 Conclusion 184
6.0 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAMME 185 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Objective of Monitoring 185 6.3 Monitoring schedule during construction phase 185
6.3.1 Monitoring schedule during operational phase 187 6.4 Noise 192 6.5 Reporting Schedules of the Monitoring Data 193 6.6 Staff Requirement 194 6.7 Cost of Environment Monitoring 194 6.8 Occupational Safety and Health 194
6.8.1 Occupational Safety 195 6.8.2 Health 197 6.8.3 Fire Protection System 198 6.9 Hospital 199
7.0 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 200 7.1 Risk Assessment 200
7.1.1 Approach to the Study 203 7.2 Compliance status of Instructions Issued in 60th meeting of
Expert Appraisal Committee dated 05.11.2012 222
7.2.1 Application for clearance approval from standing committee of the National Board of Wild Life.
222
7.2.2 Cumulative Impact Assessment 223 7.2.3 Implementation of Singrauli Action plan 234 7.3 Green Belt Development 239 7.4 Status of Coal Block 245 7.5 Ash Dyke Breach 245 7.6 Topographical Survey 246 7.7 Area drainage Study 246
8.0 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 247 8.1 List of Details to be Notified 262
9.0 PROJECT BENEFITS 264 9.1 Increased Power Supply 264 9.2 No Land Issue 267 9.3 Corporate Social Responsibility 267 9.4 Economic Growth 268
10.0 Environment Management Plan 269 10.1 Environment Management Cell 270 10.2 Training 271 10.3 Environmental Management during Construction Phase 272
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 5
10.4 Environmental Management During Operation Phase 274 10.4.1 Management of Air Pollution 274 10.4.2 Fugitive Emissions 282 10.5 Management of Water Pollution 285
10.5.1 Water Treatment Systems 287 10.6 Management of Noise 292 10.7 Ash Management 293 10.8 Socio - Economic Environment 298 10.9 Rain Water Harvesting 299
10.10 Green Belt Development 301 10.11 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) 305 10.12 ENVIRONMENTAL COST 305
11.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 306 11.1 Public Hearing Points raised during Public Hearing 308
12.0 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION 312-315
13.0 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED 316 13.1 Team Composition 316
ANNEXURES
1 TOR 318-321 2 Change in unit Configuration 322-323 3 Water allocation 324 4 Coal Linkage 325-326 5 Minutes of Meeting 327-330 6 MoEF Letter 331-332 7 Water Balance Diagram 333 8 Ash Utilisation plan 334 9 Jaypee Agreement Letter 335-340
10 Wild life NOC Letter 341 10-A Letter to Principal Conservative Forest Department 342-345 11 Green belt development letter 346-359 12 Green belt development approval letter from CMD 360 13 Plot Plan 361 14 Jaypee expression of Interest letter for Ash Utilisation 362 15 Vicinity cum Layout plan 363 16 Green Belt Development 364 17 Rain Water Harvesting Letter from Director Underground
Water Dept. Lko 365
18 Letter by CGM Obra to DFO, Mirzapur for National Board of Wild life
366-368
19 Public Hearing News Paper Cutting 369-370 20 Public Hearing Minutes of Meeting 371-379 21 Public Hearing Attendance Sheet 380-387
Chapter‐1
Introduction
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Electricity is the essential form of energy not only in productive sectors like industry
and agriculture but it also very much needed in modern times for domestic and
commercial purposes and has become almost an essential ingredient in man's life.
Recognizing this fact and realizing no significant development of this sector in pre-
independence era, Power Sector development was conceived under Public Sector
under Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948.
Indian power sector is facing challenges and despite significant growth in generation
over the years, it has been suffering from shortages and supply constraints.
Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state with a population of over 201 million.
Promoting electricity is at the center of strategy for development of the state. Power
to all therefore is not only integral but the primary component of the development
program of the state. Uttar Pradesh has been severely constrained in its economic
development and quality of life by the appalling power situation in the state. Villages
get only 14 hours of power supply and even then the quality is poor. The situation is
similar even in small towns. Barely 1/5th of the rural households in the state have
access to this basic need.
1.1 Purpose of the Project
For industrial and agricultural development, availability of adequate power at an
economic rate is the prime prerequisite. In order to fulfill the task of meeting the
power demand of the State during the coming years, it is necessary to plan in such a
manner that the installed capacity exceeds the anticipated load demand as well as
some spinning reserve capacity is available to attend the statutory periodic overhauls
and emergency outages. Industry, trade, agriculture, employment etc. all depend on
proper supply of power. This is the guiding factor for economic condition of any state
and its people.
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 2
Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd. (UPRVUNL) proposes an
expansion of the existing Thermal Power Plant in the village Obra of district
Sonebhadra, Uttar Pradesh by putting up a supercritical unit of 2x660 MW, Obra ‘C‘.
The expansion is proposed within existing premises and no additional land is
proposed to be acquired. At Obra first unit was commissioned in 1967 and last unit
was commissioned in 1982. Due to new innovation in power generation technology
and implementation of stringent environment laws/standards, operation of units in
existing plant became economically unviable and eco-unfriendly. Hence,
management of UPRVUNL has decided to scrap some of the units and to operate
rest of the units after renovation and maintenance.
Power to all is not only integral part but the primary component of the development
program of the state. Uttar Pradesh has been severely constrained in its economic
development and quality of life by the appalling power situation in the State. The
proposed project will help UPRVUNL to meet growing demand of power in Uttar
Pradesh. This project will also help in bridging demand supply gap in the State.
The proposed 2x660 MW ‘Obra C’ Power Plant is envisaged to start generating
power during the 13th Plan period (2017-2022). The entire generation from this unit
shall be utilized to meet the power requirement of State of Uttar Pradesh and the
surplus power, if any, shall be fed into Northern Grid to meet the power requirement
of other states in Northern Region.
Demand & Supply Scenario at the end of 12th Plan with the addition of 86500 MW
and enhanced performance has been worked out. It is evident that there is overall
peak deficit of 6.16% and 6.92% exist in the country after 11th & 12th plans
respectively. The National Electricity Policy has set up the goal of adding new
generation capacity to not only eliminate energy and peaking shortages but to have a
spinning reserve of 5% in the system. Considering the above, proposed expansion
as Obra ‘C’ (2X660 MW), planned to be commissioned in the early 13th plan, is
therefore, justified from demand supply consideration as discussed in Chapter 2 of
this report.
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 3
The proposed extension of 2x660 MW ‘Obra C’ Units at Obra TPS will help
UPRVUNL to meet growing demand of power in U.P. This project will also help in
bridging demand supply gap in the State.
For the proposed extension of 2x660 MW ‘Obra C’, Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) shall be carried out as per new Environmental Impact Assessment
Notification dated 14th September 2006, establishment of new coal based Thermal
Power Plant above 500 MW and requires Environmental Clearance (EC) from MoEF
as CATEGORY ‘Á’ project.
1.2. Identification of Project & Project Proponent 1.2.1 Identification of Project
The proposed extension of Obra TPS consisting of 2 x 660 MW ‘C’ units will be
located in the premises of existing Obra TPS of UPRVUNL in Sonebhadra district.
The nearest railway station is Chopan. The nearest major town is Robertsganj, which
is approximately 35 kms. The district Sonebhadra is bounded by the state of
Chhattisgarh to the South, Madhya Pradesh to the West and Bihar state to the East.
Latitude and Longitude of the site is 24027’N and 820 59’ E respectively. The altitude
of the site is approximately 195 meter above mean sea level (MSL). The proposed
site is around 125 Km from Varanasi and 13 Km from Chopan. The proposed site for
the extension units is mostly flat with a small part of hill which will require clearance
and labeling. Soil is classified as Alluvial soil.
The proposed expansion of 2x660 MW Obra TPS shall be accommodated in the
existing premises of Obra TPS and no additional Land shall be acquired for the
proposed plant.
1.2.2 Project Proponent
The project proponent is Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited
(UPRVUNL).
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 4
Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (UPRVUNL) was constituted in
1980 under the Companies Act 1956 for construction of new Thermal power projects
in the state of Uttar Pradesh (U.P.). Today it is looking after operations of five
Thermal Power Plants located in difference parts of U.P., with a total generation
capacity of 4933 MW as given in Table 1.1 below.
Table 1.1
S.N. Name of the Power Station
Capacity in MW Total Capacity MW
1. Anpara, Sonebhadra 3x210 MW = 630 MW 2x500 MW = 1000 MW
1630 MW
2. Obra, Sonebhadra 2x50 MW = 100 MW 2x94 MW = 188 MW 5x200 MW = 1000 MW
1288 MW
3. Panki, Kanpur 2x105 MW = 210 MW 210 MW
4. Parichha, Jhansi 2x110 MW = 220 MW 2x210 MW = 420 MW 2x250 MW = 500 MW
1140 MW
5. Harduaganj, Aligarh 1x60 MW = 60MW 1x105 MW= 105 MW 2x250 MW= 500 MW
665 MW
Total Capacity 4933 MW
1.3 Scope of Environment Impact Assessment Study
Based on projected demand and power availability data, the need for the installation
of 2x660 MW Coal Based Thermal Power Plant at Obra is justified, but it is essential
to know the environmental implications due to the setting up of the proposed thermal
power plant. It is necessary to assess the environmental impact of the proposed
thermal power plant, so that site suitability from environmental angle can be
ascertained. Moreover, suitable corrective measures can be taken at the planning
stage itself, to avoid any undesirable environmental impact when the proposed
project is commissioned.
In view of this, Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited, Lucknow
appointed Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar as a consultant
to carry out Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for proposed 2x660 MW
‘C’ Thermal Power Plant at Obra, District Sonebhadra (U.P.).
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 5
Terms of Reference (TOR) for the 2X500 MW rating was granted by Ministry of
Environment & Forest (MOEF) vide letter no J-13012/144/2007-IA-II (T) dated
05.10.2007 is enclosed as Annexure 1.
UPRVUNL approached MoEF for grant of Environmental Clearance with the
changed unit configuration from 2x500MW to 2x660MW. Subsequently, Expert
Appraisal Committee during its 36th meeting held during Nov 14-15, 2011 considered
the case and directed the following vide letter no J-13012/144/2007-IA.II(T) dated
30/01/2012 (enclosed as Annexure-2):
(i) Revise its EIA/ EMP Report in consonance with the changed scenario and also
take into consideration the cumulative impact of all present and future sources
of environmental pollutants in the study area;
(ii) Status of compliance to the conditions stipulated for the existing power plant;
and
(iii) Revise Form-1.
Accordingly, the case for EC of 2x660MW was placed before the Expert
Appraisal Committee (EAC) (Thermal Power) in its 60th Meeting held during Nov 5-6,
2012 (MOM enclosed at Annexure-5).
MoEF vide letter no. J-13012/144/2007-IA.II (T) dated 25.04.2013 (enclosed
as Annexure-6) suggested to carry out the following,:
i) Collect fresh AAQ, water and soil data and revise EIA/ EMP Report for 2x660MW Obra ‘C’;
ii) Re-conduct public hearing based on the revised EIA/ EMP Report.
MoEF also desired to submit the clarifications sought by the EAC in the aforementioned meeting.
To comply with the points mentioned in TOR and above points, Environmental
Impact Assessment study has been carried out based on Base line data collection
covering one season of three months duration during March - June, 2013
(08.03.2013 to 08.06.2013). The EIA study includes assessment of present status of
air quality, water quality, noise environment, soil quality, land use pattern etc. and the
analysis of possible effects of proposed development on the nearby areas in line with
approved TOR by MoEF and taking into consideration the structure of the report
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 6
given in the EIA notifications 2006. The compliance to the approved TOR has been
presented in Table 1.2.
1.4 TOR Compliance
The point wise TOR compliance of TOR points are given below in Table 1.2:
Table 1.2
TOR Compliance
S.No. TOR Compliance Status
1. Renovation plan for existing units with
time frame.
Chapter-2
Topic-2.2.2, Page No.18-20
2. Coordinates of the plant site as well as
ash pond with toposheet.
Chapter-2
Table 2.7 Page No.23
3. The study area should cover an area
of 10km radius around the proposed
site.
Chapter-3
Fig-3.1, Page No.56
4. Land use of the study area as well as
the project area shall be given.
Chapter-3, Topic-3.5.1
Page No.96-98
5. Location of any National park,
Sanctuary, Elephant / Tiger Reserve
(existing as well as proposed),
migratory routes, if any, with in 10km
of the project site shall be specified
and marked on the map duly
authenticated by the chief wildlife
Warden.
Chapter-3
Topic-3.6.11
Page No.129-133
6. Land requirement for the project to be
optimized. Item wise break up of land
requirement and its availability to be
furnished.
Chapter-2
Topic-2.3, Page No.21
7. Topography of the area should be
given clearly indicating whether the
Chapter-7,
Topic 7.6
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 7
site requires any filling. If so, detail of
filling, quantity of fill material required,
its source, transportation etc. should
be given.
Page No.246 and Detailed
report is attached separately.
8. Impact on drainage of the area and
the surroundings.
Chapter-7,
Topic 7.7
Page No.246 and Detailed
report is attached separately.
9. Information regarding surface
hydrology and water regime.
Chapter-3
Topic-3.4, Page No.84-96
10. One season site-specific
meteorological data shall be provided.
Chapter-3
Topic-3.3.5, Page No.66-67
11. One season AAQ data (except
monsoon) to be given. The monitoring
stations should take into account the
pre-dominant wind direction,
population zone and sensitive
receptors including reserved forests.
Chapter-3
Topic-3.2, 3.3, 3.3.1, 3.3.2,
3.3.3, 3.3.4, 3.3.4.1
Page No.54-66
12. Impact of the project on the AAQ of
the area. Details of the model used
and the input data used for modeling
should also be provided. The air
quality contours may be plotted on a
location map showing the location of
project site, habitation nearby,
sensitive receptors, if any. The wind
roses should also be shown on his
map.
Chapter-3
Topic-3.3.8, Page No.70-82
13. Fuel analysis to be provided. Chapter-2
Topic-2.4, Page No.25
14. Quantity of fuel required its source
and
Chapter-2
Topic-2.4,Page No.25 ;
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 8
transportation. Topic-2.8 Page No. 32,
Annexure-4
15. Source of water and its availability.
Commitment regarding availability of
requisite quantity, quality and point of
discharge, users downstream etc.
should be provided.
Chapter-2
Table-2.15,
Page No.35, Annexure-3
16. Detail of rainwater harvesting and how
it will be used in the plant.
Chapter-10
Topic-10.9 ,Page No.299-301
17. Examine the feasibility of zero
discharge. In case of any proposed
discharges, its quantity, quality and
point of discharges, users downstream
etc. should be provided.
Chapter-2
Topic-2.12.2, 2.12.3, 2.12.4,
2.12.5
Page No.41-44
18. Optimization of COC for water
conservation. Other water
conservation measures proposed in
the project should also be given.
Chapter-2
Topic-2.11 ,Page No.35-36
19. Details of water balance taking into
account reuse and re-circulation of
effluents.
Chapter-2
Topic-2.11, Page No.35-36
20. Details of greenbelt i.e. land with not
less than 1500 trees per ha giving
details of species, width of plantation,
planning schedule etc.
Chapter-7
Topic-7.3, Page No.239-245
Annexure-13
21. Detailed plan of ash utilization /
management.
Chap-2,Topic-2.13 Page No.46
Chap-10,Topic-10.7 Page No.293
Table-10.2 Page-295
22. Details of evacuation of ash. Chapter-2
Topic-2.13 ,Page No.46
23. Details regarding ash pond
impermeability and whether it’s would
Chapter-10
Topic 10.7
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
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Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 9
be lined , if so details of lining etc. Page No.293-297
24. Detailed R&R plan shall be prepared
taking into account the socio
economic status of the area,
homestead oustees, land oustees,
landless labourers.
Chapter-3
Topic 3.7, Page 133
25. Details of flora and fauna duly
authenticated should be provided. In
case of any scheduled fauna,
conversation plan should be provided.
Chapter-3
Topic-3.6.4, Page No.108
Topic-3.6.5, Page No.108
Topic-3.6.6, Page No.109-128
26. Details regarding infrastructure
facilities such as sanitation, fuel,
restroom etc. to be provided to the
labour force during construction as
well as to the casual workers including
truck drivers during operation phase.
Chapter-4
Topic-4.1.7 Page No.141-142
Topic-4.1.8 Page No.142-143
27. Public hearing points raised and
commitment of the project proponent
on the same.
Chapter-11 Topic 11.1
Page No-308-311
28. Measures of socio economic influence
to the local community proposed to be
provided by project proponent. As far
as possible, quantitative dimension to
be given.
Chapter-4
Page No.167-170
29. Impact of the project on local
infrastructure of the area such as
road network and whether any
additional infrastructure would need
to be constructed and the agency
responsible for the same with time
frame.
Chapter-4
Page No.166-167
30. EMP to mitigate the adverse impacts Chapter-10
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
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Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 10
due to the project along with item wise
cost of its implementation.
Topic 10.0
Page No.269-270
31. Risk assessment to be undertaken.
Based on the same, proposed
safeguard measures should be
provided.
Chapter-7 Topic 7.1
Page No.200-221
32. Any litigation pending against the
project and / or any direction / order
passed by any court of law against the
project, if so, details thereof.
Nil
1.5 Compliance status of clarifications sought by the EAC in the 60th meeting
The point wise compliance is given below in Table 1.3:
Table 1.3
S. No. clarifications sought by the EAC in the 60th
meeting
Compliance
i) Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA) due to
all sources of air emissions (existing and
proposed) in the study area (10 Kms radius)
shall be carried out. The CIA shall also take
into consideration impact on the source of
water to the downstream recipients due to
drawl of water for the proposed expansion.
Chapter 7,
Page # 223-231
ii) Establish firm fuel (coal) availability of the
proposed expansion;
Chapter 2,
Page # 25
iii) Submit copy of application for obtaining
clearance from the Standing Committee of the
National Board of Wildlife;
Chapter 7,
Page # 222
iv) Examine action plan prepared by the State
Pollution Control Board for the critically
polluted area, integrating it with the project
itself and identify compliance thereof as may
Chapter 7,
Topic 7.2.3
Page # 234-238
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
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Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 11
be applicable;
v) Submit detailed action plan for development of
green belt along with budgetary details;
Chapter 7, Topic 7.3
Page # 239-245
vi) Review ash pond/ dyke location and submit
action plan for preparedness in worst case
scenario for possibility of ash dyke breach.
Chapter 7, Topic 7.5
Page # 245-246
Government of Uttar Pradesh has given an approval for use of 54 cusec of water from the existing Obra Dam of Rihand River vide their letter no-357/24-
ऊ0िन0िन0ू/2009-95/09 dated 13.07.2009 is enclosed as Annexure-3.
The coal linkage for proposed project has been made vide Ministry of coal is enclosed as Annexure-4.
1.6 Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Environmental Impact Assessment report has been prepared based on assessment
of environmental impacts and mitigation measures for the probable adverse impacts
on the environment due the proposed thermal power plant. The report has been
prepared based on Terms of Reference specified by Ministry of Environment. The
report has been prepared as per the generic structure prescribed in the EIA
Notification, 2006 as shown in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3
Chapter 1 Introduction Presents, an introduction along with scope
and objective of this EIA/EMP study
Chapter 2 Project Description Presents brief project technical details
Chapter 3 Description of
Environment
Presents the baseline status for various
environmental parameters in the study area.
Chapter 4 Anticipated
Environmental
Impacts and
Mitigation Measures
Presents the identification, prediction and
evaluation of environmental impacts due to
the proposed project activities. Also
presents proposed mitigation measures.
Chapter 5 Alternate Analysis Presents analysis of alternatives with
respect to site and technology
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 12
Chapter 6 Environment
Monitoring
Programme
Presents details of monitoring, audit and
reporting
Chapter 7 Additional Studies
Risk Assessment
Present on-site and off-site emergency plan
for management of risk associated with
proposed expanded plant & Cumulative
Impact Assessment
Chapter 8 Disaster
Management Plan
Present on-site and off-site emergency plan
for management of risk associated with
proposed expanded plant
Chapter 9 Project Benefits Presents project benefits as:
Improvements in the physical infrastructure
Improvements in the social infrastructure
Employing potential-skilled; semi-skilled and
unskilled
Other tangible benefit
Chapter 10 Environmental
Management plan
Description of the administrative aspects of
ensuring that mitigative measures are
implemented and their effectiveness
monitored, after approval of the EIA.
Chapter 11 Public Consultation Present details of issues raised and
response of UPRVUNL during public
hearing.
Chapter 12 Summary &
Conclusion
Summary & Conclusion of the project.
Chapter 12 Disclosure of
Consultants
Engaged
Company’s Profile with resumes of team
members.
Chapter‐2
Project Description
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL.
13 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Type of Project
Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (a Government of UP undertaking)
intends to install 2X660 MW, coal based supercritical units as Obra C extension project in
the premises of the existing Obra Thermal Power Plant, in the district of Sonebhadra, in the
state of Uttar Pradesh. The Power Plant is envisaged to start generating power during the
13th Plan period (2017-2022). The entire generation from this unit shall be utilized to meet
the power requirement of State of Uttar Pradesh and the surplus power, if any, shall be fed
into Northern Grid to meet the power requirement of other states in Northern Region.
2.2 Need of the Proposed Project
Rapid industrialization and increase in commercial and domestic use of electricity are the
main reasons for increase in power consumption. In addition, Government policies like rural
electrification, electricity for all, development of irrigation sector, minimum per capita
consumption of electricity are also contributing in increasing the future power demand. To
meet the above requirements, the addition in the power generation capacity will have to
match with future power demand.
For industrial and agricultural development, availability of adequate power at an economic
rate is the prime prerequisite. In order to fulfill the task of meeting the power demand of the
State during the coming years, it is necessary to plan in such a manner that the installed
capacity exceeds the anticipated load demand as well as some spinning reserve capacity is
available to attend the statutory periodic overhauls and emergency outages. Industry, trade,
agriculture, employment etc. all depend on proper supply of power. This is the guiding
factor for economic condition of any state and its people.
Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state with a population of over 201 million.
Promoting opportunity is at the center of strategy for development of the state. Power to all
therefore is not only integral but the primary component of the development program of the
state. Uttar Pradesh has been severely constrained in its economic development and
quality of life by the appalling power situation in the State.
The proposed project will help UPRVUNL to meet growing demand of power in U.P. This
project will also help in bridging demand supply gap in the State.
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL.
14 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
However, with the rapidly increasing industrial development and per capita energy
consumption level is an aspect of importance in the standards of living of both Urban and
rural areas, Agricultural growth will also increase the power demand in the state to a greater
extent.
Availability of power is one of the most major infrastructure requirements for industrial
development of a nation. Quality power at optimum cost is a catalyst for industrial
development. The State of Uttar Pradesh has ambitious plans for rapid industrialization.
Therefore power generation in the state of Uttar Pradesh requires urgent augmentation of
generation capacity. The proposed project is one of the projects planned to be developed
for long term capacity addition project. The proposed project will help in bridging the gap
between supply and demand of power in the State of U.P. and Northern region.
The demand scenario has been prepared as per latest publication of Electrical Power
Survey (EPS-17) published by Central Electricity Authority (CEA) and summarized as per
given in Table 2.1 below :
Table 2.1
Demand Projections upto 2012 & 2017 under 17th EPS
Region Peak Demand as per
17th EPS (MW)
Energy Requirement as per
17th EPS (MU)- Forecast
Upto 2012 Upto 2017 Upto 2012 Upto 2017
NR 48137 66583 294841 411513
WR 47108 64349 294860 409805
SR 40367 60433 253443 380068
ER 19088 28401 111802 168942
NER 2537 3760 13329 21143
Islands 88 136 384 595
All-India 157325 223662 968659 1392066
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL.
15 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
Demand & Supply Scenario at the End of 11th Plan
Demand & Supply Scenario at the end of 11th plan with the addition of 78577 MW and
enhanced performance in 11th Plan has been worked out and presented below in Table 2.2
Table 2.2
Demand & Supply Scenario at the End of 11th Plan
Region Availability
at the end of
11th Plan
Peak
(MW)
Demand as
per EPS
17th
Forecast
Deficit/
Surplus
(%)
Energy
Requirement
as per 17th
EPS (MU)-
Forecast
Deficit/
Surplus
(%)
Energy (MU) Energy
(MU)
Peak (MW)
NR 282905 41103 294841 -4.05 48137 -14.61
WR 281691 40926 294860 -4.47 47108 -13.12
SR 250918 36456 253443 -1.0 40367 -9.69
ER 167490 24334 111802 49.81 19088 27.49
NER 32754 4759 13329 145.73 2537 87.57
Islands 388 56 384 1.03 88 -35.95
Total 1016146 147634 968659 4.9 157325 -6.16
From the above, it is evident that the peak deficit still exists at the end of 11th Plan to the
extent of 6.16% for whole country in totality. While for the northern region the energy deficit
is 4.05% and peak deficit is 14.61% at the end of the 11th Plan.
Demand & Supply Scenario at the End of 12th Plan
Demand & Supply Scenario at the end of 12th Plan with the addition of 86500 MW and
enhanced performance has been worked out and presented below in Table 2.3
Table 2.3
Demand & Scenario at the End of 12th Plan
Region Availability at the
end of 11th Plan
Demand as per EPS 17th Forecast
Energy
(MU)
Peak
(MW)
Energy
(MU)
Deficit/
surplus
(%)
Peak
(MW)
Deficit/
surplus
(%)
All India 1432903 208184.3 1392066 2.93 223662 -6.92
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL.
16 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
From the above discussion, it is evident that there is overall peak deficit of 6.16% and
6.92% exist in the country after 11th & 12th plans respectively. The National Electricity Policy
has set up the goal of adding new generation capacity to not only eliminate energy and
peaking shortages but to have a spinning reserve of 5% in the system. Considering the
above, and likely peak deficit at the end of 11th plan for northern region as (-) 14.61%,
proposed expansion as Obra ‘C’ (2X660 MW), planned to be commissioned in the early 13th
plan, is therefore, justified from demand supply consideration.
2.2.1 Location and Accessibility
The proposed extension of Obra TPS consisting of 2 x 660 MW units will be located in the
premises of existing Obra TPS in Sonebhadra district. The nearest railway station is
Chopan. The nearest major town is Robertsganj, which is approximately 35 kms. The
district Sonebhadra is bounded by the state of Chhattisgarh to the South, Madhya Pradesh
to the West and Bihar state to the East.
Latitude and Longitude of the site is 24027’N and 820 59’ E respectively. The altitude of the
site is approximately 195 meter above mean sea level (MSL). The proposed site is around
125 Km from Varanasi and 13 Km from Chopan. The proposed site for the extension units
is mostly flat with a small part of hill which will require clearance and leveling. Soil is
classified as Alluvial soil.
The district map of Uttar Pradesh showing OTPS location is given below in Figure.2.1.
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL.
17 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
Figure.2.1 District map of Uttar Pradesh showing location of Obra
The topographical map of 10 km radius of OTPS and location of proposed project site of
2x660 MW Obra ‘C’ TPS and area under 10km radius is shown in Figure.2.2.
Latitude: 24° 26’ N Longitude: 82° 58’ E
District: Sonebhadra
2.2
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Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL.
19 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
installed during their R&M with the designed outlet dust concentration less than 100
mg/Nm3 in flue gases emitted through stacks. Details of units of Obra Thermal Power
Stations, deleted and under R&M are given in Table 2.4 below:
Table 2.4
Units of Obra Thermal Power Station, Existing, Deleted and under R&M.
Status of existing plant including renovation and maintenance work is as given below:
The de-rated capacity of existing units is: 2X50 + 2X94 + 5X200 = 1288 MW. In Units #
1 and 2 (capacity 50MW each), ESP of 150 mg/Nm3 concentration and efficiency
99.86% have been installed. Whereas, in Unit#9 (capacity 200MW), ESP of 100
mg/Nm3 concentration and efficiency 99.827% have been installed, and in remaining
Unit Year of
commiss
ioning
Capacity Status
Obra - ‘A’ Unit 1 1967 50 MW In operation after Renovation
Obra - ‘A’ Unit 2 1968 50 MW In operation after Renovation
Obra - ‘A’ Unit 3 1968 50 MW Deleted
Obra - ‘A’ Unit 4 1969 50 MW Deleted
Obra - ‘A’ Unit 5 1971 50 MW Deleted
Obra - ‘A’ Unit 6 1973 100 MW Deleted
Obra - ‘A’ Unit 7 1974 94 MW
(De-rated
Capacity)
Not in Operation due to R&M works
which is scheduled to be completed by
Nov-2015.
Obra - ‘A’ Unit 8 1975 94 MW Closed ; under process of deletion
Obra - ‘B’ Unit 9 1980 200 MW In operation after Renovation
Obra - ‘B’ Unit 10 1979 200 MW Not in Operation due to R&M works
which is scheduled to be completed by
December-2015
Obra - ‘B’ Unit 11 1977 200 MW Not in Operation due to R&M works
which is scheduled to be completed by
March-2016.
Obra - ‘B’ Unit 12 1981 200 MW In operation and shut down is due for
R&M works which is scheduled to be
completed by December-2017
Obra - ‘B’ Unit 13 1982 200 MW In operation and shut down is due for
R&M works which is scheduled to be
completed by December-2017
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL.
20 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
units # 10, 11, 12 and 13 (capacity 200MW each), similar ESP of 100 mg/Nm3
concentration and efficiency 99.827% shall be installed during R&M works.
Opacity meter in units 1, 2 & 9 have been installed. In remaining units, the opacity
meters will be installed during phase wise R&M for which orders have already been
placed with BHEL;
Dry Fly ash Extraction System in 2X50 MW exists, and is functional.
Dry Fly ash Extraction System has been installed in Unit # 9 (capacity 200MW), which is
functional after undergoing R&M. For other units # 10,11,12 and 13 also (each of
capacity 200MW) , DFAES shall be installed after their R&M.
Effluent Treatment Plant is commissioned on 17.09.2014 and construction of Ash Water
Recirculation System (AWRS) is under progress and expected to be completed by Nov,
2015.
Dredging of ash from Jhariya nala and Renuka river has been got done by UPRVUNL
through Irrigation Department U.P.
2.2.3 Size or Magnitude of Operation including Resources
Table 2.5 Salient Features of proposed power plant
S. No. Features Description
1 Capacity 1320 MW
2 Configuration 2X660 MW
3 Technology Super critical Technology
4 Power evacuation Through 400/765 KV line
5 Fuel requirement at 90% PLF 5.528 MTPA
6 Source of coal Saharpur-Jamarpani Sector, Brahmani Basin, Rajmahal group of Coalfields, Jharkhand.
7 Transportation By Rail
8 Sulphur content 0.4%
9 Ash content in coal 32%
10 Ash generation 1.76896 MTPA
11 Bottom Ash 0.353792 MTPA
12 Fly Ash 1.415168 MTPA
13 ESP efficiency 99.8%
14 Stack One stack of 275 m Height (Twin Flue)
15 Water requirement 45 cusec.(max)
16 Source of water Obra Dam of Rihand River
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL.
21 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
2.3. Layout Plan / Land Requirement
The proposed expansion is planned within the premises of existing plant and no additional
land is proposed to be acquired. UPRVUNL has identified about 550 acres of land, at the
existing Obra TPS for installation of this expansion project after demolishing the existing old
and dilapidated quarters in sectors 5,6 and 7 of present colony and adjoining land towards
north of sector 6 and abandoned ash dyke. Details of the same are summarized in Table
2.6 as given below:
Table 2.6
Land Distribution of Proposed Expansion
S.
No.
Particulars Area in acre (acre)
Existing Expansion Total
1 Plant 305
450 (300 acre for plant plot +
150* acre for green belt)
755
2 Coal Storage & Handling
3 Ash dyke/ pond 175 - 175
4 Green belt 120 346 466*
5 Railway siding 148 100** 248
6 Open area 735 - 735
Total land for plant (A) 1483 896 2379
7 Township (B) 805 50 (for R&R only) 855
Total Land (A+B) 2288 946 3234
*150 acre Included in the proposed Plant area
Note- Besides the above 150 acre in the plant area, UPRVUNL has also planned to develop
additional green belt in the abandoned ash pond area (about 346 acres) surrounding the proposed
Obra ‘C’ plant area as per directions issued by Expert Appraisal Committee, MoEF dated
05.11.2012. Budget allocation amounting Rs. 2.45 crore has also been made for carrying out the
forestation/ eco-restoration through U.P. forest department
**It is not included in the proposed Plant area. For this adjoining railway track shall be used.
Vicinity cum plot plan and Layout plan of the expanded plant are depicted as Figure 2.3 &
Figure 2.4.
The
loc
pre
L14
E
U
Po
e propose
ated in O
emise of e
4, L15, 63
Environme
Units at Ob
llution Co
ed expans
Obra villag
existing p
3 P2, P3)
ental Impa
bra Therm
ontrol Rese
Fig
sion is env
ge of Ro
plant has
as per giv
act Asse
mal Power
earch Ins
gure 2.3 :
visaged w
obertsganj
latitude a
ven in Tab
ssment of
r Station o
titute, BH
: Vicinity
within the
j tehsil of
and longit
ble 2.7 :
f propos
of M/s UP
EL, Harid
cum plot
premises
f Sonebha
tude (Sur
ed 2 x 66
RVUNL.
dwar
t plan
s of existin
adra distr
rvey of In
60 MW Ex
ng plant. E
rict, Uttar
dia Topo
xtension
Existing p
r Pradesh
-sheets N
22
plant is
h. The
No. 63
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL.
23 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
Table 2.7
Coordinates of Plot Plan
Direction Longitude Latitude(Y) North 82 ° 59 ' 14.74 " E 24 ° 26' 47.21 " N East 82 ° 59 ' 01.48 " E 24 ° 26' 56.64 " N West 82 ° 58 ' 59.13 " E 24 ° 27' 15.72 " N South 82 ° 59 ' 10.754 " E 24 ° 27' 21.29 " N
The nearest railway station is at Obra dam (2 km from plant) and Chopan (13 km from
plant) while nearest highway (Varanasi-Shakti Nagar highway) is about 8 km from project
site. Nearest airport is at Varanasi (about 125 Km from project site).
Co-ordinates of Ash Dyke:
Direction Longitude Latitude(Y) North 82 ° 57 ' 52.86 " E 24 ° 28' 34.53 " N East 82 ° 58 ' 16.65 " E 24 ° 28' 17.05 " N West 82 ° 57 ' 28.35 " E 24 ° 28' 16.72 " N South 82 ° 57 ' 48.88 " E 24 ° 27' 55.23 " N
E
Po
Environme
Units at
llution Co
Figure
ental Impa
t Obra Th
ontrol Rese
2.4 : Lay
act Asse
hermal Po
earch Ins
yout plan
ssment o
ower Stat
titute, BH
of the 2x
of propos
tion of M/
EL, Harid
x660 MW
sed 2 x 6
/s UPRVU
dwar
expansio
660 MW E
UNL
on projec
Extension
ct
24
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
25 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
2.4. Coal Requirement, Availability and Linkage
Coal requirement for proposed 2x660 MW units is estimated as 5.528 million tonnes/annum,
considering GCV of 4000 kcal/kg, design heat rate as 2250 Kcal/kWh and 85% PLF as per CERC
operative norms effective from 1/4/2009. The range for proximate analysis of the coal proposed to
be used is as given below in Table 2.8
Table 2.8
Coal Analysis
Range Proximate Analysis (as on received basis)
1 Volatile matter 22.5-25.8%
2 Fixed carbon 29.5-36.1%
3 Ash 17.9-43.5%
4 Moisture 6.0%-9.8%
5 GCV 3935-4380 (kcal/kg)
Saharpur-Jamarpani Sector, Brahmani Basin, Rajmahal group of Coalfields, Jharkhand coal
blocks have already been allotted by Ministry of Coal to UPRVUNL for Obra-‘C’ extension
project as per commitment letter enclosed as Annexure 4.0
For existing plant, coal is being received from coal mines of NCL and CCL and is transported
through railway wagons. The water is sprayed on the coal wagons before sending it to wagon
tippler. This reduces the fugitive emission to a great extent. The water sprinklers have also
been provided at wagon tippler, crusher houses and along the coal stock pile. Total land area of
plant and Township with the greenbelt is given below in Table 2.9
Table 2.9
Land Distribution of Proposed Expansion
S.
No.
Particulars Area in acre (acre)
Existing Expansion Total
1 Plant 305
450 (300 acre for plant plot +
150* acre for green belt)
755
2 Coal Storage & Handling
3 Ash dyke/ pond 175 - 175
4 Green belt 120 346 466*
5 Railway siding 148 100** 248
6 Open area 735 - 735
Total land for plant (A) 1483 896 2379
7 Township (B) 805 50 (for R&R only) 855
Total Land (A+B) 2288 946 3234
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Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
26 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
*150 acre Included in the proposed Plant area
Note- Besides the above 150 acre in the plant area, UPRVUNL has also planned to develop
additional green belt in the abandoned ash pond area (about 346 acres) surrounding the
proposed Obra ‘C’ plant area as per directions issued by Expert Appraisal Committee, MoEF
dated 05.11.2012. Budget allocation amounting Rs. 2.45 crore has also been made for carrying
out the forestation/ eco-restoration through U.P. forest department
**It is not included in the proposed Plant area. For this adjoining railway track shall be used.
2.5 Technical Details of Proposed Expansion
2.5.1. Steam Generator and Auxiliaries
The steam generators shall be once through, water tube, direct pulverized coal fired, top
supported, balance draft furnace, single reheat, radiant, dry bottom type, suitable for outdoor
installation. The gas path arrangement shall be single pass (tower type) or two pass type. Boiler
design shall also be suitable for variable pressure operation from 30% to 100% BMCR with 20%
throttle margin. The main parameters at 100% BMCR will be is as given below in Table 2.10 :
Table 2.10
Main Parameters at 100 % BMCR
S.No. Particulars Value
1 Main steam flow at super heater outlet 2225 tph
2 Pressure at super heater outlet 256 kg/cm2 (a)
3 Temperature at super heater outlet 5400C
4 Re-heater steam flow 1763 tph
5 Steam temperature at re-heater outlet 5680C
The furnace will be radiant, dry bottom type with tangential or wall firing and enclosed by water
cooled & all welded membrane walls. The furnace bottom shall be suitable for installation of a
water impounded bottom ash hopper. Spray type attemperator is envisaged to control the
superheater outlet temperature for varying loads. The superheater and reheater tubes will be a
combination of radiation and convection type. Economizer will be non-steaming type and shall
be of modular construction so that if required, addition of loops is possible. Lower part of
furnace / water wall will consist of rifle/wrap around /helical/plane tubes as required.
A balanced draft system will be provided which includes two axial FD fans, two axial ID fans &
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
27 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
two (2) pairs of regenerative rotary type air pre-heaters. One pair of air pre-heater will be used
for primary air system & second pair for secondary air system. Four (4) numbers of steam coil
air pre heaters – two (02) on primary and two (02) on secondary air system will be provided for
start-up, low load operation or abnormal conditions when an increased air inlet temperature is
considered desirable to minimize the cold end corrosion of regenerative air pre-heaters. Start-
up, warm up and low load (upto 30%) carrying shall be done by heavy furnace oil/HPS/LSHS.
Boiler will be so designed that oil firing for flame stabilization will not be required beyond 30%
MCR. There shall be light oil (LDO) firing at least in one burner elevation having a minimum
capacity of 7.5% BMCR to facilitate a cold start-up of the unit when no auxiliary steam is
available for HFO heating and atomization.
The coal burning system will comprise of coal mills of vertical spindle type which include (a)
bowl mills (XRP type), (b) roller mills (MPS type), (C) balls & race mills (E-type) or any approved
equivalent. The number and capacities of the mills shall be so selected that while firing the
worst and design coals at BMCR, the following spare capacities shall be ensured
With 90% loading of the working mills, at least one mill will be spare at 100% BMCR while
firing the worst coal;
With 90% loading of the working mills, at least two mills will be spare at 600MW load with
worst coal firing; and
With 90% mill loading of the working mills, at least two mills will be spare while firing the
design coal at 100% BMCR.
Coal from raw coal bunkers will be fed into the mills by belt driven gravimetric coal feeders
suitable for handling moist coal. There will be two axial P.A. fans for transporting the pulverized
coal from mills to burners.
Fully automatic, sequentially controlled, microprocessor based steam soot blowing system,
complete with provision for individual operation of any soot blower pair and facility to bypass
any soot blower, will be provided. The system will have short retractable rotary wall blowers for
the furnace and long retractable rotary blowers for the super heater, reheater and economizer.
Each of the unit will be provided with two auxiliary Pressure Reducing De-Superheating (PRD)
stations i.e., high capacity and low capacity PRDS taking their steam tap-offs from MS line and
CRH line respectively. The high capacity auxiliary PRDS will be designed for a minimum
capacity of 160 T/hr. Low capacities auxiliary PRDS will be sized for minimum 25 T/hr capacity
and will be operated during the normal operation of the unit. Auto-change over between the low
and high capacity auxiliary PRDS stations depending on the station auxiliary steam requirement
is also envisaged. Each unit will have its own auxiliary steam header whereas for station
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
28 Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Haridwar
services, a common station auxiliary steam header is also proposed. A high temperature station
auxiliary steam header taking its tap off from the auxiliary PRD station before the desuperheater
will also be provided to take care of the mill firefighting and air heater soot blowing. The system
will be suitably interconnected with existing auxiliary steam system. No auxiliary boiler is
envisaged in the expansion stage.
It is proposed to install high efficiency electrostatic precipitator which limits the outlet dust
emission to 50 mg/Nm3 while the boiler is operating at its MCR, firing worst coal having
maximum ash content. To facilitate wider dispersion of emissions, a one bi-flue chimney of 275
m height will be provided.
2.5.2. Turbine and Its Auxiliaries
The scope of each TG unit of 660MW shall broadly cover the Steam Turbine along with its
integral systems and auxiliaries like lube oil system, control-fluid system, condenser, condenser
air evacuation system, HP&LP Bypass system, complete regenerative feed heating system,
condensate pumps along with their drives, boiler feed water pumps along with their drives,
automatic turbine run-up system, instrumentation and control devices, turbine supervisory
instruments, turbine protection and interlock system, automatic turbine testing system and
turbine hall EOT cranes.
Steam Turbine
The steam turbine shall be tandem compound, single reheat, regenerative, condensing, multi
cylinder design with HP, IP and LP casing(s), directly coupled with the generator suitable for
indoor installation. The plant would be designed to operate as a base load station. Apart from
constant pressure operation, the turbine shall also have the facility for sliding pressure
operation. The steam turbine shall conform to the following design and duty conditions as given
in Table 2.11 :
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
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Table 2.11 Steam Turbine Details
i Output under Economic Maximum
Continuous Rating (EMCR) at generator
terminals with cycle make up of 3% of
throttle steam flow and design condenser
pressure
660 MW (In case of static excitation
system, the EMCR output at generator
terminals shall be 660 MW plus excitation
power requirement at EMCR)
ii Turbine throttle steam pressure 247 kg/cm2 (abs)
iii Turbine throttle main stream/ reheat
steam temperature
5400C/5650C
iv Condenser back pressure (max.) 76 mm Hg (abs)
v Turbine speed 3000 rpm
vi Frequency variation range from rated
frequency of 50 Hz
(+) 3% to (+) 5%
(47.5 Hz to 51.5 Hz)
Single pass or double pass condenser with stainless steel tubes of welded type as per
ASTM-A- 249-TP304, shall be adopted. Each unit shall comprise of (2x100%) vacuum
pumps along with all accessories and instrumentation for condenser air evacuation.
Horizontal, direct contact spray or spray cum tray type deaerator with a horizontal feed water
storage tank shall be provided.
2.5.3 Steam Generator Circulation System (For Once Through Boiler)
The steam generator start up system envisages boiler start up drain system with startup
circulation pump. Separator(s) will be used for start up as well as separating the steam
water mixture upto a load of 30% BMCR, above which it will be running dry. For start up,
the drain from the separator will be routed through drain collection vessel before being
fed into flash tank or the drain will be routed partly through mixing box into the system
and partly to flash tank.
2.6 Air and Flue Gas System
A balanced draft system will be provided. There will be two axial FD fans and two axial ID
fans & two (2) pairs of regenerative rotary type air pre-heaters. One pair of air preheater will
be used for primary air system & second pair for secondary air system. Four (4) numbers of
steam coil air preheaters -two on primary and two on secondary air system will be provided
for start-up, low load operation or abnormal conditions when an increased air inlet
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temperature is considered desirable to minimize the cold end corrosion of regenerative air
pre-heaters.
2.6.1 Fuel Oil Burning System
Start-up, warm up and low load (upto 30%) carrying shall be done by heavy furnace
oil/HPS/LSHS. Boiler will be so designed that oil firing for flame stabilization will not be
required beyond 30% MCR. Necessary pumps, filters and heaters shall be provided. The
burners, air registers etc. will have Independent pneumatic drives and the entire operation of
purging, insertion, air and fuel sequencing removal and blow off shall be automatic. Ignition
of heavy oil shall be directly by high energy arc igniters. There shall be light oil (LDO) firing at
least in one burner elevation having a minimum capacity of 7.5% BMCR to facilitate a cold
start-up of the unit when no auxiliary steam is available for HFO heating and atomization.
2.6.2 Coal Burning System
The coal burning system will comprise of coal mills of vertical spindle type which include (a)
bowl mills (XRP type), (b) roller mills (MPS type), (C) balls & race mills (E-type) or any
approved equivalent. The number and capacities of the mills shall be so selected that while
firing the worst and design coals at BMCR, the following spare capacities shall be ensured.
1. With 90% loading of the working mills, at least one mill will be spare at 100% BMCR while
firing the worst coal.
2. With 90% loading of the working mills, at least two mills will be spare at 600MW load with
worst coal firing.
3. With 90% mill loading of the working mills, at least two mills will be spare while firing the
design coal at 100% BMCR.
Coal from raw coal bunkers will be fed into the mills by belt driven gravimetric coal feeders
suitable for handling moist coal. There will be two axial P.A. fans for transporting the
pulverized coal from mills to burners.
2.6.3 Soot Blowing System
Fully automatic, sequentially controlled, microprocessor based steam soot blowing system,
complete with provision for individual operation of any soot blower pair and facility to bypass
any soot blower, will be provided. The system will have short retractable rotary wall blowers
for the furnace and long retractable rotary blowers for the superheater, reheater and
economizer.
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Auxiliary Steam System
Each of the unit will be provided with two auxiliary PRD stations i.e., high capacity and low
capacity PRDS taking their steam tap-offs from MS line and CRH line respectively. The high
capacity auxiliary PRDS will be designed for a minimum capacity of 160 T/hr. Low capacities
auxiliary PRDS will be sized for minimum 25 T/hr capacity and will be operated during the
normal operation of the unit.
Auto-change over between the low and high capacity aux. PRDS stations depending on the
station auxiliary steam requirement is also envisaged. Each unit will have its own auxiliary
steam header whereas for station services, a common station auxiliary steam header is also
proposed. A high temperature station auxiliary steam header taking its tap off from the
auxiliary PRD station before the desuperheater will also be provided to take care of the mill
fire fighting and air heater soot blowing. The system will be suitably interconnected with
existing auxiliary steam system. No auxiliary boiler is envisaged in the expansion stage.
2.7. Cooling Tower
Re-circulating type CW system with cooling towers has been envisaged for the proposed
expansion. Provision of two Induced Draft Cooling Tower (IDCT) is considered for each
660 MW unit as per specification given below in Table 2.12:
Table 2.12
Details of Cooling Tower
Type Induced Draft Cooling Tower
Capacity 40,000 m3/hr
Range & Approach 110C & 4.50C
Design RH 45%
Wet bulb temperature 27.80C
Type of fill Film type
All units of existing plant are operating on once through system. Cooling water for
condenser is drawn from Obra dam constructed on Rihand river via dedicated intake
canal and after condensing steam hot water is cooled by natural process of zig zag path
of flow and discharged back into the Rihand river via off take canal.
Measures have been taken to cool the hot water discharge prior to meeting Rihand river
by means of zig zag path. Measurement of temperature near the confluence point
indicated that temperature difference of cooling water discharge and U/s of river is 4.80 C
which is within prescribed norms of 50 C.
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2.8. Fuel Transportation and Handling System
2.8.1. Coal
The envisaged mode of coal transportation from the coal mines to the power plant is by
Indian Railways rakes in BOBR wagons. In emergency, BOXN rake shall also be acceptable
in the track hopper.
The capacity of the coal handling plant has been worked out to meet the peak daily coal
requirement of two units of 660 MW. The coal handling plant shall be of 2400 TPH rated
capacity with parallel double stream (one working and one standby) belt conveyors along
with facilities for receiving, unloading, crushing and conveying the crushed coal to boiler
bunkers and stacking/reclaiming the coal to / from crushed coal stockyards. The coal shall be
unloaded through 2 no. wagon tippler and 1 no. track hopper which will be constructed in
expansion project 2 X 660 MW.
Coal received at power plant shall be conveyed to the crusher house for sizing of coal to(-)
20mm. Four (04) Coal crushers with complete drive units with each having capacity of 1375
TPH shall be provided.
From the crusher house, the crushed coal can either be conveyed directly to the coal
bunkers through a series of conveyors or stacked on to the crushed coal stockpiles by
means of stacker reclaimers.
Motorised travelling trippers shall be provided to feed crushed coal into the raw coal
bunkers of the boilers.
Two nos. Rail mounted, travelling stacker-reclaimers, bucket wheel type are proposed for
coal stockyard management. Coal stockyards proposed shall have crushed coal storage
equivalent to 20 days elsewhere coal consumption at 100% PLF.
For the control of fugitive dust emission within and around the coal handling plant, coal dust
extraction and suppression systems would be provided. Dust suppression system would be
installed at all the transfer points in CHP and at coal stack yard. Dust extraction system
would be provided in crusher house.
Area provided for coal storage for expansion shall be 11.36 ha (28.4 acres).
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2.8.2. Fuel Oil
Existing Fuel Oil unloading of ATPS shall be used to handle both heavy oil (HFO/LHS/HPS)
and light oil (LDO). New Storage tanks and transfer pumps are proposed near ATPS. The
day tanks are located in the fuel oil handling area of BTPS. Light oil (LDO) shall be used for
cold startup and low part load (up to 7.5%) operation of the steam generator. The heavy oil
(HFO/LHS/HPS) shall be used for start-up, warm-up and low load (up to 30%) operation of
the steam generator while firing coal.
It is proposed to use existing facilities to transport heavy oil (HFO/LHS/HPS) to the power
plant by increasing the supply and storage frequency as per requirement of new units.
Existing facilities shall also be used to cater the light oil (LDO) to the new units of the power
plant.
Following facilities with modification in existing facilities is envisaged in the existing facilities:
It is proposed to transport heavy oil (HFO/LHS/HPS) to the power plant by railway
wagons in ATPS unloading tracks. The receiving yard shall be modified/ designed to
unload one (1) full rake of 76 Nos. / 48 Nos. Railway wagons at a time. The oil from
railway wagons shall be unloaded to unloading header by gravity which shall then be
pumped to storage tanks through unloading pumps.
It is proposed to transport Light Diesel oil (LDO) to the power plant by road tankers. The
oil will be unloaded from road tankers by gravity into the unloading header. From there, it
will be transferred to oil storage tanks through a set of positive displacement pumps.
Provision shall be kept to unload five (5) Nos. road tankers for light oil (LDO).
Since heavy oil (HFO/LHS/HPS) is to be used for startup, warm up and low load
operation, the specific oil consumption is assumed to be 1 ml/kwhr. Accordingly storage
capacity equivalent to 30 days operation of the ultimate capacity shall be provided. Two
(2) nos. of fixed roof type storage tanks each 2000 KL capacity shall be provided for
storage of heavy oil (HO/LHS/HPS). Necessary provision for heating of the unloading
header and storage tanks shall be provided.
For storage of light oil (LDO) two (2) tanks each of capacity 500 KL shall be provided.
A set of pressurizing pumps shall draw oil from the storage tanks for pumping the oil to
the steam generator units. The auxiliary boiler shall use either or both heavy oil
(HFO/LHS/HPS) and light oil (LDO) and the oil shall be drawn from the main storage
tanks.
One number day tank of each type of adequate capacity is envisaged.
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Details of existing storage of fuel are as per given below in Table 2.13 :
Table 2.13
Details of existing storage of fuel
S.N Type of Fuel
Details of Storage No of tank Capacity of each
tank (KL) Total Storage
(KL) 1
FO 5 Nos 2100 10500 2 HSD 1 No
1 No 2 Nos
2100 1000 550
4200
2.9. Power Evacuation
Power evacuation voltage level of the project shall be 765 kV. Power Generated from each
660 MW unit would be stepped up to the evacuation voltage level through suitably rated
Generator Transformer. The power will be evacuated from the plant at 765 KV level through
adequate number of transmission lines. The entire power generated from the project is
proposed to be absorbed within the state of U.P itself. Following transmission system has
been proposed for Obra-‘C’ project:
a. Two bay for Tie Line (interconnection with existing 400 KV Switchyard). This may
necessitate strengthen of bus at existing Obra-B.
b. Two bay for 400/11 KV station transformer.
c. Four bay for outgoing line feeders.
d. Two bay for 660 MW generators.
e. Two spare bay for future requirements.
The existing power plant at ATPS of Obra is connected to 220 KV interlinking with the 220
KV U.P. grids near Allahabad and Mugalsarai and BTPS is connected to 400 KV interlinking
with 400 KV grids near Sultanpur and Panki and from there to the rest of the state through
220 KV and 400 KV network.
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2.10. Power Requirement
The startup power of the plant and in-house consumption of power has been envisaged
to be drawn from the existing 400 kV system itself through suitable rated start up
transformer. The details of power requirement are as per given below in Table 2.14 :
Table 2.14
Power Requirement (MW) Unit
Unit Plant Township DG sets
Present (in existing) 45.486 5.944 2x320 KVA+2x310 KVA
Proposed 35.0 1.00 3x1500 KVA
Total 80.486 7.444
One number Diesel Generator (DG) set per unit along with one standby DG set
common to both shall be provided. Capacity of each DG set is 1500 KVA.
2.11. Make Up Water Requirement & Treatment
As per water balance diagram depicted in Figure 2.5, 4615 m3/hr (45 cusec) water is
required without ash water recirculation system and 3515 m3/hr (35 cusec) water is
required with ash water recirculation system. For water conservation COC is envisaged
as 5. UPRVUNL has confirmed commitment letter of 54 cusec water from Rihand Dam
as per copy of letter enclosed as Annexure 3.0. Water Balance Diagram is enclosed as
Annexure 7.0. Detail of fresh water requirement is summarized in Table 2.15 as given
below:
Table 2.15 :
Fresh Water Requirement (m3/hr) for Proposed Expansion
Purpose With ash
water
recirculation
Without ash
water
recirculation
Source Type Treated / untreated/
Fresh / Recycled
Cooling water 3175 3175 Obra Dam/
Rihand river
Treated in Raw water
treatment plant
DM water 135 135 Treated in DM plant
Ash slurry 0 1100 Treated in Raw water
treatment plant
Potable for plant
& township
100 100 --do--
Misc. 105 105 --do--
Fire Service Cooling tower blow-down shall be used.
Total 3515 4615
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Total water requirement for existing plant is 32020 m3/hr as per the details given in
Table 2.16 below:
Table 2.16
Total water requirement for existing plant
S. No. Particulars Quantity (m3/year)
1 Category-I as Industrial cooling, spraying and
boiler feeds
276836420
2 Category-II as Domestic purpose 1822236
3 Category-III as Processing whereby water gets
polluted and the pollutants are easily
biodegradable and are toxic.
1828805
Total 280487461
Water for existing plant is on higher side because of the following reasons:
Cooling towers are designed on once through system and blow down from
cooling towers is again sent back to Obra dam via off take canal for recycle;
No recirculation of ash water;
No ETP for other waste streams; and
No STP is installed for domestic waste water.
However, ETP of capacity 500 m3/hr has been commissioned on 17-09-2014 and Ash
Water Re-circulation System shall be commissioned by Nov 2015 and after
commissioning, fresh water requirement for existing plant shall be reduced drastically.
For installation of STP, DPR has been got prepared through IIT-Roorkee. Further action
shall be taken accordingly.
The main source of water for the existing units is Obra dam at Rihand river which is
about 2 km from plant boundary. Water requirement for the existing plant is met via
dedicated intake canal originating from Rihand river and merging with the same. The
canal is having 14 m width and 7 m depth and approximately 2 km length.
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2.11.1. Water Treatment Systems
The water treatment system of the proposed expansion comprises of Water Pre-
treatment Plant, Water Dematerializing Plant, Chlorination Plant, Condensate Polishing
Plant, CW Treatment Plant and Ash Water re-circulation System as described below:
2.11.2 Water Pre-Treatment Plant
The pretreatment plant would be designed to remove suspended/colloidal matter in the
raw water. Separate pretreatment plant shall be provided for meeting the CW system,
De-mineralization (DM) Plant and potable water system. A common chemical house
shall be provided to store chemicals such as chlorine, lime, alum & coagulant aid and
respective lime, alum and coagulant dosing equipments such as tanks, pumps etc. for
all the pre-treatment systems. However independent chemical preparation tanks and
chemical dosing pumps shall be provided for each pre-treatment system.
Two (2) reactor type clarifiers each of 2750 m3/hr capacity shall be provided for CW
system. The Water pre-treatment system for potable water system of 100 m3/hr capacity
shall be considered in CW clarifiers and two (2) pressure filters each of 2x100 m3/hr
capacity. Water pre-treatment system for DM Plant would consist of One (1) reactor
type clarifier of 200 m3/hr capacity and two (2) gravity filters each of 200 m3/hr capacity.
Each of the clarifier shall be provided with a stilling chamber cum aerator and provision
for dosing of alum, lime, coagulant aid and chlorine. There shall be one standby gravity
filter for each water pre-treatment system. Water from the clarifiers shall be led to
clarified water storage tank and to the filters as the case may be. Water from the
clarified water storage tank shall be pumped to the Ventilation system make up and CW
system make up by separate sets of pumps.
From the gravity filters, filtered water would flow by gravity to respective filtered water
reservoirs and filtered water would be pumped to DM plant and potable water system.
2.11.3 De-Mineralization Plant
Proposed DM plant shall be sized to meet the makeup water requirement of the steam
cycle and make up to closed circuit auxiliary system.
D.M. plant shall consist of Three (3) streams (2 working + 1stand by) of 100 m3/hr
capacity and each stream shall comprise of activated carbon filter, cation exchanger,
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degasser system (comprising of degasser tower, degassed water tank, degassed water
pumps and degasser blowers etc), anion exchanger and mixed bed exchanger. The
cation resins shall be regenerated with hydrochloric acid and the anion resins with
sodium hydroxide. The regeneration facilities shall consist of the bulk acid & alkali
storage tanks, alkali solution preparation system, acid & alkali measuring tanks and
dosing ejectors etc.
Two (2) D.M. water storage tanks each of 2000 m3 capacity shall be provided to store
DM water. One neutralization pit shall be provided for neutralizing the pH and
discharging the effluent water from the DM plant.
2.11.4 Chlorination Plant
Chlorination plant shall be provided for chlorine dosing in the CW system to avoid the
growth of algae and bacteria. Separate chlorination plant shall be provided for water
pre-treatment plant and CW system. CW chlorination system would consist of three (3)
numbers of chlorinator-evaporator sets of 100 Kg/hr capacity and pre-treatment
chlorination system shall consist of three (3) numbers of chlorinator sets of 15 kg/hr
capacity with associated pumps etc.
Each chlorination system shall be provided with required chlorine tone containers,
instrumentation, panels, chlorine leak detectors etc. Complete chlorination plant shall be
located indoor. Chlorine leak absorption system as plant emergency measure shall be
provided for each of the chlorination plants to neutralize chlorine leakage from the plant.
2.11.5 Condensate Polishing Plant
For maintaining the feed water purity, condensate polishing plant shall be provided in
the feed water cycle at the downstream of condensate extraction pumps as per the
existing practice. The condensate polishing plant shall be of full flow, deep mixed resin
bed type consisting of 2 x 50% capacity service vessels for each unit. The resins to be
used would be strongly acidic cation and strongly basic anion type, appropriate for
condensate polishing system. A common external regeneration facility shall be
provided. The exhausted charge of resins from the service vessel shall be hydraulically
transferred to the resin separation/cation regeneration vessel for regeneration and
reuse. Spare charge of resin shall be kept in the mixed resin storage tank for immediate
exchange of resins with the exhausted ones. One additional charge of resin shall be
procured for use during startup of both the units. Acid, Alkali & DM Water Storage for
regeneration, and Wastewater neutralization facilities shall be provided separately for
the external regeneration facility.
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2.11.6 CW Treatment System
It is proposed to provide suitable chemical treatment programme of acid dosing and
scale cum corrosion inhibitor dosing for the CW system for control of CW system water
chemistry. It is proposed to provide acid & chemical storage tanks and dosing pumps as
a part of CW treatment system.
2.11.7 Ash Water Re-circulation System
For re-circulation of ash water, modification in the natural ash dyke is to be done for
decanting pond. Decanted water from ash pond shall be fed to the plant area by using
3 x 50% capacity pumps and the same shall be conveyed from ash dyke to plant area.
This water will be used further in the ash handling system. Blow-down of ash water from
the system shall be carried out to maintain the system scale free. Normal make up to
the ash water system shall be from CW blow-down water. However provision shall also
be kept for operating ash water system on “Once Through” mode also. During “Once
Through” mode operation, additional makeup shall be met from the plant raw water
supply. Provision to supply treated plant effluent from central monitoring basin to ash
handling shall also be kept.
2.12. Pollution Generation and Management
2.12.1. Air Emission and Management
The main sources of the air pollution are:
Handling and storage of coal;
Combustion of coal in boilers;
Handling and disposal of fly ash; and
Operation of DG sets, in case of power break down.
The dust is the crucial parameter among the main pollutants like PM, SO2, NOx, CO, Hg
& O3. Installations of adequately sized pollution control equipment’s have been
considered for primary and secondary dust generating sources.
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The details of air pollution generation and its management during operation are given in
Table 2.17 and described below:
Table 2.17
Details of Air Pollution Generation and Management
S.N Particulars Sources Parameter
Control/Treatment
1 Stack emission
Boilers
PM, SO2, NOX, CO, Hg & O3
ESP with designed outlet dust concentration of 50 mg/Nm3; A twin flue chimney with stack height of 275 m shall be provided (Stack height as per 14Q0.3, where Q is the SO2 generation in Kg/hr); Sulphur content in coal: 0.4% A well-designed burner system to limit the core flame temperature to keep the Nox concentration at minimum; Keeping a positive oxygen balance.
DG sets Stack height as prescribed by MoEF 2 Fugitive
Emission Crushers and ash storage in silo
PM
Bag filters with designed outlet dust concentration of 50 mg/Nm3
Transfer points during collection and transportation of coal and ash
Bag filters with designed outlet dust concentration of 50 mg/Nm3 Pneumatic conveying system for fly ash transportation Water sprinklers and spray system
Storage of Coal & Ash
Water sprinklers and spray system
3 Thermal Emission
Boilers and pipelines used for steam
Heat
Adequate thickness of insulating material with proper fastening shall be provided
4. Noise
Emission Turbine, Generator, Compressor, Pump, Fans, Boiler
Noise Silencer, Noise Control Jackets, Barriers, Adequate material shall be provided
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2.12.2. Waste Water Management
2.12.3. Proposed Expansion
The details of wastewater generated during the operation of the proposed expansion
are as per given below Table 2.18 :
Table 2.18
Waste Water Generation
Source Quantity (m3/hr) Treatment & Disposal
With
recirculation
Without
recirculation
Blow down from
cooling tower
550
550
Shall be used for ash slurry
making and coal handling
plant
Blow down from
power cycle
45.0
45.0
Shall be sent to central
monitoring basin for use in
slurry making
DM plant
5.0
5.0
Shall be sent to central
monitoring basin for use in
slurry making
Domestic waste
water from plant &
township
72.0 72.0 Shall be treated in STP for
usages in horticulture
purposes
Water treatment
plant
175.0
175.0
Shall be sent to ash slurry
sump for pumping to ash
dyke
Discharge from ash
dyke
-
1100.0
Shall be sent to central
monitoring basin for use in
slurry making
Total 847.0 1947.0
Excess waste water, if any shall be discharged to Rihand river after conforming
to standard prescribed by MoEF
The details of waste water management system in existing plant are as per given
below, however, no quantification for waste water generated from existing operations
are available,
Blow down from cooling towers is sent back to Obra dam via off take canal as
cooling system is once through;
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Blow down from boilers, rejects from DM plant after neutralization and others are
drained to Jharia nala which is merging with Rihand river at downstream of Obra
dam;
Ash Water Recirculation System is under construction and is likely to be
commissioned in Nov 2015. After it being operational, the overflow of decanted
water from the ash dyke shall be reused in making ash slurry.
Domestic wastewater from plant and township is sent to soak pits after passing
through septic tanks. UPRVUNL has planned to install Sewage Treatment Plant for
Power House and colony sewage in near future for which DPR has been got
prepared through IIT-Roorkee;
However, in compliance to conditions stipulated by MoEF/ UPSPCB, ETP of
capacity 500 m3/hr has been installed and Ash Water Recirculation System is under
commissioning stage and after commissioning, draining of waste water into nearby
water body from following, shall be stopped:
Blow down from boilers, rejects from DM plant and others; and Overflow from ash
dyke.
The details of treatment and disposal of waste water generated from expansion are
summarized and mentioned below:
2.12.4 Effluent from Process
The ash water from the ash dyke shall be re-circulated. The filter backwash water of
pre-treatment plant shall be collected and recycled back to the DM system clarifier.
The sludge from clarifiers of water pre-treatment plant shall be collected in a sump / pit
and shall be pumped to ash slurry sump for disposal to ash dyke. The waste effluents
from neutralization pits of DM plant and Condensate Polishing Plant shall be collected
in the respective neutralization pits and neutralized before pumping to ash slurry sump
or to the central monitoring basin before final disposal. CW system blow down would be
used as make up to Ash handling Plant. Excess CW blow down if any shall be led to
Central Monitoring Basin. Blow down (if required) from ash water re-circulation system
shall also be led to Central Monitoring Basin.
A coal settling pond shall be provided to remove coal particles from coal handling plant
waste. Decanted water shall be pumped back to the coal dust suppression system.
Service water effluent drains from various areas shall be separately routed to a sump.
From the sump the service water shall be pumped upto plate separators/tube settler for
treatment of suspended solids. Treated service water shall be sent back to service
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water tank to the extent possible for re-use. All the plant liquid effluents shall be mixed
in CMB and finally disposed off from central monitoring basin up to the final disposal
point pumps using carbon steel pipe through 2 x 100% capacity.
2.12.5 Effluent from Domestic Activities
Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) for treatment of domestic waste water generated from
plant and township is envisaged with a capacity of 4 MLD. The DPR of STP has been
got prepared through IIT Roorkee. The STP will work on SBR Technology. The
technical specification of STP is being preapared by IIT Roorkee and after finalization of
Technical specification tender will be invited and work will be carried out through
contracting agency. The details of STP described below are tentative, based on similar
type of operation and shall be modified at the time of detailed engineering.
The scheme of treatment comprises of primary and secondary treatment and the
anticipated quality of effluent at inlet and outlet considered for design of STP is given
below in Table 2.19 :
Table 2.19
Inlet and outlet concentration for design of STP
S.N. Parameter Quality of Waste Water
At Inlet At Outlet
1 PH 6.5-9.0 6.5 - 9.0
2 TSS (mg/l) 400 <100
3 BOD5 at 200C (mg/l) 250-350 <30
4 COD 500-700 <150
5 Oil & Grease (mg/l) 50 <10
The flow scheme is almost similar to the conventional activated sludge process except the
primary and secondary settling is omitted. All processes including aeration, settling and
effluent decantation take place in a single reactor. The process can be operated in
continuous inflow and intermittent decantation mode. The process employs low organic
loading, long aeration time, high mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). The BOD removal
efficiency is significantly high and BOD in the effluent of less than 10 mg/L is easily
achievable. As there is a considerably long detention period for the microorganisms or high
SRT, the excess sludge is well stabilized and granulated. The stabilized sludge does not
require separate digestion and can be directly dried on sand bed or inside a centrifuge. The
oxygen supply in the process can be controlled and modulated using a programmed logic
controller and a dissolved oxygen (DO) meter in such a way that it becomes possible to
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simultaneously remove nitrogen and phosphorus without any use of any extraneous
chemicals. SBR process is normally operated with full automation to maintain the sequence
of operation and is applied to small and medium size plants of capacity less than 20 MLD.
In the present case, the capacity is 4 MLD, therefore it is considered for further analysis
with respect to the target high effluent quality to be achieved.
The treated water shall be used for making Ash slurry in power house.
2.12.6. Existing Plant
At present about 10,880 m3/h effluents is generated from all existing operation. The
details of waste water management system in existing plant are as per given below:
Blow down from cooling towers is sent back to Obra dam via off take canal as
cooling system is once through; Blow down from boilers, rejects from DM plant
after neutralization and others are drained to Jharia nala which is merging with
Rihand river at downstream of Obra dam;
Ash Water Recirculation System is under construction and has almost been
completed. It is likely to be commissioned in November 2015. After its being
operational, the overflow of decanted ash water from the ash dyke shall be
reused in making ash slurry.
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2.12.7. Blow down from boilers, rejects from DM plant and others; and Overflow from
ash dyke.
The projected effluent generation can be summarized in following Table 2.20 :
Table 2.20
Quantity of Effluent Generation
Drains Section Present
Flow(m3/h)
Predicted
Flow(m3/h)
Remarks
1 Coal Handling
Area
20 15 Adopting water conservation Practices
(10-20 % Reduction)
2 Oil Handling
Area
10 10 After Oil Separator
3 5x200 MW
BTPS units
3000 300 New ESP installation. 90 % Reduction
in wastewater generation.
4 DM Plant BTPS 50 40 Adopting new technologies and water
conservation Practices (20 %
Reduction).
5 1x100 MW
ATPS
(Wastewater &
Ash Slurry
1100 55 Adopting latest power generation
technologies, proper ash handling &
water conservation practices (95 %
Reduction).
6 5x50 MW ATPS 1600 80 Adopting latest power generation
technologies & water conservation
practices (95 % Reduction).
7 Unaccounted
Discharges
1100 00 Minimizing water losses (100 %
reduction).
8 Ash Slurry
Discharges
(BTPS)
4000 00 Refurbishment of Ash pipeline and
pumps (100 % reduction).
Total 10880 500
Based on the collected data, it is assumed that the effluent after the refurbishment of
power plant mainly consists of suspended solids, which varies from 200-400 mg/l at
inlet and less than 20 mg/l at outlet. The treated water shall be reused, such as floor
washing, ash handling, or coal sprinkling purposes.
Effluents from various units of plant area of discharging into Jhariya Nala where the
effluent are intercepted by a weir across the Nala and collected from there into the
sump and pumped from sump to equalization tank/central basin of ETP.
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The Effluent Treatment Plant under commissioning is having a capacity of 12 MLD
(500 m3/h) comprised of the following units:
1. Equalization Tank
2. Distribution Tank
3. Rapid Mixing Tank
4. Flocculation Tank
5. Coagulant Dosing System
Metering Pump
Coagulant Dosing Tank
6. Settling Tank
Sludge Collector
Scum Skimmer
7. Sludge Tank
8. Treated Effluent Tank
2.13. Ash Generation and Handling System
Proposed Expansion
The details of ash production considering ash content of 32% from the proposed
expansion are as per given below in Table 2.21 :
Table 2.21
Details of ash production
S.N Particulars Value (MT/annum)
1 Total ash 1.769
2 Fly ash @ 80% of total ash 1.415
3 Bottom ash @ 20% of total ash 0.354
The bottom ash shall be extracted and disposed of in wet form. The fly ash shall be
extracted in dry form from the electrostatic precipitator hoppers. This dry ash shall be
taken to buffer hoppers for its onward transportation in dry form to storage silos for
utilization. In case of non-utilization, fly ash can be converted to slurry in wetting units
for its ultimate disposal in wet form to ash disposal area.
As per, Ministry of Environment & Forest‘s Gazette Notification on Ash Utilization dated
03-11-2009 all new power stations shall have to utilize ash to the extent of 50% in 1
year from the date of commissioning, 70% in 2 years from the date of commissioning,
90% in 3 years from the date of commissioning and 100% in 4 years from the date of
commissioning. In order to gainfully utilize the ash in various application areas and to
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meet the requirement of gazette notification for ash utilization following actions are
proposed:
(a) 100% extraction of dry fly ash along with suitable storage facilities is envisaged.
Provision shall also be kept for loading this ash into closed trucks. This will ensure
availability of dry fly ash required for manufacture of Fly Ash based Portland Pozzolana
Cement (FAPPC), asbestos cement products, use in cement concrete works, ash based
building products and other uses of ash.
(b) The company shall make efforts to motivate and encourage entrepreneurs to set up
ash based building products such as fly ash bricks etc.
(c) Pilot cum demonstration fly ash brick manufacturing plant shall be set up and bricks
produced shall be utilized in the construction activities and also for demonstration to the
local entrepreneurs to encourage them for manufacturing ash bricks in the area.
(d) To promote use of ash in agriculture / wasteland development – show case project shall
be taken up in the vicinity of power stations.
(e) All government / private agencies responsible for construction/ design of buildings,
development of low lying areas, and construction of road embankments etc. within 100
kms of the plant area shall be persuaded to use ash and ash based products in
compliance of MoEF‘s gazette notification.
With all the efforts mentioned above - it is expected that fly ash generated at the
thermal power stations shall be utilized in the areas of cement, concrete and asbestos
cement products manufacturing, brick manufacturing, road construction etc.
2.13.1 Bottom Ash Handling System
Bottom ash shall be extracted either by using a continuously operating submerged
scraper chain conveyor system or by using intermittently operating jet pumps in
conjunction with a water impounded hopper. Dry type bottom ash hoppers shall be used
in case of the submerged scraper chain conveyor system. In case of continuous bottom
ash extraction system involving submerged scrapper conveyors, the bottom ash from all
the 2x660 MW units shall be fed to a common bottom ash slurry disposal pump house.
In case of the intermittently operating jet pump system, the jet pumps would convey the
bottom ash slurry from water impounded bottom ash hoppers to the slurry sump of the
common bottom ash slurry disposal pump house for 2x660MW. Economizer and air
preheater ash shall be handled in wet form. Coarse ash slurry from economizer and air
preheater hoppers shall also be fed to the slurry sump of the common bottom ash slurry
disposal pump house. From the bottom ash slurry disposal pump house, bottom ash
and coarse ash slurry shall be pumped to the ash dyke by bottom ash slurry duty
pumps. No pits will be permitted in the boiler area to accommodate the water impound
hoppers.
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2.13.2 Fly Ash Handling System
Pneumatic conveying system (either vacuum system of pressurized system) shall be
employed for extraction of fly ash from the electrostatic precipitator hoppers in dry form.
This dry ash shall be taken to buffer hoppers of each unit or to the wetting
head/collector tank units. The dry ash buffer hoppers shall be located adjacent to the
ESP. Dry ash from buffer hoppers shall be transported to main storage silos. Silo area
shall be provided with fencing, office block, gate complex and passage for entry/exit
vehicles. There shall be three nos. of ash silos. The storage capacity of each silo shall
be about 12 hrs of production of fly ash (based on performance coal analysis) of each
unit. The user industries shall take the dry fly ash from these silos in closed tankers. For
wet disposal of dry ash extracted from various ESP hoppers, the same shall be diverted
to wetting head/collector tank units. The slurry from these wetting units shall be led to
the combined ash slurry disposal pump house. The transportation system shall be
provided for each unit for transportation of dry fly ash from buffer hoppers to the silos.
The user industries shall take the dry fly ash from these storage silos either in closed
tankers or in open tankers. The silos shall be designed for 12 hrs. storage capacity and
shall also have rail unloading facilities.
Space provision shall be kept near storage silos for installation of dry fly ash
classification system, in future, for users for classified fly ash.
2.13.3 Ash Slurry Disposal system
It is envisaged to have combined ash slurry disposal system. The bottom ash slurry and
fly ash slurry from units shall be fed to the common slurry sump of the combined ash
slurry disposal pump house. The combined ash slurry shall be pumped using heavy
duty centrifugal slurry pumps to existing ash dyke, approximately 4.5 km from the plant.
There shall be common ash slurry pump house with two (2) working streams, one
operation standby stream and one maintenance standby stream. The entire pumping
stream shall be provided with its individual disposal pipes. No crossover is being
envisaged in the disposal piping.
2.13.4 Ash Water System
Ash water system consisting of required water pump, piping and valve etc., to cater to
LP and HP water requirement shall be provided. It is also proposed to re-circulate the
ash water from the ash dyke area to plant area for its re-use in ash handling system.
The make to ash handling system during recirculation shall be provided from CW
blowdown/plant make-up system.
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2.13.5 Ash Dyke/Pond
Existing ash dyke located in village Charkari (4.5 km from plant side) shall be modified
to take care of ash disposal for expansion. Total area covered by existing ash dyke is
72 hect with ash pond side slope is 1:2 (vertical:horizontal) and downstream side slope
of 1:3.5 (vertical:horizontal). Existing ash dyke RL is 186 m with a provision of raising
RL up to 201 m. In case HCSD ash disposal system is envisaged one storage lagoon
shall be constructed near the plant area.
2.13.6 Existing Plant
The details of ash generation from existing units after completion of renovation and
maintenance shall be as per given below in Table 2.22 :
Table 2.22
Details of ash generation from existing units
S.N Particulars Units
50 MW 94 MW 200 MW
1 Number of unit in operation 2 1 5
2 Coal consumption
TPA (in lacs) 8.4 7.0 57.0
TPD 2300.0 1900.0 15600.0
3 Ash content in coal (%) 40.0 40.0 40.0
4 Total ash (TPD) 920 760 6240.0
5 Fly ash 736.0 610.0 4992.0
6 Bottom ash 184.0 150.0 1248.0
Bottom ash collected in economizer hopper are conveyed in wet form through bottom
ash disposal pipes to ash slurry pump. Also for wet transportation, fly ash generated in
dry form is conveyed through vacuum to ash collecting tower where it is mixed with
water to form slurry which is collected in ash slurry pump from where it is pumped to
ash dyke located in village Chakari (4.5 km from plant site). The details of ash dykes are
as per given below:
Total Ash Pond Area – Approximately 72.00 ha
Existing ash dyke shall be used
Commissioned in Year -1984
Existing Ash Dyke RL- 186 m
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MOU has been signed with M/s Jaiprakash Associates Limited for installation of
dry fly ash extraction system for utilizing fly ash to the tune of 7.0 MTPA from the
existing units of Obra TPS for their cement manufacturing plant at Dalla in Sonebhadra
district and Chunar in Mirzapur district.
M/s Jaiprakash Associates Limited have installed their own plant (DFAES) in unit no 9
and UPRVUNL have installed DFAES in unit No.1&2 (2x50 MW) from where ash is
transported through compressed air from beneath the ESP hopper to silo from where it
is transported via closed vehicles. As per agreement, M/s Jaiprakash Associates
Limited will install dry ash collection, storage and transportation system in unit no 10 to
13 for manufacturing PPC. Apart from above M/s Jaiprakash Associates Limited also
express their interest by Letter No-JAL/DCF/DFA-UPRVUNL dated 06.08.2012 to utilize
the dry Fly ash generated from the proposed 2x660 MW TPS as Annexure No-14.
Ash utilization plan for expanded plant is as per given in Annexure 8.0. Contract letters
with M/s Jaiprakash Associated Ltd for lifting fly ash from existing plant for cement
manufacturing is enclosed as Annexure 9.0
2.14. Fire Detection and Protection System
Obra thermal power plant has adequate fire-fighting facilities for existing operation.
However, a comprehensive fire detection and protection system is envisaged for the
complete power station. This system shall generally conform to the recommendations of
TAC (INDIA)/ IS: 3034 & NFPA- 850. The following fire detection and protection
systems are envisaged:
Hydrant system for complete power plant covering the entire power station
including all the auxiliaries and buildings in the plant area. The system shall be
complete with piping, hydrants, valves, instrumentation, hoses, nozzles, hose
boxes/stations etc.;
Automatic high velocity water spray system for all transformers located in
transformer yard and those of rating 10MVA and above located within the
boundary limits of plant, main and unit turbine oil tanks and purifier, lube oil
piping (zoned) in turbine area, generator seal oil system, lube oil system for
turbine driven boiler feed pumps, consisting of detectors, deluge valves,
projectors, valves, piping, instrumentation etc.;
Automatic sprinkler system for selected coal conveyers;
Automatic medium velocity water spray system for cable vaults and cable
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galleries of main plant, switchyard control room, CHP control room and ESP
control room consisting of smoke detectors, linear heat sensing cable detectors,
deluge valves, isolation valves, piping, instrumentation, etc.;
Automatic medium velocity water spray system for coal conveyors, coal
galleries, transfer points and crusher house consisting of QB detectors, linear
heat sensing cables, deluge valves, nozzles, piping, instrumentation, etc.;
Automatic medium velocity water spray system for un-insulated fuel oil tanks
storing fuel oil having flash point 65 0C and below consisting of QB detectors,
deluge valves, nozzles, piping, instrumentation, etc.;
Foam injection system for fuel oil / storage tanks consisting of foam concentrate
tanks, foam pumps, in-line inductors, valves, piping & instrumentation etc.;
For protection of central control room, control equipment room, computer room
and other electronic equipment rooms of main plant, Inert Gas extinguishing
system as per NFPA-2001 would be opted;
Fire Detection and Alarm System - A computerized analogue, addressable type
early warning system shall be provided to cover the complete power plant.
Following types of fire detection shall be employed.
Multisensor type smoke detection system
Photo electric type smoke detection system.
Combination of both Multisensor type and photo electric type smoke detection
systems.
Linear heat sensing cable detector.
Quartzoid bulb heat detection system.
Infra red type heat detectors.
Spot type heat detectors.
Portable and mobile extinguishers, such as pressurized water type, carbon-dioxide
type, foam type, dry chemical powder type, will be located at strategic locations
throughout the plant. Required fire tenders/engines of water type, DCP type/foam type,
trailer pump with fire jeep etc. shall be provided in the fire station.
It is proposed to provide two numbers of Steel tanks for storage of fire water system.
Fire water pumps shall be located in the fire water pump house and horizontal
centrifugal pumps shall be installed in the pump house for hydrant and spray system
and the same shall be driven by electric motor and diesel engines as per the regulations
of approving (TAC) authority. The water for foam system shall be tapped off from the
hydrant system pumps.
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For the above fire water pumping station, automatic pressurization system consisting of
jockey pumps and air compressors shall be provided. Complete instrumentation and
control system for the entire fire detection and protection system shall be provided for
safe operation of the complete system.
2.15. Project Cost
The estimated cost of the proposed expansion is in Rs. 8777.709 crores.
Chapter‐3
Baseline Study
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3.0 BASELINE STUDY
3.1. Introduction
Ambient air monitoring was carried out to assess the air quality in and around the proposed
power plant site. Ambient air quality monitoring helps in generating data with respect to
various pollutants present in the environment. This data is used to assess the present air
quality in the region and to assess the effect of sources of pollution on the environment.
The data is also used as back ground concentration of pollutants in determining the effect of
proposed thermal power plant on the environment.
Thermal Power plants are major sources of air pollution. They emit pollutants like PM 10,
PM2.5, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), and Nitrogen Oxides (NOX,). The amount of pollutants
emitted from any power plant depends upon the type of fuel used, burning method and type
of control equipment installed. The ambient air monitoring was carried out in and around the
proposed power plant site as per the Environmental Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants.
Water is the elixir of life for both animals and plants. Both the quality and quantity of water
are important for the quality of life. Various economical and industrial activities are using this
vital resource as though it will be available for eternity. It is, therefore, important to manage
water resources judiciously.
Water is also an important input for the operation of a Thermal Power Station. Considerable
amount of water is required for the purpose of steam generation, cooling and other uses.
Therefore, it is necessary to assess the following:
Nature of water body present around the plant
Details of processes which will consume water
Effluent Treatment System
Quality of existing water sources
Impact of the power plant effluent on the environment
The term soil refers to the loose material composed of weathered rocks, other minerals and
also partly decayed organic matter that covers large parts of the earth's surface. Soil is an
essential component of the terrestrial ecosystem. Soil also acts as a medium of transport of
various dissolved materials to the underlying ground water. Hence, the impact of the
proposed project on soil needs to be understood to properly plan the mitigating measures
wherever required.
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Thermal Power Station generates Fly ash, Suspended Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide
and Oxides of Nitrogen. The particles coming out of Electro Static Precipitator through tall
stacks do not affect the quality of soil in a significant manner as their Ground Level
Concentrations (GLCs) are very low. There is not much deposition of dust particle on the
surrounding soil. However the gaseous emission consisting of Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen
oxides may cause environmental problem of air, water and soil pollution. The gaseous
pollutants distribution is subjected to meteorological influences. It is also distributed by the
influence of gravitational forces, particularly in the form of acid rain.
The baseline environmental status around the proposed project site is determined by
studying in detail the major environmental aspects like Air, Water, Land, Noise, Biolological
and Socio-economic environment in a 10 km radius. The ambient air, water, and soil quality
status within the area forms the baseline information over which the predicted impacts due
to the proposed project can be superimposed in order to obtain the net impact of the
proposed project on the environment.
3.2. Baseline Study
Baseline Study has been done in a 10 km radius of the proposed expansion project site.
Figure 3.1 shows the study area.
Baseline environmental study is carried out by PCRI and observations are based on the
field studies carried out for three months during 8 March, 2013 to 8 June, 2013 at and
around the proposed site and through secondary data collected from published sources.
3.3. Air Environment
The Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) monitoring was carried out at site as per the Environmental
Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants. The ambient air quality monitoring data for Post-
Monsoon season was collected during 8 March, 2013 to 8 June, 2013. The following
parameters were monitored for Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) study:
Respirable Suspended particulate matter (PM10)
PM2.5
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Ozone
Mercury
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Preliminary air sampling and monitoring was carried out to establish the air quality of the
study area i.e. of 10 km. The sampling location map of area for air quality studies is shown
in Figure 3.1 and description of sampling locations is given below in Table: 3.1.
3.3.1. Selection of Sampling Locations
The Ambient Air Quality (AAQ) monitoring was carried out at 08 sites within a radius of
10 km around the proposed power plant site.
These stations were selected so as to provide ambient air quality data on:
Background Air Pollution Level
Ambient air quality in and around of proposed power plant site.
Air Pollution due to fugitive emissions
Air Pollution due to existing industries and local sources
Presence of sensitive receptors such as settlements.
Representative locations of regional air quality
The design data for the proposed units of the power plant i.e. coal consumption, stack
height; stack top diameter, flue gas temperature, flue gas volume and analysis of fuel to be
used for power generation were collected.
Table 3.1
Description of Sampling Location
S.No. Site Name Distance
(Km)
Direction from
site
Description of site
1 VIP Guest
House
2.2 North Residential and rural area
2 Billi 5.0 North - East Village and rural area .The site
is located 1 km from Varanasi -
Shaktinagar Highway
3 Dalla 5.8 East Dalla cement plant is closely
located to the monitoring site
4 Ninga 4.3 South - East Village and rural area
5 Garbani 7.5 South - East Village and rural area
6 Karamsar 4.5 South Village and rural area
7 Kaspani 5.7 North-West Village and rural area
8 Parsoi 6.9 West Village and rural area
The selection of sites for Obra TPS from Topographical survey map.
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Figure: 3.1 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
3.3.2 Description of Ambient Air Monitoring Stations
A1 –VIP Guest House
The site was located at a distance of 2.2 Km in the North direction with respect to Obra
TPS. The residential, Colony area surrounds VIP Guest House. The main livelihood of the
people of Obra is TPS and business which are dependent on the Obra TPS.
A2 – Billi
The site was located at a distance of around 5.0 Km in the North-East direction with respect
to Obra TPS. The site is in downwind direction and located near the stone crushers.The
Heavy truck load of stones is transported from this near by area.The site was located at the
roof of a school. The site is located 1 km from Varanasi -Shaktinagar Highway
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A3 – Dalla
The monitoring site was located around 5.8 Kms in the East direction with respect to Obra
TPS. Dalla cement plant is located close to the monitoring site. Varanasi -Shaktinagar
Highway is also passing close to the site. The area is an industrial pocket where lot of Truck
& Vehicular movement occurs.
A4 – Ninga
The site was located in the South-East direction with respect to proposed power plant,
around 4.3 Km from proposed extension units of Obra TPS. There were no sources of
pollution in the village and main source of livelihood in the area is mainly marginal labour.
This location is situated in downwind direction of OTPS.
A5 – Garbani
The site was located around 7.5 Kms in the South-East direction with respect to Obra TPS.
The site was selected in an open area. Main source of pollution is domestic activities. Main
livelihood of the area is marginal labour and agricultural activity. This location is also
considered in downwind direction.
A6 – Karamsar
The monitoring site was located around 4.5 Kms approximately in the South direction with
respect to Obra TPS. The population of village is around 200 persons. The sampler was
located at the roof of a house. Main livelihood of the village is agricultural activity.
A7 –Kaspani
The monitoring site was located at a distance of around 5.7 Km in North-West direction with
respect to Obra TPS. The population of village is about 250 persons. Main livelihood of the
area is agriculture and marginal labour. The area is rural. The Location was upwind
direction of Obra TPS.
A8 – Parsoi
The site was located around 6.9 Kms in the West direction with respect to proposed power
plant. The site was selected in an open area and free from sources of pollution. The
population of village is around 200 persons. Main livelihood of the area is marginal labour
and agricultural activity. This location is situated in the upwind direction of OTPS.
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3.3.3 Methodology for Sampling and Analysis
Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10)
Respirable Dust Sampler was used for drawing the ambient air through a cyclone and then
through a glass micro-fiber filter paper. The Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
(PM10) monitoring was carried out as per IS: 5182, Part 4. Gravimetric detection method
was used for the analysis of SPM. The larger particles of (> 10 m) were separated out in
the cyclone separator. Particles less than 10 m diameter were collected on the glass
micro-fiber filter paper. 24-hour RSPM concentration was determined by taking the
difference of initial and final weights of the filter paper and dividing it by the total volume of
air sampled. The volume of air sampled was determined from airflow rate and sampling
duration. The airflow rate measured by means of a calibrated orifice meter was maintained
in the range of 1.2 to 1.5 m3/min. The initial weight of the filter paper was determined by
weighing it on a precision balance after drying and desiccating for 24 hours. The final weight
was determined under the same conditions at the end of sampling period after the dust had
collected on filter paper.
The Total Suspended Particulate Matter was determined by adding weight of dust collected
in the cyclone cup to the difference of the initial and final weights of the filter paper and then
dividing it by the volume of air sampled.
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Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
For the monitoring of SO2, IS: 5182, Part 2 Method 2 was followed. The ambient air was
sucked through a tapping in the exhaust side of the High Volume sampler. The frequency of
monitoring was twice a week per location. The average flow rate was kept approximately
0.5 litre/min. The analysis of the samples was done at site itself to avoid the errors because
of time delay and loss of sensitivity. The SO2 was absorbed in a solution of Sodium
Tetrachloro Mercurate thus forming a stable Dichloro Sulphito Mercurate. The concentration
of SO2 was then estimated by the colour produced when p-Rosaniline Hydrochloride was
added to the solution. The colour was estimated by using a Spectrophotometer, set at 560
nm wavelength for which a calibration curve was prepared.
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
For the monitoring of NOx, IS: 5182 Part 6 and Emission Regulation Part 3 were followed.
The ambient air was sucked through a tapping in the exhaust side of the High Volume
sampler. The frequency of monitoring was twice a week per location. The average flow rate
was kept approximately 0.5 litre/min. The analysis of the samples was done at site itself to
avoid the errors because of time delay and loss of sensitivity.
For oxides of nitrogen, Sodium hydroxide was used as an absorbing solution. Sodium
Arsenite was also added into the absorbing solution to increase the absorbing efficiency.
The nitrite ion produced during sampling was determined colorimetrically by reacting the
exposed absorbing reagent with Phosphoric Acid, Sulphanilamide & NEDA (Jacobs &
Hochheiser method).
Carbon Mono Oxide
Carbon Monoxide was collected in the Aspirator Bulbs (Made in Germany), specially
designed for this purpose and subsequently analysed with the help of Gas Chromatograph.
Ozone:
Micro amounts of ozone and other ozone are collected by absorption in a solution of
potassium iodide buffered to a pH of 6.8. The released iodine equivalent of the
concentration of ozone present in the air is determined spectra hot metrically by measuring
the absorption of trioxide ion at 352 mm.
The total volume of the air sample collected should be corrected to standard condition of
250C and 760 mm Hg if temperature and pressure deviate appreciable from these
conditions. Do not expose the absorbing solution to sunlight.
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If significant evaporation of solution occurs, add double distilled water to bring to bring the
liquid volume to 10 ml. Read the absorbance at 352 nm against double distilled wather
within 30 to 60-minutes period after collection in a 1-cm cuvette or tube. Ozone liberates
iodine through both a fast and a slow set of reactions. Some of the organic ozone also have
been shown to cause slow formation of iodine. Some indication of the presence of such
ozone and of gradual fading due to reductions may be obtained by taking several readings
during an extended period of time. Determine the blank correction (to be subtracted from
sample absorbance) every few day by reading the absorbance of unexposed reagent.
Beer’s Law is followed.
Conc. Of O3 in the air sample ppm O3 = µ moles O3 × 24.45
Vs
Vs = Volume of air sampled in liter at 25 0C and 760torr.
24.45 = molar volume of O3 (µl/ µ ml) at 25 0C and 760torr.
O3 = µ moles O3 determined from cal. Curve including dilution factor, if any.
Mercury
This test method covers the analysis covers the analysis of total mercury on Glass
microfibre Filter Paper in ambient air. Total mercury is determined in this method by a
weighed sample in an oxygen bomb with dilute nitric acid absorbing the mercury vapours.
The bomb is rinsed a reduction vessel with dilute nitric acid, and the where it is determined
by the flameless cold vapour atomic absorption technique.
The apparatus required are combustion bomb, water bath, combustion crucibles, firing wire,
firing circuit and analytical balance.
Cold Vapor Mercury Hydride System (MHS) : The MHS is manually operated system with
high sensitivity for determination of mercury and metallic hydride forming elements by
atomic absorption spectroscopy. The MHS used comprises of an Analyser Assembly and a
Quartz Cell Assembly. The cell assembly consists of a quartz cell and a mount. The mount
installs on AAS standard burner head, thus permitting the quartz cell to be heated in the
flame of the spectrophotometer.
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3.3.4 Results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Statistical analysis of ambient air quality data is given in Table 3.2 to 3.8.
Table - 3.2
Average, Cumulative Percentile, Maxima & Minima
Sulphur-Dioxide (SO2)
All values in µg/m3
Site Code
Location Mean S.D Min Max Percentile 10th 25th 50th 80th 98th
A1 VIP GH 7 1.0 6 9 6 6 7 8 9
A2 Billi 13 1.6 10 16 11 11 13 14 16
A3 Dalla 16 1.6 14 19 14 15 16 17 19
A4 Ninga 12 1.3 10 14 10 11 12 13 14
A5 Garbani 12 1.6 9 14 10 11 12 13 14
A6 Karamsar 7 1.0 6 9 6 7 7 8 9
A7 Kaspani 7 0.9 6 9 6 6 7 7 9
A8 Parsoi 7 0.9 6 9 6 6 7 8 9
Table - 3.3
Average, Cumulative Percentile, Maxima & Minima
Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) PM10
All values in µg/m3
Site Code
Location Mean S.D Min Max Percentile 10th 25th 50th 80th 98th
A1 VIP GH 144 19.2 111 172 115 133 148 158 171
A2 Billi 217 42.7 158 285 163 184 213 262 283
A3 Dalla 249 49.9 149 301 161 225 267 290 300
A4 Ninga 141 18.9 115 178 123 126 139 156 177
A5 Garbani 138 19.1 109 171 118 121 135 157 169
A6 Karamsar 142 18.0 119 175 122 126 139 162 172
A7 Kaspani 131 17.1 95 158 116 120 130 146 158
A8 Parsoi 125 14.0 93 145 105 120 126 137 143
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Table- 3.4
Average, Cumulative Percentile, Maxima & Minima
Particulate Matter PM2.5 (PM2.5)
All values in µg/m3
Site Code
Location Mean S.D Min Max Percentile 10th 25th 50th 80th 98th
A1 VIP GH 55 4.9 47 63 49 51 57 59 63
A2 Billi 79 7.5 66 89 69 74 80 87 89 A3 Dalla 83 9.4 65 96 73 77 84 92 96 A4 Ninga 69 5.5 61 83 63 66 68 72 81
A5 Garbani 67 6.0 56 76 59 62 66 72 76
A6 Karamsar 66 5.1 57 78 59 63 66 69 76 A7 Kaspani 64 3.8 58 71 60 61 65 67 71A8 Parsoi 64 3.7 58 70 60 61 65 68 70
Table-3.5
Average, Cumulative Percentile, Maxima & Minima
Oxide of Nitrogen (NOx)
All values in µg/m3
Site Code
Location Mean S.D Min Max Percentile 10th 25th 50th 80th 98th
A1 VIP GH 21 1.3 20 24 20 20 21 23 24 A2 Billi 28 1.5 24 30 27 27 28 29 30 A3 Dalla 28 1.7 24 31 27 28 29 31 31 A4 Ninga 27 1.4 24 30 26 26 27 28 30 A5 Garbani 27 1.3 24 29 26 27 28 29 29 A6 Karamsar 21 1.4 20 24 20 20 22 23 24 A7 Kaspani 21 1.1 20 23 20 20 21 22 23A8 Parsoi 21 1.1 20 23 20 20 21 22 23
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Table-3.6
Average, Cumulative Percentile, Maxima & Minima
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
All values in mg/m3
Site
Code
Location Mean S.D Min Max Percentile
10th 25th 50th 80th 98th
A1 VIP GH 0.808 0.096 0.681 0.998 0.688 0.713 0.798 0.875 0.985
A2 Billi 0.957 0.141 0.723 1.330 0.801 0.877 0.951 1.025 1.256
A3 Dalla 0.985 0.111 0.789 1.210 0.847 0.895 1.004 1.044 1.183
A4 Ninga 0.793 0.086 0.668 0.950 0.678 0.718 0.789 0.871 0.927
A5 Garbani 0.779 0.091 0.667 0.934 0.668 0.693 0.775 0.871 0.930
A6 Karamsar 0.828 0.098 0.663 0.981 0.672 0.768 0.869 0.889 0.966
A7 Kaspani 0.809 0.111 0.601 1.001 0.663 0.756 0.814 0.889 0.988
A8 Parsoi 0.819 0.110 0.664 1.003 0.682 0.739 0.818 0.894 0.998
Table-3.7
Average, Cumulative Percentile, Maxima & Minima
Ozone (O3)
All values in µg/m3
Site Code
Location Mean S.D Min Max Percentile 10th 25th 50th 80th 98th
A1 VIP GH 44 2.3 40 49 42 43 44 46 48 A2 Billi 45 2.4 41 49 42 43 46 47 49 A3 Dalla 50 2.0 46 54 48 49 49 51 54 A4 Ninga 45 2.5 39 49 42 43 46 47 48 A5 Garbani 41 1.8 38 45 39 40 41 43 44 A6 Karamsar 41 1.6 38 43 39 40 41 42 43 A7 Kaspani 42 1.7 40 46 40 40 41 43 45
A8 Parsoi 40 1.4 37 42 38 39 40 41 42
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Table-3.8
Average, Cumulative Percentile, Maxima & Minima
Mercury (Hg)
All values in (μg/m3)
Site Code
Location Mean S.D Min Max Percentile 10th 25th 50th 80th 98th
A1 VIP GH <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005
A2 Billi <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005
A3 Dalla <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005
A4 Ninga <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005
A5 Garbani <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005
A6 Karamsar <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005
A7 Kaspani <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005
A8 Parsoi <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005
3.3.4.1 Air Quality:
The main sources of the air pollution in Obra thermal power plant are:
Flue Gas Emissions from Stacks
Fugitive Emissions from handling and storage of coal;
Combustion of coal in boilers; Handling and disposal of fly ash; and
Operation of DG sets, in case of power break down.
The dust is the crucial parameter among the main pollutants like PM10 & PM2.5, SO2, NOx,
CO, Hg & O3. Installations of adequately sized pollution control equipments have been
considered for primary and secondary dust generating sources.
Fine Particulate Sampler NPM-FDS-2.5A Netel (India) Limited, Thane, are being used for
monitoring of Particulate matter less than 2.5 micron size (PM2.5), Particulate Matter less
than 10 micron size (PM10), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). Samples
were collected and analyzed for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO, O3 and Hg.
The average of the analytical results of air quality monitoring in the selected locations are
compared against the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) given in Table 3.9.
The maximum, minimum and average values at each location are given in Table 3.2 to 3.8.
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Table 3.9
NAAQ Standards (18th Nov 2009-MOEF)
S.N Pollutants Time weighted
average
Concentration in Ambient
Air
Method of
Measurement
Industrial
Area
Residential
Rural &
Other areas
Ecologically
Sensitive
Areas(notified
by CPCB
1 Sulphur Dioxide
(SO2) µg/m3
Annual
Average*
50 20 1. Improved West and
Geake method
2.Ultraviolet fluorescence 24 hours** 80 80
2 Oxides of
Nitrogen (NO2)
µg/m3
Annual
Average*
40 30 1. Jacob & Hochheiser
modified (Na - Arsenite)
Method
2.Gas Phase
Chemiluminescence’s
24 hours* 80 80
3 Particulate
Matter (Size<10
morPM10) µg/m3
Annual
Average*
60 60 High Volume sampling,
(Average flow rate not
less than 1.1 m3 /minute 24 hours** 100 100
4 Particulate
Matter (size<2.5
morPM2.5)µg/m3
Annual
Average*
40 40 Gravimetric TOEM
Beta attenuation
24 hours** 60 60
5 Ozone µg/m3
8 hour* 100 100 UV Photoelectric
Chemiluminescence
Chemical Method 1hour** 180 180
6 Carbon
Monoxide (CO)
mg/m3
8 hour** 02 02 Non dispersive infrared
spectroscopy 1hour 04 04
Ambient air quality was compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards as given
in Table 3.9.
It can be concluded that the SO2, NO2, CO, O3 and Mercury monitored at 8 locations in the
study area are found well within the permissible standards for Industrial, Residential, Rural
& other areas. The 24 hourly concentrations of PM10 and PM 2.5 are found higher than
NAAQS at all the monitoring locations.
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The 24 hourly averages mean concentration of Particulate matter 2.5 and PM 10 exceeded
the limits at montoring locations, Dalla, Kaspani, Parsoi, VIP Guest House, Ninga, Garbani,
Bari and Karamsar.
3.3.5 Micro-Meteorology
Meteorological Data
Hourly Wind speed, Wind direction, Temperature, Relative humidity, and Solar radiation
were measured at Obra TPS site during the study period by installing automatic weather
monitoring station at the Roof of VIP Guest House. Wind-rose diagram of the Obra TPS site
is shown in Figure – 3.2 and Climatological Data is given in Table-3.10
Table- 3.10 Climatological Data
(Source: Wind-rose monitoring station installed at VIP Guest House, Obra)
Month
Temperature Relative Humidity
(%)
Monthly
Total
Rain Fall
(mm)
Cloud Amount
(OKTAS)
Watts/mtr²
Mean
Wind
Speed
Mean
Daily
Max.
Mean
Daily
Min.
Morning Evening Morning
(8:00 AM)
Evening
(5:00PM)
Mar 2013 36.7 14.1 89.1 22.2 12.4 439 57 1.8
Apr 2013 43.5 18.3 73.0 19 30.8 518 119 2.2
May 2013 44.9 23.1 61 17 1.5 559 122 2.5
Jun 2013 41.5 24.9 79 36 49.9 597 130 2.6
Secondary Meteorological Data is Collected from IMD Varanasi
1. Temperature
2. Relative humidity
3. Rainfall
4. Cloud cover
5. Wind Speed and Wind Direction
Secondary data is collected from IMD Varanasi
Secondary data from IMD Varanasi has been collected for Atmospheric Pressure,
Temperature, Relative humidity, Rainfall, Wind Speed and Direction. The data at IMD is
usually measured twice a day viz., at 0830 and 1730 hr. The IMD station at BHU Varanasi
is about 125 km from the project site in the north direction.
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The monthly maximum, minimum and average values are collected for all the parameters
except wind sped and direction. The collected data is tabulated in Table-3.11.
Table- 3.11 Climatological Data
(Source: India Meteorological Department, Varanasi observatory) Month Temperature Relative Humidity
(%)
Monthly
Total
Rain Fall
(mm)
Cloud Amount
(OKTAS)
Mean
Wind
Speed Mean
Daily Max.
Mean
Daily Min.
Morning Evening Morning Evening
Jan 23.1 9.6 75 51 20.3 2.0 2.0 4.3
Feb 26.6 12.0 64 39 12.5 1.7 1.7 5.7
Mar 33.1 17.1 49 28 10.4 1.7 1.8 6.3
Apr 38.7 22.8 40 24 4.3 1.4 1.6 6.9
May 41.1 26.4 47 27 11.5 1.5 1.3 7.3
June 38.7 27.8 62 47 85.6 4.1 4.8 6.8
July 33.7 26.2 82 72 303.8 6.4 6.5 6.9
Aug 32.7 25.8 85 78 281.3 6.5 6.5 5.7
Sep 32.8 24.9 82 73 214.9 4.7 5.2 5.3
Oct 32.8 21.1 71 57 39.8 2.0 2.4 3.6
Nov 29.1 14.3 65 50 15.5 1.2 1.4 3.0
Dec 24.5 10.2 73 53 3.4 1.4 1.5 3.7
Meteorological data was collected for Summer Season (8 March, 2013 to 8 June, 2013). A
meteorological station was installed in the project site at about 10 m above the ground level.
3.3.6. Climate
Sonbhadra has a relatively subtropical climate with high variation between summer and
winter temperatures. The average temperature is 24°C to 45°C in the summer and 2°C to
15°C in the winter. The weather is pleasant in rainy season from July to October.
3.3.7. Wind Speed and Wind Direction
Meteorological study exerts a critical influence on air quality as it is an important factor in
governing the ambient air quality. The meteorological data recorded during the study period
is used for interpretation of the baseline information as well as input for air quality
simulation models.
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A meteorological station was installed in the project site at about 10 m above the ground
level. All care was taken to see that the station is free from obstructions to free flow of
winds. Wind speed, wind direction, temperature and relative humidity data was collected
daily on hourly basis during the study period.
Weather Monitoring station at OTPS
The wind rose diagram of the study period for the study area is shown in Figure 3.2 below:
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Figure 3.2: Windrose diagram of Obra TPS during monitoring
The analysis of the average wind pattern shows predominant winds from NW. The calm
conditions were prevailed for 50.98% of the total time.
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3.3.8 Air Quality Impact Assessment by means of Modeling (ISCST3 Model)
The impact due to operation of proposed power plant on ambient air quality in the
surrounding region has been predicted through mathematical modelling. The change in the
incremental concentrations in Particulate Matter, SO2 and NOx were computed through
computer dispersion model as described below:
Air Pollution Model Formulation
The ground level concentration has been computed using the multiple source Gaussian
plume model for pollutants Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx
as NO2). This model is a computer program, based on the Gaussian Plume Modelling
approach, designed to simulate atmospheric dispersion process, in order to estimate
ambient air concentration levels of air pollutants resulting from any set of gas emission or
suspended particulate matter emission sources. The model program used for air quality
prediction is US-EPA ISCST3. The details of the air pollution model used are given below:
The Gaussian Plume Model
The ground level concentration of pollutants has been computed from the sources of
emission with the help of EPA ISCST3 model. The model uses radial receptors. The
locations of receptors are defined with respect to 16 radial wind directions (N to NNW) and
the radial distance from the absolute reference point. The receptor location in each of the
radial directions is the following multiple of physical stack height 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 27.5,
30, 32.5, 35, 40, 45, 55, 70, 90, 110 and 140. The computations were performed using the
Gaussian Plume Dispersion Equation stated below :
The ground level concentration at the receptor (x,y) due to a source strength Q is given
by :
2
2
2exp
2),(
yzx
y
u
KQVDyx
……......... (1)
where
Q emission rate (g/s)
K scaling factor (K = 106 gives in µg/m3 for Q in g/s)
u mean wind speed at source height (m/s)
y , z dispersion coefficients (m)
V Vertical Term
D Decay Term
x down wind distance (m)
y cross wind distance (m)
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The Dispersion Coefficients
The dispersion coefficients used in Equation 1 are those given by Pasquill-Gifford curves
(Turner class) for open country area. These are applicable for elevated releases.
Stability classification
The stability classification based on Pasquill's method as a function of net radiation under
(NR) and wind speed : (1 knot = 0.515 m/sec ) is given in Table 3.12.
Table 3.12
Relation between Stability Classes to Weather Conditions
Wind Speed (Knot)
Net Radiation Index (NR)
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
0-1 1 1 2 3 4 6 7
2-3 1 2 2 3 4 6 7
4-5 1 2 3 4 4 5 6
6 2 2 3 4 4 5 6
7 2 2 3 4 4 5 6
8-9 2 3 3 4 4 4 5
10 3 3 4 4 4 4 5
11 3 3 4 4 4 4 4
12 3 4 4 4 4 4 4
The stability categories 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6 correspond to stability classes A, B, C, D, E & F and
a seventh class, extremely stable, G has been added. Net Radiation Index (NR) is based on
Insolation Class and Cloud Cover.
Table 3.13
Insolation as a function of Solar Altitude
Solar Altitude Insolation Insolation Class number
600 < Strong 4
350 < < 600 Moderate 3
150 < < 350 Slight 2
< 150 Weak 1
A Extremely Stable D Neutral
B Moderately Unstable E Slightly Unstable
C Slightly Unstable F Moderately Stable
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Vertical Term for Gases and Small Particulates
The effects on ambient concentrations of gravitational settling and dry deposition can be
neglected for gaseous pollutants and small particulates (Diameters less than about
20 micrometers). The vertical term is then given by:
V= exp [-0.5{(Zr – he)/ z}2] + exp [-0.5{(Zr + he)/ z}
2] + i=1-{ exp [-0.5(H1/ z}2]
+ exp [-0.5(H2/ z}2] + exp [-0.5(H3/ z}
2] + exp [-0.5(H4/ z}2]}
The infinite series term in equation accounts for the effects of restriction on vertical plume
growth at the top of mixing layer. The method of image sources is used to account for the
multiple reflections of the plume from the ground surfaces and at the top of the mixed layer.
If the effective stack height, he, exceeds the mixing height, ZI, the plume is assumed to fully
penetrate the elevated inversion and the ground level concentration is set equal to zero.
Equation assumes that the mixing height in rural and urban areas is known for all stability
categories. The vertical term defined by the equation changes the form of the vertical
concentration distribution from Gaussian to rectangular (uniform concentration with in the
surface mixing layer) at long downwind distances.
Variation of wind speed with height
The computation of ground level concentration and plume rise requires wind speed at stack
height. As per the standard practice, the wind speed is measured at a height of 10 m. from
ground level. However, the wind speed used to calculate the dispersion of air pollutants
emitted by an industrial stack is that measured at the same level as the chimney top. When
such measurements are not possible, extrapolations are made based on wind speed at 10
m height from ground level. Thus, the available wind is measured near ground level and an
adjustment is required to take account of the increase in wind speed at altitude i.e. chimney
top. The wind speed at various heights is determined with the help of power law given
below:
u u z uz
z
p
( ) 1
1 ..……..……………………………..(2)
where
u(z) Wind Speed at height z (m) from ground level in m/s
u1 Wind Speed at reference height z1 (m) from ground level in m/s
p Power Law exponent of wind profile
Usually the wind speed profile exponent is a function of stability. The value of wind profile
exponent p used for various stability classes is given in Table 3.14 below:
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Table 3.14
Power Law Exponents of Wind Profile
Stability Class Rural Urban
A 0.07 0.15
B 0.07 0.15
C 0.10 0.20
D 0.15 0.25
E 0.35 0.30
F 0.55 0.30
Plume Rise
The gases leaving the stack rise up to a certain height depending on gas velocity,
temperature and ambient meteorological factors. This gain in height of the plume before it
bends over by ambient wind is termed as plume rise. The guidelines for conducting air
quality modelling, published by CPCB, recommend the use of Briggs formulae for plume
rise computation. These formulae are mostly empirical or semi-empirical. The Briggs Plume
Rise Equations are discussed below:
Stack-tip Downwash
The stack tip downwash is taken into account by modification of the physical stack height.
The modified stack height h’ is calculated as follows :
5.12
u
vDhh s for uvs 5.1 ………………....……(3)
hh for uvs 5.1 ..….…………………………......……(4)
where
h physical stack height (m)
h’ modified stack height (m)
D stack exit diameter (m)
vs stack exit velocity (m/s)
u wind speed at stack height (m/s)
Buoyancy and Momentum Rise
For most plume rise situations the Briggs buoyancy flux parameter, Fb (m4/s3) is needed.
The buoyancy flux parameter is calculated as follows:
s
assb T
TTDgvF
42 .....……………..…………………..(5)
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where
Fb buoyancy flux parameter (m4/s3)
Ts stack gas temperature (K)
Ta ambient temperature (K)
g acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
For determining the plume rise due to momentum of the plume, the momentum flux
parameter, Fm (m4/s2) is calculated based on the following formula :
s
asm T
TDvF
422 ........………………………………………(6)
where
Fm momentum flux parameter (m4/s2)
vs stack exit velocity (m/s)
D stack exit diameter (m)
Crossover between Momentum and Buoyancy Rise
In most cases the stack gas temperature is higher than the ambient temperature. Hence, it
must be determined whether Momentum or Buoyancy dominates the Plume rise. The cross
over temperature difference, )( cT , is determined as follows :
For Unstable to Neutral Conditions:
3/2
3/1
0297.0)(D
vTT s
sc For Fb < 55 ......…………………(7)
3/1
3/2
00575.0)(D
vTT s
sc For Fb > 55 ..………………...…(8)
For Stable Conditions:
svTT ssc 00575.0)( .....…………………………………(9)
where s is the stability parameter given by:
aT
zgs
/.......…………………………………….……(10)
where z / is the gradient of potential temperature. As a default approximation, for
stability classes E and F, the value of z / is taken to be 0.020 K/m and 0.035 K/m,
respectively.
In calculation of plume rise if the difference between stack gas and ambient temperature
exceeds or equals the value of )( cT , plume rise is assumed to be buoyancy dominated; or
else it is assumed to be momentum dominated. This check has been built into the computer
program.
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Unstable to Neutral – Buoyancy Rise
The buoyancy dependent final plume rise (in meters), ,h for unstable to neutral conditions
is given by:
u
Fh b
4/3
425.21 For Fb < 55 .....……………...………(11)
u
Fh b
5/3
71.38 For Fb > 55 ......………………………12)
Unstable to Neutral – Momentum Rise
The momentum dependent final plume rise for unstable to neutral conditions is given by :
u
vDh s3 ......…………………………………...………(13)
Stable – Buoyancy Rise
The buoyancy dependent final plume rise for stable conditions is given by:
3/1
6.2
us
Fh b .....………………………...………………(14)
Stable – Momentum Rise
The momentum dependent final plume rise for stable conditions is given by:
3/1
5.1
su
Fh m .....………………..………………………(15)
3.3.9 Input Data and Model Application
Input data for the model consists of meteorology and emission inventory. The details of
input data for air pollution dispersion modelling are as follows:
PCRI Meteorological Station at Obra
The meteorological data recorded during the monitoring period is very useful for proper
interpretation of the baseline information as well as for input prediction models for air quality
dispersion. Historical data on meteorological parameters will also play an important role in
identifying the general meteorological regime of the region.
The methodology adopted for monitoring surface observations is as per the standard norms
laid by Bureau of Indian Standards (IS: 8829) and Indian Meteorological Department (IMD).
Automatic meteorological station has been installed at Obra.
The monitoring station equipped with monitoring equipment to record hourly wind speed,
direction, relative humidity and temperature was set up at the project site. The data logger
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attached with the station records the observations and the data was down loaded from it
from time to time.
The data recorded in the weather station were used for computer modeling of pollutants
concentration prediction.
Mixing height has been fixed for various stability classes A,B,C and D as 1300 m, 1000 m,
1000 m and 800m respectively. Unlimited mixing has been assumed for stability class E
and F.
3.3.10 Emission inventory
Proposed extension units at Obra Thermal Power Plant will consist of two units of 660 MW.
The flue gases from these units will be ejected to the atmosphere through a common stack.
The emission inventory includes stack dimensions, pollutant emission rates, exit gas
temperatures and stack exit velocities. The methodology for calculation of emission
inventory is stated below:
Coal consumption at full load is 5.528 MTPA.
Emission rate of Particulates was calculated based on the limit of 50 mg per cubic
meter.
Emission rate of SO2 was calculated based on 0.4 % Sulphur in Coal.
Emission rate of NOx were calculated based on 9 kg NOx generation per ton of coal
burnt.
Diameter of each flue at exit has been taken as 8.5 m.
Stack exit gas temperature is 1400 C.
Stack exit gas velocity is 25 m/sec.
Based on the above assumptions the emission inventory for the proposed extension units
has been calculated and given in Table - 3.15
Table - 3.15
Emission Inventory for proposed extension units (2 x 660 MW)
Parameter
Stack Height (m) 275
No. of Stacks 1
No. of Flues 2
Flues exit Diameter (m) 8.5
Flue gas exit velocity (m/s) 25
Flue gas exit temperature (K) 413
Particulate emission rate (g/s) 94
SO2 emission rate (g/s) 1776
NOx emission rate (g/s) 1998
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3.3.11 Model Application
24-hour, second highest concentration has been computed from the meteorological data
recorded through PCRI Meteorological Station installed at OTPS Obra for the period
08.03.2013 to 08.06.2013 using the EPA-ISCST3 model.
Model Output
The output of model provides ground level concentration of pollutants due to the proposed
2x660 MW coal fired power plant. The results are tabulated in Table 3.16 and the isopleths
are shown in Figure – 3.3 to Figure – 3.5. The isopleths indicate the 24-hour maximum
ground level concentrations of pollutants due to emissions from the proposed stacks of
power plant.
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Figure–3.3 SHORT TERM 24 HOURLY GLCs OF SPM
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Figure – 3.4 SHORT TERM 24 HOURLY GLCs OF SO2
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Figure–3.5 SHORT TERM 24 HOURLY GLCs OF NOx
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Table 3.16
24-hour maximum Ground Level Concentrations
Pollutant Maximum Ground Level Concentration
(excluding background)
GLC
(µg/m3)
Distance (Km) & Direction
w.r.t. Source
Nitrogen Oxides 17.8 3.0 (SE)
Sulphur Dioxide 15.1 3.0 (SE)
Suspended Particulate Matter 0.84 3.0 (SE)
3.3.12 Assessment of Impact on Ambient Air Quality
Impact on ambient air quality due to the proposed thermal power project has been
assessed by superimposing predicted concentrations on background air pollution level.
Baseline ambient air quality data indicated that the 98th percentile concentration at Dalla for
SPM, NOx, and SO2 was observed 300, 31 and 19 g/m3 respectively and these
concentrations have been considered as background level of pollutants. The air quality
Impact of proposed power plant is summarized in Table 3.17 below:
Table 3.17
Ambient Air Quality Impact Assessment
(24-hr maximum concentrations)
Pollutant Background
concentration
(µg/m3)
Incremental
change in GLC
(24-hr. Max.
Concentration)
excluding
background
(µg/m3)
Maximum GLC
(24-hr. Max.
Concentration)
After
superimposition
on background)
(µg/m3)
Distance
from
source
(Km)
Particulate Matter 300 0.84 300.84 3.0
Sulphur Dioxide 19 15.1 34.1 3.0
Nitrogen Oxides 31 17.8 48.8 3.0
The maximum incremental concentrations of SPM, SO2 and NOx are expected to be 0.84
g/m3, 15.1 g/m3 and 17.8 g/m3, respectively due to thermal power project operation.
These concentrations are expected to occur at a distance of 3.0 Km South East with
respect to source. Maximum total concentrations of SPM, SO2 and NOx, after
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superimposition of background level would be 300.84 g/m3, 34.1 g/ m3 and 48.8
g/m3 respectively.
The total concentrations are compared with National Ambient Air Quality Standards
prescribed for residential areas as specified under National Ambient Air Quality Standards
as notified by Central Pollution Control Board. It is concluded that total concentrations of
gaseous pollutants would be well below the allowable limits for residential areas. In
case of particulate matter the incremental change will be insignificant.
3.3.13. Noise Environment
Unwanted sound results in noise pollution. Environmental noise may be divided into outdoor
noise and community noise. Environmental noise monitoring was carried out to assess the
noise environment in and around the proposed site for power plant. The noise levels were
compared with the standards. The objectives of these measurements are as follows :
Identification of noise sources for machine noise control
Assessment of noise levels for worker protection
Study the far field radiation.
Excessive noise has been blamed for hearing damage, speech masking and community
annoyance. It may also be responsible for Hypertension, Fatigue and Heart trouble etc. The
study of noise levels was carried out by using standard equipment.
Instrument used for sampling:
The sound pressure level was measured by using a Precision Integrating Sound Level
Meter Type 2230 of B & K and Cygnet. Since loudness of sound is important by its effects
on people, the dependence of loudness upon frequency must be taken into account in
Environment Noise Assessment. This has been achieved by the use of an A-weighting filter
in the Noise Level Meter.
Method of Monitoring:
Sound pressure Levels (SPL) measurements were recorded at seven Locations. The
readings were taken for every hour for 24 hrs. The day noise levels have been monitored
during 6 AM to 10 PM and night Noise levels during 10 PM to 6 AM at all the locations
covered in the study area.
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The results of the monitoring are provided in Table 3.19. Monitored levels were compared
against Ambient Noise Standards prescribed under Gazette Notification 643 of Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Government of India. The noise levels at all the locations were
found within the ambient noise standards and the Noise level monitoring stations are given
below in Table 3.18. and Ambient noise quality Standard are given in Table 3.20.
Table: 3.18
Noise sampling location
S.No. Site Name Distance (Km) Direction from site
1. VIP Guest House 2.2 North
2. Billi 5.0 North- East
3. Dalla 5.8 East
4. Ninga 4.3 South - East
5. Garbani 7.5 South - East
6. Karamsar 4.5 South
7. Kaspani 5.7 North - West
Ambient Noise monitoring was carried out in the 10 Kms radius of proposed power project
site. Seven sampling locations at and around proposed power project site were monitored in
the study period. The main sources of the noise are existing power plant, vehicles,
agricultural and domestic activities.
Table 3.19
Ambient noise quality Results
S.No. Sampling
point
Sources of
Noise
Noise levels dB(A)
Day time Night time
Leq Leq
1. VIP Guest House Vehicles & Industrial 59.6 52.1
2. Billi Agricultural & Domestic 51.9 44.1
3. Dalla Commercial & Domestic 59.6 52.1
4. Ninga Vehicles, Commercial &
Domestic
49.8 43.7
5. Garbani Agricultural & Domestic 47.4 40.8
6. Karamsar Vehicles & Domestic 48.9 42.3
7. Kaspani Domestic & Agricultural 49.7 43.2
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Noise Regulations
Indian guidelines with respect to noise laid down by Environmental (Protection) Third
Amendment Rules, 1989 are given below Table 3.20:
Table 3.20
Ambient Air Quality Standards in Respect of Noise
Area Code
Category of Area
Day Time Night Time
Limits in dB (A) Leq
A. Industrial area 75 70
B. Commercial area 65 55
C. Residential area 55 45
D. Silence zone 50 40
Day time is reckoned between 6 AM and 10 PM.
Night time is reckoned between 10 PM and 6 AM.
Silence zone is defined as area up to 100 meters around such premises as hospitals,
educational institutions and courts. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of
crackers shall be banned in these zones.
The Noise level at the Project site compared to the Ambient Air Quality Standards in
Respect of Noise and the Noise level at the Project site are within the ambient noise
standard level for Industrial area Leq 75 dB (A) and 70 dB (A) for day and night time and
residence area Leq 55 dB (A) and 45 dB (A) for day and night time. The all values are under
the limit.
3.4.0 Water Environment
3.4.1. Drainage and Hydrology:
The Son River flows through the district from east to west and its tributary the Rihand River,
which rises to the south in the highlands of Surguja district of Chhattisgarh, flows north to
join the Son in the center of the district. The study area represents hilly and rolling
topography and is drained by large number of Streams which are seasonal. The study area
represents hilly and rolling topography and is drained by large number of streams which are
seasonal. All the streams drain out the storm water during monsoon season.
The samples groundwater and surface water quality of the study area were collected. The
ground water samples were collected from hand pumps in 10 km radius of the proposed
project. The surface water was collected from Son river & its tributary Rihand river.
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3.4.2. Ground Water Assessment:
Ground water samples were collected from 7 locations during the study period as shown in
given below Table 3.21
Table 3.21:
Water Sampling Locations
S.No. Water Sampling
Locations
Distance from the
project site ( Km)
Direction Source of
samples
SW1 Rihand River 3.5 Km S River
SW2 Son River 9.6 Km NE River
Ground water
W1 Billi 5.0 Km NE Hand Pump
W2 Bari 7.6 Km NE Hand Pump
W3 Dalla Village 7.3 Km E Hand Pump
W4 Malviya Nagar 1.7 Km N Hand Pump
W5 VIP Guest House 1.2 Km NW Tube well
W6 Kariya Village 3.2 Km SW Hand Pump
W7 Arangi Village 5.7 Km SW Hand Pump
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Figure 3.6 Location of Water Quality Monitoring Stations
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Table 3.22
Ground Water (Hand Pump) Sample from Bari
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED
VALUE
STANDARD LIMITS
(IS 10500:1991)
Desirable Permissible
Alkalinity mg/L 380 200 600 Aluminium (as Al) mg/L 0.05 0.03 0.2 Arsenic (as As) mg/L 0.01 0.01 NR Boron (as B) mg/L ND 1.0 5.0 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 92.9 75 200 Chloride (as Cl) mg/L 52 250 1000 Chromium Hexavalent (as Cr+6) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Colour Hazen <5.0 5 25 Copper (as Cu) mg/L 0.02 0.05 1.5 Cyanide (as CN) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Fecal Coliform MPN/1 Absent Absent NR Fluoride (as F) mg/L 0.38 1.0 1.5 Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/L 348 300 600 Iron (as Fe) mg/L 0.12 0.3 1.0 Lead (as Pb) mg/L 0.02 0.05 NR Magnesium (as Mg) mg/L 28.1 30 100 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L 0.02 0.1 0.3 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L ND 0.001 NR Nitrate (as NO3) mg/L 5.0 45 NR Oil & Grease mg/L ND 0.01 0.03 pH - 7.5 6.5-8.5 NR Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/L ND 0.001 0.002
Selenium (as Se) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Sulphate (as SO4) mg/L 54.8 200 400 Total Coliform MPN/1 3 10.0 NR Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 486 500 2000 Total Residual Chlorine mg/L ND 0.2 - Turbidity NTU 0.74 5 10 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.03 5 15
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Table 3.23
Ground Water (Hand Pump) Sample from Dalla Village
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED
VALUE
STANDARD LIMITS
(IS 10500:1991)
Desirable Permissible
Alkalinity mg/L 320 200 600 Aluminium (as Al) mg/L 0.03 0.03 0.2 Arsenic (as As) mg/L 0.01 0.01 NR Boron (as B) mg/L ND 1.0 5.0 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 64.1 75 200 Chloride (as Cl) mg/L 40 250 1000 Chromium Hexavalent (as Cr+6) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Colour Hazen 5.0 5 25 Copper (as Cu) mg/L 0.02 0.05 1.5 Cyanide (as CN) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Fecal Coliform MPN/100 Absent Absent NR Fluoride (as F) mg/L 0.42 1.0 1.5 Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/L 292 300 600 Iron (as Fe) mg/L 0.11 0.3 1.0 Lead (as Pb) mg/L 0.02 0.05 NR Magnesium (as Mg) mg/L 32.0 30 100 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L 0.03 0.1 0.3 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L ND 0.001 NR Nitrate (as NO3) mg/L 3.0 45 NR Oil & Grease mg/L ND 0.01 0.03 pH - 7.6 6.5-8.5 NR Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/L ND 0.001 0.002 Selenium (as Se) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Sulphate (as SO4) mg/L 44.2 200 400 Total Coliform MPN/100 2 10.0 NR Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 400 500 2000 Total Residual Chlorine mg/L ND 0.2 - Turbidity NTU 0.02 5 10 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.04 5 15
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Table 3.24
Ground Water (Hand Pump) Sample from Malviya Nagar
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED
VALUE
STANDARD LIMITS
(IS 10500:1991)
Desirable Permissible
Alkalinity mg/L 224 200 600 Aluminium (as Al) mg/L 0.04 0.03 0.2 Arsenic (as As) mg/L 0.01 0.01 NR Boron (as B) mg/L ND 1.0 5.0 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 64.1 75 200 Chloride (as Cl) mg/L 20 250 1000 Chromium Hexavalent (as Cr+6) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Colour Hazen 5.0 5 25 Copper (as Cu) mg/L 0.03 0.05 1.5 Cyanide (as CN) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Fecal Coliform MPN/100mL Absent Absent NR Fluoride (as F) mg/L 0.58 1.0 1.5 Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/L 248 300 600 Iron (as Fe) mg/L 0.09 0.3 1.0 Lead (as Pb) mg/L 0.01 0.05 NR Magnesium (as Mg) mg/L 21.4 30 100 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L 0.02 0.1 0.3 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L ND 0.001 NR Nitrate (as NO3) mg/L 1.0 45 NR Oil & Grease mg/L ND 0.01 0.03 pH - 7.8 6.5-8.5 NR Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/L ND 0.001 0.002 Selenium (as Se) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Sulphate (as SO4) mg/L 11.6 200 400 Total Coliform MPN/100mL Absent 10.0 NR Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 350 500 2000 Total Residual Chlorine mg/L ND 0.2 - Turbidity NTU 3.4 5 10 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.03 5 15
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Table 3.25
Ground Water (Hand Pump) Sample from Arangi
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED
VALUE
STANDARD LIMITS
(IS 10500:1991)
Desirable Permissible
Alkalinity mg/L 336 200 600 Aluminium (as Al) mg/L 0.03 0.03 0.2 Arsenic (as As) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Boron (as B) mg/L ND 1.0 5.0 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 67.3 75 200 Chloride (as Cl) mg/L 22 250 1000 Chromium Hexavalent (as Cr+6) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Colour Hazen <5.0 5 25 Copper (as Cu) mg/L 0.01 0.05 1.5 Cyanide (as CN) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Fecal Coliform MPN/100mL Absent Absent NR Fluoride (as F) mg/L 0.52 1.0 1.5 Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/L 356 300 600 Iron (as Fe) mg/L 0.07 0.3 1.0 Lead (as Pb) mg/L 0.02 0.05 NR Magnesium (as Mg) mg/L 45.6 30 100 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L 0.01 0.1 0.3 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L ND 0.001 NR Nitrate (as NO3) mg/L 5.0 45 NR Oil & Grease mg/L ND 0.01 0.03 pH - 7.5 6.5-8.5 NR Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/L ND 0.001 0.002 Selenium (as Se) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Sulphate (as SO4) mg/L 98.7 200 400 Total Coliform MPN/100mL Absent 10.0 NR Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 466 500 2000 Total Residual Chlorine mg/L ND 0.2 - Turbidity NTU 0.28 5 10 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.06 5 15
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Table 3.26
Drinking Water Sample from VIP Guest House
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED
VALUE
STANDARD LIMITS
(IS 10500:1991)
Desirable Permissible
Alkalinity mg/L 80 200 600 Aluminium (as Al) mg/L 0.02 0.03 0.2 Arsenic (as As) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Boron (as B) mg/L ND 1.0 5.0 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 24.0 75 200 Chloride (as Cl) mg/L 20 250 1000 Chromium Hexavalent (as Cr+6) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Colour Hazen 5.0 5 25 Copper (as Cu) mg/L 0.02 0.05 1.5 Cyanide (as CN) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Fecal Coliform MPN/100mL Absent Absent NR Fluoride (as F) mg/L 0.68 1.0 1.5 Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/L 80 300 600 Iron (as Fe) mg/L 0.10 0.3 1.0 Lead (as Pb) mg/L 0.03 0.05 NR Magnesium (as Mg) mg/L 4.9 30 100 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L 0.03 0.1 0.3 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L ND 0.001 NR Nitrate (as NO3) mg/L 1.0 45 NR Oil & Grease mg/L ND 0.01 0.03 pH - 7.5 6.5-8.5 NR Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/L ND 0.001 0.002 Selenium (as Se) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Sulphate (as SO4) mg/L 12.0 200 400 Total Coliform MPN/100mL Absent 10.0 NR Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 198 500 2000 Total Residual Chlorine mg/L ND 0.2 - Turbidity NTU 0.36 5 10 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.05 5 15
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Table 3.27
Ground Water (Hand Pump) Sample from Kariya
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED
VALUE
STANDARD LIMITS
(IS 10500:1991)
Desirable Permissible
Alkalinity mg/L 420 200 600 Aluminium (as Al) mg/L 0.04 0.03 0.2 Arsenic (as As) mg/L 0.01 0.01 NR Boron (as B) mg/L ND 1.0 5.0 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 109 75 200 Chloride (as Cl) mg/L 22 250 1000 Chromium Hexavalent (as Cr+6) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Colour Hazen <5.0 5 25 Copper (as Cu) mg/L 0.02 0.05 1.5 Cyanide (as CN) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Fecal Coliform MPN/100mL Absent Absent NR Fluoride (as F) mg/L 0.49 1.0 1.5 Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/L 364 300 600 Iron (as Fe) mg/L 0.07 0.3 1.0 Lead (as Pb) mg/L 0.02 0.05 NR Magnesium (as Mg) mg/L 22.2 30 100 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L 0.02 0.1 0.3 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L ND 0.001 NR Nitrate (as NO3) mg/L 2.0 45 NR Oil & Grease mg/L ND 0.01 0.03 pH - 7.6 6.5-8.5 NR Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/L ND 0.001 0.002 Selenium (as Se) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Sulphate (as SO4) mg/L 6.5 200 400 Total Coliform MPN/100mL 4 10.0 NR Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 474 500 2000 Total Residual Chlorine mg/L ND 0.2 - Turbidity NTU 0.02 5 10 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.04 5 15
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Table 3.28
Ground Water Sample from Billi
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED
VALUE
STANDARD LIMITS
(IS 10500:1991)
Desirable Permissible
Alkalinity mg/L 428 200 600 Aluminium (as Al) mg/L 0.03 0.03 0.2 Arsenic (as As) mg/L 0.01 0.01 NR Boron (as B) mg/L ND 1.0 5.0 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 104 75 200 Chloride (as Cl) mg/L 64 250 1000 Chromium Hexavalent (as Cr+6) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Colour Hazen 5.0 5 25 Copper (as Cu) mg/L 0.01 0.05 1.5 Cyanide (as CN) mg/L ND 0.05 NR Fecal Coliform MPN/100mL Absent Absent NR Fluoride (as F) mg/L 0.34 1.0 1.5 Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/L 500 300 600 Iron (as Fe) mg/L 0.09 0.3 1.0 Lead (as Pb) mg/L 0.03 0.05 NR Magnesium (as Mg) mg/L 58.3 30 100 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L 0.03 0.1 0.3 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L ND 0.001 NR Nitrate (as NO3) mg/L 10.0 45 NR Oil & Grease mg/L ND 0.01 0.03 pH - 7.4 6.5-8.5 NR Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/L ND 0.001 0.002 Selenium (as Se) mg/L ND 0.01 NR Sulphate (as SO4) mg/L 35.3 200 400 Total Coliform MPN/100mL Absent 10.0 NR Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 668 500 2000 Total Residual Chlorine mg/L ND 0.2 - Turbidity NTU 0.09 5 10 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.04 5 15
It was observed that the values of different parameters of water exceed the ‘standard
desirable limits’ of Ground water quality for some parameters when campared with the
drinking water norms (IS 10500: 1991;). Alkainity values from Bari Village, Dalla Village,
Malviya Nagar, Arangi village, Kariya village and Billi village exceeded the standard
desirable limits, which is 200 mg/l but are under permissible limit i.e.600 mg/lit. Aluminium
has been found in Bari, Malviya Nagar and Kariya villages more than the standard desirable
limit but is under the permissible limit. Calcium has been found in Bari, Kariya and Billi
village more than the standard desirable limit but is under the permissible limit. Hardness
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has been found more than the desired limit in water samples from Bari, Arangi, Kariya and
Billi village. It may be concluded after comparing the obtained values with Standard values
that the water is safe for drinking
3.4.3. Surface Water quality:
Surface water samples were collected from 2 locations during the study period and
analyzed for a number of physico-chemical parameters. The results of the physico-chemical
analysis of Surface water are given below in Table 3.29 and Table 3.30
Table 3.29
Surface Water Sample from Rihand River
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED VALUE
Alkalinity mg/L 80 Aluminium (as Al) mg/L 0.03 Arsenic (as As) mg/L ND BOD3 at 27°C mg/L 0.5 Boron (as B) mg/L ND Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L ND Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 16 Chloride (as Cl) mg/L 14 Chromium Hexavalent (as Cr+6) mg/L ND COD mg/L 10 Colour Hazen 5.0 Copper (as Cu) mg/L 0.01 Cyanide (as CN) mg/L ND Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 7.5 Fecal Coliform MPN/100mL 40 Fluoride (as F) mg/L 0.39 Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/L 96 Iron (as Fe) mg/L 0.21 Lead (as Pb) mg/L 0.01 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/L 9.7 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L 0.04 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L ND Nitrate (as NO3) mg/L 2.0 Oil & Grease mg/L ND pH - 7.8 Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/L ND Selenium (as Se) mg/L ND Sulphate (as SO4) mg/L 11.0 Total Coliform MPN/100mL 110 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 196 Total Residual Chlorine mg/L ND Total Suspended Solids mg/L 44 Turbidity NTU 75 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.03
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Table 3.30
Water Sample from Son River
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED VALUE Alkalinity mg/L 72 Aluminium (as Al) mg/L 0.03 Arsenic (as As) mg/L ND BOD3 at 27°C mg/L 6 Boron (as B) mg/L ND Cadmium (as Cd) mg/L ND Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 12.8 Chloride (as Cl) mg/L 10 Chromium Hexavalent (as Cr+6) mg/L ND COD mg/L 20 Colour Hazen <5.0 Copper (as Cu) mg/L ND Cyanide (as CN) mg/L ND Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 6.3 Fecal Coliform MPN/100mL 60 Fluoride (as F) mg/L 0.33 Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/L 52 Iron (as Fe) mg/L 0.04 Lead (as Pb) mg/L 0.01 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/L 5.0 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L 0.03 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L ND Nitrate (as NO3) mg/L 1.6 Oil & Grease mg/L ND pH - 8.0 Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/L ND Selenium (as Se) mg/L ND Sulphate (as SO4) mg/L ND Total Coliform MPN/100mL 160 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 158 Total Residual Chlorine mg/L ND Total Suspended Solids mg/L 38 Turbidity NTU 0.86 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L 0.05
(Source: Field monitoring during study period)
3.4.4. Standards for Surface Water
The values of various water quality parameters in comparison with standard values are
found to be well within the limits. The values of certain parameters are found increasing at
downstream but these values are well within the limit values. Therefore, the overall surface
water quality of Rihand River at Obra region is considered to be Class “B” based on the
analysis results of surface water quality. It could be infer that, there is no significant impact
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due to Thermal Power Station on quality of Surface water. There will be no discharge from
the proposed extension units; hence no significant impact is envisaged on the surface water
quality due to the proposed extension units at Obra TPS.
Surface water quality classification is given in Table 3.31 below:
Table 3.31
Designated Best Use of Water Classification
Characteristics CLASS
A B C D E
DO (mg/L) 6 5 4 4 -
BOD (mg/L) 2 3 3 - -
pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.0-9.0 6.5-8.5 6.0-8.5
Total Coliform (MPN/100 mL) 50 500 5000 - -
Fecal Coliform (MPN/100 mL) - 500 - - -
Conductivity (mhos/cm) - - - 2250 -
Fecal Streptococci (MPN/100 mL) - 100 - - -
The surface water fall in the B & C class water which can be used for bathing purposes.
3.5. Land Environment
3.5.1. Land Use
Studies on land use aspect of eco-system play an important role in identifying sensitive
issues and to take appropriate action to maintain ecological balance in the region. The main
objective of this section is to provide a base line status of the District covering 10 Km radius
around the plant so that temporal changes due to the industrial activities on the
surroundings can be assessed in future.
Objectives
The objectives of land use studies are:
To determine the present land use pattern
To determine the temporal changes in land use pattern due to construction and
operation phase
To analyze the impact on land use due to proposed expansion activities in the District
and
To give recommendations for optimizing the future land use pattern Vis avis growth of
proposed power plant activities in the District and its associated impacts.
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The land use of the 10 kms radius study area is studied by analyzing the Satellite Imagery
data and from available secondary data like SOI Toposheet, field visits etc. of core zone &
buffer zone upto 10 kms from the proposed thermal power expansion project and is shown
in Table 3.32 and predicted in Figure 3.7.
Figure 3.7.Land use pattern
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Figure 3.8.Pie chart of land use pattern
Table 3.32
Land Use Pattern as per Satellite Imagery data
Class Area (Sq. km) Percentage
Agricultural land 25.92 8.23
Vegetation 204.23 64.82
Water body 23.32 7.40
Settlement 13.33 4.23
Barren land 48.25 15.32
Total 315.05 100.00
The study area comprises of agricultural practices, scrub vegetation, forest land, barren
land, water bodies etc. About 8.23 % land of the surrounding area is used for agricultural
purposes, which are within a radius of 10 kms from the proposed project site & are being
cultivated with variety of crops. The settlements in the area are located on 4.23 % part of
the land only. About 64.82 % land is forest land of unclassified forests and remaining falls
under different categories as barren land (15.32%) and water body (7.40%) etc.
The land use pattern of little part of Gurma Forest of Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary , near village
Kanach on the left bank of river Son, shows that most of the area is predominated with
agriculture practice followed by shrubs and deciduous vegetation. The site is also located at
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the margin of study area i.e. about 9.0km (left bank of river Son). Therefore, the proposed
expansion project of thermal power generation does not entail any impact on the Gurma
Forest of Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary.
3.5.2. Seismic consideration:
According to GSHAP data, the state of Uttar Pradesh falls in a region of moderate to high
seismic hazard as shown in Figure 3.10. As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
map, Uttaranchal also fall in Zones III, IV & V. Historically, parts of this region have
experienced seismic activity in the M 5.0-6.0 range.Approximate locations of selected towns
and basic political state boundaries are displayed. Below given figure-3.9 reveals that the
project site lies in low to moderate hazard zone.
Fig-3.9 Seismic Consideration map
3.5.3. Soil Quality:
The term soil refers to the loose material composed of weathered rock and other minerals
and also partly decayed organic matter that covers large parts of the earth's surface. Soil is
an essential component of the terrestrial ecosystem. Soil also acts as a medium of transport
of various dissolved materials to the underlying ground water. Hence, the impact of the
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proposed activity on soil needs to be understood to properly plan the mitigating measures
wherever required.
Thermal Power Station generates fly ash, Suspended Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide
and Oxides of Nitrogen. The particles coming out of ESP through tall stacks do not affect
the quality of soil in a significant manner as their Ground Level Concentrations (GLCs) are
very low. There is not much deposition of dust particle on the surrounding soil. However the
gaseous emission consisting of Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen oxides, Carbon monoxide and
Carbon dioxide, may cause significant environmental problem of air, water and soil
pollution. The gaseous pollutants distribution is subjected to meteorological influences. It is
also distributed by the influence of gravitation forces, particularly in the form of acid rain.
The effects of pollution particularly acidity may have detrimental consequences for crops
through disruption of hydrogen ion balance within cells, through enhanced loss of important
nutrients or by other means. However, acidity can be neutralized on leaf surfaces through
natural dilution or through buffering effects of the plant tissues and physiological processes
which tend to resist changes in Hydrogen Ion Concentration. The study is intended to
specify the agricultural potentials of the soil and the possible impact on soil quality due to
the emission from proposed power plant.
Data Generation
For studying soil profile of the region, sampling locations were selected to assess the
existing soil conditions in and around the project area representing various land use
conditions. The physical, chemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations were
determined.
The samples were collected by ramming a core-cutter into the soil up to a depth of 100 cm.
Samples were collected during study period i.e. March 2013 and June 2013, which
represents Summer season. The present study on the soil profile establishes the baseline
characteristics and identifies the incremental concentrations if any, due to the proposed
project during one season (summer). The sampling locations have been identified with the
following objectives:
To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the District;
To determine the impact of proposed activity on soil characteristics; and
To determine the impact on soils more importantly from agricultural productivity point of
view.
Seven locations within 10 km radius of the proposed project site were selected for soil
sampling. At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz. 50
cm, 100 cm and 150 cm below the surface. The samples were then packed in a polythene
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plastic bag and sealed. The samples from three different depths were homogenized and the
sealed samples were analyzed.
Soil samples were collected from the project site as well as from nearby areas to access the
soil characteristics in the study area as shown in Figure 3.10. The analysis results are
given in Table 3.33 to 3.40.
Table 3.33
Description of Soil Sampling Locations
S.No. Location Distance from the
project site
Direction w.r.t. project
site
S1 VIP Guest House 1.2 Km NW
S2 Kariya Village 3.2 Km SW
S3 Billi 5.0 Km NE
S4 Bari 7.6 Km NE
S5 Dalla Village 7.3 Km E
S6 Karamsar 6.1 Km SSW
S7 Arangi Village 5.7 Km SW
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Figure 3.10: Location of Soil Sampling site
Table 3.34:
Soil Sample from VIP Guest House
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED VALUE Cadmium (as Cd) g/gm ND Calcium as (Ca) g/gm 17623 Chromium Total (as Cr) g/gm 23.85 Conductivity mhos/cm 115.3 Lead (as Pb) g/gm 2.86 Magnesium (as Mg) g/gm 7684 Nickel (as Ni) g/gm 31.42 pH - 7.6 Phosphorus (as P) g/gm 186 Potassium (as K) g/gm 1468.94 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) % 0.09 Zinc (as Zn) g/gm 74.68
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Table 3.35:
Soil Sample from Kariya Village
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED VALUE Cadmium (as Cd) g/gm ND Calcium as (Ca) g/gm 14863 Chromium Total (as Cr) g/gm 121.76 Conductivity mhos/cm 183.2 Lead (as Pb) g/gm 7.46 Magnesium (as Mg) g/gm 6984 Nickel (as Ni) g/gm 78.58 pH - 8.0 Phosphorus (as P) g/gm 247 Potassium (as K) g/gm 2146.79 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) % ND Zinc (as Zn) g/gm 56.42
Table 3.36:
Soil Sample from Billi Village
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED VALUE Cadmium (as Cd) g/gm ND Calcium as (Ca) g/gm 14562 Chromium Total (as Cr) g/gm 123.64 Conductivity mhos/cm 138.7 Lead (as Pb) g/gm 5.84 Magnesium (as Mg) g/gm 7685 Nickel (as Ni) g/gm 78.67 pH - 7.8 Phosphorus (as P) g/gm 186 Potassium (as K) g/gm 2145.98 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) % 0.09 Zinc (as Zn) g/gm 62.35
Table 3.37:
Soil Sample from Bari
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED VALUE Cadmium (as Cd) g/gm ND Calcium as (Ca) g/gm 16452 Chromium Total (as Cr) g/gm 48.79 Conductivity mhos/cm 199.8 Lead (as Pb) g/gm 7.24 Magnesium (as Mg) g/gm 9234 Nickel (as Ni) g/gm 41.38 pH - 7.8 Phosphorus (as P) g/gm 185 Potassium (as K) g/gm 2364.60 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) % 0.06 Zinc (as Zn) g/gm 53.81
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Table 3.38 : Soil Sample from Dalla Village
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED VALUE Cadmium (as Cd) g/gm ND Calcium as (Ca) g/gm 18231 Chromium Total (as Cr) g/gm 154.78 Conductivity mhos/cm 798 Lead (as Pb) g/gm 7.34 Magnesium (as Mg) g/gm 8974 Nickel (as Ni) g/gm 56.92 pH - 8.1 Phosphorus (as P) g/gm 186 Potassium (as K) g/gm 2546.57 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) % 0.08 Zinc (as Zn) g/gm 64.61
Table 3.39: Soil Sample from Karamsar
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED VALUE Cadmium (as Cd) g/gm ND Calcium as (Ca) g/gm 12653 Chromium Total (as Cr) g/gm 56.87 Conductivity mhos/cm 419.0 Lead (as Pb) g/gm 7.34 Magnesium (as Mg) g/gm 7864 Nickel (as Ni) g/gm 57.34 pH - 7.6 Phosphorus (as P) g/gm 158 Potassium (as K) g/gm 2876.42 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) % 0.12 Zinc (as Zn) g/gm 74.65
Table 3.40: Soil Sample from Arangi Village
PARAMETER UNIT OBTAINED VALUE Cadmium (as Cd) g/gm ND Calcium as (Ca) g/gm 16784 Chromium Total (as Cr) g/gm 126.78 Conductivity mhos/cm 214 Lead (as Pb) g/gm 6.94 Magnesium (as Mg) g/gm 7982 Nickel (as Ni) g/gm 89.45 pH - 7.9 Phosphorus (as P) g/gm 206 Potassium (as K) g/gm 2347.96 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) % 0.11 Zinc (as Zn) g/gm 67.84
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The analysis results indicate that soil in the region is neutral to moderate alkaline in
nature.There is a variation of pH range from 7.6 to 8.1 at these locations. The values of
Calcium present in soil samples at Obra region varies from 1.26 to 1.82 %. It can be
concluded that the amount of Calcium present at these locations is sufficient for plant
growth. The level of magnesium in soil samples collected from the site and its
surroundings indicate that Mg is sufficient in soil and supports plant growth. The values
obtained indicate that Phosphorus in the soil varies from 0.015 to 0.024 %. The overall
values of Phosphorus at different sites show that it is sufficient for plant growth. The level of
Nitrogen for the soil sample indicates that in most of the areas it is in deficient quantity in
the soil. However, the total content of Nitrogen is normally improved by externally adding
Nitrogen compounds through application of fertilizers in the soil along with organic matter
that will mineralize the added nitrogen which will then be available to the plants growing
on them.
The soil analysis results in the region indicate that in all the samples conductivity is low
indicating that the salinity effects on the soil are negligible.
3.6.0 Biological Environment
3.6.1. Introduction
Biological environment is represented by flora and fauna. Flora is categorized in to three
groups as herbs, shrubs and trees. Fauna is divided into two group’s i.e. terrestrial fauna
including insects (butterflies), reptiles, birds and mammals, whereas aquatic fauna consists
of plankton, benthos and fishes. Biological environment is an intricate part of the
environment. Hence, any change in the surrounding environment could cause loss of
species or decrease in biodiversity of the area. Therefore, the present study is proposed to
assess the impact on biological environment of proposed expansion upto 10 km radius of
the surrounding area. Accordingly mitigation measures are evolved to sustain the biological
diversity.
Biological resources of an area are an indicator of quality/health of the environment of that
area. Therefore, the study of the same is an important aspect to minimize the disturbance
due to the intervention of the proposed project to accept in a sustainable approach. To
achieve the goal, an ecological survey was conducted covering all the biological
parameters.
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The proposed project site is located near Rihand river /Obra dam, which confluences with
Son river near village Sinduria, Chopan. Other small tributary namely Bijul river, also
confluences with Son river near village Sinduriya, district Sonebhadra, U.P. The nature and
type of vegetation occurring in an area depends upon a combination of various factors
including prevailing climatic conditions, altitude, topography, slope & biotic factors.
The topography of 10 km radius of the proposed project site is a part of Vindhyan plateau.
The project site is bounded by forests of, Obra range and Dala range of Obra forest
division, Jugal range (approx 9.0km) and Gurma range (9.3 km), Kaimur wildlife Division,
Mirzapur Division Forest Office. A forest of the area has dry deciduous vegetation cover.
3.6.2. Baseline Status
The baseline study for existing ecological environment was carried out in the summer
season (June 2013). A field visit was undertaken for survey of Flora and Fauna in the study
area. Six sites CZ1 to BZ1-BZ6 were selected to have an overview of ecological
environment in surrounding area of the project site upto 10 km radius. The secondary data
was also collected for reference purpose. The description of the sampling sites is given in
Table 3.41 and Figure 3.11.
Table 3.41:
Study sites for ecological environment in surrounding area of the proposed project
(10 km radius)
Station
Code
Station Name Location w.r.t. Site Description
Distance (km) Direction
CZ 1 Project Site
(Core Zone)
0.0 km ------- Proposed Project Site
BZ 1 Malviya nagar 1.43 km W Village & surrounding area
BZ 2 Chopan 6.85 km NNE Village & surrounding area
BZ 3 Paraspani 8.28 km SE Village & surrounding area
BZ 4 Kanach village 9.08 km NE Village & surrounding area
BZ 5 Gurur Village 3.55 km NW Village & surrounding area
BZ 6 Karmasar Village 6.55 km SW Village & surrounding area
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Figure 3.11 Study sites for ecological environment
3.6.3. Methodology for Biological Environment
For the purpose of surveying the vegetation quadrates were laid to record phyto-
sociological features of the vegetation. The vegetation data collected for phytosociological
information were analyzed. Besides measuring these parameters, other biodiversity aspects
in the terms of endemic status, conservation status and life form have been enumerated.
For all the plant species found in the area during ecological survey, Red Data Books of the
Botanical survey of India have been screened to verify their conservation status. The
information was also collected from secondary sources for reference purposes.
The sampling sites were selected based on the Landuse pattern of the study area and after
preliminary survey of the study area within 10km radius from the periphery of proposed
project. Project area has been defined as core zone (CZ) and surrounding area has been
defined as Buffer Zone (BZ).
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3.6.4. Terrestrial Ecology
Floral resources
A detail investigation was made to understand overall vegetation profile and floral resource
characteristics within 10 km radius of the proposed project area. Secondary data from the
forest working plan was also collected from the forest department, Obra Forest Division,
Obra and also from the Gurma forest Range Office, Chopan.
The present study on the floral assessment is based on the field survey of the project
influenced area. The study has been conducted for the month of May 2013. The plant
species were identified with the help of taxonomists of related fields and nearby Scientific
Institutions. Besides the collection of plant species, information was also collected with
vernacular names of plant species made by local inhabitants.
Faunal Resources
Faunal species was observed through conducting field survey in the project site (core zone)
and surrounding areas (buffer zone) for identification of important animal groups such as
butterflies (insects), birds, mammals, reptiles, and some fishes inhabiting the area, along
the riverbanks, adjoining forest on the slopes, nallahs, hill top and agricultural fields etc.
For authentication of field data, secondary data was also collected from various published
and unpublished reports. The Forest Working Plans of the concerned Forest Divisions is
also used as the secondary information source on the wildlife of the area. In addition to this,
interaction with local people for extracting information on the presence and relative
abundance of various animal species.
3.6.5. Aquatic Ecology
Fish Fauna:
Field survey was conducted in the area adjoining river Rihand, Obra dam site and
confluence site of Rihand with Son river. Secondary information‘s were also collected from
different published literature and cross checked in the field study. Cast net, a common
fishing method is used to catch fish. Identification of fishes is done with the help of the
document by Talwar and Jhingran (1991).
Plankton & Periphyton:
The phytoplankton and zooplankton are sampled using plankton. The filtrate collected for
phytoplankton and Zooplankton is preserved in the 4% formalin solution respectively.
Periphyton are obtained by scrapping & agitating the surface of submerged & dislodged
macrophytes, debris etc into container and transferred in polyethylene bottles and
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preserved with 4% formaline solution for further analyses. The qualitative and quantitative
analysis of phytoplankton, periphyton and zooplankton is estimated by methods adopted in
APHA (1995). The phytoplankton and periphyton is identified upto genera and species level
with the help of Edmondson (1992, 2nd edition), Hustedt and Jensen (1985), Sarod and
Kamat (1984). The zooplankton is identified by using literatures of Edmondson (1992, 2nd
edition), Battish (1992) and Kundo 1986).
Amphibians and Macro invertebrates:
Benthic samples are collected with the use of Van-veen grab. The sediment samples
collected are sieved through 0.5 mm aperture size sieve. The materials retained in the 0.5
mm sieve are then preserved in 5% formalin. Sorting is done to get the clean samples of the
benthic organisms. The sorted macro benthic fauna are identified after Edmunds (1978),
Yankson and Kendall (2001), Olaniyan (1968) and Schreider (1990).
3.6.6 Terrestrial Environment
Floral resources
Agro- Forestry & Horticulture
The agro- Forestry practices are highly lacking in the area though it has good potential
under existing dispositions and may play a vital role particularly with respect to minimization
of cropping risk, built up soil fertility and productivity soil conservation, partly meeting out the
firewood demand of rural community and moreover, optimizing the watershed the other
agro-forestry systems like agri-silvi, silvi-pastoral band and boundry plantations also have
good potential to cater the firewood and fodder demands of rural community in the
watershed The existing area under agro forestry is almost negligible.
Some places Prosopis juliflora also planted as block or sole plantation especially on
marginal and degraded lands in the area, waste land, and abandoned ash dyke site. This is
also widely occurring in the area.
The agro-forestry interventions comprising of ber, bel, amla, guava, teak, sheesham, khair
etc. has also been applied for benefit of locals as well as the forest land area under rainfed
to irrigated production systems on leveled to slopy and marginal agricultural using proper
planting techniques and termite control measures. The multipurpose trees also help in
supplementing fire wood and fodder demands of rural community in the area and may be
planted as hedge rows on rain-fed, marginal and degraded lands.
The study area does not have organized orchards, however, the locals have fruit plants
(mango, ber, bel, amla, guava, mahua etc.) near the homesteads and kitchen gardens. The
climate and soil of the area is favorable for fruit growing for sub tropical fruits in the lower
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reaches. Organized orchards, commercial vegetable cultivation, agro horticulture, and other
system of agro forestry etc. are lacking but have good potential in the area.
Presently the crops are shown in Kharif seasons are Paddy, Maize, Arher, Groundnut,
Bajra, and Rabi seasons are Wheat, Barley, Mustard, Gram, Masoor, Alsi etc.
Forest and Forest types within 10 km radius of proposed project Forest type within 10
km radius of the study area is ―Tropical dry deciduous type. The forest except those
situated along rivers and streams are Northern dry mixed deciduous type. According to
Champion and Seth‘s classification, these forests belong to broadly sub group 5-B.
Total 4 forest blocks are located in the study area except agricultural land, which are shown
in the Table below indicating vegetation type and location /direction with respect to the
project site. Three sites falls in the upstream region and 2 in the down stream region. The
detail list of trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses occurring in the study area are illustrated in
Table 3.42.
Table 3.42:
Forest Blocks present in the Area
S.No. Forest Blocks Direction Vegetation Type
1 Jugal range NE Dense mixed jungle, open mixed jungle
mainly with Salai
2 Obra range SW/SE Fairly dense mixed jungle mainly with
Salai
3 Dala range W Open scrub, open mixed jungle mainly
with Salai
4 Gurma range, (Kaimur
Wildlife Division)
NW Fairly dense mixed jungle, open mixed
jungle mainly bamboos
Depending on forest for fuel wood and fodder:-
Fuel Wood: - The main source of fuel is from cow dung cake, woody stem of Arhar crop
and Mustard, Most of the domestic fuel requirement is met from Agro By-product and cow
dung cake. Rest is met out from the forest out side the village boundary.
Fodder: - Villages under the project surrounding area do not have any significant
dependency on forest based fodder as these sources are not available in the forests. Some
locals preferred Gular, Peepal, Pakad, Sahjan etc.
Crop Calander: - The Present crop calendar in the area comprises of fallow-gram, fallow-
lentil, fallow-wheat, Arhar-Jowar mixed cropping, Paddy-wheat, Paddy-Massor, Maze/Bajra-
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Fallow etc. Fallow-wheat, fallow-gram, fallow-Massor, Arhar + Jowar are the most prevailing
crop rotation on the agricultural lands.
Fruit Trees: Preference for fruit trees are solicited in terms of attributes like production,
market availability and timber wood value. Overall Mango, Amla, Guava, Ber, Lemmon,
Papaya is found most preferred fruit trees amongst the farmers of surrounding area.
Timber/Commercial Plants: Farmers Preference for timber plants are Sheesham, Teak,
Khair etc., which are grown by the forest department as well as by the locals.
House/Decorative Trees: Farmers Preference for House/Decorative Trees are Asok,
Gulmohar, Kadam, Amaltash etc. These are common in the colony area of existing Obra
thermal power project site.
Agriculture: Paddy-Arhar, Wheat+Mustard, Gram, Massor, Jowar+Arhar, Bajra, are most
preferred agriculture crop in the area followed by Wheat and Paddy.
Vegetation Profile of the Study Area
During floral survey, it was observed that the area consists of three types of vegetation. i.e.
dry forest type mainly scrub vegetation followed by dry deciduous forests on hill slopes/tops,
agriculture land and agro forestry land. The topography of the area is undulating and
consists hill peaks upto approx 140m, MSL height to 440
Most of the vegetation present in the buffer zone is dry deciduous and scrubby vegetation.
Grass is conspicuous, herbs are scattered and climbers are not reported. The common
trees found in this region are Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia tomentosa, Chloroxylon
sweitenia, Santalum album, Melia composita, Acacia catechu, Hardwickia binata, Cassia
fistula, Diospyros montana and Diospyros melanoxylon.
The dry deciduous forest is the most extensive forest type of India and exhibits a wide
range in structural and functional attributes in response to marked spatial variation in soil
and climatic conditions. Two subgroups, southern and northern, are clearly distinguished.
The climax types under the southern subgroup are teak (Tectona grandis) forests, red
sander (Pterocarpus santalinus) forests, and mixed forests without teak, and those in the
northern subgroup are sal (Shorea robusta)-bearing forests, and mixed forests without sal.
The most common species in the southern types are Tectona grandis, Anogeissus latifolia,
Diospyros melanoxylon, Boswellia serrata, Emblica officinalis, Acacia leucophloea, Bridelia
retusa, Wrightia tinctoria, Pterocarpus marsupium, etc. In the northern subgroup, main
associates of sal are Anogeissus latifolia, Buchanania lanzan, Terminalia tomentosa,
Emblica officinalis, and Lannea coromandelica. These forests are under-stocked and lack
natural regeneration on account of excessive grazing, trampling, firewood removals and
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recurrent fire. (J. S. Singh, & K. D. Singh 2011. Silviculture in the Tropics, Silviculture of Dry
Deciduous Forests, India .Tropical Forestry Volume 8, 2011, pp 273-283, and Working Plan
of Obra Forest Division).
A floral enlistment of trees, shrubs and herbs, grasses, farm vegetation & orchards with
their scientific names, common names and the family to which they belong is presented in a
tabular format as Table 3.43 & Table 3.44 The core zone area includes expansion project
site, existing power plant site and colony area of the project site whereas Buffer zone is
surrounding area up to 10 km radius from the periphery of project site. The presence of
plant species in the core zone is part of avenue plantation which are planted different
duration of the colony area of existing power plant. The clearance of vegetation will take
place in the colony area as some sectors will be converted in to the project area. No rare or
endangered species is present in the project site.List of trees species is given in Table 3.43
and List of Shrub & Herb in Table 3.44.
Table 3.43
List of tree species of observed & recorded in the study area
S.No. Local name Scientific name Core Zone Buffer
Zone
1 Babool Acacia Arabica + +
2 Khair Acacia catchu + +
3 Babool Acacia nilotica + +
4 Haldu Adina cordifolia - +
5 Bel Aegle marmelos - +
6 Anjan Ailanthus excels + +
7 Siris Albzzia spp. + +
8 kargai Anogeissus pendula - +
9 Daun Anopeetsus latifolia - +
10 Parasidh Bardwidkia binata - +
11 Kharpur Baruga pinnata - +
12 Mahua Basia latifolia + +
13 kachnar Bauhinia roxburrghiana + +
14 Salai Boswelia serrata - +
15 Plas Butea monosperma + +
16 Amalta Cassia fistula + +
17 Amlta Cassia tora + +
18 Bharuhi Chloroxylon swietenia - +
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19 Shisam Dalbergia sissoo + +
20 Kala shisham Delbergia latifolia - +
21 Karanj Derris indica - +
22 Tendu Dyosphyros tomentosa + +
23 Anal Emblica officnalis + +
24 Safeda Eucalyptus hybrid (tereticernis) + +
25 Bargad Ficus bengalensis + +
26 Pipal Ficus religiosa + +
27 Khamur Gemelina arborea - +
28 Dhiman Grewia spp + +
29 Haldu Haldina cordifolia - +
30 Koraya Holarrhena antidysentica - +
31 Kanju Holoptelea intregrifolia - +
32 Bhurkul Hymenddictyon oxcalsum - +
33 Sidha Lagerstromea parviflora - +
34 Jhingan Lannea coromondelica - +
35 Mahua Madhuca longifolia + +
36 Aam Mangniefera india + +
37 Neem Melia azaderach + +
38 Phaldu Metragvena parviflora - +
39 Sahina Moringa oleifera - +
40 Sandan Ougonia oojenensis - +
41 Khajur Phoneix humilis - +
42 Bajai sal Pterocarpus marsupium - +
43 Semal Salmalia malaberica - +
44 Kusum Schiechera cleosa - +
45 Bhela Semecarpus anacardium - +
46 Sakhu Shorea robusta - +
47 Jamun Syzygium cumini + +
48 Sagon Tectona grandis - +
49 Imli Temarindus indica - +
50 Arjun Terminalia arjuna - +
51 Bahera Terminalia belerica + +
52 Har Terminalia chebula - +
53 Asna Terminilia tomentosa - +
54 Ber Z. zuzuba - +
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55 Kakar Zixyphus xylophyrus - +
56 Ber Ziziphus mauritiana - +
57 Tendu Diospiorose melanoxylon - +
(Source: District Forest Office & Field Investigation)
Table 3.44
List of Shrub & Herb & grass species of observed & recorded in the study
S.No. Common Name Scientific Name Core Zone Buffer Zone
Shrubs /Herbs
1 Vasuka Adhatoda vasica + +
2 Rambara Agave Americana - +
3 - Agave cantula - +
4 Satawar Asperagus raecemosus + +
5 Boganbelia Bougainvillea sp + +
6 Madar Calotropis procera + +
7 Vehaya Ipomia sp - +
8 Lantana Lantana camara + +
9 Harsingar Nyctanths arbortristis - +
10 Kantkarica Solenum indicum - +
11 Whiteweed Ageratum sp + +
12 - Rumex sp + +
13 Castor oil plant Ricinus communis - +
14 Sleeping Beauty Oxalis corniculata - +
15 - Euphorbia acaulis - +
16 - Euphorbia hirta + +
17 Sarpakshi Xanthium strumerium - +
18 Ber Zizipus zylopyra - +
19 Ber Z.numularia - +
20 Indian caper Capparis zeylanica - +
21 Flowering plant-
shrub
Indigofera cassiodes - +
22 Marijuana Virginea indica /Canabis
indica
+ +
23 Common
wasteland weed
Tephrosa purpurea - +
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Creepers
24 - Ventilago denticulata - +
25 Caperbushes Caparis sepiara - +
26 - Jasminum pubescens - +
27 - Butea auperba - +
28 Laghu patha Cissamplelos pareria - +
29 Nirgunthika Combretum albidum - +
30 Indian Licorice Abrus precaterius - +
31 Gulancha Tinospora sinensis - +
Grasses
32 Kans Sacchrum spontaneum - +
33 Kuru- Chrysopogon gryllus - +
34 Churab-tussock
grass--
Heteropogon contortus - +
35 Sheda grass Dichanthium annulatum - +
36 Doob grass Cynodon dactylon + +
37 - Cenchrus ciliaris - +
38 Coco-grass Cyprus rotendus + +
39 Bhulbhusia Ergrostis tenella - +
40 Munj Sacchrum munja - +
41 - Vetiveria zizanioides - +
42 White grass-- Sehima nervosum - +
43 Pila Baans-
common
Bambusa valgaris - +
44 Dehati Baans Bambusa balcooa - +
45 Bans Dendrocalamus strictus - +
46 Dehati Baans dendrocalamus longispathus - +
Parasite plants
47 Chandan Cuscuta filiformis Lam. - +
48 Giant dodder Cuscuta reflexa - +
49 Tree host Dendrophthoe falcata - +
(Source : District Forest Office & Field Investigation)
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Table 3.45
List of Plant for Low, Moderate & Highly Dust Capturing Herbs, Shrubs & Trees for
Green Belt Development
Dust
Capture
Level
Plant Species of
Herbs Shrubs Trees
Low
<10%
Amaranthus
hypchondriceus (Chaulai)
Thuja species
(Moyur Pankhi)
Nyctanthese arbortritis
(Harsingar)
Gardenia jasminoides
(Crape Jasmine)
Ravuvoifia serpentine
(Serpgandha
Abis pindrow (Silver fire)
Cestrum nocturmum
(Rat Ki Rani)
Withania somnifera
(Ashawagandha)
Accacia nelotica (Babool)
Chrysanthamum species
(Crown Daisy)
Acanthus species
(Acanthus)
Holarrhena antidysentrica
(Kurchi)
Clerodenrum inerme
(Glorry bower)
Ficus bengalensis
(Banyan )
Miliusa tomentosa
(Kari Leaves)
Thespesia populania
(Ran Bhindi)
Dust
Capture
Level
Herbs Shrubs Trees
Medium
11 to 20%
Lilium species (Lily) Bambusa species
(Bamboo)
Luecena leucophloea
(Shoe Babool)
Draceana species Lagerstomia indica
(Crape Myrtle)
Pinus gerardiana
(Chilgoja)
Halianthus annuus
(Sunflower)
Nerium indicum
(Kaner Pink)
Ficus elastica
(Indian Rubber)
Tegetes patula (Genda) Codium varigatus
(Croton)
Annona squamosa
(Suger Apple)
Pothus aureus
(Money Plant)
Thevetia peruviana
(Kaner Yellow)
Mangifera indica (Mango)
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Wrightia arborea
(Dudhi)
Argyreia roxburghira
(Wooly Morning Glorry
Rosa indica (Rose) Ficus religiosa (Peepal)
Ipomea nil (Beshrum) Acacia famesiana
(Vilayati Kikkar)
Tabermaemontana
divaricata (Chandani)
Psidium guyava (Amrood)
Acalypha hispida
(Copper leaf)
Prunus comminis (Plums)
Plumeria acuminate
(Temple Tree)
Syzygium cuminii (Jamun)
Tectona grandis(Teak)
Citrus lamina (Lamon)
Morus alba (Mulberry)
.Archis sapota (Chikoo)
Anthosephalus cadamba
(Kadam)
Shorea robusta (Sal)
Delbergia sisso (Sheasm)
Delonix regiosa
(Gulmohar)
Albizzia lebbek (Siris)
Artocarpus integrifolia
(Jack Fruit)
Ixora parviflora
(Torch Tree)
Bauhinia varigata
(Kanchnar)
Moringa olieifera
(Drum Stick)
Aegle famesiana (Beal)
.Pithocolobium dule
(Jangali jalabi)
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Dust
Capture
Level
Herbs Shrubs Trees
High
>21%
Colocasia antiquorum
(Elephants Ear)
Hibiscus rosa sinensis
(Gurhal)
Cassia fistula (Amaltas)
Celosia argentea
(Cock’scomb)
Bougainvillea glavra
(Bougainvillea
Pinus contora (Pine)
Bombax ceiba (Samal)
Butea monosperma
( Palas)
Alstonia scholaris (Satani)
Azardirachta indica
(Neem)
Polyalthia longifolia
(Ashoka)
Callistemon citrinus
(Bottle Brush)
Termanilia catappal
(Jangal Badam)
Terminalia arjuna (Arjun)
Melia azedarch (Melia)
Phoenix dactylifera
(Khjoor)
Ficus infectorja (Pilkan)
Holiptelia integrifolia
(Papadi)
Eucalyptus globules
(Blue Gum)
Madhuca indica (Mahua)
Citrus maxima (Chaktora)
Populus tremuloides
(Quaking aspen)
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Vegetable, pulses & crops of the area
S.No. Scientific Name Common name Core Zone Buffer Zone
1 Spinacia oleracea Palak Spinach - +
2 Allium sp Onion pyas - +
3 Coriandrum sativum Coriander - +
4 Brassica oleracea Cabbage - +
5 Brassica oleracea Cauliflower - +
6 Ricinus communis Castor Oil plant - +
7 Cajanus cajan Tuver-Arhar - +
8 Arachis hypogaea Pea nut-ground nut - +
9 Pisum sativum Matar pea - +
10 Phaseolus vulgaris Beans - +
11 Sorghum vulgare Fodder /grains - +
12 Zea mays Corn (macca) - +
13 Pennisetum sp Bajra - +
14 Lycopersicon esculentum tomato - +
15 Capsicum spp Chilly - +
16 Triticum spp Wheat - +
17 Oryza sativa Rice - +
18 Brassica juncea Mustard-sarson - +
19 Cicer arietinum Chick pea-gram - +
20 Lens culinaris Masoor dal - +
Fruit Orcharad .
S.No. Scientific Name Common
name
Core Zone Buffer Zone
1 Mangifera indica Mango + +
2 Pterocarpus marsupium Kinu - +
3 Artocarpus spp Jack fruit - +
4 Morus indica Mulberry + +
5 Syzygium cuminii Jamun + +
6 Psidium sp Guava - +
No threatened, rare endangered or endemic species were observed during the survey in
this buffer zone.
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Faunal resources
For enumeration of faunal resources, ground surveys were carried out by trekking the
impact zone for identification of important animal groups such as birds, mammals, and
reptiles, inhabiting the area, along the riverbanks, adjoining forest on the slopes, hill top and
agricultural fields.
The information of important animal group such as butterflies, birds, reptiles and mammals
were collected by trekking inhabiting area, and in the project site along the boundary i.e.
agricultural fields etc present in the impact zone. The lists of animals recorded during this
study are given below:
The list of various faunal group with species wise are given in Table 3.46 to Table 3.50
Butterflies
Eleven species of butterflies were sited in the area (Table 3.46). Among them cabbage fly
was found occurring commonly. The fauna listed consists of mostly common and generalist
species as none of the animal species is threatened globally as per the IUCN Red list 2007
Table 3.46
Butterflies spotted in the area
S.No. Butterflies Common Name
1 Zizeeria karsandra Dark grass blue
2 Precis lemonias ( Linnaeus ) Lemon pansy
3 Danaus genutia Common tiger
4 Danaus chrysippus Plain Tiger
5 Euploea core Common Indian Crow
6 Elymnias hypermnestra Common Palmfly
7 Atrophaneura (Pachliopta) hector Crimsone rose
8 Pieris canidia Linnaeus, 1768 Indian Cabbage White
9 Genopteryx rhamni Common brimstone
10 Eurema hecabe Lemmon grass yellow
11 Eurema brigitta Small Grass Yellow
Reptiles:
Out of 16 species of reptiles recorded, four species of lizards, two species of turtle and 10
species of snakes are recorded in common in occurrence. Among snake bronzebacked
snake and a gecko are visualized in the field and shown in Plate6Out of these snakes,
cobra is protected under schedule II of Indian wild life protection act (1972). None of the
reptile species is present in the IUCN Red List of threatened animals (2007).
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Table 3.47
List of Reptiles reported in the study area
S.No. Common Name Scientific Name
Snakes
1 Karait* Bungarus caeruleus
2 Cobra* Naja naja
3 Russell‘s viper* Vipera russelli
4 Indian Python* Python molurus
5 Common Sand Boa or Domuhi* Eryx johni
6 Rat snake * Ptyas mucosus
7 King cobra * Ophiophagus hannah
8 Saw-scaled viper* Echis carinatus
9 Indian tree viper, bamboo viper* Trimeresurus gramineus
10 Bronzeback tree snake Dendrelaphis tristis
Lizards, Monitor
11 Rock lizard Calotis versicolor
12 Yellow-bellied house gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis
13 Indian Monitor-Goh Varanus bengalensis
14 Girgit* Chamaeleo zeylanicus
Turtles
15 India Pond terrapin / turtle* Melanochelys trijuga
16 Indian shell turtle* Lissemys punetata
*Secondary data based
Common Bronzeback Indian Snake Dendrelaphis tristis at Obra dam CISF Gate Birds: As
many as 49 species of birds was sited from the study area. All these species are of
common occurrence in India. The lists of birds sited are given in Table 3.48.
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Table 3.48
List of Avis fauna reported in the study area
S. No. Common name Scientific Name
1. Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophacus
2. Baya , weaver birds Ploceus philippinus
3. Black kite Milvus migrans migrans
4. Black partridges Francol inus
5. Black drongo Dicrurus adsinulis
6. Black headed bulbul Pycnonotus sp
7. Black ibis Pseudible papilios
8. Blue rock pegion Columba livia
9. Brown crowned wood packer Denarocopos nanus
10. Cattle egret Bubulcus- ibis
11. Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis
12. Common myna Acridotheres tristis
13. Common peafowl Pavo cristatus
14. Common red shank Tringa tolanus
15. Common Sandpiper Tringa hypolencos
16. Common sparrow Passer domesticus
17. Cotton teal Nettapus Coromandelianus
18. Darter Anhinga rufa
19. Forest eagle owls Bubo sp
20 Green Bee Eater Merops orientalis
21 Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus
22 Grey partridges Francol inus Jpondicerianus
23 Grey quail Coturnix coturnix
24 House crow Corvus spelenaeus
25 Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropternus
26 Indian long billed Vulture Gyps indicus
27 Indian Night-jar Caprinudgus asiaticus
28 Indian ring dove Streptopelia decaocto
29 Indian white backed vulture Gyps bengalensis
30 Jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos
31 Jungle owlet Glaucidium radiatum
32 Koel Cuculus canorus
33 Large cormorant Phaiacrocorax carbo
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34 Large egret Ardea alba
35 Little cormorant Phalacrocorax niger
36 Little egret Egretta garzetta
37 Pallas‘s fishing eagle Haliacetus leucoryplus
38 Pond heron or paddy bird Ardeola grayit
39 Red jungle fowl Gallus gallus
40 Red wattled lapwing Venalius indicus
41 Scavenger vulture Neophron percnopterus
42 Shikra Accipiter gentiles
43 Smaller egret Egretta intermedia
44 Sparrow hawk Accipiter nisus melaschistas
45 Spotted dove S. chinensis
46 Spotted or Dusky Redshank Tinga erythropus
47 Surus crane Grus antigone
48 White necked stork Ciconia episcopus
49 White stork Ciconia ciconia
Mammals
Three reserve forest ranges are falling in the study area where about 90% of the area falls
under Obra Range Forest. Other Forest are touching the boundary of 10 km radius are from
Jugul range and little part of left bank of Son river for Guruma range. The proposed project
area is in the Obra Forest Division, which is inhabited by two small town as Chopan and
Obra followed by many small villages and known for commercial activity such as thermal
powers, hydropower‘s, sand mine/stone quarry and various cement Industries etc.
Therefore wildlife has not been observed in the study area. The land has crop land, grass
land and mixed deciduous forest- unclassified type vegetation in the area. The grassland
provides a pasture land for domestic animals. The domestic animals are mainly mammals.
The list of animals sited in the area is given in Table 3.49.
Livestock is an important component of an agro ecosystem. For instance, livestock provide
the critical energy input to the croplands required for plugging, threshing and other farm
operations. Animal dung provides essential nutrients required for soil fertility and crop yields
in the form of organic manure. Livestock data was compiled from State Veterinary
Department, Government of U.P. and population density of cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep
are found village wise. Data such as livestock (Cattle and Buffalo) population, animal
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residue and energy demand for domestic purpose data were considered for evaluating
biogas potential in a village.
Table 3.49
List of mammals present in the study area
S.No. Common name Scientific Name
1. Indian gray wolf Bheria Canis lupus pallipes
2. Chhachhunder—Shrew Suncus murinus
3. Chhoha Common house Rat Ratus ratus
4. Chooha Indian mole Rat Bandicota bangalensis
5. Common langur Presbytis entellus
6. Flying fox bat Pterospus giganteus
7. Short nose Fruit bat Cynopterus sphinix
8. Gilahari – Indian Palm Squirrel Funambulus palmarum
9. Indian fox Vulpes bengalensis
10. Indian pango-lin or bajrakit Manis crassicaudata
11. Jackal Canis aureus
12. Jangali Suar Sus scrofa
13. Khargosh -Indian hare Lepus nigricollis
14. Lakarbhaga Hyaena hyaena
15. Machh billi Or fishing cat Felis caracal
16. Monkey Macaca mulatta
17. Moos House mouse Mus musculus
18. Neel gai Boselaphus tragocamelus
19 Nevela-mangoose Herpestes edwardsii
20. Sahi -Indian porcupine Hystrix indica
21. Wild cat Felis chaus
22. Wild dog--Indian dhole Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811
Apart from the above mentioned species, other species which are enlisted in the forest
working plan are Panthera pardus , Panthera tigris, Molursus ursinus, Gazella gazelle,
Antilope cervicapra, Cervus unicolor, however, all these species have not spotted during
field survey as well as information retrieved from the locals in the area of Obra Forest
Division.
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Table 3.50
Domestic animals present in the study area
S.No. Common Name Scientific Name
Domesticated Mammals
1 Cow Bos indicus
2 Buffalo Bubalus indicus
3 Dog Cains familieris
4 Goat Capra hircus
5 Horse Equus cabilus
6 Ass Equus hermionus
7 Cat Felis domesticus
8 Sheep Ovius polic
3.6.7. Rare and Endangered Species
During the study no endangered species of flora and fauna was observed in the study area
and same has also been confirmed from the record of State Forest Department as per Red
data book of Botanical Survey of India and Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972.
3.6.8. Fisheries and Aquatic Life
The Son River in the study area is in the matured stage of development running in wide
open course forming large meanders. The river in its course impinges on convex side. The
concave side abounds with sand grain.
The Son River flows through the district from east to west and its tributary the Rihand River,
which rises to the south in the highlands of Surguja district of Chhattisgarh, flows north to
join the Son in the center of the district. Sonbhadra is located in the south-eastern ranges of
the Vindhyachal mountain.
The Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar, a reservoir on the Rihand, lies partly in the district (UP)
and partly in Madhya Pradesh. The district has historic, cultural and ecological affinities with
the Bagelkhand region. Obra dam project and NTPC Rihand are the power projects located
in this city.
The Palamu division generally lies at a lower height than the surrounding areas of Chota
Nagpur Plateau. On the east the Ranchi plateau intrudes into the division and the southern
part of the division merges with the Pat region. On the west are the Surguja highlands of
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Chhattishgarh and Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. The Son River touches the north-
western corner of the division and then forms the state boundary for about 45 miles (72 km).
There are some perennial tributaries as Rihand river and Bijul nadi, which are joining Sone
river about 1.5-2.0 km upstream close to the village Sindhuria as surface watercourses.
As the proposed activity is a process involving water intake from Obra dam at Rihnad river
and outfall into the Rihand. Therefore, it is imperative to study the possible impacts of
existing aquatic life forms i.e. planktons, benthoses and fisheries present in the area.
3.6.9. Aquatic Environment
Aquatic flora and fauna: In order to study the aquatic flora and fauna of River, water
samples were collected from the selected locations of the river course and were analyzed.
The river harbors a variety of fishes from carps to chela, zoo planktons and phytoplanktons
of various varieties. It is observed that there no fauna dependant on the river bed or area
nearest for its nesting. The river also cradles various species of aquatic flora and riparian
moist vegetation. The details observed of floral and faunal species of aquatic environment
and from consultation of secondary data have been illustrated in the Tables 3.51 to 3.53.
Table 3.51
Planktons observed in the study area
PH
YT
OP
LA
NK
TO
NS
Group / Family Species Name
Cyano phyceae Anabena sp
Arthro spira sp
Lyngby sp
Microcytis sp
Ocillatoria sp
Phormidium sp
Bacillariophaycae (Diatoms) Asterionella sp
Cyclotella sp
Cymbella sp
Naviculla sp
Nitzshina sp
Synedra sp
Cholorophyceae (Green Algae) Ankistordesmus Facatus
Chara sp
Chlorella sp
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Hydrodictyon sp
Nitella sp
Pediastrum simplex
Scenedesmus acuminatus
Spirogyra sp
Zygnema sp
Table 3.52
Fish species and Amphibian present in the water bodies of study area
S.No. Common Name Scientific Name
Fish Species
1 Sidhari Puntius ticto
2 - Puntius sarana
3 Karaunchh Labeo calbasu
4 Rohu Labeo rohita
5 Mahasir Tor tor
6 Chelwa Chela bacaila
7 Nain Cirhinus mrigala
8 Katala Catla catla
9 Pahina Wallago attu
10 Saur Channa punctatus
11 Mangur Clarius batrachus
12 Singhi Heteropneustes fossilis
13 Tengra Mystus seenghala
14 Patara Notopterus chitela
ZO
OP
LA
NK
TO
NS
Protozoa Colpidius sp
Euglina sp
Paramecium sp
Vorticella sp
Rotifers Anuraea sp
Filinia sp
Rotifer neptunis
Crustaceans Cyclops sp
Cypris sp
Daphnia sp
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15 Bam Mastacembelus armatus
16 Silond catfish Silonia silondia
17 snakehead fish Chana punctatus
Amphibian
1 Toad Bufo melanostictus
2 Frog- Rana tigerina
3 - Rana cyanophlyctis
4 Common tree frog Rhacophorus maculatus
Table 3.53
Riparian vegetation observed along water bodies
Family Species
Marsileaeae Marsilia quadrifoliata
Azonlla Pinnata
Alismataceae Limnophyton obtusifolium
Convolvulaceae Ipomea acquatica
Ipomea fistula
Sagittaria sp
Cyperaceae -Grasses Cyperus corymbosvs Motha
Cyperus Nivcus
Cyperus platysty lis
Cyperus Proceras
Scirpus Artenlcnlatus
Jentianaceae Nymphoides Indicum
Gramineae Eragrostes Japonica
Hygroryza Aristata
Docty loctenium sp
Psendovrophis Spinosus
Leguminoceae Neptunia olderaceae
Lemneaceae Lemna pavcicostata
Spirodella polyrhiza
Liliaceae Asphodeles tenmueifolius
Nymphacceae Nelumbo Nucifera
Nymppheae stellata
Typhaceae Typle angustala
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3.6.10. Ecological Sensitive Areas
The project site is surrounded mainly by Obra forest range followed by Jugal range, Dala
range and part of Gurma range. Gurma range consists some area of Kaimur wildlife
Sanctuary, which falls under the Mirzapur Division. The Gurma range forest is located about
9.0 km from the proposed project site in north east direction.
3.6.11 Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary:
Kaimur WildLife Sanctuary is situated within 10 km of the proposed project in district
Mirzapur/Sonebhadra of Uttar Pradesh. The sanctuary lies between 24o33” & 24o73” North
Latitude and between 82o 12” & 82o21” East Latitude.
The sanctuary was constituted vide U.P. Govt. Notification No.908/14-3-44/78 dated 10-08-
82. The area was further reorganized vide G.O.No. 263/14-1-97-30(2)/97 dated 26-02-97 as
the territorial control of the sanctuary was transferred to wildlife preservation organization.
The location of the sanctuary has been marked on the authenticated map (enclosed) of the
Kaimur Wilflife sanctuary.
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Figure 3.12: Authenticated map of Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary from the Forest Range
Office, Chopan.
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Figure 3.13: Kaimur wildlife Sanctuary, a part falling within 10 km radius from of the
Project Site (Area under slant red line falls under the 10 km radius zone of the
project)
Area of the Kaimur wildlife Sanctuary is 50073.8 ha or 501.00 sq km followed by 145.78 sq
km Reserve Forest and 1.07 sq km of Protected Forests.
Kargara block of Gurma range including left bank of Son River forms the southern boundary
of KWS. The total area of Kargara Block of Gurma Range of Kaimur wildlife Sanctuary falls
under the study area (10km radius zone) of the project site and is about 7.12 sq.km (712
hactare), whereas 22.76 sq km part of Jugul Range and remaining area is of Obra Range
forests (285.12 sq km). One of the village named Kanach located on the left bank of Son
river, falls under the sanctuary area where most part of the land is under agriculture
practice, however, in the village boundary and adjoining area, some dry deciduous trees
and scrubs exists as mention in the Table-3.48 (Flora of the Study Area).
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The village list also confirms the present village Kanach falls under the Sanctuary Area of
Kargara block. Application for seeking clearance/approval from Standing Committee of
National Board of Wild Life has been submitted on 15.12.2012 to Prabhageeya Vanadhikari,
Kaimur Wild Life Century, Mirzapur; Copy of which is annexed at Annexure-10. The
application has subsequently been forwarded/ routed through Principal Forest Conservator
(Wildlife) UP/ Principal Secretary, Forest Deptt. Govt. of UP vide letter no-3653/16-11 dated
08.05.2013 (Annexure-10a) for seeking NOC from Standing Committee National Board of
Wild life.
Figure 3.14: Village List falling under KWS area and outside Sanctuary Area
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The detailed information about flora and fauna has been collected from the forest working
plan, of Kaimur Wildlife Division. The forest exists along the rivers and streams are northern
dry mixed deciduous type, which belongs to sub –group 5B as per classification given by
Champion & Seth (1967).
The sanctuary area is represented by numerous floral and faunal species. Flora of the
represented by 113 species of trees, 38 species of shrubs, 21 species of climbers, 6
species of bamboos, 3 species of epiphytes, and about 74 species of medicinal plants
respectively.
Wildlife among fauna represented by mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes
which consists of 35, 221, 25, 6, and 21 species respectively. Numerous species among
lower invertebrate groups are also present in the area.
Wildlife animals mainly consists of species like tiger, panther, bear, wolf, hyena, fox, black
buck, chinkara, cheetal, sambhar, blue bull, monkeys, langur, wild boar etc. Reptiles are
represented by poisonous snake (5), Non-poisonous snake (10), crocodile (1), gharyal (1),
lizards (4), and turtle/tripens (4), respectively. Similarly fishes consists predominate carps,
cat fishes, snake heads and barbus etc. Avi fauna has wide range of species occurrence
that varies upto 221 species of resident or migratory in nature.
3.7. R&R Plan
No R&R Plan is required as no land shall be acquired for the extension project.
3.8. Socio-Economic Environment
The Area and population of block Chopan is given in Table 3.54 below:
Table 3.54
Area and Population
Year/
Tehsil/Block
Area Total Population Male Female
2001 / Chopan Rural 229183 120184 108999
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There is no urban population in the study area. The SC & ST population in the Chopan
block is given below in Table 3.55.
Table 3.55:
SC /ST POPULATION
Year Tehsil/Block SC/ST Percentage (%)
2001 / Chopan 128644 56.2
The state of education is one of the most significant criteria for the development of a region.
The Educational Institutions in the study area as per block Chopan, district Sonebhadra are
given in Table: 3.56
Table 3.56
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
(As per District Statistical Book 2011)
School Numbers
Jr. Basic School 277
Sr. Basic school 139
Higher Secondary School 10
Mahavidyalaya 2
Total 428
Health Centres like Hospitals & Primary Health Centre in the Chopan area as given below in
Table: 3.57
Table 3.57
HEALTH CENTRES
Chopan Hospitals Ayurvedic Centres
1 4
The Gram Panchayat Centres and Family Welfare Centres in the Chopan Block area as
given below in Table: 3.58 & Table 3.59 respectively.
Table 3.58
GRAM PANCHAYAT CENTRES
CHOPAN No. of Centres
Nyay Panchayat Nos. 9
Gram Panchayat Nos. 51
Panchayat Ghar Nos. 51
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Table 3.59
FAMILY WELFARE CENTRES IN CHOPAN
CHOPAN No. of Centres
Aganbari 208
Yuwa Sangthan 51
Mahila Mandal 33
Table 3.60
Population Details Of Chopan
(Source : District Statistical Books 2011)
Chopan Male Female Total
Rural 120184 108999 229183
From the above table it is observed that the male population is 120184 and Female
is 108999.
The literacy level of male and female population in Chopan is shown in Table 3.61.
Table 3.61
Percentage Literacy In Chopan
(Source : District Statistical Books 2011)
Block Male Female
Chopan 45.57 17.29
The overall literacy of the region is 32.26% and out of which 45.57 males are literate
however only 17.29% females are literate. The overall literacy of Sonebhadra is 49.34%.
Table 3.62
Details of Bank In Chopan
(Source : District Statistical Books 2011)
Area National
Bank
Regional
Rural Bank
Other National
Bank
Chopan 4 1 1
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The occupational pattern based on the type of work in Chopan Block is given in Table 3.63.
As we can be seen from the Table, the majority of populations are classified as Farmers
and agricultural labour.
Table – 3.63
Occupational Pattern Of Working Population In Chopan Block
(Source : District Statistical Books 2011)
Area
Chopan
Farmer Agricultural
Labour
Family Job Other Job Total Main
Job
Simant
Job
Total
Job
25807 11513 1175 10596 49091 34658 83749
The total population is 229183; out of this 83749 people are having jobs.
Some photographs of the study area are given below from Fig 3.15 to Fig 3.19
Fig- 3.15 Cattles in Obra Area
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Fig 3.16 Monkey in Obra Area
Fig 3.17 Babool tree (Acacia Arabica)
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Fig 3.18 Sheesham Tree
Fig 3.19 Mango tree
Chapter‐4
Anticipated Environment Impacts and Mitigation Measures
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4.0 Anticipated Environment Impacts and Mitigation Measures
During the construction and operation of thermal power project, certain
environmental impacts may be noticed. These impacts are different in its
characteristics and quantum during construction and operation phase. The
environmental impact during construction will be localized and short term with no
changes in use of the surrounding land as compared to the current conditions. These
impacts will primarily relate to the civil works period and less intensive impact is
expected during erection of the equipment and trial operation. However, the impacts
during operation phase are considered as long-term effects. But these impacts may
be controlled through selection of appropriate pollution control systems,
environmental management plan. The impacts during construction and operation
phase of proposed coal based power plant have been assessed and are as given
below :
4.1 Impacts during Construction Phase
The construction of a new power plant usually involves significant changes in
land use, which may be accompanied by direct social and ecological impacts.
The proposed 2 x 660 MW Coal based Thermal Power Project at Obra is to be
located at about 35 Km of Robertsganj. The existing road will be utilised for
movement of construction material, construction machineries and transportation of
power plant equipments. There is no requirement of additional land for development
of infrastructural facilities since the site is connected by roads and Highway. Nearest
railway station is Chopan. All these existing infrastructure will significantly reduce the
impacts during construction phase of these units for the proposed plant.
The time schedule for the main civil works (foundations for steam generators and
turbine units, transformers and condensers) is about 36 months.
The impact during construction phase has been shown in the impact matrix. This
impact matrix is based on methodology suggested by Clarketal. (1976) and indicates
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interaction between project activities and environmental parameters. The
construction phase activities are discussed as follows:
4.1.1 Land of OTPS
The required 550 acres land for 2x660MW Units is already available within premises
of OTPS. After reclamation of land, preparation of site grading, levelling will be
carried out. Presently the land is barren (waste) hence will experience marginal
adverse impact on the land use pattern which would be minimized through the
mitigation measure of development of Green Belt in the region.
4.1.2 Site Development
The development includes all the activities needed to make the site ready for
construction work. The area acquired for the plant is fairly undulated terrain. The
area will be cleared of all vegetation depending on the site uses. The process of site
clearing will not change the existing land use pattern. As a mitigation measure, Land
clearing for construction site will be kept at the absolute minimum practicable;
4.1.3 Civil Construction Work
Around 550 Acre of land from Obra existing plant colony will be reclaimed for the
proposed units including main plant area, auxiliaries of the power plant etc. The civil
construction work includes foundation and super structural work. The foundation
work involves digging and concrete work. Dust and noise pollution will be problems
during the civil construction work. The structural work will involve concrete, steel
work and masonry work etc. This will need use of equipments like mixers, welding
machines, cranes and hoisting devices etc. The structural work will also have
impact on water resources as water will be required during this phase of
construction.
Mitigation measure
Water sprinkling will be done periodically to suppress Dust and providing noise
barriers for noise pollution. Water pollution during construction work would be
controlled by using State of art construction tools and methods.
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4.1.4 Construction Materials
Construction materials like sand, mettle etc. will be available from nearby areas.
Sand from stone quarries around Robertsganj will be obtained. Cement and steel will
be purchased through Government agencies from Robertsganj. There will be
marginal impact on local ambient air quality due to transportation, handling and
storage of these construction materials.
4.1.5 Mechanical & Electrical Erection
The mechanical and electrical erection work of machines will involve use of
fabrication equipment, cranes etc. This will cause air and noise pollution at site.
Mitigation measure
Water sprinkling will be done during movement of heavy vehicles.
4.1.6 Immigration
A large number of labour force will be required during the construction phase of the
proposed power plant. As most of the population in the region is non-worker, most of
the labour will be coming from neighbouring villages and populated settlements.
Mitigation Measures
Since majority of the construction workers will be local people, no separate
infrastructure will be required to meet their requirements of housing, schools,
transport, health and cultural centres, shopping complex and civil facilities etc.
However, if any, required, same will be taken care under project facilities.
4.1.7 Staff Quarters and Other Requirements
The construction is planned to be done by contractors. Workers engaged in
construction work will be employees of the contractors, however, it will be ensured
that the workers coming from neighbouring villages be provided with necessary
facilities.
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Mitigation Measures
The resident contractual workers will be provided with Toilets at place of stay
and work to avoid environmental degradation.
It is envisaged that OTPS employees would be provided residential
accommodation at OTPS Colony.
The proposed project will generate employment opportunities during
construction as well as operation phase and this will provide direct and
indirect jobs to the local population.
The project will not disturb the existing social pattern of the area and due to
direct as well as indirect employment opportunities generated by temporary
injection of capital it will have a beneficial impact on the local economy.
4.1.8 Sanitation, Rest Room Facilities to Labour Force
The manpower required during construction phase will be employed on temporary
basis from the nearby villages in order to avoid the need to construct temporary
houses. However, the sites will also be provided with adequate and suitable sanitary
facilities to allow proper standard of hygiene. These facilities will include water
supply, sanitary toilets and some temporary housing etc.
Mitigation measures
For semi-skilled and skilled labours suitable temporary accommodation shall
be constructed/provided by the working agency including the facilities of
water, light and sanitary facilities in the Power house area.
Construction workers will be residing temporarily at the work site during the
construction phase. For them, the following infrastructural facilities would be
provided by the contractor as per conditions of contract :
A. Security B. Safety of facilities
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C. Gate control D. Soak Pit based sanitation scheme would be provided for construction
worker. E. Proper dispensary will be developed in the Plant premises. F. Adequate arrangements will be made for Kerosene/wood etc. G. Educational support for the workers will be provided by nearby
schools, OTPS will take up the appropriate steps and measures for their welfare.
H. Fire prevention I. Drinking water J. Crèche facilities
These are mandatory facilities to be provided by the contractor.
However, OTPS shall ensure that the contractor constructs Toilet compartments with
sufficient capacity septic tank and soak pits and also bathroom compartments at the
residential site (temporary hutments) and Toilet compartments and a hall for rest at
work site.
4.1.9 Water Resources
During the construction phase of proposed expansion, estimated total water
requirement is 50-100 m3/day, depending upon the type of construction activities.
This requirement of water will be drawn from dedicated intake canal originating from
Obra dam on Rihand river as per granted permission. As per geotechnical study
conducted on project site, Water table was encountered in borehole no. 01, 02, 03 at
8.0 m, 8.0 m and 6.5 m depth respectively. Water table was not encountered in
borehole no. 04 & 05 up to 10.0 m depth. Hence, interference of the construction
activities to the ground water will not be significant. It is recommended to carry out
foundation work during pre monsoon season. Hence, overall impact is rated as per
given below:
Impact Rating Water Resources Nature of impact Adverse Duration of impact Short term Impacted Area Localized Likelihood of occurrence Low Severity of impact Low Significance of impact Negligible
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Mitigation Measures:
Adequate water supply arrangement will be made at the construction site;
Continuous attempt will be made to optimize/reduce the use of water;
Continuous attempt will be made to avoid wastage and leakage of water;
Regular record of water consumption on daily basis will be maintained;
It is recommended to carry out the foundation work during pre monsoon season; and
Toilets and bathrooms on temporary basis will be provided at site,
4.1.10 Air Quality
The sources of air emission during construction phase will include site clearing,
removal and stockpiling of excavated soil, storage and handling of the construction
materials, civil & mechanical works, movement of vehicles to be used for
transportation of men and materials to the site and operation of construction
equipment/machinery and camp site. Emissions from them are expected to result in
degradation of air quality, primarily in the working environment affecting employees
involved in the construction activities. However, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
in the ambient air will be coarse and would settle within a short distance close to the
construction site so measures will need to be taken to protect workers. Hence, dust
and other emissions are unlikely to spread sufficiently to affect the surroundings of
the construction site. Traffic to the different sites during construction will be more
intensive and much heavier than at present in normal operating conditions. In turn, it
will subject existing roads to more stress. The present road conditions are
reasonably good for proposed movement of traffic. Gaseous emissions like SO2,
NOx, CO, HC are also anticipated as a result of burning of fuel to accomplish
construction phase due to operation of machinery /equipment. As construction
activities will be mainly confined to project site only and for short duration, hence the
impact on the ambient air quality during construction and development phase is rated
as per given below:
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Impact Rating Ambient Air Quality
Nature of impact Adverse
Duration of impact Short term
Impacted Area Localized
Likelihood of occurrence High
Severity of impact Low
Mitigation Measures
Land clearing for construction site will be kept at the absolute
minimum practicable;
Construction site would be designed to minimize the removal of soil
and vegetation;
Debris from of dismantling the present structures shall be stored
properly, if to be used or removed from the site at the earliest;
Topsoil removed will be preserved for later reinstatement purposes by
piling it along a boundary of the site;
Dust suppression systems (water spray) will be used as per
requirement at the construction site;
Construction materials will be fully covered during transportation to
the project site by road; and
Earth moving equipment, typically a bulldozer with a grader blade and
ripper will be used for excavation work and regular monitoring of
ambient air quality.
4.1.11 Noise Level
The general noise level due to construction activities such as working of heavy earth
moving equipment and machinery installation may sometimes go upto 90 dB(A) at
the work sites during day time. The workers in general are likely to be exposed to an
equivalent noise level of 80-90 dB(A) in 8 hour shift for which all statutory
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precautions as per the law will be implemented. Use of proper Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) will further mitigate adverse impact of noise on the workers, if any.
The impacts can be further minimized and made insignificant by using standard
practice of construction. The present noise level, monitored in the study area is well
within the prescribed standard by CPCB/UPSPCB Hence the impact on the noise
level during construction and development phase is rated as per given below:
Impact Rating Noise Level
Nature of impact Adverse
Duration of impact Short term
Impacted Area Localized
Likelihood of occurrence High
Severity of impact Low
Significance of impact Minor
Mitigation Measures
Provision of rubber padding/noise isolators;
Preventive maintenance of the machine/equipments will be
carried out;
Provision of silencers to modulate the noise generated by
machines; and
Provision of protective devices like ear muff/plugs to the
workers and.
Regular monitoring of noise level.
4.1.12 Water Quality
The wastewater generated during construction phase will be mainly from domestic
activities. The strength of total skilled, semiskilled and labour required for
construction shall be 1000 (peak) and 500 (average). Wastewater generated from
domestic purposes will be minimal as most of the workers will be from local area. As
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per geotechnical study conducted on project site, Water table was encountered in
borehole no. 01, 02, 03 at 8.0 m, 8.0 m and 6.5 m depth respectively. Water table
was not encountered in borehole no. 04 & 05 up to 10.0 m depth. Dewatering may
not be carried out. During monsoon period, the wastewater may be generated from
soil erosion. Soil erosion at project site would be increased as a result of excavation
of topsoil. This may result in suspended solids and turbidity in runoff water during the
monsoon period. However, this impact will be temporary in nature. Hence, overall
impact is summarized as given below:
Impact Rating Water Quality
Nature of impact Adverse
Duration of impact Short term
Impacted Area Localized
Likelihood of occurrence High
Severity of impact Low
Significance of impact Minor
Mitigation Measures
Major site clearing and excavation work will not be planned during
monsoon season;
Major site clearing and excavation work will not be planned during
monsoon season;
Separate drains will be provided for draining storm water to the
possible extent;
All the debris resulting from the site will be isolated from the waste
water and disposed off separately;
A sediment trap will be provided to prevent the discharge of excessive
suspended solids;
An oil trap will be provided in the drainage line to prevent
contamination by accidental spillage;
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To prevent contamination from accidental spillage of oil, the storage
areas will be bonded and will be inspected and cleaned at regular
intervals;
It is recommended to carry out the foundation work during pre
monsoon season. Adequate treatment plan will be prepared before
discharging of water, if foundation work is to be carried out during post
monsoon season;
Wash down area for cleaning of vehicles wheels will be provided and
wheel wash waste will be drained properly and routed through oil trap;
Waste water to be generated from the domestic activities at site shall
be sent to existing ETP under construction for existing plant; and
Regular monitoring of waste water quality to be drained.
4.1.13 Soil Quality
During construction phase, solid waste such as excavated soil, debris, metal waste
and oil & grease from construction machinery/equipment will be generated. This
waste may contaminate soil at construction sites temporarily and would be restricted
to a small area. Excavated topsoil will be used for backfilling and on completion of
construction; all waste will be cleared as soon as possible. During the construction
phase, hydraulic oil, fuels and lubricating oils would be used. There is potential for
accidental spills while re-fuelling or servicing vehicles and through breakage due to
wear and tear. Procedures for maintenance of equipment would ensure that this risk
is minimized and cleanup response is rapid if any spill occurs. During construction
phase, waste oil shall be generated as and when lubricating oil is changed. Waste oil
shall be collected through the drain ports and stored in leak proof steel drums and
sent to the Spent Oil Storage Site. The waste oil drums shall be properly identified
with label of what is contained in Hindi and English. Waste lubricant generated shall
be given to outside party for treatment, which shall be again used in the plant. The
solid waste generated by workers as municipal waste will be minimal as most of
them belong to local area. The solid waste so generated shall be collected and
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disposed off as municipal waste to the site allocated by local administrative
authorities. Other solid waste like debris, metal pieces, cotton waste etc so
generated will be collected and segregated and will be disposed off as per standard
practice. The overall impact is summarized as given below:
Impact Rating Soil Quality
Nature of impact Adverse
Duration of impact Short term
Impacted Area Localized
Likelihood of occurrence High
Severity of impact Low
Significance of impact Minor
Mitigation Measures
Land clearing for construction site will be kept at the absolute
minimum practicable;
Construction site would be designed to minimize the removal of soil
and vegetation;
Debris so generated from dismantling of structure shall be removed at
the earliest;
Adequate debris disposal plan shall be prepared after assessment of
quantity of same and before start of construction;
Topsoil will be cleared and stored for later reinstatement purposes by
piling it along a boundary of the site;
Every care will be taken to prevent soil erosion. Compaction and
stabilization will be resorted during backfilling to ensure that no top
soil is washed away;
Ensure restoration of land surface and landform consistent with the
condition and contours prior to commencement of construction;
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Litter, fuel, oil drums, used grease cartridges would be collected and
removed properly;
Dust bins will be placed at requisite locations; and
Lubricating waste oil will be collected separately in drums and will be
handed over to the authorized outside agency by UPSPCB as per CPCB
guidelines.
4.1.14 Components Creating Impacts to Socio-Economic Environment
The components of the construction phase that could result in effects on the socio-
economic environment include the following:
Property Management Proposed expansion is envisaged within the premises of
existing plant hence no additional land is proposed to be acquired. Hence, overall
impact is rated as:
Impact Rating Property Management
Nature of impact Beneficial
Duration of impact Short term
Impacted Area Localized
Likelihood of occurrence Low
Severity of impact Slight
Significance of impact Negligible
Employment
In addition to UPRUVNL staff, the strength of total skilled, semiskilled and labour
required for construction shall be 1000 (peak) and 500 (average). The labour
strength engaged in the construction will depend upon construction activities, since
many items of construction are labour intensive. Most of the unskilled and semi-
skilled labour will be by and large available from the nearby villages and towns.
Thus, impact on the physical and aesthetic resources will be minimal. Further local
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skilled, semi skilled and unskilled laboures will get indirect employment during the
construction phase. This might also result in a steep rise in agricultural wages in the
surrounding villages, especially at the time of harvesting for short duration. In
addition to direct employment, several opportunities for locals will be available in
terms of supply of construction materials & machinery, vehicles and other essential
commodities. Hence, overall impact is rated as:
Impact Rating Employment
Nature of impact Beneficial
Duration of impact Short term
Impacted Area Localized
Likelihood of occurrence Low
Severity of impact Low
Significance of impact Negligible
Mitigation Measures
Preference will be given to locals for temporary direct and indirect
employment;
Local suppliers for machineries and construction materials will be
given preference; and
Local transporters will be preferred for transportation of machinery/
materials.
Disturbance to Community Resources and Safety
The disturbance to the community resources and safety will be mainly due to
transportation of machinery and materials through public roads due to increase in the
local traffic. There is a requirement for warning signs to minimize damage to the
third-party vehicles. In addition, risk to public need to be managed by making
mandatory for placing warning sign on vehicles and keeping vigilance during
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transportation by proper training and adequate manpower on board. Hence overall
impact is rated as:
Impact Rating Disturbance to Community Resources
and Safety
Nature of impact Adverse
Duration of impact Short term
Impacted Area Localized
Likelihood of occurrence Low
Severity of impact Low
Significance of impact Negligible
Mitigation Measures
Proper planning and communication with traffic police;
Advance notice to local administration about the activities;
Proper cordon off the site with sign boards;
Diversion of traffic, if required;
Placing the warning sign board on the vehicles during transportation
of machinery and materials; and
Proper training to the drivers about public safety.
4.2 Environmental Impact Matrix – Construction Phase
The possible causes of effect relationship between the different project activities on
each of the major environmental attributes has been represented on Environmental
Impact Matrix and can be summarised in Table 4.1 below :
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Table 4.1
Environmental Impact Matrix – Construction Phase
Project
Activity
Affected
Attribute
Nature Degree of
Impact
a.
Civil Works
Water quality Depletion and Degradation Marginal
Hydrology Depletion Marginal
Air quality Degradation Marginal
Noise &
odour
Increase and may cause
some discomfort to local
people
Negligible
Employment Improvement; Deployment of
skilled and unskilled
construction workers.
Appreciable
Services Improvement; increase in
their activities
Appreciable
Land use Degradation Marginal
b.
Construction
material
storage and
handling
Air quality Degradation through use of
earth moving equipment.
Negligible
Noise level Degradation in noise level Negligible
Services Improvement Marginal
Employment Improvement Appreciable
c. Water
Requirement
Hydrology Depletion Marginal
d.
Mechanical
and
Electrical
erection
Air quality Degradation Negligible
Noise Degradation in noise Quality Marginal
Employment Beneficial, local people may
also get some direct
employment
Appreciable
Services Improvement, increase in
their activities
Marginal
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e.
Transport
Air quality Degradation;dust
contamination
Marginal
Noise level Increase (Degradation) Negligible
Employment Beneficial; local people may
get direct/indirect
employment
Marginal
Services Improvement, commercial
activity would increase
Marginal
Health Some effect due to
movement of vehicles
Negligible
f.
Immigration
Water quality Strain on resources Negligible
Services Improvement Marginal
g.
Staff
Housing
Water
Quality
Degradation Negligible
Housing Increase through staff
quarters PPGCL colony.
Appreciable
Services Improvement Appreciable
Health &
education
Improvement
Appreciable
Land use Alteration Negligible
Impact Matrix
Based on various activities in construction phase as described earlier in this section,
it is evident that the construction activities are likely to affect the environment in
varying degree. The environmental parameters are classified in three major groups
as given in Table 4.2 below:
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Table 4.2
Classification of Environmental Parameters
1. Physical Environment - Topography
- Hydrology
- Air Quality
- Noise and Odour
- Water Quality
2. Ecological Environment - Forest and vegetation
3. Human Environment - Employment
- Rehabilitation
- Housing
- Services
- Health
- Education
The environmental matrix points out each activity and its impact on specific
environmental parameters. The final assessment of Environmental quality is done
after taking into account for the operational phase of the project and all pollution
control measures to be implemented during the project work. Environmental Impact
matrix for the construction phase is shown in Table 4.3 below :
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Table 4.3
Environnemental Impact Matrix - Construction Phase
ENVIRONMENTAL
PARAMETERS
T
O
P
O
G
R
A
P
H
Y
L
A
N
D
U
S
E
W
A
T
E
R
Q
U
A
L
I
T
Y
H
Y
D
R
O
L
O
G
Y
A
I
R
Q
U
A
L
I
T
Y
N
O
I
S
E
&
O
D
O
U
R
F
O
R
E
S
T
&
V
E
G
E
T
A
T
I
O
N
A
Q
U
A
T
I
C
L
I
F
E
E
M
P
L
O
Y
M
E
N
T
H
O
U
S
I
N
G
S
E
R
V
I
C
E
S
H
E
A
L
T
H
&
E
D
U
C
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
H
A
B
I
L
I
T
A
T
I
O
N
A
G
R
I
C
U
L
T
U
R
E
ACTIVITIES
Civil Construction
Work
* * * * * * * * * *
Construction Material
Storage & Handling
* * * * *
Water Requirement *
Mechanical &
Electrical Erection
* * * *
Transport * * * * *
Immigration * * * *
Staff Housing * * * * *
``*" indicates some environmental impact either beneficial or detrimental
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4.3 Environmental Control Measures during Construction Phase
The construction phase of the project will have some impacts on the environment.
These impacts can be minimised/neutralized, if some environmental control
measures are undertaken. Some of the environmental control measures to be taken
during this phase are proposed as follows :
Dust
Suppression
Dust will be a major pollutant during this phase. Dust pollution
will not only affect environmental air quality but also affect
health of the workers and local population as well. Sprinkling of
water during digging works, material handling in dust prone
areas should be taken up.
Workers/Staff
Colony
The workers will be mostly from the local population and
neighbouring villages. There will be few temporary housing
arrangements for the work force during this phase. Most of the
casual workers employed by contractors will be employed from
the local population and they will be coming from the
neighbouring villages. The departmental staff during
construction phase will be provided accommodation at OTPS
Colony.
Sanitation/other
Services
Since there will be housing colony foreseen for workers as well
as departmental staff during construction phase, sanitation
problem will not exist. However, Toilets at place of work and
few hutments will be provided for contact workers.
Water Supply /
Fuel
Requirements
Water will be required for human activities as well as
construction work. Adequate supply of water and fuel required
by workers will be arranged so that workers do not strain
existing resources further.
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4.4 Impacts During Operation Phase
The impacts during operation phase of the project have to be taken as long-term
effects.
Operation phase of the proposed expansion mainly comprises of the following
activities:
Transportation of coal to the plant site;
Storage, handling and crushing of coal;
Transportation of coal & rejects;
Water treatment;
Steam generation and transportation;
Electricity Generation and transmission;
Cooling & heat recovery;
Storage, handling and transportation of fly & bottom ash; and
Vehicular movement.
Details of wastes anticipated during operation phase are as follows:
Air emissions from operations as defined above, shall be Particulate
matter, NOx, SO2 and CO; Fugitive dust from coal and ash handling;
Waste water generation shall be mainly anticipated from
Blow down from boilers and cooling tower;
Rejects and back washes from DM plant;
Waste water from ash pond; and
Domestic usages from plant and Township.
Solid waste shall be mainly generated from coal mill, ash from coal
burning in boilers, water treatment plant, wastewater treatment plant,
waste lubricating oil from machinery/equipments and municipal waste
from domestic usages.
Accidental spillage of oil, if any. The control measures for mitigation of
negative impacts have been discussed in the previous chapters.
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However, the final impacts during operation phase of proposed coal
based power plant have been assessed and are as given below :
Air Quality
Current baseline air quality study indicated that background concentration of PM 10
and PM 2.5 in Ambient Air is not in permissible limit but SO2, NOx, CO, Hg & Ozone
are within limits of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Residential & Rural
areas as prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board for residential areas.
The emission from the proposed power project will mainly consist of Suspended
Particulate Matters (PM10 & PM2.5), NOx and SO2. In order to control SPM from the
power plant, High efficiency (99.99 %) Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) would be
installed.
Current baseline air quality study indicated that background concentrations of
Particulate Matters (PM10 & PM2.5) are not within limit but SO2 and NOx are within
limits for residential areas. The air dispersion prediction model shows that during
normal operation with the two stacks of 275 meter height, maximum ground level
concentration of SPM, SO2 and NOx will not exceed the permissible norms of
National Ambient Air Quality for residential & mix use areas.
ISCST-3 model indicates that the maximum ground level concentration after
commissioning of the proposed plant will be within specified limits. The incremental
change in concentration in all other parameters will be negligible. The maximum
impact would be at a distance of 3.0 kms SE from source under normal operation.
There will be marginal impact on ambient air quality in and around the proposed
project site due to construction activities, transportation, handling and storage of
construction materials. However, the impact on air quality will not have long term
effect in the region.
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The air quality impact of operation of proposed power project would be within
allowable limits for Residential and Rural areas. Thus, there will not be significant
impact on air quality due to emission of Suspended Particulate Matters, Suplhur Di-
oxides and Oxides of Nitrogen to operation of coal based thermal power project at
Obra.
Mitigation measures
High efficiency (99.80 %) Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) would be installed.
The ESP would be designed to limit the particulate emission to 50 mg/Nm3.
To facilitate wider dispersion of pollutants and in accordance with the
regulatory requirement, chimneys of 275 m height above plant grade level are
envisaged for this project. Emissions through these tall stacks will help in
effective dispersion of gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere and thereby
minimising effect on ground level concentration of pollutants.
The chimney shall be provided with sampling points for continuous online
monitoring system for stack emissions.
Space will be provided for retrofitting the Flue Gas De-sulphurisation (FGD)
system. The design and layout of steam generator and its auxiliaries would
be such that a wet/dry FGD system can be installed in future, if required.
Fugitive dust emission at coal handling, other vulnerable areas of the plant
will be controlled by regular sprinkling of water and Green Belt development.
Green House Gases
Annual targets will be set up for coal, power and water consumption;
Using latest available technology for monitoring of process parameters;
Energy audit & water audit will be carried out on regular basis for keeping
check on power and water consumption and exploring the possibilities for
further reduction
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Transportation & Traffic Density
Road traffic to and from the proposed expansion during operation phase would not
be so intensive and heavier than at present as envisaged main mode of
transportation of the materials will be via railways. Hence, Traffic density will be
increased marginally as result of proposed expansion due to domestic movement. In
turn, it will contribute to noise as well as ambient air quality in terms of dust and other
gaseous pollutants. The regular maintenance of vehicles will limit the pollutants
within prescribed standards. The present road conditions are reasonably good for
proposed movement of traffic. Hence, overall impact is rated as:
Impact Rating Traffic Density
Nature of impact Adverse
Duration of impact Long term
Impacted Area Localized
Likelihood of occurrence High
Severity of impact Slight
Significance of impact Negligible
Mitigation Measures
All vehicles and their exhausts would be well maintained and regularly
tested for emission concentration;
Truck/trailers shall be parked made in designated parking area only;
Minimize use of roads at any particular time by planning vehicles
movements;
Advise traffic police about the activities; and
Road crossings to be used will be well marked.
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Noise Levels
With the Mitigation measures, the noise levels will be further restricted within very
short distance from the sources. The operators/personnel working near the noise
sources in the plant will be provided with earmuffs and earplugs. Hence, overall
impact is given below:
Impact Rating Noise Level
Nature of impact Adverse
Duration of impact Long term
Impacted Area Localized
Likelihood of occurrence High
Severity of impact Low
Significance of impact Minor
Mitigation Measures
All rotating items will be well lubricated and provided with enclosures
as far as possible to reduce noise transmission. Extensive vibration
monitoring system will be provided to check and reduce vibrations.
Vibration isolators will be provided to reduce vibration and noise
wherever possible;
In general, noise generating items such as fans, blowers,
compressors, pumps, motors etc. will be so specified as to limit their
speeds to generate minimum noise levels. Static and dynamic
balancing of equipment will be insisted upon and will be verified
during inspection and installation. All the blower house buildings will
be made sound proof
Provision of silencers will be made wherever possible;
The insulation provided for prevention of loss of heat and personnel
safety will also act as noise reducers;
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Layouts of equipment‘s foundations and structures will be designed
considering the requirement of noise abatement;
Central control room(s) provided for operation and supervision of plant
and equipment will be air-conditioned, insulated and free from plant
noise. Necessary enclosures will also be provided on the working
platforms/areas to provide local protection in high noise level areas;
Proper housekeeping to avoid excessive noise generation;
In case where the operation of the equipment warrants the presence
of operators in close proximity to equipment, the operators will be
provided with necessary safety and protection equipment such as ear
plugs, ear muffs etc.;
By provision of green belt /plantation in and around the plant
premises; and
By these measures, it is anticipated that noise levels at the boundary
of the plant premises will be maintained below 75 dB (A). Earth
mounds and plantations in the zone within the plant premises would
further attenuate noise.
Water Pollution
Water is one of the important requirements for power generation. Total water
requirement for the proposed power plant (54 cusec) would be drawn from Obra
dam, Rihand river and stored in a water reservoir. Irrigation Department, U.P. has
confirmed the allocation of 54 cusecs (5505 m3/hr) of water for the proposed project.
Mitigation Measures
The surface water through reservoir will be sent to water treatment plant. The
clarified water from the clarifier will then be sent to cooling towers as make up
water. The main requirement of water in Power Plant would be make-up
water for cooling tower. Total make up water requirement for the proposed
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project would be 5505 m3/hr with clarified water after passing through
pressure filter will be sent to De-Mineralisation (DM) plant.
During the operation of the thermal power plant, waste water would also be
generated from various sources viz. cooling tower blow down, blow down from raw
water treatment plant, waste from DM plant during regeneration of columns and ash
pond overflow etc.
Mitigation Measures
It is proposed to provide ash water re-circulation system to meet the
requirements of environmental authority. Decanted water from ash pond shall be
led to the plant area through pumps. This water will be used further in the ash
handling system. Normal make up to the ash water system shall be from CW
blow down water. Provision to supply treated plant effluent from central
monitoring basin to ash handling shall also be kept.
The effluent management scheme would essentially involve collection, treatment
and recirculation/disposal of various effluents. Adequate treatment facilities
would be provided to all the waste streams emanating from the power plant to
control water pollution. This would include physico-chemical treatment for plant
effluent and biological treatment for sanitary effluents.
Efficient operation of treatment plants would be ensured so that the quality of
effluents conforms to the relevant standards prescribed by the Regulatory
Agencies. All the treated effluents would be discharged through a single point
outlet from Central Monitoring Basin (CMB) and will be used for Green Belt
Development within the plant premises.
The discharged effluent quality will meet the norms laid down by U.P. Pollution
Control Board for discharge on land. Hence, there will be no significant impact due to
discharge of waste water on the environment.
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Domestic (Sanitary) Effluents
Mitigation Measure
The sewage from plant and township shall be led to an activated sludge process
based sewage treatment plant proposed to be provided at township to control BOD
and suspended solids. The treated effluent conforming to prescribed standards shall
be used for Green Belt Development inside the premises.
Land
UPRVUNL has identified about 550 acres of land, at the existing Obra TPS for
installation of this expansion project after demolishing the existing old and
dilapidated quarters in sectors 5, 6 & 7 of their colony and adjoining land towards
north of sector 6. Out of this 78 acre is covered by hill in sector-6 and 115 acres land
of sector-10 is on the other side (eastern) of the railway line. To accommodate the
main power block of 2x660 MW super critical units some portion of hillock
area(approximately 180 m wide) may be required to be cut and cleared to suit the
site requirement. In addition to this some more land (50 acres) shall be extended in
the eastern side by dismantling some residential quarters. Total site land identified
for the Expansion project is approximately 450 Acres after demolition of quarters,
cutting of hillock area and boundary extension in eastern side.
Mitigation Measures
Green belt shall be provided along the boundary wall as much as possible.
For additional requirement of green belt 346 acres of abandoned ash dyke
area shall be used.
The land required for storage of construction material and site office/labour
colony same abandoned ash dyke shall be used during construction phase.
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Housing
The construction is planned to be done by contractors. Contract workers engaged in
construction work will be employees of the contractors, however, it will be ensured
that the workers coming from neighbouring villages be provided with other necessary
facilities.
Mitigation Measures
The resident contractual workers will be provided with Toilets at place of stay
and work to avoid environmental degradation.
The infrastructure support facilities in the township would include different
types of accommodation alongwith armoury for Security staff, 25 bedded
General Hospital with support facilities, Estate office, Union/Association
offices, Nursery, Senior Secondary School, Shopping centre, Bank, Post
office, Telephone exchange, Petrol pump, Parks, Welfare Association Club,
Bal Bhawan, Ladies Club, Community centre, Swimming pool, Sports
complex with play fields, Auditorium, Guest house, Field hostel facilities and
space for religious places etc.
The installation of proposed coal based thermal power project and operation of the
plant will have marginal adverse impact on local housing.
Impact of the Project on Infrastructure Facilities
The proposed 2 x 660 MW Coal based Thermal Power Project at Obra is to be
located at about 35 Km from Robertsganj city. The project site is adjacent to state-
Highway connecting Varanasi-Shaktinagar, all the infrastructure will be readily
available. The existing road will be utilised for movement of construction material,
construction machineries and transportation of power plant equipments. There is no
requirement of additional land for development of infrastructural facilities since the
site is connected by roads. The site is also adjacent to Varanasi–Shaktinagar main
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line. Nearest railway station Chopan is about 12 kms from the proposed project site.
This entire existing infrastructure will significantly reduce the impacts during
construction phase of these units for the proposed plant.
Mitigation Measure
The strengthening of existing road network would be made for the project by State
Public Works Deptt. of U.P. Govt. as per requirements.
Employment
The installation of proposed power project will generate employment opportunities
during construction as well as operation phase and thus will provide direct and
indirect jobs to the local population.
Mitigation Measure
The project will not disturb the existing social pattern of the area and due to the
employment opportunities generated; it will have beneficial economic impact on the
area.
Aesthetics
The effective pollution control equipment help to maintain the visual quality of air and
water environment. Natural vegetation and its diversity will increase due to green belt
development. The aesthetics of the area is expected to improve after installation of
proposed 2 x 660 MW thermal power project.
Socio-Economic Environment
The impacts on socio-economic status of the project area are predominantly positive
and no adverse changes are expected.
The proposed project at Obra will generate employment opportunities during
construction as well as operation phase and thus will provide direct and indirect jobs
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to the local population. The project will not disturb the existing social pattern of the
area and due to the employment opportunities generated in the society where
majority of population has no regular job, it will have beneficial economic impact on
the area.
The additional power generated would lead to availability of power to the area and
state. This would result in increased power supply to rural areas. An increase in
sanitation, education and transportation facilities is expected due to proposed power
project. The economic output due to proposed power project would be positive
besides enhancement of community services. The proposed power project will lead
to development of the area. Hence, it will have beneficial effect on the society.
Ecology
There may be some negative impacts on terrestrial ecosystem namely crops and
vegetation due to dispersion of fly ash. However, with efficient control systems for
particulate and tall stacks for gases, no significant adverse impacts are foreseen
which can disturb the ecological balance of the area.
The aquatic life will not be affected because of low water requirement,
Mitigation Measure
No effluent discharge from proposed thermal power project and closed cycle system
for cooling water. Hence, the proposed plant will not have any significant detrimental
impacts on plants, animals, soil and other ecological targets around the proposed
site as a whole.
Education & Health
The infrastructure support facilities would be developed in the proposed township
would also include General Hospital with support facilities and Senior Secondary
School. Hence there will be positive impact on education & health services in the
area due to the proposed power plant.
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Socio-Economic Environment
Employment and Economic Growth
Establishment or expansion of any industrial activities, results in industrial growth,
which in turn would generate direct and indirect opportunities of employment and
business in the region. In addition to direct employment opportunities, significant
number of casual labour will be required. Number of indirect employment will also be
generated on local and regional basis.
There will be an increase (directly and indirectly) in the payment of royalty, excise
duty and sales tax to Government due to the proposed expansion. Additional
population due to proposed expansion will also contribute in terms of employment
and business opportunities for locals. Hence, overall impact is given below:
Impact Rating Employment & Economic Growth
Nature of impact Beneficial
Duration of impact Long term
Impacted Area Localized
Likelihood of occurrence High
Severity of impact Medium
Significance of impact Moderate
Mitigation Measures
Preference will be given to locals for direct and indirect employment;
Local suppliers for machinery and materials will be given preference;
and
Local transporters will be preferred for transportation of
man/machinery/materials.
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Socio-Economic UPRUVNL is committed to contribute to improve the socio-
economic conditions of the area but being a government organization, UP
Government is mainly taking care of welfare schemes. UPRVUNL is only providing
direct and indirect employment.
4.5 Operation Phase Impact Matrix
The various possible cause effect relationships between the different project
activities on each of the major environmental attributes has been represented on
Environmental Impact Matrix and can be summarized as follows:
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Table 4.4
Cause effect relationship
Project Activity Affected attribute Nature
a. Plant
Commissioning
- Noise level - Increase (Degradation)
- Water quality - Degraded
- Hydrology - Depletion
- Employment Increase in direct /indirect
potential
- Air quality - Degraded
- Services - Improvement
- Housing - Stressed
- Health - Degrade
b. Water
Requirement
- Hydrology - Depletion
- Aquatic life - Degraded
- Agriculture - Depletion
c. Effluent
Discharge
- Water quality - Degraded
- Agriculture - No effect
d. Solid Waste
Disposal
- Water quality/Soil - Not affected
e. Gaseous
Emissions
- Air quality - Degraded
- Health - Adversely affected
f. Material
Handling
- Air quality - Degraded due to
transportation/unloading
- Employment - Increase
- Services - Degraded
g. Equipment
Breakdown
- Water quality - Degraded
- Air quality - Degraded
- Noise quality - Degraded
- Services - Stressed
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Project Activity Affected attribute Nature
h. Thermal
Dispersion
- Water quality - No effect as closed cycle
cooling system will be
used
i. Transport
- Air quality - Adverse effect; lot of dust
and smoke is put into air
- Noise - Degradation; vehicles
cause lot of noise
- Employment - Increase in potential
- Health - Adverse effect
j. Staff Colony
- Water quality - Degraded
- Housing - Stressed
- Services - Degraded
- Health &
education
- Stressed
k. Schools and
Hospitals
- Services - Stressed
- Health and
education
- Stressed
l. Effluent
Management
- Water quality - Improved
- Services - Improved
Based on the activities of operational phase of the power plant the operation phase
impact matrix has been prepared and is given in Table 4.5. This matrix is based on
Leopold method. The vertical side of this matrix gives project activities and
horizontal axis gives the environmental factors for physical, ecological and
human environment.
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Table 4.5
Environmental Impact Matrix - Operation Phase
ENVIRON MENTAL
PARAMETERS
T L W H A N F A E H S H R A
O A A Y I O O Q M O E E E G
P N T D R I R U P U R A H R
O D E R S E A L S V L A I
G R O Q E S T O I I T B C
R U L U T I Y N C H I U
A S Q O A & C M G E L L
P E U G L & E S & I T
H A Y I O L N T U
Y L T D V I T E A R
I Y O E F D T E
T U G E U I
Y R E C O
T A N
A T
T I
I O
O N
N
ACTIVITIES
Plant Comm. * * * * * * * *
Water Requir. * *
Effluent Discharge * *
Solid Waste Disposal * *
Gaseous Emissions * *
Material Handling * * * *
Equip. Breakdown * * * *
Transport * * * * *
Immigration * * *
Staff Colony * * * *
Schools & Hospitals * *
Effluent Mgmt. * *
``*" indicates some environmental impact either beneficial or detrimental
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It is observed from the matrix that there is marginal impact on water quality,
hydrology, air quality, noise, vegetation, aquatic life, employment and land use.
These impacts could be either beneficial or detrimental as shown in the matrix.
The land proposed to be used for establishment of the project is barren/single crop
agricultural in nature. The land use will be changed from barren/single crop
agricultural to industrial due to proposed project. This change in land use would help
in overall socio – economic development of the region. This marginal impact on the
land use pattern would be minimized through development of Green Belt in the
region.
In operation phase there will be some adverse impact on Water and Air Quality. All
the plant effluent would be suitably treated and discharged to central monitoring
basin. Combined plant effluent will then be used for green belt development within
the power plant premises.
Current baseline air quality study indicated that background concentration of SPM,
(PM10 & PM2.5) are not within limit and SO2 and NOx are within limits for residential
areas. The addition of coal based thermal power plant would result in increase in
values of these parameters. The air dispersion prediction model shows that with the
stack height of 275 meters, maximum ground level concentration of these pollutants
will not exceed the permissible norms of National Ambient Air Quality. The proposed
plant will not have any significant impact on the air quality of the region as a whole.
4.6 Environmental Impact Matrix
The overall environmental impact of the project can be quantitatively assessed
through environmental impact matrix by assigning weightages to various
environmental parameters in the matrix. The weightage values are subjective but
have been achieved after considering inter-disciplinary judgment based on the type
of the project. The environmental impact matrix for the proposed 2 x 660 MW coal
based thermal power project at Obra is shown in Table 4.6.
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Table 4.6 Environmental Impact Matrix
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
AL
PA
RA
ME
TR
S
PHYSICAL ECO
LOGICAL
HUMAN
5 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 10 5 5 5 10 5
TO
PO
GR
AP
HY
LA
ND
US
E
WA
TE
R Q
UA
LIT
Y
HY
DR
OL
OG
Y
AIR
QU
AL
ITY
NO
ISE
AN
D O
DO
UR
FO
RE
ST
AN
D V
EG
ET
AT
ION
AQ
UA
TIC
L
IFE
EM
PL
OY
ME
NT
HO
US
ING
SE
RV
ICE
S
HE
AL
TH
AN
D E
DU
CA
TIO
N
RE
HA
BIL
ITA
TIO
N
AG
RIC
UL
TU
RE
ACTIVITIES
CIVIL CONSTR. WORK -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 +3 +1 +1 -1
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL, STORAGE &
HANDLING
-1 -1 +2 +1 -1
WATER REQUIREMENT -1 -1
MECHANICAL &
ELECTRICAL ERECTION
-1 -1 +2 -1
TRANSPORT -1 -2 +2 +1 +1
IMMIGRATION -1 -1 -1 -1
STAFF HOUSING -1 -1 +1 +1 +1
Sub Total = - 50 -5 -20 -30 -20 -40 -25 -5 +90 +5 +10 0 0 -10
PLANT COMMISSIONING -1 -1 -1 +2 +1 -1 -1
WATER REQUIREMENT -2 -1
EFFLUENT DISCHARGE -1 +1 -1
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL -1 -1 -1 +1 +1
GASEOUS EMISSIONS -2 -1
MATERIAL HANDLING -1 -1 +1 -1
EQUIPMENT BREAKDOWN -1 -1 -1
TRANSPORT -1 -1 +1 +2 -1
IMMIGRATION +1 -1 -1 -1
STAFF COLONY -1 +1 +1 -1
SCHOOLS & HOSPITALS +1 +1
EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT +1 +1 +1
Sub Total = - 90 -5 0 -40 -30 -50 -20 +10 -5 +60 +5 +5 -20 0
TOTAL = -140
Total : - 140
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The following scale was used for assessing the degree of impact :
Insignificant impact 0
Minor impact 1
Appreciable impact 2
Significant impact 3
Major impact 4
Major permanent impact 5
The impact value and assessment decision for the project are as given below :
Impact Value Range Assessment Decision
0 to 100 No appreciable impact
101 to 200 Impact on environment but not injurious in general
however mitigation measures are important.
201 to 400 Major injurious impact, site selection to be
reconsidered
401 to 500 Alternative sites to be considered.
It is found from the environmental impact assessment matrix that there will be impact
on environment but it will not be injurious, in general. However, mitigation measures
are important. These mitigation measures would be ensured through development of
efficient environmental management system at the proposed power project.
Chapter‐5
Analysis of Alternative Sites & Technology
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5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE SITES & TECHNOLOGY
5.1 Introduction
In this chapter, alternatives options for technology & site considered for the
proposed expansion are evaluated and discussed with particular emphasis on
environmental considerations.
The proposed entire generation is to be utilized to meet the power requirement of
Uttar Pradesh and the surplus power, if any shall be fed into Northern Grid to
meet the power requirement of other states.
The project alternatives discussed here include the rational for the proposed
expansion siting, raw materials availability and production technology, etc.
However, adequate analysis of all the potential alternatives applicable to the
production technology cannot be conducted at present as at the time of
preparation of this report, assessment of various scenarios of project
development are still in progress.
Prior to arriving at a decision regarding establishment of proposed expansion
within premises of existing plant, a number of alternatives were examined and
reviewed. The options considered were:
With no expansion of project;
Establishment of proposed expansion at new site; and
Establishment of expansion at the same site.
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5.2. With no expansion of project
No Expansion option also implies that no additional generation of power will take
place. Also existing plant is too old to provide sustainable production of power.
Failure to implement the proposed expansion would involve the following:
No utilization of land available for expansion;
Likely closure of existing plant, as the plant in present configuration is not
economically viable
Interruption in generation of power which shall further increase existing gap
between demand and supply of electricity;
Direct and indirect employment opportunity for the locals or otherwise may
cease;
Lay-OFF of existing employees may become inevitable;
No development work in and around the plant; and
Loss of opportunity to increase both direct and indirect revenue at local, state
and national levels.
A development activity in an area inevitably involves its alteration from the
environmental point of view. However, to manage this alteration, a cost benefit
analysis of the project must also consider all the socio-economic elements in
question in addition to ensuring the maximum protection of environment by use
of latest, state-of-the-art technologies.
Therefore, choosing the No expansion option would mean a loss of preliminary
investments on the project and there would be no benefit to the nation. This shall
further slowdown the growth rate of industrial sectors and no new employment
opportunities would be created. Nonetheless, there will not be significant
alteration of the environment apart from nature induced changes that would
invariably have no impact.
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5.3. Establishment of Proposed Expansion at New Site
This option implies for:
Establishment of new infrastructural facilities and utilities along with main
Equipment Machinery
Requirement of additional land for infrastructural facilities at new site;
Requirement of more additional manpower; and
More project cost.
Therefore, choosing the establishment of Proposed Expansion at New Site
will mean additional preliminary investments on the project and more time,
which shall not be favourable for a resource crunch state like U.P.
5.4. Establishment of Proposed Expansion at Same Site
In this section, alternatives considered for the basic design of the proposed
expansion are evaluated and discussed with particular emphasis on location,
materials of use, configuration & technology, operation and environment
planning.
5.4.1. Location
The proposed expansion is to be within the premises of existing plant located in
Obra village of Robertsganj tehsil of Sonebhadra district, Uttar Pradesh. No
alternative site is taken into consideration since this site is conceived from the
proposal stage due to following reasons:
Existing plant site has sufficient land required for expansion;
Existing Infrastructural facilities, utilities and manpower available in existing
plant will be extended to proposed expansion;
Approachability via rail and road is excellent;
Availability of water resources is in close proximity;
Established route of transportation for coal and water is in line with existing
plant; etc.
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5.4.2. Raw Material
Major raw materials for power plant are coal and water. Ministry of Coal,
Government of India has already allotted coal blocks Saharpur-Jamarpani
Sector, Brahmani Basin, Rajmahal group of Coalfields, Jharkhand to UPRVUNL
as per commitment letter enclosed as Annexure-4.0
UPRVUNL has confirmed commitment of additional 54 cusec water from Rihand
river which is also supplying water for existing operation.
5.4.3. Configuration and Process Technology
The feasibility report for the proposed expansion has been prepared taking into
consideration the most modern state of art equipment/machinery which would
have maximum efficiency, minimum emission levels and waste generation. All
envisaged equipment’s/machinery are commonly used for this application as they
have minimum negative impact on the environment.
For any power plant, a minimum of two units are recommended for installation
with a view of ease of availability of startup power in addition to flexibility in
operation. In view of above, following configurations are considered:
Subcritical units
500 MW
600 MW
Super critical units
660 MW
The study indicates the following:
600 MW unit is marginally advantageous w.r.t. 500 MW unit due to the
advantage of larger capacity. All other factors such as operational efficiencies
are similar in both sizes of units;
Configuration of 2X660 MW will have the advantage of lower capital cost and
higher operating efficiencies. The two unit configuration can be advantageous
as due to the repetition, flexibility in operation planning as well as
considerable saving in inventory of spares; and
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Due to advantage of super critical technology over sub critical technology as
described below, option of 660 MW is considered over 500 MW.
5.4.4 Advantage of Supercritical Technology
The development of coal fired supercritical power plant technology can be
described as an revolutionary advancement towards greater power output per
unit and higher efficiency. Energy conversion efficiency of steam turbine cycle
can be improved by increasing the main steam pressure and temperature.
As name suggests, coal-fired supercritical power plants operate at very high
temperature and pressure (5800C temp. with a pressure of 23 MPa) resulting
much higher heat efficiencies (46%), as compared to sub-critical coal-fired plants
which operates at 455 0C temp., and efficiency within 40%. Some of the benefits
of advanced supercritical power plants include:
Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions;
Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology and less than other clean
coal technologies;
Much reduced NOx, SOx and particulate emissions;
Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
a. Efficiency
The main advantage and the reason for a higher pressure operation is the
increase in the thermodynamic efficiency of the Rankine cycle. Increase in
efficiency directly lead to reductions in unit cost of power and CO2 emissions.
b. Operational Flexibility
Most of the Supercritical units use the once through technology. This is ideal for
sliding pressure operation which has much more flexibility in load changes and
controlling the power grid. However this also requires more sensitive and quick
responding control systems.
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c. Evaporation End Point
In subcritical units, the drum acts as a fixed evaporation end point. The furnace
water walls act as the evaporator. Not so in the case of a supercritical unit. The
evaporation end point can occur in various levels of the furnace depending on
the boiler load. The percentage of superheat in supercritical unit is higher than
subcritical units. Because of this the furnace tubes act more as super heaters
than water walls. This necessitates the use of higher grade of materials like alloy
steels in the furnace.
d. Heat transfer Area
Higher steam temperature in supercritical unit results in a lesser differential
temperature for heat transfer. Because of this heat transfer areas required are
higher than subcritical units.
Higher Superheat steam temperatures entering the HP turbine also mean higher
reheater inlet temperature which again results in a higher heat transfer areas.
e. Water chemistry
In supercritical units the water entering the boiler has to be of extremely high
levels of purity. Supercritical boilers do not have a steam drum that separates the
steam and the water. If the entering water quality is not good, carry over of
impurities can result in turbine blade deposits.
f. Materials
Supercritical power plants use special high grade materials for the boiler tubes.
The turbine blades are also of improved design and materials. In fact, the
increase in higher pressure and temperature designs are dependent on the
development of newer and newer alloys and tube materials.
Hence, it is evident from the discussions to use 500 / 600 MW subcritical units is
a decision based on techno-economic analysis of the unit sizes. However
keeping in line with the initiative on Climate Changes, the advancements in
technology in recent years, uniformity with other new projects and to derive long
range advantages it may be prudent to establish supercritical units which have
higher efficiencies and more advanced technology and are also well established
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in the market. The nearest market size of a 660 MW supercritical unit is
considered over 500 MW unit proposed earlier.
5.4.5 Operational
All Standard Procedures of Operation (SOPs) and EHS standards/guidelines
(prescribed by UPSPCB/CPCB/MoEF) are being/shall be implemented/followed
during operation of existing and expanded plant.
5.4.6 Environmental Aspects
UPRVUNL is committed to use best technology available for controlling, treating
and disposing of all type of waste to be generated during the operation of
proposed expansion. The details of air emission, waste water and solid wastes
proposed to be generated and their disposal during operation phase are given in
Chapter 2.0. Environment sensitivities present in the study area of 10 km around
the project site are given in Chapter 3.0. The anticipated adverse impacts are
less due to the following:
All recommendation including CREP by CPCB/UPSPCB/MoEF will be
complied;
Expansion based on supercritical technology is envisaged;
Coal proposed to be used shall have sulphur content as 0.4%;
Waste water to be generated will be treated and used within the plant
premises;
Ash to be generated will be disposed off as per best standard practices in
power industry;
Air emission will be controlled by providing ESPs, bag filters and stack of
height 275 m; and
Continuous efforts for improvement of the socio-economic status of the
surrounding area.
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5.5. Conclusion
Based on the above discussion, it is concluded that proposed site is best suited
site for expansion and will contribute to industrial, social and economic
development of the study area and the country in general. The technology
chosen by project proponents is most advanced, state of the art & most
ecofriendly.
Chapter‐6
Environment Monitoring Programme
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6.0 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PROGRAMME
6.1. Introduction
Environmental monitoring and audits will be carried out during & after the
construction & development phase and during operation phase to check that the
environmental management measures are being satisfactorily implemented and
are delivering the appropriate level of environmental performance.
6.2 Objective of Monitoring
The monitoring of various environmental aspects is necessary because of
following reasons:
To quantify environmental impact
Development of green belt.
Performance evaluation of noise control measures.
Performance evaluation of effluent treatment plant.
To generate data for taking corrective measures.
To check assumptions made with regards to development and detect
deviations to take necessary measures.
6.3 Monitoring schedule during construction phase
The proposed power project envisages setting up of Boilers, turbines cooling
towers and establishment of storage facilities for coal and ash. The construction
activities require clearing of vegetation, mobilisation of construction material and
equipment. The generic environmental monitoring measures that need to be
undertaken during project construction stage are given in Table-6.1.
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Table 6.1
Environment Monitoring Plan during Construction
S.N. Component Parameter Locations Frequency
1. Ambient Air PM10, PM2.5,
SO2, NOX,CO
5-6 Locations at
the boundary of
plant premises
24 hourly samples
twice in a week
2. Waste water pH,TDS,SS,
BOD3,COD,Oil
& grease and
Heavy metals
Drain from
septic tank
Once in a month
3. Noise level Hourly Leq 8-10 Locations
within the plant
premises
Day & Night
measurement twice a
week
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6.3.1 Monitoring schedule during operational phase
The Following routine monitoring programme as detailed in Table-6.2 shall be
implemented at site. Besides to this monitoring, the compliances to all
environmental clearance conditions and regular permits from SPCB/MoEF shall
be monitored and reported periodically.
Table 6.2
Environment Monitoring Plan during Operation
S.N. Component Parameter Locations Frequency
1. Ambient Air PM10,PM2.5,
SO2,NOX,
CO
5-6 Locations at the
boundary of plant
premises
24 hourly samples
twice in a week
2. Fugitive
emission
PM10,PM2.5 5-6 Locations at the
boundary of plant
premises
24 hourly samples
twice in a week
3. Stack PM,SO2,
NOX,CO
All stacks attached to
units where
combustion take place
Once in three
month
PM All stacks attached to
dust generating units
Once in three
month
4. Noise level Hourly Leq At the boundry of the
plant premises and at
1 m distance from
major noise polluting
equipments
Once in a month
5. Waste water As per GSR
422(E) for
inland
surface water
At outlet of STP/ETP Once in three
month
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UPRVUNL will develop in-house monitoring & testing facility to the possible
extent, otherwise, will hire the external agency for the same. Proposed
monitoring and testing will be carried out as per the methods recommended by
CPCB/UPSPCB.
Surveillance of Worker’s Health: UPRVUNL will provide appropriate and
relevant health surveillance to workers with special emphasis to the effect of dust
prior to first exposure and at regular intervals thereafter.
Training: Training activities for employees and visitors will be adequately
monitored and documented (curriculum, duration, and participants). Emergency
exercises including drills will be adequately documented. Service providers and
contractors must be contractually required to submit the adequate training
documentation before start of their assignment
Stack Emission and Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
The following monitoring schedule (Table-6.3) ambient air and stack emissions
will be followed in line with the guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) for thermal power stations:
Table- 6.3
Monitoring Schedule for Air Pollution in Thermal Power Plant
Capacity (MW) Ambient Air Quality Source Emission Less than 200 2 Stations Once in 4 weeks Greater than & including 200 3 Stations Once in 2 weeks Greater than & including 500 4 Stations Once a week
Monitoring Parameters
The plant being a thermal power project, the ambient air as well as stack
monitoring parameters will be suspended particulate matter, Sulphur Dioxide and
oxides of Nitrogen.
Sampling Stations
As per CPCB guidelines for thermal power stations, minimum four monitoring
stations on grid basis within a radius of 10 Kms will be maintained and operated.
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Around the source to determine general status of ambient air quality. The
ambient air quality stations will be selected on seasonal basis keeping in view the
prevalent wind direction. One station will be located in the upwind direction from
the source so that background level of the various pollutants is known.
Sampling Frequency
The ambient air quality sampling will be done on 24 hours basis, three 8 hourly
samples, for two days continuously and once per week.
All the stacks will be monitored once a week, preferably when the units are
running on full load.
All stack gas emission results shall be normalized to 12 % CO2 in the flue gas.
The various micro meteorological parameters like wind speed, wind direction,
relative humidity and rainfall etc. will also be monitored regularly.
Analysis Methodology
Analysis methodology as described in earlier chapters will be followed.
Monitoring Laboratory
The following equipment will be procured for air quality monitoring by the
environmental cell at Obra TPS, Obra:
Stack Monitoring Kit
Micro-meteorological station
Respirable Dust Sampler
PM 2.5 Sampler
Flue Gas Analyser
Electronic balance
Water Quality
Water quality is to be monitored for assessing its suitability for general plant
uses, potability and effectiveness of the treatment system.
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Water Sources and Parameters to be monitored
The waste water sources and types of samples which are to be monitored, as per
guidelines of CPCB for thermal power stations, regularly are as given in Table-6.4
below.
Table -6.4
Monitoring Schedule for Effluents Generated in Thermal Power Plant
Wastewater
Sources
Type of
Samples
Parameters for Testing
1. Cooling
Tower*
blowdown
Composite+ Zinc, Total Chromium, Total Phosphate,
Free Available Chlorine and other
corrosion inhibitory compounds used
in the particular power plant.
2. Boiler
Blowdown
Composite+ Suspended Solids, Oil & Grease, Copper,
Iron
3. Ash Pond
Effluent
Composite+ pH, Suspended Solids, Oil and Grease,
Heavy Metals: total Chromium, Zinc,
Iron, Manganese, Nickel
4. Final
effluents
Composite+ Zinc, Total chromium, Total Phosphate,
Free Available Chlorine and other
corrosion inhibitory compounds used
in the particular power plant.
5. Potable
water
Grab BOD, Total Dissolved Solids,
Hardness, Heavy Metals, MPN,
Chlorides, Sulphates etc
NOTE :
+ The composite sample is made by collection of grab samples at intervals of one
hour with maximum period of composition being 24 hours.
* The cooling tower blowdown will not only be examined for the parameters
mentioned in MINAS but also for other corrosion inhibitory compounds used in
the power plant. The maximum permissible limit in such cases would be fixed
according to the inhibitory compounds used in the power plant.
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The ash dyke overflow will not only be examined for the parameters mentioned in
MINAS but also for various heavy metals like Cr, Ni etc. though there will be no
discharge of ash dyke overflow into any surface water body. The overflow will be
recycled back for ash slurry preparation and part of it will be utilised for plantation
and green belt development.
Sampling Frequency
The various water streams as mentioned above will be monitored once a week
for the parameters mentioned in above table.
Analysis Methodology
The monitoring and analysis for water quality will be done as per MINAS, IS-
2296, IS-2490 and IS-10500. The method of analysis prescribed by APHA,
AWWA and WPCF will be followed.
Monitoring Laboratory
The following equipment for the water pollution monitoring laboratory will be
acquired by Obra TPS :
Digital pH meter
Conductivity Meter
Refrigerator
Electronic balance
Magnetic stirrer
D.O. meter
BOD incubator
COD apparatus
Turbidity meter
For trace metal analysis services of recognized laboratory will be availed.
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6.4 Noise
Unwanted sound results in noise pollution. Environmental noise may be divided
into outdoor noise and community noise. Environmental noise monitoring was
carried out to assess the noise levels in and around the Power Plant. The noise
levels were compared with the standards. The objectives of these measurements
are as follows:
Identification of noise sources for machine noise control
Assessment of noise levels for worker protection
Study the far field radiation.
Excessive noise has been blamed for hearing damage, speech masking and
community annoyance. It may also be responsible for Hypertension, Fatigue and
Heart trouble etc. The study of noise levels was carried out by using standard
equipment.
The sound pressure level was measured by using a Precision Integrating Sound
Level Meter Type 2230. Since loudness of sound is important by its effects on
people, the dependence of loudness upon frequency must be taken into account
in Environment Noise Assessment. This has been achieved by the use of an A-
weighting filter in the Noise Level Meter.
Noise Regulations
Indian guidelines with respect to noise laid down by Environmental (Protection)
Third Amendment Rules, 1989 are shown in Table - 6.5
Table - 6.5
Ambient Air Quality Standards in Respect of Noise
Area Code Category of Area Day Time Night Time Limits in dB(A) Leq
a. Industrial area 75 70 b. Commercial area 65 55 c. Residential area 55 45 d. Silence zone 50 40
Day time is reckoned between 6:00 AM and 10:00 PM.
Night time is reckoned between 10:00 PM and 6:00 AM.
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Silence zone is defined as area up to 100 meters around such premises as
hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be
declared by the competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and
bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones.
Permissible Noise Exposure Limits as per OSHA are given in Table - 6.6:
Table - 6.6
Permissible Noise Exposure Limits as per OSHA (1971)
Duration /Day (Hours) Sound Level dB(A) 8 90 (Threshold limit) 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100
1.5 102 1 105
0.5 110 = or < 0.25 115
6.5 Reporting Schedules of the Monitoring Data
It is proposed that voluntary reporting of environmental performance with
reference to the EMP should be undertaken.
The environmental monitoring cell shall co-ordinates all monitoring programmes
at site and data thus generated shall be regularly furnished to the state regulatory
agencies.
The frequency of reporting shall be on six monthly basis to the local state PCB
officials and to regional office of MoEF. The environmental audit reports shall be
prepared for the entire year of operations and shall be regularly submitted to
regulatory authorities.
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6.6 Staff Requirement
The following staff is required for Air and Water quality monitoring -
Chief Engineer (Admin) – 1 No.
Supdt. Engineer (Civil & E&M)) – 2 Nos.
Executive Engineer (Civil & E&M) – 3 Nos.
Asstt. Environmental Engineer - 6 Nos.
Chemist - 2 nos.
Laboratory Technician - 2 nos.
Helpers for field sampling - 5 no.
6.7 Cost of Environment Monitoring
The details of estimated capital and recurring cost of the proposed environmental
management plan are given in Table 6.7.
Table 6.7
Cost of Environment Monitoring for Expansion
S.No.
Particulars During Construction
Phase ( Rs. In lakh )
Annual Operation
Phase ( Rs. In lakh )
1 Air Pollution 10.0 20.0 2 Water Pollution 3.0 5.0 3 Noise Pollution 2.0 2.0 4 Occupational Health 5.0 25.0 5 Audits & other
inspections 5.0 10.0
6 Misc 5.0 10.0 Total 30.0 72.0
6.8 Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational safety and health, in general, aims at the promotion and
maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of
workers. It also results in the prevention among workers of departures from
health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their
employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health; and to
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summarize the adaptation of work to man and of each man to his job. Though
occupational hazards do not pose a major danger to the surrounding
environment, even then safe work environment is important for proper plant
operation.
A coal-based power plant uses large amount of coal for combustion and
discharges lot of ash and flue gas through tall stacks. During the operation of a
power plant various pollutants like heat, ash, noise, Sulphur Dioxide, Carbon
Monoxide and Oxides of Nitrogen are discharged which may cause stress to the
working personnel. Protective and safety measures are necessary for workers
engaged in different areas of power plant, especially in the pollution prone area
like Turbine Floor, Coal Handling Plant, Ash Handling etc.
In coal fired power plants, the main safety hazards involve burns, slips and falls.
Fire and explosions may occur from flame out. Exposure to sulphur dioxide,
carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide may occur for workers exposed to plant
areas. Excessive noise from generators can be serious problem. Heat and
humidity may cause heat stress among employees working in the boiler area.
6.8.1 Occupational Safety
Safe working environment is essential for proper operation of the plant and due
safety in work should be taken by all concerned. The following guidelines would
be followed to cover safety and health aspects within the power plant to prevent
and reduce accidents and occupational diseases among employees:
Safety
The following safety aspects will be implemented during proposed extension of
2 x 660 MW of Obra Thermal Power Stations:
All the areas and in particular coal pulverisation and ash handling areas would
be monitored for dust levels. Necessary monitoring equipments will be procured
for this work. Dust in work areas will be controlled with exhaust ventilation and
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dust collection equipment. Dust masks would be made available to the workers in
these areas.
All Cranes, hoists etc. will be maintained routinely and will be examined at
regular intervals. The moving parts of motors, fly wheel and other equipment will
be properly shielded. The vehicles will be maintained through routine
maintenance schedule.
All rotating/vibrating equipment is maintained properly so as to reduce excessive
noise levels.
Entry into closed tanks and other confined spaces can be a dangerous job. The
tanks containing the fuel oil residues may have high levels of fire and explosion
hazard. The air levels would be checked for high levels of gases, and excess
gases would be exhausted before cleaning the tanks. Closed spaces may be
short of oxygen or they may contain toxic fumes or gases. The worker entering
the tank would wear protective clothing and a respirator that receives outside air
through a supply hose; a stand-by man would be stationed outside the tank to
watch over the safety of the person in the tank.
Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide may leak from
improperly operating boilers. In order to protect workers in this area, the air
quality would be monitored; the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for these gases are
Sulphur dioxide 2 ppm, Carbon monoxide 50 ppm and Nitrogen dioxide 3 ppm.
Routine servicing and maintenance of the boilers, usually control this problem.
Proper exhaust systems will be installed where hazardous chemical
storage/handling takes place and water baths along with first aid facilities have
been provided wherever these chemicals are either stored or used.
All hot surfaces with high temperature will be properly insulated to avoid direct
contact.
Lights, necessary to work in the enclosed metal tanks would be fed with 6 or 12
volt power to decrease chances of electrocution. All elevated platforms,
walkways, stairways, and ramps will be equipped with necessary handrails, toe
boards and non-slip surfaces.
Electrical equipment will be grounded and checked for defective insulation. All
electrical installations and equipment will strictly be in accordance with the
prevailing Indian Standards.
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Electrical hazards and electrocution constitute a serious safety problem in power
plants. The higher the voltage, the greater the risk involved. Rigid procedures
for de-energising and checking the electrical equipment will be followed before
any maintenance and repair work begins. While carrying out energising of
equipment proper care will be taken such as presence of supervisor during the
whole period of work and will make sure that all safety measures are taken to
prevent any accidents. Revival techniques after electrocution will be part of any
first aid course being taught to the employees.
A program for fire safety would be regularly carried out. A safety program will be
established to meet emergency situation of fire due to flame out.
The education and training of employees in good safety practices is the
responsibility of management. Employees will be instructed in the proper use of
all equipment operated; safe lifting practices; location and handling of fire
extinguishers; and the use of personal protective equipment.
Good housekeeping practices will be followed. This will include keeping all
walkways clear of debris, cleaning up oil spots and excess water as soon as they
are noticed, and regular inspection and maintenance of all machines.
6.8.2 Health
The following facilities will be provided for proposed extension of 2 x 660 MW, of
Obra TPS to cover for health aspects of the workers:
Good sanitary and washing facilities will be provided in the plant area so as to
reduce dermatitis due to contact with acids, caustic, chemicals, coal, ash, dust,
solvents, oils, as well as fuel oil residue. Employees will be educated to wash up
before eating. Separate lunch room is provided outside the work areas.
Employees would be regularly trained on sanitation, health awareness and other
aspects of hygiene.
Dermatitis or skin diseases are among the major health complaints in the power
plant. These can be caused by chemical burns from acids or alkalis used for DM
plant and cleaning operation; solvents used in cleaning of electrical parts; oils
used in the equipment; and exposure to fuel oil residues. Protective creams will
be provided to help reduce the skin problems. Employees will be encouraged to
wash up frequently.
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Pre-employment and periodic medical examinations of all workers would be
carried out on regular basis particularly of employees in 45 plus age group.
Management would maintain records of all accidents and illnesses of employees
in the plant. An evaluation of injury and health data would be made by
management to evaluate the effectiveness of its occupational safety and health
program.
Temperature and humidity are problems in the Boiler Area. This can result in
heat stress to the workers. General ventilation can help reduce this problem.
Workers in these high temperature areas will be given some time off from such
areas to reduce and control heat stress.
A system for rotation of the workers in dust/noise prone areas will be followed on
regular basis.
6.8.3 Fire Protection System
The existing power plant has been equipped with complete fire protection
system. Similar system would be extended to proposed extension. The fire
protection system includes following: -
Hydrant network system covering the entire power station building including all
important locations like fuel oil facilities, coal handling systems, boiler platforms,
cable galleries, Bunker bay, mill area, service building, ash disposal system,
Hydrogen plant, administrative buildings, workshops etc.
Automatic high velocity sprinkler system of emulsifier type for unit/station
transformers inter bus transformers etc. The same system has also been
provided for turbine oil storage tanks.
Automatic deluge system for cable galleries and cable vaults.
Automatic medium velocity water spray (MVWSS) for underground and overhead
coal conveyors and their associated buildings.
Automatic foam system complete with all accessories for fuel oil and LDO tanks.
Automatic fire detection and communication system for control room, computer
room, DAS room etc. Smoke/heat detection system for the cable galleries and
switchgear room etc.
Portable and mobile fire extinguishers in different location of the powerhouse for
extinguishing small fires.
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Mobile fire tenders fully equipped with the necessary firefighting outfits.
For the above systems suitable number of electrical and diesel driven pumps
with automatic starting arrangements along with the necessary water storage
tanks would be provided for proposed extension of the power plant.
6.9 Hospital
The existing medical facilities in the power plant premises include 100 bedded,
well equipped hospital with ambulance facilities. This hospital would be
strengthened and equipped to cater the needs of increased staff as a result of
proposed expansion. The hospital has been provided with a team of well-
qualified doctors & staff. Ambulance facilities and all required emergency
medicines are provided to employees of power plant in all the shifts. In case of
emergency situations, the specialized hospital facilities at Hindalco, Renukoot
located at a distance of 50 Km and also at Varanasi which is around 125 kms
from Obra Thermal Power Stations, shall be utilized.
Chapter‐7
Additional Studies
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7.0 Additional Studies
7.1 RISK ASSESSMENT
Introduction
Hazard analysis involves the identification and quantification of the various
hazards (unsafe conditions) that exist in the plant. On the other hand, risk
analysis deals with the identification and quantification of risks, the plant
equipment and personnel are exposed to, due to accidents resulting from the
hazards present in the plant.
Hazard and risk analysis, involves very extensive studies and require a very
detailed design and engineering information.
Assessment of risks the neighboring populations are exposed to as a result of
hazards present. This requires a thorough knowledge of failure probability,
credible accident scenario, vulnerability of population etc. Much of this
information is difficult to get or generate. Consequently, the risk analysis is often
confined to maximum credible accident studies. The common terms used in Risk
Assessment and Disaster Management are elaborated below:
"Risk" is defined as a likelihood of an undesired event (accident, injury or death)
occurring within a specified period or under specified circumstances. This may be
either a frequency or a probability depending on the circumstances.
The term "Hazard" is defined as a physical situation, which may cause human
injury, damage to property or the environment or some combination of these
criteria.
"Hazardous substance" means any substance or preparation, which by reason of
its chemical or physico-chemical properties or handling is liable to cause harm to
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human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms, property or the
environment.
"Hazardous process" is defined as any process or activity in relation to an
industry which may cause impairment to the health of the persons engaged or
connected therewith or which may result in pollution of the general environment.
"Disaster" is defined as a catastrophic situation that causes damage, economic
disruptions, loss of human life and deterioration of health and health services on
a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected
area or community. Disasters occasioned by man are factory fire explosions and
release of toxic gases or chemical substances etc.
"Accident" is an unplanned event, which has a probability of causing personal
injury or property damage or both.
"Emergency" is defined as a situation where the resources outpass the demand.
This highlights the typical nature of emergency "it will be after experience that
enough is not enough in emergency situations. Situations of this kind are
avoidable but it is not possible to avoid them always.
"Emergency preparedness" is one of the key activities in the overall
management. Preparedness, though largely dependent upon the response
capability of the persons engaged in direct action, will require support from others
in the organization before, during and after an emergency.
In the sections below, the identification of various hazards, probable risks in the
Power plant, maximum credible accident analysis, consequence analysis are
addressed, which gives a broad identification of risks involved in the power plant.
Based on the risk estimation for fuel and chemical storage, disaster management
plan has been also been present.
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Identification of Major Hazard Installations Based on GOI Rules. 1989
Following accidents in the chemical industry in India over a few decades, a
specific legislation covering major hazard activities has been enforced by Govt.
of India in 1989 in conjunction with Environment Protection Act, 1986. This is
referred here as GOI rules 1989. For the purpose of identifying major hazard
installations the rules employ certain criteria based on toxic, flammable and
explosive properties of chemicals.
Analysis of Units of Different Processes
A systematic analysis of the fuels/chemicals and their quantities of storage has
been carried out, to determine threshold quantities as notified by GOI Rules,
1989 and the applicable rules are identified.
Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidhyut Utpadan Nigam Limited (hence forth UPRVUNL)
has proposed to set up two units of 660 MW power plant at its existing thermal
plant site at Obra, District Sonebhadra, Uttar Pradesh. The existing plant has
thirteen thermal power units comprising of:
5 units of 50 MW each
Three units 100 MW each
Five units of 200 MW
Units 3, 4, 5, 6, & 8 are deleted from OTPS. The R&M activity is going on at units
7, 10 & 11. Units 1, 2, 9, 12 & 13 are operational. The existing plant has large
infrastructure (including large storage of fuels; chemicals; ash disposal system
etc.) to support the power plant operation.
Coal based thermal power plant does not involve any hazardous chemical
process which can create potential risk to personnel and property at the site and
surroundings. However, few hazardous materials and gases will be handled and
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stored at the coal based power plant. These can create potential hazardous
situations in the unlikely event of an accidental release. For identification of
hazards and to enhance the safety, risk assessment studies has been carried out
for the proposed coal based power plant.
7.1.1 Approach to the Study
Risk involves the occurrence or potential occurrence of some accident consisting
of an event or sequence of events. The description of the tasks of various phases
involved in risk analysis is detailed below:
Preliminary Hazard Assessment
Preliminary hazard assessment was performed through examination of proposed
layout plan for the proposed coal fired power plant. The data on quantities of
toxic and flammable chemicals proposed to be stored in the plant was obtained
from the project proponent for subjective assessment of hazards involved in the
operations of the proposed plant.
Hazard Identification
Based on the site visits and the information available, the principal hazards were
identified, which include accidents due to mechanical and electrical failures,
pipeline failures, storage tanks ruptures/leakages, release /spillage of toxic
gases/chemicals.
Hazard Analysis
A detailed analysis of the likely hazards associated with risks due to failure of
electrical and mechanical systems, the storage, transfer and use of LDO/HSD,
storage was conducted. Also identified from the plant design information, are
likely scenarios of accidents due to failure of mechanical and electrical systems.
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Consequence Analysis
The risks associated with the proposed project are small and, to a large extent,
localized. The number of exposed persons on-site and off-site would also be
small.
Little data on failure probability applicable to Indian conditions is available for the
type of operations proposed by SPGCL. While it may be possible to use data
derived from western experience, in the absence of any criteria for acceptable
risk in India from industrial operations, this will not provide any meaningful
analysis. This limits the use of a quantitative risk analysis for the proposed
project
Description of Major Hazardous Activities
Construction Hazards
The main hazard during construction results from lack of attention to safety
aspects particularly fire protection and prevention throughout construction areas.
The transportation of high value items to sometimes remote areas can also result
in significant loss incidents.
Operational Hazards
Fire and explosion represent the greatest hazards due to significant amounts of
flammable and combustible materials contained as well as heat used in the
process. The potential for loss applies particularly during early commissioning
and subsequent operation of the plant and equipment, especially if it is a new or
innovative design and is not based on a well established and proven type. Fire
can affect all areas of the production area particularly around the boilers and
steam turbines where it can be made worse by the high heat levels present in the
process. Explosion within the boiler itself can be due to pressure parts failure or
as a result of an uncontrolled explosion of the primary fuel. Fire can also affect
the coal and fuel oil storage areas.
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Machinery used in the process can be subjected to high operational stresses due
to temperature, pressure or rotational speed and these represent a significant
hazard. Tolerances in plant and equipment to maintain efficiency can be close,
which can result in major incidents as a result of breakage or detachment.
The fuel oil (HFO/LSHS/HPS) shall be used for initial start up, coal flame
stabilization and low load operation of the steam generator while firing coal.
Considering the fact that quantities of stored flammable and toxic chemicals are
low, the effects of release of chlorine or thermal radiation due to tank fire will be
localized and disaster potential is low.
Hazard Identification
Identification of hazards in power plant is of primary significance in the analysis,
quantification and cost effective control of accidents involving chemicals and
process. A classical definition of hazard states that hazard is in fact the
characteristic of system/plant/process that presents potential for an accident.
Hence, all the components of a system/plant/process need to be thoroughly
examined to assess their potential for initiating or propagating an unplanned
event/sequence of events, which can be termed as an accident.
Estimation of probability of an unexpected event and its consequences form the
basis of quantification of risk in terms of damage to property, environment or
personnel. Therefore, the type, quantity, location and conditions of release of a
toxic or flammable substance have to be identified in order to estimate its
damaging effects, the area involved, and the possible precautionary measures
required to be taken.
Identification of Major Hazardous Units
Hazardous substances may be classified into Flammable substances, Unstable
substances and Toxic substances. Flammable substances require interaction
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with air for their hazard to be realized. Under certain circumstances the vapor
arising from flammable substances when mixed with air may be explosive,
especially in confined spaces. However, if present in sufficient quantity such
clouds may explode in open air also. Unstable substances are liquids or solids,
which may decompose with such violence so as to give rise to blast waves.
Finally toxic substances are dangerous and cause substantial damage to life
when released into the atmosphere. The ratings for a large number of chemicals
based on flammability, reactivity and toxicity have been given in NFPA Codes 49
and 345 M.
Identification of Major Hazard Installations Based on GOI Rules
Following accidents in the chemical industry in India over a few decades, a
specific legislation covering major hazard activities has been enforced by Govt.
of India in conjunction with Environment Protection Act, 1986. This is referred
here as Hazardous Chemicals Rules. For the purpose of identifying major hazard
installations the rules employ certain criteria based on toxic, flammable and
explosive properties of chemicals.
Hazard Analysis
Hazards analysis is based on the philosophy "PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN
CURE". How safe are the operations? Safety is relative and implies freedom from
danger or injury. But there is always some element of danger or risk in anything
we do or build. When a process facility is considered safe? This calls for
identification of hazards, quantification of risk and further suggests hazard -
mitigating measures, if necessary.
Hence hazards analysis is more relevant when a plant is at design/construction
stage. This technique, applied early in the project life cycle, helps to eliminate
hazards and, thus to avoid costly design modifications later. This analysis fortifies
the proposed process design by incorporating additional safety factors into the
design criteria.
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Methodology
An assessment of the conceptual design is conducted for the purpose of
identifying and examining hazards related to feed stock materials, major process
components, utility and support systems, environmental factors, proposed
operations, facilities, and safeguards.
Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
In the proposed Thermal Power Project, coal and air mixture is burnt to convert
chemical energy into heat. The liberated heat generates steam at high
temperature and pressure, which in turns drives the turbo generator to generate
electrical power. Small quantities of LDO oil are used for flame stabilization
during start up and low load operation.
Risks due to failure of mechanical system
Turbine : For the protection of turbine, the following devices will be provided
Over speed device
Bearing temperature sensors
Exhaust gas temperature sensors
The operation of the turbine and the generators will be fully automatic through a
DCS. Annunciation panels will be provided in the control room for the operators
to monitor the operations.
Piping & Valves : The piping of the power plant will be low-pressure utility and
cooling water piping and hence do not pose any major risks. The water piping will
be made of carbon steel and designed as per IS : 1239/IS : 3589 . The air
pipelines will be of galvanized carbon steel and designed as per IS 1239. The
design, material, construction, manufacture, inspection and testing of valves shall
comply with all currently applicable standards and regulations and
API/ANSI/AWWA or BS codes.
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Piping Insulation : There is a risk to burn injuries in case of personnel coming in
contact with pipelines carrying high temperature fluids. To avoid this, all piping
systems having working temperature equal to or more than 60 ºC as per ASTM C
533 shall be provided with adequate insulation to conserve energy and protect
personnel.
Lifting Tools and Tackles : The plant will have lifting tools and tackles like
hoists, EOT cranes etc. The risks associated with these equipment are
accidental release of the load due to failure of chain/rope. The criteria for
selecting the crane will be based on maximum load and the raising and lowering
heights of assembly. The design of the EOT will be as per IS 3177/IS 607. The
design of the hoists will be as per IS 3938. Annual load testing and certification
by a competent authority for safe working loads will be done as per Factories Act
1948 – Section 28 & Section 29 (2).
HVAC systems : The risks involved in HVAC system are fires due to overloading
of electrical cables/panels and leakage’s of refrigerant from the system. The
HVAC system will be designed as per the following codes :
Safety code for air conditioning : IS 669
Safety code for mechanical refrigeration : IS 660
Risks due to failure of Electrical Systems
The electrical installation is prone to fires due to short circuits, overloads,
sparking, poor earthling etc.
Generator Protection : For the protection of the generators and associated
transformers following precautions will be provided :
a. Generator differential protection
b. Protection of Generator against accidental back energisation.
c. Stator earth fault protection
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d. Stator stand-by earth fault protection
e. Rotor earth fault protection
f. Loss of excitation protection
g. Voltage controlled over current relay
h. Low forward power/reverse power relay
i. Stand by Low forward power/ reverse relay
j. Over voltage alarm for generator
k. Under frequency & over frequency protection with alarm & stage tripping
l. Generator Transformer REF protection
m. Generator over fluxing protection
n. Generator Transformer over fluxing protection
o. Generator Transformer differential protection
p. Generator transformer start up earth fault protection
q. Generator Breaker failure relay
r. Back up earth fault protection for Generator transformer
s. Unit auxiliary transformer differential protection
t. Unit aux. Transformer back up over current protection on HV side
u. Unit aux. Transformer restricted earth fault protection on LV neutral
v. Unit aux. Transformer back up earth fault protection on LV neutral
In addition, the generators would have winding temperature recorders and
instruments for measuring coolant temperature, flow pressure etc. with alarm and
trip contacts as necessary. Rotor over current and under excitation protections
would be included in the automatic voltage regulator. Two sets of hand reset trip
relays would be provided for each generator. Additional one set shall be provided
for generator. Necessary relays would be provided in switchgear panels for
protections of auxiliary power system including LT transformers and motors.
The generator would be connected with its step up generator transformers
through isolated phase bus ducts. The bus ducts shall be continuous enclosure
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self cooled type and shall be equipped with air pressurization system. It will be of
aluminum construction.
Necessary current and voltage transformers shall be provided in the bus duct for
excitation control, performance testing, metering protection and synchronizing.
Surge protection equipment and a generator neutral grounding cubicle with
distribution transformer and secondary resistor will also be provided.
220 KV Bus Bar Protection : Bus bars would be protected by three high speed,
high stability circulating current type differential protection having operate &
restrain characteristics which can be set as per requirements along with bus
wires supervisions and hand set trip relays. Local breaker back up protection
could be connected with each 220 KV breaker and would be connected to de-
energies that effected breaker from both sides. Each set of trip coil would be
connected to separately fused DC circuits for greater reliability.
Generator Transformer : Generator transformer each for Steam Turbine shall
be 3 phase with OFAF cooling and vector group of Ynd11. It shall step up the
generation voltage to 220 KV. OFF Load Tap Changer shall be provided on the
generator transformer and the tap range shall be ± 5% in steps of 2.5%.
LT Transformers : The power distribution at 415 V will be created by the
6.6/0.433 KV transformers. All the above transformers will be delta connected on
the HT side and star connected on the LT side. The LT star point will be solidly
earthed. These transformers will be mineral oil filled, suitable for outdoor service
or dry type in case of indoor installation. HT side shall be suitable for cable
termination. LT side of transformers shall be connected to 415 V switch gears
either by bus trunking or by XPLE cables.
HT Switchgears : Power received at 6.6 KV station transformer will be
connected to the 6.6 KV switchgear for further distribution. All auxiliary motors
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rated 160 KW & above shall be connected to the 6.6 KV system and motors
below 160 KW to the 415 V system.
All 6.6 KV motors will be of direct-on-line starting having the breaker provided
with requisite protection for the individual equipment. The interrupting capacity of
6.6 KV breakers shall be suitable for maximum possible system fault contribution
and that of the motor during fault condition. The 6.6 KV switchgear shall be
indoor, metal clad, draw-out type with SF/6 or vacuum breakers.
LT Switchgear : The source of supply for 415 V will be taken from 6.6 KV
switchgear through transformer of 6.6 KV/433 V step down transformers. The
415 V system will have duplicate incomer and bus coupling arrangements so that
a changeover can be made from either of the two step down transformers to
restore power in case of failure of one of the above two transformers. Each
transformer shall be rated for 100% capacity. Motors having a capacity of 100
KW & above would be controlled by breakers from respective MCC and that of
lower capacity by contractor.
Control and Instrumentation System : The Control & Instrumentation system
shall be microprocessor based Distributed Digital Control Monitoring and
Information system (DDCMIS) to provide centralized, automated and efficient
operation of the plant under various modes of operation i.e. start up, shut down,
normal and emergency operation with due consideration to the safety, reliability
and availability of the plant.
System Design Requirements : The DDCMIS shall perform the functions of
closed loop controls. Open loop controls including sequence interlock and
equipment protection as well as plant monitoring and information functions. The
functions of closed and open loop controls shall be achieved through redundant
multi-function controllers in hot stand by configuration. The main protection shall
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be provided with adequate redundancy at sensor and channel voting logic level
ensuring safety of the equipment under all the operating conditions for the safety
of the plant. It shall be ensured that the basic interlock and protection functions
are available even during the failure of the man controller under open loop
control. The control system sensor levels enhance system availability and
reliability. Facility shall be provided for control system configuration tuning,
programme development/ modification and system maintenance including
system documentation functions. Due importance shall be given to the features
of self diagnostics and self surveillance to facilitate maintenance in minimum
possible time. An on line sequence of events recording system (SERS) with a
resolution of millisecond is also envisaged for analyzing the tripping, which may
be stand alone or a part of the plant DDCMIS.
It is proposed to start-up/ shut down, control monitor and operate the entire
combined cycle plant in all regimes through work station based operator
consoles supported by other peripherals. Back up, hardware push buttons
stations/trip switches for critical drives shall be provided for start up/shut down of
the plant. Further hardwired at to manual stations due to drives are also
envisaged. Back up with system mimic shall also be provided.
Central Control Room : The Plant shall be monitored, operated controlled in all
regimes from Central Control Room (CCR) located inside the plant. The CCR
shall house control desks panels with work station based operator consoles and
other peripherals like printers etc. Vertical panels housing conventional hardwired
devices viz. push. button stations, trip switches, auto manual stations indicators/
records, annunciation facia shall also be suitably located in the CCR. The
electrical control panels for operation of various breakers, isolators etc. shall be
also be located in CCR.
The Control hardware cabinets shall be located in Control Equipment Room
(CER), adjacent to CCR with due consideration for ease of maintenance.
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Other Electrical Systems and Equipment
Power and Control Cables : Main factors which are considered for selection of
power cable sizes will be as follows :
System short circuit withstand time
De-rating factors due to higher ambient temperature and grouping
Continuous current rating
Voltage drop during starting and under continuous operation
6.6 KV cables will be with standard aluminum conductor with XLPE
insulation, conductor and insulation shall have extruded semi-conducting
screen.
11/6.6 KV cables shall also have copper screen rated for earth fault current
for 2 seconds
The cables will have overall PVC sheath, each core screened on conductor
as well as on insulation, armoured and overall FRLS PVC sheathed.
All LT power cables power cables will be 1100V grade , PVC cable with
stranded aluminum conductor XLPE or PVC insulated, extruded PVC inner
sheathed, armoured and overall FRLS PVC sheathed.
Control cables would be with stranded copper conductor, multicore, 1100 Volt
grade PVC insulated, PVC sheathed, armoured and overall FRLS PVC
sheathed.
Motors: All motors and other electrical fittings will be of flame-proof type
wherever required.
Lightning Protection: Lightning protection system will be installed for protection
of the buildings/structures and equipment against lightning discharge. The
lighting arrestors shall conform to IEC-99. This will be achieved by providing
lightning masts, down conductors on buildings /structures, towers in switchyard
and connecting these with ground grid. Also, for outdoor equipment exposed to
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atmosphere, protection against lightning surges will be provided with lightning
surge arresters at suitable locations, over and above the shielding wires and
lightning masts to safeguard the equipment.
Maximum Credible Accident Analysis (MCAA)
Hazardous substances may be released as a result of failure or catastrophes,
causing possible damage to the surrounding area. This section deal with the
question of how the consequences of the release of such substance and the
damage to the surrounding area can be determined by means of models.
A disastrous situation is general due to outcome of fire, explosion or toxic
hazards in addition to other natural causes, which eventually lead to loss of life,
property and ecological imbalance.
MCA analysis encompasses certain techniques to identify the hazards and
calculate the consequent effects. A host of probable or potential accidents of the
major units in the complex arising due to use, storage and handling of the
hazardous materials are examined to establish their credibility.
Depending upon the effective hazardous attributes and their impact and even the
maximum effect on the surrounding environment alongwith the respective
damage caused can be assessed.
In addition to the above factors the location of a unit or activity with respect to
adjacent activities are taken into consideration to account for the potential
escalation of an accident. This phenomenon is known as the domino effect. The
units and activities which have been selected on the basis of the above factors
are summarized, accident scenarios are established in Hazard Identification
studies, while effect and damage calculations are carried out in Maximum
Credible Accident Analysis studies.
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Methodology
Following steps are employed for visualization of MCA scenarios:
Chemical inventory analysis
Identification of hazardous processes in individual units
Identification of chemical release and accident scenarios
Analysis of past accidents of similar nature to establish credibility to identified
scenarios
Short listing of MCA Scenarios.
Common Causes of Accidents
Based on the analysis of past accident information, common causes of major
plant accidents are identified as :
Poor house keeping
Improper use of tools, equipment, facilities
Unsafe or defective equipment facilities
Lack of proper procedures
Improvising unsafe procedures
Failure to follow prescribed procedures
Jobs not understood
Lack of awareness of hazards involved
Lack of proper tools, equipment, facilities
Lack of guides and safety devices
Lack of protective equipment and clothing
Failures of Human Systems
An assessment of past chemical accidents reveals human factor to be the cause
for over 60% of the accidents while the rest are due to other plant component
failures. This percentage will increase if major accidents alone are considered for
analysis.
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Major causes of human failures reported are due to :
Stress induced by poor equipment design, unfavorable environmental
conditions, fatigue, etc.
Lack of training in safety and loss prevention
Indecision in critical situations
Inexperienced staff being employed in hazardous situations.
Often, human errors are not analyzed while accident reporting, and accident
reports only provide information about equipment and/or component failures.
Hence, a great deal of uncertainty surrounds analysis of failure of human
systems and consequent damages.
The proposed power plant mainly poses flammable and explosion hazards due to
unwanted release of hydrocarbons. Consequence analysis is basically a study of
quantitative analysis of hazards due to various failure scenarios. It is that part of
risk analysis, which considers failure cases and the damage caused by these
failure cases. It is done in order to form and opinion on potentially serious
hazardous outcome of accidents and their possible consequences. The reason
and purpose of consequence analysis are many folds like :
Part of Risk Assessment
Plant Layout/Code Requirements
Protection of other plants
Protection of the public
Emergency Planning
Design Criteria
The results of consequence analysis are useful far getting information about all
known and unknown effects that are of importance when same failure scenario
occurs in the plant and also to get information as haw to deal with the possible
catastrophic events. It also gives the workers in the plant and people living in the
vicinity of the plant, an understanding of their personal situation.
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Modes of Failure
There are various potential sources of large leakage, which may release
hydrocarbon into atmosphere. This could be in the form of small gasket failure in
a flanged joint, or a bleeder valve left open inadvertently, or an instrument tubing
giving way or a guillotine failure of a pipeline, or any of many other sources of
leakage. Operating experience can identify lots of these sources and their modes
of failure.
Damage Criteria
The fuels and chemical storage at the plant may lead to fire, toxic and explosion
hazards. The damage criteria due to an accidental release of any hydrocarbon
arise from fire and explosion. Contamination of soil or water is not expected as
these fuels will vaporize slowly and would not leave any residue as it happens
with spillage of crude oil. The vapors of these fuels are not toxic and hence no
effects of toxicity are expected. Similarly, fixed roof tanks are provided for LDO
storage. Similarly storage of Hydrogen pose hazards related to fireball formation
and explosion. Storage of Chlorine may mainly pose toxicity effects on the
workers and neighboring population.
Tank fire would occur if the radiation intensity is high on the peripheral surface of
the tank leading to increase in internal tank pressure. Pool fire would occur when
fuel oil collected in the dyke due to leakage gets ignited.
Fire Damage
A flammable liquid in a pool will burn with a large turbulent diffusion flame. This
release heat based on the heat of combustion and the burning rate of the liquid.
A part of the heat is radiated while the rest is convicted away by rising as hot air
and combustion products. The radiation can heat the contents of a nearby
storage or process unit to above its ignition temperature and thus result in a
spread of fire. The radiation can also cause severe burns or fatalities of workers
or fire fighters located within a certain distance. Hence, it will be important to
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know beforehand the damage potential of a flammable liquid pool likely to be
created due to leakage or catastrophic failure of a storage or process vessel.
This will help to decide the location of other storage/process vessels, decide the
type of protective clothing the workers/fire fighters need, the duration of time for
which they can be in the zone, the fire extinguishing measures needed and the
protection methods needed for the nearby storage/process vessels. Table 7.1
tabulated the damage effect on equipment and people due to thermal radiation
intensity.
Table 7.1
Damage Due to Incident Radiation Intensities
S.N. Incident
Radiation
(kW/m2)
Type of Damage Intensity
Damage to Equipment Damage to People
I. 37.5 Damage to process equipment 100% lethality in 1 min. 1%
lethality in 10 sec.
II. 25.0 Minimum energy required to
ignite wood at indefinitely long
exposure without a flame
50% Lethality in 1 min.
Significant injury in 10 sec.
III. 4.5 -- Causes pain if duration is
longer than 20 sec, however
blistering is un-likely (First
degree burns)
IV. 1.6 -- Causes no discomfort on
long exposures
Scenarios Considered for MCA Analysis
Coal Handling Plant - Dust Explosion
Coal dust when dispersed in air and ignited would explode. Crusher Houses and
conveyor systems are most susceptible to this hazard. To be explosive, the dust
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mixture should have :
Particles dispersed in the air with minimum size (typical figure is 400 microns)
Dust concentrations must be reasonably uniform
Minimum explosive concentration for coal dust (33 % volatiles) is 50
grams/m3.
Failure of dust extraction and suppression systems may lead to abnormal
conditions and increasing the concentration of coal dust to the explosive limits.
Sources of ignition present are incandescent bulbs with the glasses of bulkhead
fittings missing, electric equipment and cables, friction, spontaneous combustion
in accumulated dust.
Dust explosions may occur without any warnings with Maximum Explosion
Pressure upto 6.4 bar. Another dangerous characteristic of dust explosions is
that it sets off secondary explosions after the occurrence of the initial dust
explosion. Many times the secondary explosions are more damaging than
primary ones.
The dust explosions are powerful enough to destroy structures, kill or injure
people and set dangerous fires likely to damage a large portion of the Coal
Handling Plant including collapse of its steel structure which may cripple the life
line of the power plant.
Stockpile areas shall be provided with automatic garden type sprinklers for dust
suppression as well as to reduce spontaneous ignition of the coal stockpiles.
Necessary water distribution network for drinking and service water with pumps,
piping, tanks, valves etc. will be provided for distributing water at all transfer
points, crusher house, control rooms etc.
A centralized control room with microprocessor based control system (PLC) has
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been envisaged for operation of the coal handling plant. Except locally control
equipment like travelling tripper, dust extraction/ dust suppression / ventilation
equipment, sump pumps, water distribution system etc., all other in-line
equipment will have provision for local control as well. All necessary interlocks,
control panels, MCC's, mimic diagrams etc. will be provided for safe and reliable
operation of the coal handling plant.
Control Measures for Coal Yards
The total quantity of coal will be stored in separate stack piles, with proper drains
around to collect washouts during monsoon season.
Water sprinkling system will be installed on stocks of coal in required scales to
prevent spontaneous combustion and consequent fire hazards. The stack
geometry is being adopted to maintain minimum exposure of stock pile areas
towards predominant wind direction. Temperature monitoring of the stock piles is
done to detect in time any abnormal rise in temperature inside the stock piles to
enable prompt control of the same through necessary steps.
Turbo Generator Buildings
Turbo-Generator Buildings are separate, however both are exposed to risks due
to similar hazards given below :
1. As per the summary of study of losses in United States for a period of 50 years,
the probability of fire in Turbo-Generators is one-in 185 unit years. Therefore,
there is a probability of fire/explosion in Turbo-Generator Set once in about 30
years. The likely time however cannot be predicted. The hazardous areas are :
Lubrication oil system
Hydrogen system
2. Apart from the Turbo-Generator sets, other major hazardous areas in Turbo
Generator Buildings are :
Cable Galleries
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Control Rooms
Switch-gears
Oil drums stored at Ground Floor level
Battery Rooms
PVC cables may also cause fire. Such fires are known to propagate at speeds up
to 20 m/min. Hence there is a possibility of starting fresh fires in all directions
wherever cable runs cross each other or bifurcate. On combustion, every
kilogram of PVC compound produces 1000 m3 of highly dense smoke, which
mainly contains hydrogen chloride fumes sufficient to produce 1 liter of
Hydrochloric acid, which may condense on cooler metallic parts and instruments
in presence of moisture damaging them severely.
Apart from PVC cables, the oil installation is large one for Turbo-Generator sets
and can burn furiously spreading fires to Cable Galleries and other places.
The rapidity of spread of fire may create problems such as safe shutdown of
units not involved initially in fire and safe evacuation of personnel, particularly
operators and engineers working in control rooms.
Turbo-Generator building hall is a steel structure with no insulation, and in case
of a major fire, may collapse as the strength of steel would get reduced by half at
temperature of 550°C (yield point of steel) and above.
Fuel Storage
Total two numbers of storage tanks of 500 KL capacity each will be provided to
store LDO. In case of tank or fuel released in the dyke area catching fire, a
steady state fire will ensue. Failures in pipeline may occur due to corrosion and
mechanical defect. Failure of pipeline due to external interference is not
considered as this area is licensed area and all the work within this area is
closely supervised with trained personnel.
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7.2 Compliance status of Instructions Issued in 60th meeting of
Expert Appraisal Committee dated 05.11.2012
Action taken on issues raised in 60th meeting of reconstituted Expert Appraisal
Committee on Environmental Impact Assessment of Thermal Power and Coal
Mine Projects dated 05.11.2012 Part 1.2 “Expansion by addition of 2x660 MW
Coal based Obra ‘C’ TPP of M/s UPRVUNL at Obra Thermal Power Station,
District Sonebhadra, in Uttar Pradesh – reg. Environmental Clearance” is as
given below (Copy of MOM is Annexed at Annexure-5).
7.2.1 Application for clearance approval from standing committee of the
National Board of Wild Life.
Observation:
The Committee decided that the project proponent shall submit copy of
application for clearance/approval to the Standing committee of the National
Board of Wild Life.
Action taken:
Copy of Application for seeking clearance/approval from standing committee of
National Board of Wild Life has been submitted on 15.12.12 to Prabhageeya
Vanadhikari, Kaimur Wild Life Century, Mirzapur. Copy is annexed at Annexure-10.
The application has subsequently been forwarded/ routed through Principle
forest conservator (Wildlife) UP/Principle Secretary/ Forest Govt. of UP vide letter
no-3653/16-11 dated 08.05.2013 for seeking NOC from Standing committee
National Board of Wild life.
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7.2.2 Cumulative Impact Assessment
Observation:
The committee noted that the area is in an identified critically polluted area and
the cumulative impact assessment need to have been carried out as decided in
the aforementioned 36th meeting held during November 14-15, 2011. That the
Cumulative Impact Assessment shall also take into consideration impact on
source of water to the downstream recipients.
Action taken:
Cumulative Impact Assessment w.r.t. Air Quality
The impact due to operation of proposed power plant as well as the Units under
R&M of OTPS on ambient air quality in the surrounding region has been
predicted through mathematical modeling. The ground level concentration has
been computed using the multiple source Gaussian plume model for pollutants
Particulate Matter (PM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx as NO2).
This model is a computer program, based on the Gaussian Plume Modelling
approach, designed to simulate atmospheric dispersion process, in order to
estimate ambient air concentration levels of air pollutants resulting from any set
of gas emission or particulate matter emission sources. The other sources of
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emissions are Dalla Cement factory and fugitive emissions from stone crushers.
Dalla Cement Factory
The model programme used for air quality prediction is US-EPA ISCST3.
Input Data and Model Application
Input data for the model consists of meteorology and emission inventory. The
details of input data for air pollution dispersion modelling are as follows:
Meteorological data
The data recorded at the weather station at OTPS were used for computer
modeling of pollutants concentration prediction.
The predominant wind directions along with wind speed during the study period
is represented as Wind rose (Figure 3.2).
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Emission inventory
The flue gases from proposed units of OTPS & Units under R&M of OTPS were
taken in to account while conducting cumulative impact assessment on ambient
air quality. The emission data of these units was considered for prediction of GLC
and is given in Table 7.2 as below:
Table – 7.2
Emission Inventory for Units under R&M and proposed extension units (2 x 660 MW)
Units Stack
Height
Stack.
Dia
Velocity Temp. SPM SO2 NOX
m m m/s K mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3
R & M Obra Units
Unit
No. 7
120.0 14.8 12.6 393 100 709 294
Unit
No. 10
170.0 13.6 12.6 393 100 709 294
Unit
No. 11
170.0 13.6 12.6 393 100 709 294
Proposed 2 X 660 MW Obra
m m m/s K Emission Rate g/sec
Emission Rate g/sec
Emission Rate g/sec
2 x
660
MW
Units
275 8.5 25.0 413 93.81 1775.75 1997.72
Model Application
24-hour, second highest concentration has been computed from the
meteorological data recorded through PCRI Meteorological Station installed at
OTPS for the period 08.03.2013 to 08.06.2013 using the EPA-ISCST3 model.
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Model Output
The results are tabulated in Table 7.3 and the isopleths are shown in Figure –
7.1 to 7.3. The isopleths indicate the 24-hour maximum ground level
concentrations of pollutants due to emissions from the proposed stacks and R &
M stacks as per Table 7.2 of power plant.
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Figure –7.1 SHORT TERM 24 HOURLY GLCs OF SPM
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Figure – 7.2 SHORT TERM 24 HOURLY GLCs OF SO2
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Figure-7.3 SHORT TERM 24 HOURLY GLCs OF NOx
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Table 7.3
24-hour maximum Ground Level Concentrations
Pollutant Maximum Ground Level Concentration
(excluding background)
GLC
(µg/m3)
Distance (Km) & Direction
w.r.t. 2x 660 MW Units Stack
Nitrogen Oxides 39.9 4.0 (SE)
Sulphur Dioxide 47.8 4.0 (SE)
Suspended Particulate Matter 6.7 4.0 (SE)
Assessment of Impact on Ambient Air Quality
Impact on ambient air quality due to the proposed thermal power project has
been assessed by superimposing predicted concentrations on background air
pollution level. Baseline ambient air quality data indicated that the 98th percentile
concentration at Dalla for SPM, NOx, and SO2 was observed 300, 31 and 19
g/m3 respectively and these concentrations have been considered as
background level of pollutants. The air quality Impact is summarized in Table 7.4
below:
Table 7.4
Ambient Air Quality Impact Assessment
(24-hr maximum concentrations)
Pollutant Background
concentration
(µg/m3)
Incremental change
in GLC (24-hr. Max.
Concentration)
excluding
background
(µg/m3)
Maximum GLC
(24-hr. Max.
Concentration)
After
superimposition
on background)
(µg/m3)
Distance
from
2x660 MW
Units
Stack
(Km)
Particulate Matter 300 6.7 306.7 4.0
Sulphur Dioxide 19 47.8 66.8 4.0
Nitrogen Oxides 31 39.9 70.9 4.0
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The maximum incremental concentrations of SPM, SO2 and NOx are expected to
be 6.7 g/m3, 47.8 g/m3 and 39.9 g/m3, respectively. These concentrations are
expected to occur at a distance of 4.0 Km South East with respect to source.
Maximum total concentrations of SPM, SO2 and NOx, after superimposition
of background level would be 306.7 g/m3, 66.8 g/ m3 and 70.9 g/m3
respectively.
The total concentrations are compared with National Ambient Air Quality
Standards prescribed for residential areas as specified under National Ambient
Air Quality Standards as notified by Central Pollution Control Board. It is
concluded that total concentrations of gaseous pollutants would be well
below the allowable limits for residential areas. In case of particulate matter
the incremental change will be insignificant.
Cumulative Impact Assessment w.r.t availability of water:
The water requirement for 2x660 MW proposed TPP is 45 cusecs (110095.9
m3/day). The detail of water use at Obra dam on Rihand River from June 2011 to
May 2012 is given below in Figure 7.4. The total water used in May 2012 is
2010916.13 m3/day. The total water available is 31867316.83 m3/day and after
utilization of proposed power plant water availability is around 31757220.93
m3/day. The availability of water in Obra dam on Rihand River is sufficient to
cater the downstream users. So, it can be concluded that there will be no
considerable impact on source of water to the downstream recipients.
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Figure-7.4 Downstream of Obra Dam
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Figure 7.5 Water use at Obra dam on Rihand River from June 2011 to May 2012
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7.2.3 Implementation of Singrauli Action plan
Observation
It was observed that the project proponent also needs to take into account the
action plan for the critical polluted area formulated by the State Pollution Control
Board and integrate with the project proposal.
Action taken:
Implementation of Singrauli Action Plan, Singrauli Area of Distt. Sonebhadra
(U.P.) Upto 25.10.2012 short term action is given below in Table 7.5:
Table 7.5
Issues Regarding Obra Thermal Power Station
Short term action points
S.No Action Points Compliance status Time target
1. Complete recycle of ash
pond over flow.
The clear time should be
given with date of completion
regarding recycling of Ash
pond overflow under
refurbishment package
Details of plan plan should
be provided.
Construction work of ash water
Recirculation System is almost
complete. Only laying of some
part of 11KV HT line and its
charging remains to be done.
The system is expected to be
operational by Nov 2015.
At present, provisional measures
to check the overflow of ash
slurry and excess discharge
from the power house have
been taken by interconnecting
the ash slurry pipes and
installing extra pumps/stand-by
pumps. The capacity of the
pumps will be suitably
Nov 2015
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augmented during R&M of the
units to prevent the
overflow..The R&M of the said
four units are proposed to be
completed phase wise in
December 2015 to December
2017.
2. Provision of dry ash
collection system.
The R&M work of Unit # 1, 2 & 9
has been completed and their
dry fly ash is being collected in
silos, and from there ash is
being lifted by M/s J.P.
Associates. Part of the ash from
these units in the form of ash
slurry, is disposed into ash pond.
Unit # 10 & 11 are under R&M.
After completion of their R&M,
dry fly ash from these units shall
be collected in silos and same
will be lifted for utilization.
Unit # 12 & 13 are currently
under operation. The ash from
these units is presently being
disposed as ash slurry into the
ash pond through the newly laid
ash pipelines. R&M of Unit #
12&13 will also be carried out
after R&M of Unit # 10&11. After
completion of R&M, dry fly ash
of these units shall be collected
Phase wise from
December 2015
to December
2017 as per
scheduled
provided by
BHEL.
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in silos and same will be lifted by
M/s J.P. Associates.
Thus, the dry fly ash from unit
No. 10, 11, 12 & 13 will also be
collected through the
Silos/DFAES (Dry Fly Ash
Extraction System) constructed
by M/s JP Associates as per
agreement with them for lifting
the dry fly ash from Unit No. 9 to
13.
3. High Oil spillage has been
observed in the drain. Up-
gradation of ETP shall be
completed within 2 years by
Obra TPS.
Construction work of Effluent
Treatment Plant is completed on
17.09.2014.
Complied
4. Use of low sulphur auxiliary
fuel in Obra TPP
Low Sulphur High Speed diesel
is being used as auxiliary fuel at
Obra TPS.
Complied
5. Installation of Opacity meters Opacity meter in unit no. 1, 2 & 9
have been installed after R&M
work.
In the remaining units i.e. in
units no. 10, 11, 12 & 13 of
BTPS the opacity meter will be
installed with their R&M work in
phase manner
Complied
December-2015
to December-
2017 in phased
manner.
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Compliance status of Long term action is given in Table 7.6 as follows:
Table 7.6
ISSUES REGARDING OBRA POWER PLANT
Long term action points
S.No Action points Compliance Status Time target
1. Installation and
renovation of
ESPs to achieve
PM emission of
100 mg/NM3.
ESP in Unit # 1, 2 (each of 50MW) have already
been installed during their R&M work. Unit # 3, 4
& 5 (each of 50MW) have been deleted by CEA.
ESP in Unit # 7 (100MW) is also proposed to be
installed for which DPR has been preapared and
is in process of approval. Unit # 6 (100MW) have
been deleted and Unit # 8 (100MW) is under
process of deletion by CEA.
ESP in Unit # 9 (200MW) has also been installed.
ESP in Unit # 10 & 11 (each of 200MW) will be
installed during their R&M which is under
progress and is scheduled to be completed by
Dec 2015 and Mar 2016 respectively as per
schedule provided by BHEL.
ESP work of Unit 12 & 13 (each of 200MW) is
also proposed to be carried out which is
scheduled to be completed by Dec 2017 and Dec
2017 respectively as per schedule provided by
BHEL. These units will be closed/shutdown for
R&M in next phase.
Unit # 10
dt. Dec 2015
Unit # 11
dt. Mar 2016
Unit # 12
dt. Dec 2017
Unit # 13
dt. Dec 2017
2. Road map for
100% fly ash
utilization by
2014.
The R&M work of Unit # 1, 2 & 9 has been
completed and their dry fly ash is being collected
in silos and from there ash is being lifted by M/s
J.P. Associates.
The dry fly ash from unit No. 10, 11, 12 & 13 will
December-
2017
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also be collected after their R&M through the
Silos/DFAES (Dry Fly Ash Extraction System)
constructed by M/s JP Associates as per
agreement with them for lifting the dry fly ash from
Unit No. 9 to 13. The R&M of these Units will be
completed from December 2015 to December
2017. Besides, Highway Authority/PWD and other
agencies of nearby area has been informed to lift
the pond ash for filling in low lying area as well as
for making Bricks/Tiles etc.
3. Very high fugitive
emission
observed in Obra
TPS.
To control
fugitive
emissions from
ash dyke area,
action plan may
be prepared
including the
possibility of
installation of
high
concentration
slurry disposal
systems.
To control fugitive emissions in coal handling area
sprinklers have been installed from where regular
sprinkling of water is being done. Moreover,
Green belt development has also been start in the
abandoned filled-up ash pond.
March-2018
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7.3 Green Belt Development
Observation:
It was observed that the green belt development in and around the thermal
power station seem dismal and the project proponent seem to have not given
any serious attention in developing the same. The Committee therefore decided
that the project proponent shall submit a detailed action plan along with budget
allocation for development of green belt in a time bound manner and consisting
of an in-built monitoring mechanism.
The Committee also observed that the project proponent shall submit action plan
for ecological restoration of ash dumps for which they may seek the assistance of
Dr. C.R. Babu, Member, EAC and Emeritus Professor, University of Delhi. It was
also observed that the ash pond seem very close to river and overflow from ash
pond during monsoon cannot be ruled out. An action plan for mitigative
measures of occurrence of such a case shall therefore be submitted.
Action taken:
The green belt development shall be carried out through Forest Department. The
detailed proposal for green belt development in abundant ash pond of Obra
Thermal Power project and other area of Power station has been submitted by
Forest department vide their letters dated 26.4.13 & 03.06.2013 are enclosed as
Annexure 11. The same has been approved by UPRVUNL vide OM
No.404/UNL/E&S dated 20.07.2013 and annexed at Annexure-12 and an
amount of Rs.207.893 Lakhs has been released to site for taking up the work.
The details of green belt development is shown on plot plan on annexed at
Annexure-16.The details of green belt development in abundant ash pond of
Obra Thermal Power Project are as given in Table 7.7 as below :
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Table 7.7
Green Belt Development in abundant ash pond of OTPS
S.No. Particulars Details 1 Name of Development Block Chopan 2 Name of Project UPRVUNL Obra – Finance Assitance 3 Executing Agency Forest Department, Obra, 4 Work detail of Project Total Area 146 Ha 5 Time period of Project Three Years (2015 – 16 to 2018 ) 6 Project Cost Rs. 218.283 Lacs 7 As per Govt. order no.A-2-23/10-
2011-17(4)/75 dated 25.01.2011
Add 12.5% additional duty
Rs. 27.285 Lacs
8 Total cost of Project Rs.245.568 Lacs (Rs. Two cores fourty five
lacs fifty six thousands eight hundred only)
The summary of green budget allocation / expenditure is given below in Table
7.8:
Table 7.8
Green belt budget Allocation
S.No. Details of Work Year Budget (Rs.)
in Lacs
1 First Part (Advance Soil WorK) 2015-16 132.147
2 Second Part (Greenbelt Development
work)
2015-16 52.647
3 Third part(First Maintenance) 2016-17 24.199
4 Fourth Part (Second Maintenance) 2017-18 9.290
TOTAL 218.283
As per Govt. order no.A-2-23/10-2011-
17(4)/75 dated 25.01.2011 Add 12.5%
additional duty
27.285
Grand Total 245.568
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Figure 7.6 Green Belt Develop areas at “A”Bund
Figure 7.7 Green Belt Develop areas at “B” Bund
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Figure 7.8 Green Belt Develop areas at “C” Bund
Figure 7.9 Green Belt Develop areas at “D” Bund
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Figure 7.10 Green Belt Develop areas at “D1” Bund
Figure 7.11 Green Belt Develop areas at Way to Ambedakar Stadium
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Figure 7.12 Green Belt Develop areas at Way to Ambedakar Stadium
Figure 7.13 Green Belt Develop areas at Way to Ambedakar Stadium
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The total plan of green belt development will meet the norms as per MoEF
guidelines for development of greenbelt at Thermal Power Station. The same
shall cover ecological restoration of Ash pond also.
7.4 Status of Coal Block
Observation:
The committee also took note of the coal issue and desired that the Ministry
should look into, whether the present proposal conforms to the circulars issued
by the Ministry on 01.11.2010 and 19.04.2012.
Action taken:
Saharpur-Jamarpani Sector, Brahmani Basin, Rajmahal group of Coalfields,
Jharkhand have already been allotted by Ministry of Coal to UPRVUNL for Obra-
‘C’ extension project and MoEF has issued TOR on 31.05.2011 for
Environmental clearance.
7.5 Ash Dyke Breach
Ash pond G is situated by 4.5 km away from Obra TPS having area 72 Ha in
which wet Ash is being disposed. This pond is surrounded by natural all around
hillocks. Only some portion of Ash dam is of earthen embank.
In ash pond area there are three skimmers situated at different locations.
Presently decanted water is discharged through one skimmer without any
overflow. In case of heavy rains during monsoon other two skimmers can be put
in operation & shall start discharging decanted water depending upon the
intensity of rainfall and as such there is no possibility of overflow from the ash
pond in the present scenario. Apart from this that the decanted water from the
ash pond will be recycled to TPP through Ash Water Recirculation System
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(AWRS) which is almost in the completion stage. Ash pond is divided into 3
compartments by natural hillock.
In case Ash dyke breach take place then other compartment shall be used and
breach portion shall be repaired and utilized again.
7.6 Topographical Survey
Topographical survey has been got carried out by UPRVUNL through M/s
ACMETECH, Lucknow. The Topographical details have been shown in the
drawing enclosed with Topographical Survey Report which is attached with the
EIA report. The area has been distributed in 50x50 m grid and contours have
been marked on the drawing.
As per DPR the formation level of proposed project is 200 m above MSL. After
calculating levels of the project site, it was found that the cut-fill/average level of
Obra ‘C’ is 200.080 m which is marginally above the formation level. Therefore,
no filling is required, and hence there is no need of transporting any earth from
outside the plant area.
7.7 Area drainage Study
Area drainage Study has been got conducted by UPRVUNL through M/s
ACMETECH Lucknow. It is evident from the area drainage drawing that there is
only one natural NALA (marked as ‘B’ in the enclosed drawing), which flows
across the proposed project site. During its entire course, the NALA fouls with the
premise of only a single structure at coordinates x=701424.728 and
y=2706258.591. The discharge of the NALA at that location will be taken through
a box culvert of size 5.4 m2 at such that the functioning of the structure is not
affected. Thus, in almost in its entire course the NALA shall flow unhindered/ be
preserved. Detailed report is attached separately.
Chapter‐8
Disaster Management Plan
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8.0 Disaster Management Plan
Disaster is an emergent situation which affects or has the potential to affect
personnel working therein, resulting in extensive damage to the property, loss of
life and disruption of work. Localised accidents, however, are not to be mixed up
with or misunderstood as a disaster. Disaster management is one of the most
important key for the safe operation of power project, more so due to the
complex nature of the operations involved.
At power project, an emergency can take place at any time due to disaster by
nature or by major accident in the site, despite the installation of various
safety devices. The type, causes, phases and categories of disaster are
given below in Table 8.1 :
Table 8.1
Types, Causes, Phases and Categories of Disaster in Thermal Power Plant
Type of Disaster Originating Within Plant
Fire and Explosion
Vapour Cloud
Toxic Gas Release
Natural
Flood/Cyclone
Earthquake
Causes of Disaster In-plant Emergencies due to Deficiencies in
Operation
Maintenance
Design
Human Error
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Natural Calamities
Flood
Cyclone
Earthquake
Deliberate or Other Acts
Sabotage, Riot
War
Terrorist Activities
Air Raids
Phases Warning
Impact Period
Rescue
Relief
Rehabilitation
Categories Self-Contained
Contained by Organisation
Contained with Assistance from
Local Bodies
State Level
National Level
The objective of the industrial disaster management plan is to make use of the
combined resources of the plant and the outside services to achieve the
following:
Initially contain and ultimately bring the situation under control
Minimize damage to property and the environment
Effect the rescue and medical treatment of casualties
Secure the safe rehabilitation of affected areas
Safeguard other people.
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Unlike natural disasters, these can be prevented by proper plan and in case of
accident the effect can be minimised by proper emergency response method. An
important perquisite for disaster planning is that an accident scenario can be
foreseen, which leads to major fire, explosion, toxic release, their spread or
extent and their damage potential.
The development of an effective disaster management plan ensures that
unforeseen identified impacts of the proposed project are minimised. In addition,
it guarantees an effective basis to assess the source and extent of impacts, if
they occur. If the disasters are foreseeable, the efforts to mitigate those
disasters can be planned in advance. With a view to deal with such an unusual
situation the following plan is suggested to be formulated.
Disaster Plan
It is a strategy well evolved, organized and rehearsed to contain the adverse
effects of a possible disaster. It aims to mobilize the internal resources and use
these with minimal dependence on external agencies for the following purposes :
To identify major disasters which may occur in the plant.
To control and contain incidents.
To deal with such emergencies expeditiously.
To safeguard employees and people in the vicinity.
To inform employees, the general public and the authorities about the
hazards/risks assessed safeguards provided, residual risk, if any, and the
role to be played by them in the event of disaster.
To provide rescue relief, assistance to the people affected in the works,
community based on the actual needs and the information collected
locally.
To contain the disaster by isolating the area, firefighting etc.
To prevent recurrence of such a disaster.
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To establish machinery for review, rectification/ modification of the
emergency/disaster plan in the light of actual experience.
To ensure safety of works before personnel re-enter and resume work.
To work out a plan with all provisions to handle disaster and to provide for
emergency preparedness and the periodic rehearsal of the plan.
Seismic Considerations
The power station is located under Zone-II as per IS : 1893 - 1984. Analysis and
design of structures to resist the seismic forces will be carried out as per the
provisions of IS:1893 – 1984.
Fire Protection System
A comprehensive fire detection and protection system is envisaged for the
complete power station. This system shall generally be as per the
recommendations of Tariff Adviser Committee (TAC), India/ IS : 3034 & NFPA –
850 and will provide in-depth capability for early detection, containment and
suppression of fire. The fire protection system for the plant will consist of :
i) Outdoor fire hydrant system
ii) Portable fire Extinguishers
iii) Fire Detection & alarm system for Control Room & Switchgear Room.
Outdoor fire hydrant system
Outdoor fire hydrant system consists of fire water storage, pumping, system
pressurization and all inter connected pipe work and auxiliary firefighting
appliances.
Portable Fire Extinguishers
Portable fire extinguishers are intended as a first line of defense to cope with
fires of limited size. They are needed even though the property is equipped with
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automatic fire suppression systems. Therefore, portable fire extinguishers will be
provided in all plant buildings. Three different kinds of extinguishers i.e. foam,
CO2 1211 and Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical (MPDC) will be provided as per
requirement of NFPA and relevant Indian Standards. Each type of extinguisher
has its own characteristic to fight a particular class of fire as follows :
Type Effectiveness in Fires Fire classification as per NFPA
Foam Flammable liquids, gases etc. B
CO2 Electrical Equipment & Circuitry C
MPDC Ordinary combustibles,
flammable Liquids and
electrical appliances
A, B, C
The size and type of extinguishers will be decided as per recommendations of
NFPA and relevant Indian Standard and will be placed in convenient accessible
locations.
Apart from above broad classifications, the following protection systems are
envisaged at the proposed power project :
a. Hydrant system for complete power plant covering Main Plant Building, Boiler
Area, Turbine and its Auxiliaries, Coal Handling Plant, All Pump Houses and
Miscellaneous buildings of the plant. The system shall be complete with piping,
valves, instrumentation, hoses, nozzles, hose boxes/stations etc.
b. Automatic Foam injection system for fuel oil/storage tanks consisting of foam
concentrate tanks, foam pumps, in-line inductors, valves, piping &
instrumentation etc.
c. Automatic high velocity water spray system for all transformers located in
transformer yard and those of rating 10 MVA and above located within the
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boundary limits of plant, main and unit turbine oil tanks and purifier, turbine
oil/lube oil piping (zoned) in turbine area, generator seal oil system, lube oil
system for turbine driven boiler feed pumps, boiler burner fronts etc. This system
shall consist of QB detectors, deluge valves projectors, valves, piping &
instrumentation.
d. Automatic medium velocity water spray system for cable vaults and cable
galleries of main plant, switchyard control room and Electro – static Precipitator
control room consisting of smoke detectors, linear heat sensing cable detectors,
deluge valves, isolation valves, piping, instrumentation, etc.
e. Automatic medium velocity water spray system for coal conveyors, coal galleries,
transfer points and crusher house consisting of QB detectors, linear heat sensing
cables, deluge valves, nozzles, piping, instrumentation, etc
f. Automatic medium velocity water spray system for un-insulated fuel oil tanks
storing fuel oil having flash point 65° C and below consisting of QB detectors,
deluge valves, nozzles, piping, instrumentation, etc.
g. For protection of control room, equipment room, computer room and other
electrical and electronic equipment rooms, Inert Gas extinguishing system as per
NFPA-2001 would be opted.
h. Fire detection and alarm system - A computerised analogue, addressable type
Fire detection and Alarm system shall be provided to cover the complete power
plant.
i. Portable and mobile extinguishers, such as pressurised water type, carbon-
dioxide type, foam type, dry, chemical powder type, will be located at strategic
locations.
j. Required Fire Tenders/Engines of water type, DCP type/Foam type, trailer pump
with fire jeep etc shall be provided in the fire station.
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k. It is proposed to use and provide two numbers of Steel tanks for storage of fire
water system. Fire water pumps shall located in the fire water pump house and
horizontal centrifugal pumps shall be installed in the pump house for hydrant and
spray system and the same shall be driven by electric motor and diesel engines
as per the regulations of approving (TAC) authority. The water for foam system
shall be tapped off from the hydrant system pumps.
l. Complete Instrumentation and Control System for the entire fire detection and
protection system shall be provided for safe operation of the complete system.
Fire Detection & Alarm System
The main control room and the switch gear room along with associated control
enclosures will be monitored with automatic fire detection and alarm system.
Public Address System
A central exchanged based Public Address (PA) system would be used to
provide proper communication throughout the plant (including Coal Handling
Plant) with the help of handset stations, loudspeakers, potable handset stations
etc.
Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) System
In addition to Public Address System, to provide security and surveillance of
different operating areas in the plant Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) system
would also be provided. Adequate number of cameras with facilities like zoom,
pan, tilt etc. would be provided at various operating areas. The monitors would
be located at control locations such as central control room, operation in-charge
room etc. CCTV System shall be interfaced with DDCMIS to portray plant images
on LVS.
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Hospital
The proposed power plant would be equipped with a dispensary having first aid
facilities. Due to the close proximity of the power plant from Robertsganj services
of the existing Govt. & Private Hospital facilities, Primary health centre,
Secondary health centre in the town will be utilised for the employees of the
power plant. In case of minor as well as emergency requirement, outdoor and
indoor facilities available with the hospital in Robertsganj would also be utilised
by the employees of proposed power plant.
Rescue Team
A rescue Team under the direct supervision of Chief Engineer will function. The
team will consist of Security personnel, Safety/Fire services, Maintenance,
Medical officer. This team will be responsible for prevention as well as for dealing
with any kind of disaster. The activity of the team will be as given below :
To identify various types of disasters/emergencies to which coal based
power station will be prone to.
To plan and augment area wise safety and other related facilities, if
required, so as to match with the needs.
To periodically organize mock exercise with respect to disaster plan to
check the awareness and preparedness of the concerned
agencies/personnel to meet the emergency.
To prepare a general course of action to be adopted for any
disaster/emergency. Further identification of specific steps that need to be
taken unique to each type of disaster/emergency.
To organize rescue operations during and after the emergency/disaster.
To review the progress status on various activities relating to the
compliance of Factories Act, and communicate to all concerned for
compliance.
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The rescue team, after assessing the level of emergency will stimulate
appropriate level of emergency response. The response of rescue team, as
defined in Disaster Management Plan, during pre-disaster stage and disaster
stage will be as detailed below :
Pre-Disaster Stage
The prevention of disaster is of vital importance and is the moral responsibility of
each and every individual employed in the power plant. It can be prevented by
observance of precautionary and preventive measures. It will be the
responsibility of in-charge of rescue team to ensure that the following points are
followed at power plant to avert the occurrence of disaster :
Smoking will be prohibited in the areas where handling or storage of oils is being
practiced. These areas include General Store, Control Room, Oil handling
installation, Battery charging room etc. Inside all these areas "NO SMOKING"
boards will be prominently displayed in English and Hindi languages.
All waste papers, greased papers, oil soaked material cotton waste, waste
cables, insulating material other similar combustible material will be disposed off
in suitable bins provided in the power station areas. These materials will be
dispatched to disposal sites, demarcated for such purposes.
All electrical wiring, fittings, cables, equipment will be checked periodically.
Temporary wiring will not be permitted to be installed inside the plant area. No
inflammable material including papers, Oils, wooden racks will be stored within 1
meter of any electrical fittings. No unauthorized person will be allowed to tamper
with electrical fittings.
Stores containing cylinders of compressed gases be treated as dangerous
stores. Records of each cylinder will be kept together with periodical check.
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Hydraulic testing of each cylinder will be done as per the guidelines laid down by
Chief Controller of Explosives.
Authorized persons will only carry out welding, Burning, cutting, Chipping,
Soldering work, etc.
Necessary compliance with various Statutory Guidelines and other relevant
instructions as issued from time to time will be done.
Safety Department will arrange to educate all concerned regarding operational
hazards of non-compliance of the safety guidelines and various provisions of
Factories Act. They will also provide necessary guidance and support in proper
implementation of the programs. They will also arrange mock exercises
periodically.
Safety Department will display at prominent places important telephone numbers
and instructions, in English and Hindi languages.
The Security Control Room at the Power Plant's Main Gate will be equipped with
the following :
Sufficient number of copies of 'On Site Disaster/Emergency Management
Plan’
Master plan of the factory indicating vital locations and possible sources of
disaster.
Important Telephone numbers
Emergency lights (portable) and Wireless sets
First Aid boxes
Stretchers, blankets and other essential items at the fire station under the
charge of Fire Services Department.
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Disaster Stage Response
The most probable disaster, which may occur in a coal-fired power plant, is
because of fire and explosion in boilers. As soon as a fire/disaster/emergency
takes place inside the premises of power station, action to be taken by various
persons/officials will be as follows:
The person noticing a disaster/emergency situation will:
Raise the alarm by shouting.
Give message to Safety / Fire Department section on telephone
loudspeaker personally giving full and clear message of accident.
If the emergency/disaster is small enough for tackling by person alone,
immediate attempts to control it by using nearby control equipment.
The person arriving next on scene will :
Inform respective control room on telephone.
Attempt to control the disaster with due care of personal safety.
Make sure that exit routes are free and approach road for rescue vehicles
are clear and unobstructed.
By other persons of Disaster Area
All required persons would not leave the place of disaster and continue their
functions and operate essential equipment and emergency systems till ordered to
evacuate considering the building/section and the immediate surroundings.
All other non-essential persons would be evacuated safely and would be
collected in safe place of assembly under an executive and would act in
accordance with his instructions.
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Sectional In-charge of the disaster area
On hearing the alarm or on receipt of message regarding accident in his area, he
will immediately proceed to the scene of the accident.
He will ensure that Safety Department is informed about the accident and if
required, should inform Main/Control Gate Security for sounding hooter.
He will ensure that all-important documents, precious material are salvaged /
removed to safer places with the help of his section staff.
He will decide in consultation with other senior officers present and arrange to
switch off power/gas/ air or any other equipment or system if so warranted to
control the situation.
Engineer In-charge (Control Room)
He will give top priority to the calls of accident and immediately inform the
location of the disaster to the following:
Chief Engineer
Safety/Fire Department
Main Gate
Safety Officer/Fire Officer
Services//Electricals/Civil construction
Medical Officer
Stores Officer
He will take all necessary steps required in the emergency situation regarding
operational control of the plant.
He will guide/assist rescue staff in combating the disaster/emergency situation.
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He will mobilize all spare trained personnel to help in tackling the emergency
situation jobs such as fire rescue, moving of casualties & salvage operations.
He will arrange to send transport under his control during non-working hours to
collect all-important personnel including Fire/Safety staff from their residents.
All persons of the area not affected by accident
On hearing the alarm sounded or Siren, work in the building, plant, section, will
not be stopped, unless specifically told by Chief Engineer/Incharge of the section.
All persons of the section are available at their respective work place for any
assistance that may be called for till all clear hooter is sounded.
They will extend their fullest co-operation to meet the situation if called for by
affected section.
Rescue team
On receipt of message Safety Department/Fire station control room duty officer
will sound the bell installed at Fire Station.
On arrival at the scene of the accident, In-charge of rescue team will enquire
about the details of accident, quickly size up the situation & instruct Firemen who
will come into action immediately without any delay. Rescue team will
immediately operate fixed firefighting systems or initiate other appropriate action
according to situation.
They will also take action for calling the additional fire brigades from district
administration, if required, and co-ordinate with them.
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They will make sure that the necessary water, foam compound, dry powder,
carbon dioxide gas, or any other firefighting agents equipment required according
to situation are readily available at the fire spot.
They will take appropriate action simultaneously to protect the unaffected areas.
They will direct the firefighting rescue operations till all clear is given.
Security (Main Gate)
Security Inspector of Main Gate on receipt of message of emergency/fire will
immediately sound the alarm on Siren in Wavering sound for 5 minutes.
He will not permit any one to leave/enter Main gate except essential persons of
power plant after thorough check and verification.
He will arrange to keep the power station road clear for outside assistance.
On receipt of ALL CLEAR message from concerned officials of conducting
Emergency / Firefighting operations, he will sound ALL CLEAR siren by
continuous blast of one minute.
He will immediately rush to the place of incident and arrange for Security
Cordoning.
He will see that no unwanted personnel approach the place of incident. He will
also take charge of security of plant’s property.
He will inform police in case of serious accident when causalities are involved in
consultation with Chief Engineer.
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If causalities are involved he will make arrangement to shift them to District
Hospital by ambulance or any other available vehicle.
Safety Officer
He will ensure that exit door, exit routes roads are kept free of any obstruction.
Safety Officer and his personnel will make available all safety gadgets and
personnel protective equipment etc according to the situation at the scene of
incident.
He will see that all persons entering the place of occurrence are wearing
protective equipment.
He will ensure that firefighting personnel and other persons while fighting
emergency/fire is in safe place position.
He will make complete note of the incident inform about the incident to the
concerned authorities as per statutory provision in consultation with Chief
Engineer of the Power Plant.
He will make arrangement for evacuation of staff, if necessary, in consultation
with Chief Engineer.
Post Disaster Stage
After the incident a report will be prepared regarding occurrence of event/losses
incurred and recommendations thereof for restoration of normalcy.
Situation in totality will be studied thoroughly, investigated with respect to the
cause of the incident, extent of loss of life and property and a detailed report
prepared by the individual/team nominated by the Power Plant Management for
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this purpose. Based on the investigation report, rescue team will finalize time
bound programs for implementation of corrective measures proposed and
regularly monitor the progress thereafter.
Rescue, medical and welfare operations will be continued by the concerned
agencies. They will also arrange for the clearance and appropriate disposal of
the debris. Plan for repairs and maintenance of the plant and machinery will be
made by Power Plant's maintenance department.
Claims for the loss of damage to the property will be lodged by the Finance
Department.
8.1. List of Details to be Notified:
List of telephone numbers of outside agencies as listed below should be readily
available:
District Collector;
Police;
Fire Brigade;
Ambulance;
Hospital;
Factory Inspectorate;
Regional and Head office, Uttar Pradesh State Pollution Control
Board; etc
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Table 8.2
Important Contact Numbers in case of Disaster :
S.No. Name of the department Phone Numbers
1 D.M. Office 05444-222190 (O)
05444-223001 (R)
05444-222090 (Fax)
2 S.P. Office 05444-252631 (O)
05444-252614 (R)
3 A.D.M. Office 05444-222014 (O)
05444-224577 (R)
4 C.D.O. Office 05444-222798 (O)
05444-222248 (R)
5 C.M.O. 05444-224132 (O)
6 D.F.O. Sonbhadra 05444-223168
7 Supply Office 05444-222365
8 R.E.S. 05444-222009
9 Assistant Director(Savings) 05444-222150
10 Employement Office 05444-222094
11 Assistant Director (Resham) 05444-222164
12 Assistant director (Fisheries) 05444-223055
13 District Agriculture Officer 05444-222456
14 A.R.T.O. 05444-222390
15 S.P.O. Office 05444-222667
16 Radio Station, Obra 05444-262382
17 Guest House (Obra Thermal) 05444-262202
18 Guest House (Hindalco) 05446-272276
19 Thana Kotwali, Robertsganj 05444-222028
20 S.D.O. (Phones) 05444-222000
05444-224000
21 Railway Station, Robertsganj 05444-222032
22 NIC-Distt. Centre, Sonbhadra 05444-224621 (O)
Chapter‐9
Project Benefits
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9.0 PROJECT BENEFITS
9.1. Increased Power Supply
Rapid industralisation and increase in commercial and domestic use of electricity are
the main reasons for increase in power consumption. In addition, Government
policies like rural electrification, electricity for all, development of irrigation sector,
minimum per capita consumption of electricity are also contributing in increasing the
future power demand. To meet the above requirements, the addition in the power
generation capacity will have to match with future power demand.
For industrial and agricultural development, availability of adequate power at an
economic rate is the prime prerequisite. In order to fulfill the task of meeting the
power demand of the State during the coming years, it is necessary to plan in such a
manner that the installed capacity exceeds the anticipated load demand as well as
some spinning reserve capacity is available to attend the statutory periodic overhauls
and emergency outages. Industry, trade agriculture, employment etc. all depend on
proper supply of power. This is the guiding factor for economic condition of any state
and its people.
Uttar Pradesh is India’s most populous state with a population of over 201 million.
Promoting opportunity is at the center of strategy for development of the state. Power
to all therefore is not only integral but the primary component of the development
program of the state. Uttar Pradesh has been severely constrained in its economic
development and quality of life by the appalling power situation in the State.
Uttar Pradesh has ambitious plans for rapid industrialization. Therefore power
generation in the state of Uttar Pradesh requires urgent augmentation of generation
capacity. The proposed project is one of the projects planned to be developed for
long term capacity addition project. The proposed project will help in bridging the gap
between supply and demand of power in the State of U.P. and Northern region.
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Improvement in Socio-Economic Conditions
The socio – economic study indicate that socio – economic conditions of the region
are not good. The land is rocky & infertile, no employment opportunities, poor
educational, medical facilities and very few business opportunities in the region.
The project will improve the existing social pattern of the area and due to the
employment opportunities generated in the society where majority of population has
no regular job, it will have beneficial economic impact on the area. Economic status
of the local people will be improved due to the increased business opportunities,
thereby, making a positive impact.
The Project will be beneficial and important to the Society and the Country by :
Direct and indirect employments.
Improvement in direct and indirect means of livelihoods of local population.
Improved local and regional economy.
The additional power generated would lead to availability of power to the area and
State. This would result in increased power supply to rural areas.
An increase in sanitation, education, medical, housing and transportation facilities is
expected due to proposed expansion power project. The economic output due to
proposed power project would be positive besides enhancement of community
services. The proposed power project will lead to development of the area. Hence, it
will have beneficial effect on the society.
Enhanced Employment Opportunities
Unemployment in the region is rampant. The reason is that all the people having
barren land, are involved as laborers in some or the other area. The installation of
proposed power project will generate employment opportunities during construction
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as well as operation phase and thus will provide direct and indirect jobs to the local
population.
Indirect employment opportunities will also be created for the local people living in
the region.
Improvements in the Physical Infrastructure
Proposed project site terrain is rocky without significant undulations. The main plant,
auxiliary buildings and coal stockyard etc. will be located at suitably higher level than
the general grade level. The various services/utility areas within the plant will be
suitably graded to different elevations. Natural features of the plant site will be
retained as far as possible to integrate with the buildings and the entrance of power
plant will be landscaped with ground cover, plants, trees based on factors like
climate, adaptability etc. The green belt will consist of native perennial green and fast
grooving trees. Trees will also be planted around the coal stockpile area and ash
disposal area to minimise the dust pollution.
Better Aesthetics
The effective pollution control equipment helps to maintain the visual quality of air
and water environment. Natural vegetation and its diversity will increase due to green
belt development. The aesthetics of the area expected to improve after installation of
proposed expansion 2 x 660 MW thermal power project.
Hence, it may be inferred that the proposed power project will help not only in
increasing power supply in the State & Country, but also help in overall development
of the region.
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9.2. No Land Issue
Proposed expansion is envisaged with the premise of existing plant and no additional
land will be acquired for the proposed expansion. Hence no direct property issue is
associated with proposed expansion.
9.3. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Budget Provision for the cost of CSR activities have been made by UPRVUNL. A
committee for carrying out CSR activities has been formed by Board of Directors.
UPRVUNL for CSR activities will be implemented as mandated. It is also decided
that UPRUVNL shall carry out the CSR activity via NGOs only.
The list of the activities under CSR POLICY is purely suggestive in nature and any
other activities may also be taken up as per the needs:
1. Education with emphasis on primary education, Girl education and Adult education
2. Drinking water supply: with emphasis on drinking water to villagers and other
water related facilities.
3. Social empowerment:
4. Free eye camp;
5. Medical Camp for Local Villagers
6. Distribution of Books & Stationers to poor Children
7. Sports and Cultural activities
8. Empowerment of Women for education, health and self-employment;
9. Distribution of Sewing Machine living below poverty level to the villagers;
10. Any other development works suggested by local gram Panchayat/ Panchayat
Samities/ District Administration.
Besides above 07 nos. R.O (Reverse Osmosis) Plant has been installed at various
location in Obra town identified by District authorities in compliance to Hon’ble NGT
Order dated 13.05.2014. The treatment capacity of each RO Plant is 1000 l/hr
therefore on running the 7 no ROs for 20 hrs in a day approximately 140000 litre
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water is being purified per day and used by 45000 persons of Obra and near by
villages.
Regular monitoring of equipments about the efficiency is/shall be carried out and a
separate fund has been/shall be earmarked under Environmental Pollution Control
Cost to meet the expanses. The necessary step is/shall always be taken to reduce
the carbon emission from its units. Plantation is/shall be carried out within the plant
premises as well as outside the premises with native species along the road side,
vacant spaces, around settlements etc.
9.4. Economic Growth
Establishment or expansion of any power plant, results in sustainable industrial
activity and growth, which in turn generates direct and indirect opportunities of
employment and business in the region and country. There will be an increase
(directly and indirectly) in the payment of royalty, excise duty and sales tax to
Government due to the proposed expansion.
This proposed expansion will also narrow down the gap between demand and supply
of power.
Chapter‐10
Environment Management Plan
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10.0 Environment Management Plan
An effective environmental management plan helps to ensure the tackling of
unforeseen or unidentified impacts because of the proposed development. In
addition, the plan also guarantees an effective basis to assess the source and
extent of impacts, should this occur.
The environmental management activity at ATPS and BTPS of Obra TPS is
being guided by environmental standards including those established by
industrial codes of practice and UP Pollution Control Board requirements etc.
The proposed extension project of (2x660 MW) will also comply with the
environmental standards. These standards establish criteria for the avoidance
and mitigation of environmental harm that may result due to the development of
the proposed extension.
Environmental protection, like safety, is a line responsibility for which staff at all
levels will have accountability. All staff will be made aware of their responsibilities
through induction and training courses. In addition, procedures, guidelines and
notices issued from time to time will advise staff on how to respond in the event
of an environmental emergency.
As a part of an overall environmental management plan, consideration of the
environmental implications will begin at the project construction stage and
continue through its commissioning and operation phase as well.
The objective of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to identify
administrative aspects for ensuring that mitigation measures are implemented
and their effectiveness is monitored.
The EMP focuses on direct impacts, which are identified as having the potential
to cause significant impacts on the environment and identifies the following:
Specific measures that will be taken to prevent, reduce or manage the
environmental impacts during development and operation; and
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At this stage, where it is not possible to specify aforementioned, EMP
identifies the level of environmental performance that will be expected
during the operation.
UPRVUNL‘s management is committed of using best environment management
practices during construction and operation phases. UPRVUNL will ensure that
environmentally critical actions are undertaken in compliance with various
regulatory requirements. There will be an Environment Management Cell
overseeing all environment and safety responses to ensure implementation of
mitigation measures and monitoring programme (as mentioned in Chapter 4, 6 &
8) during construction and operation phase including findings / recommendation
of third party audit and monitoring results.
10.1. Environment Management Cell
It is necessary to have a permanent organizational set-up charged with the task
of ensuring effective implementation of all identified mitigation measures.
Conscious of this, UPRVUNL will upgrade the existing environment cell,
consisting of officers from various disciplines to coordinate the activities
concerned with the management and implementation of the environmental
control measures during construction and operation phase of the proposed
expansion. UPRVUNL will also develop a well-documented system to monitor
and control pollution. The organization and responsibility of the Environmental
Management Cell (EMC) is presented below in Figure 10.1.
Essentially, this department will be undertaking the monitoring of the
environmental pollution levels by measuring fugitive emissions, ambient air
quality, water and effluent quality, noise level etc., either departmentally or by
appointing external agencies wherever necessary. In case, the monitored results
of environmental pollution will be found to exceed the allowable values, the EMC
will suggest remedial action and ensure that the same are implemented through
the concerned plant authorities. EMC will also coordinate all the related activities
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such as collection of statistics with respect to the health of workers, population of
the region, afforestation and green belt development/plantation.
Figure 10.1 : Environment Management Cell
10.2. Training
To achieve the objective of pollution control, it is essential not only to provide
best pollution control system but also to provide trained manpower resources to
operate the same. Training facilities are/shall be in place for environmental
control. This training cover the items listed below:
Awareness of pollution control and environmental protection;
Operation and maintenance of pollution control equipment;
Knowledge of norms, regulations and procedures; and
Occupational health and safety.
UPRVUNL will ensure that workers prior to commencement of new assignments
receive adequate training and information that will enable them to understand the
Chief Engineer/
Superintending Engineer
Executive Engineer
Assistant Engineer
Junior Engineer
Lab Assistant
Chemist Assistant Workers
Chief Chemist Fire Fighting Officer
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hazards of work and to protect their health from hazardous ambient factors that
may be present. The training will adequately cover:
Knowledge of materials, equipment, and tools;
Known hazards in the operations and how they are controlled;
Potential risks to health;
Precautions to prevent exposure;
Hygiene requirements;
Wearing and use of protective equipment and clothing; and
Appropriate response to operation extremes, incidents and accidents
10.3 Environmental Management during Construction Phase
Environmental pollution during construction phase will have short term and
marginal effect as compared to when the power plant would be in operation.
However, the control of pollution during construction phase is of considerable
importance. Dust will be major problem during construction phase. In order to
reduce the impact during construction, mainly because of dust, the following
factors will be taken are :
Site Preparation
The required land identified for the extension the project of 2X660 MW units is
around 550 acres. UPRVUNL has identified about 550 acres of land at the
existing Obra TPS for installation of expansion project , which will be made
available after demolishing the existing old and dilapidated quarters in sectors
5,6 and 7 of the colony and adjoining land towards north of sector 6 and
abandoned ash dyke. The identified area comprises an area of 78 acre reclaimed
by demolishing/removing the existing hillock.
Dust generated during transportation of debris, soil, excavation, leveling,
stockpiling of backfill materials during construction activities for proposed
extension units will be controlled by water sprinkling. All the disturbed slopes will
be stabilised before the onset of monsoon. The site preparation activities will be
carried out after water sprinkling on haul roads and construction site. Existing
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vegetation barriers would be strengthened for abatement and to act as filters for
control of pollutants.
Sanitation
The manpower required during construction phase will be employed on
temporary basis from the nearby villages in order to avoid the need to construct
temporary houses. However, the sites will also be provided with adequate and
suitable sanitary facilities to allow proper standard of hygiene. These facilities will
include water supply, sanitary toilets and some temporary housing etc.
Noise
The effect of noise on the inhabitants of nearby villages and Obra TPS colony
during the construction activity will be negligible. The workers on site will be
provided noise protection devices like earmuffs. Noise prone construction
activities will be prohibited, as far as possible, during night time particularly
during 10 PM to 6 AM in order to have minimum environmental impact.
Land Environment
As soon as the construction is over the surplus earth and rocks will be utilized to
fill up low-lying areas. The rubbish will be cleared and all unbuilt surfaces will be
reinstated. The vegetation cover will be strengthened after completion of
construction activities. No additional land needs to be procured for augmentation
of capacity. Presently the land is covered with abandoned houses and not being
used for any useful purpose. Most of the land will be utilized after dismantling
abandoned quarters and part of the land (78 acre) is covered by hill in sector -6
which will be utilized after removing the hill and leveling. Hence, the land use
pattern will be affected marginally.
Construction Equipment and Waste
Efforts will be made to prevent accidental spillage of oil from construction
equipment. Combustible waste, if any, will be burnt in a controlled manner. Other
wastes will be disposed off at an identified dumpsite.
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Transportation of Material and Equipment
The proposed site is well developed since the existing units of Obra TPS are in
commercial operation since 1967 and the site is also well connected by road
network. Varanasi -Shaktinagar Highway is passing closely to the proposed site
and it will be used for transportation of material and equipment. There will be no
need to construct new roads, and hence there will not be any destruction of lands
or cutting of trees etc. for laying down of new roads.
Storage of Hazardous Materials
The hazardous materials such as motor spirit, diesel, lubricating oils,
compressed gases, paint and varnishes etc. will be stored as per safety norms.
Socio-Economic and Demography
Normally a construction activity benefits the local population in a number of ways
such as supply of construction labourers, supply of construction material,
provision of goods and services for daily needs. This is likely to have some
impact in the socio-economic and demography of the region.
10.4 Environmental Management During Operation Phase
10.4.1 Management of Air Pollution
Air Pollution is caused by coal fired power generation plant mainly due to
emission of Suspended Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides
emission from stack. There will also be coal dust fugitive emissions from coal
stockyards, transfer points and crusher house. There are no other major
industries in the nearby region. The proposed expansion of capacity at this site is
not going to significantly change the trend as well as levels of existing air
pollutants. The following mechanism to prevent the air pollution from the sources
will be implemented in power plant for controlling air pollution:
Status of the existing units are: Unit 1 of 50 MW commissioned in 1967 and in
operation after renovation in 2009;Unit-2, of 50 MW commissioned in 1968 and in
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operation after renovation in 2009; Unit -3,4 & 5 of 50 MW each which has now
been scrapped;Unit-6 of 100 MW commissioned in 1973 which has also been
scrapped ;Unit – 7 of 100 MW commissioned in 1974, which is not in operation
(R&M works of unit No.7 shall be completed by Nov, 2015);Unit 8 of 100 MW
commissioned in 1975 which is closed and under process of deletion; unit-9 of
200 MW commissioned in 1980 and in operation after renovation in Aug 2011;
Unit-10 of 200 MW commissioned in 1979 which is presently in under R&M,
which is scheduled to be completed by Dec-2015; Unit-11 of 200 MW
commissioned in 1977 is presently under R&M, which is scheduled to be
completed by March, 2016; Unit-12 of 200 MW commissioned in 1981 and in
operation (and due for R&M works) Unit -13 of 200 MW commissioned in 1982
and in operation ( and due for R&M works) the R & M work of unit 12 and 13
shall be completed at the end of Dec-2017. In brief, Units 7 (94 MW), 10 (200
MW) & 11 (200 MW) are under R&M and Units 3, 4, 5, 6 have been deleted;
whereas Unit No. 8 is in process of deletion. Thus, only Units 1, 2, 9, 12 & 13 are
operational at present.
The pulverised coal is fired in the boilers of operating Units for electric power
generation. The flue gases from the two boilers (Unit 1 & 2) of 50 MW of ATPS
are emitted to the atmosphere through one common stack of 120 meter. Unit 7 of
94 MW is under R&M and flue gas from this boiler of ATPS will be emitted into
atmosphere through a stack of 120 meter height after passing through high
efficiency ESP of 99.87%. Flue gas from Unit 9, 10 & 11 of 200 MW is emitted
from 170 meters stack height and flue gases from Unit 12 & 13 of 200 MW is
emitted from 170 meters stack height after passing through ESPs. The emissions
of particulate matter will be below 150 mg/Nm3 for Units 1, 2, and the emissions
of particulate matter will be below 100 mg/Nm3 for Units 9, 10,11,12 & 13.
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The Tentative schedule for R&M of Unit 10 to 13 is given in Table 10.1;
Table 10.1
Tentative Schedule for R&M of Unit 10 to 13
Unit No. Synchronization date
U#10 Dec-2015
U#11 Mar--2016
U#12 Dec-2017
U#13 Dec-2017
Proposed Extension Units:
The ESPs for proposed extension units of 2x660 MW will also be having high
collection efficiency 99.80% to meet the emissions of particulate matter to 50
mg/Nm3. It is proposed to install high efficiency electrostatic precipitator having
an efficiency that limits the outlet emission to 50 mg/Nm3 while the boiler is
operating at its MCR, firing worst coal having maximum ash content.
The electrostatic precipitators will have six (6) parallel gas streams, isolated from
each other on the electrical as well as gas side and will be provided with gas tight
dampers at inlets and outlets of each stream, so as to allow maintenance to be
carried out safely on the faulty stream, while the unit is working. ESP specific
collection area shall not be less than 200 m2/m3/sec at 100% BMCR. Electrostatic
Precipitator will be provided with microprocessor based programmable type
rapper control system and ESP management system to ensure the safe and
optimum operation of ESP. ESP transformer rectifier sets will use high fire point
oil as the cooling medium. The dust collection hoppers at all strategic locations
will have a minimum storage capacity of eight (8) hours. The hoppers will have
heating arrangements to prevent ash sticking to the sloping sides and down
pipes. Level indicators to indicate and trip the ESP in case of high ash levels in
the ash hoppers will be provided for safe operation.
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In order to limit the particulate emission to specified levels even under
contingency such as wide variations in the coal properties etc., it is proposed that
installation of Flue Gas Conditioning (FGC) shall also be envisaged to function in
association with ESPs as stipulated above. However, final selection shall be
based on techno-economic consideration.
Provision of future installation of Flue Gas De-sulphurising (FGD) System
Space provision for the FGD system, to be installed in future (if required), shall
be kept behind the chimney. The design and layout of steam generator and its
auxiliaries will be such that a wet/dry flue gas desulphurization system can be
installed in future, taking suction from duct after ID fan and feeding the
de-sulphurized flue gases back to the chimney with provision for bypassing the
FGD system.
Environmental and Efficiency Considerations
In order to meet the environment norms and maintain the sustained efficiency of
ESP, it shall be adequately designed with sufficient margins for all operating
conditions. The Electrostatic Precipitator Management System (EPMS) in
conjunction with opacity monitor shall continuously monitor and maintain the
optimum energy level to achieve higher efficiency of ESP. For obtaining the
sustained high efficiency and availability of the boiler, it shall be designed for low
NOx formation by adopting the appropriate burners, high efficiency at part load,
flexibility to burn coal within the range specified, quick startup and two shift
operation capability, adequately sized furnace for burning high ash coal and low
flue gas velocities to minimize erosion. In view of the all-round stress on clean
environment and environmental monitoring instruments such as SOx, NOx, O2,
CO2 and dust emission measurements shall also be provided
The units of proposed extension units will have multiflue stack of 275 m to
mitigate the effects of Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides discharged
from the extension units. Results of dispersion model shows that
maximum GLCs of SO2 will be well within permissible limits.
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Attempts will be made to operate boilers with optimum excess air so that
NOx generation is reduced.
Coal transportation for the extension units of 2 x 660 MW is envisaged by
Indian Railways rakes in BOBR/BOXN wagons. Coal received in BOBR
wagons will be unloaded at a track hopper terminal. Water sprinkling
system will also be installed to suppress the coal dust for the proposed
extension units.
Dust Extraction Systems (bag filters in series of cyclones) have been envisaged
for crusher houses, all coal transfer points, bunker bay, tunnels for extraction and
collection of coal dust for the extension units. This further reduces the fugitive
emissions from Coal Handling Plant.
FUEL TRANSPORTATION AND HANDLING SYSTEM
Coal transportation
The coal requirement shall be about 5.528 MTPA based on gross calorific value
of 4000 Kcal/Kg 85% plant load factor and 2250 Kcal/kWh unit heat rate.
The envisaged mode of coal transportation from the coal mines to the power
plant is by Indian Railways rakes in BOBR wagons. In emergency, BOXN rake
shall also be acceptable in the track hopper.
Coal Handling System
The capacity of the CHP has been worked out to meet the peak daily coal
requirement of two units of 660 MW.
The overall operating hours of the coal handling plant shall be 12 hours spread
over two shifts per day leaving third shift exclusively for routine inspection and
maintenance. The proposed CHP shall cater to the peak daily requirement of
coal for the two units in two bunker filling cycles in 12 hrs effective operation.
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The coal handling plant shall be of 2400 MTPH rated capacity with parallel
double stream (one working and one standby) belt conveyors along with facilities
for receiving, unloading, crushing and conveying the crushed coal to boiler
bunkers and stacking/reclaiming the coal to / from crushed coal stockyards. Coal
received in BOBR wagons will be unloaded at a track hopper terminal. In
emergency Coal received in BOXN wagons will also be unloaded in same track
hopper. Coal received at power plant shall be conveyed to the crusher house for
sizing of coal to (-) 20mm. From the crusher house, the crushed coal can either
be conveyed directly to the coal bunkers through a series of conveyors or
stacked on to the crushed coal stockpiles by means of stacker reclaimers.
Motorised travelling trippers shall be provided to feed crushed coal into the raw
coal bunkers of the boilers. Two nos. Rail mounted, travelling stacker-reclaimers,
bucket wheel type are proposed for coal stockyard management. Coal
stockyards proposed shall have crushed coal storage equivalent to 20 days
elsewhere coal consumption at 100% PLF.
ASH HANDLING SYSTEM & ASH WATER RECIRCULATION SYSTEM
The Civil works involved in ash handling system including ash water recirculation
system are as follows:
1. Ash Water Pump House.
2. Bottom Ash Slurry Pump House
3. Transport Air Compressor House
4. Combined slurry pump house/HCSD Pump House
5. Ash water recirculation Pump House
6. Switch gear/MCC and Control Room for all buildings
7. Extraction air compressor house
8. Silo foundation
9. Bottom Ash Slurry Pump House.
10. Steel Trestles for supporting Ash Slurry Piping within plant area and dry fly
ash transportation pipe pedestals up to silos near plant boundary.
11. RCC pedestals for supporting ash disposal pipes
12. RCC pedestals for supporting ash water recirculation pipe.
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13. Bottom ash slurry pipe pedestals
14. Miscellaneous works like Transformer Foundation, Fencing, Paving etc.
15. Miscellaneous structures/ Foundation for buffer hopper Tower and Collector
tank Tower
16. Maintenance Road
All pump houses and other buildings shall have RCC framed structural
arrangement with brick cladding & metal deck roofing filled with RCC. For routing
of the ash pipes at road crossing local hump /culvert or bridges shall be provided
as required.
Preparation of AWRS by UPRVUNL at Obra is shown in Fig.10.1 & 10.2
Fig.10.1 of AWRS at Obra
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Fig.10.2 of AWRS at Obra
ASH DISPOSAL SYSTEM
For the ash disposal, existing ash disposal area is proposed to be used which is
4.5 Km away from proposed plant area. Ash pipe line corridor around ash dyke
with modification of existing dyke, an overflow lagoon and recirculation system
facilities shall be provided.
In this proposed 2x660MW project, (assumed to be operating at an average PLF
of 85%), about 44.224 million cu.m. of ash is expected to be produced in 25
years. However, as per MOEF notification, 100 percent fly ash utilisation is to be
achieved progressively within 4 years of plant commissioning. Accordingly, in the
design life period of 25 years about 8.84 million cu.m. of bottom ash and balance
fly ash after utilization will have to be disposed off. In case 100% fly ash
utilisation is not achieved, additional capacity shall be created within the existing
premises, depending on the extent of ash utilisation. To avoid fugitive ash dust
emission and for promoting vegetation cover, the final ash surface will be
covered with 300 mm thick earth cover.
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10.4.2 Fugitive Emissions
The sources of fugitive emissions are identified during the field study. During
unloading of coal from rail wagons, huge amount of fugitive emissions are
emitted in the atmosphere. For pulverization of coal, primary crusher and
secondary crushers are used. During crushing of coal fugitive emissions are
emitted from crusher houses.
The fugitive emission sources are mainly located in Coal Handling Plant (CHP) in
the following area:
Coal unloading Wagon Tipplers / Track Hoppers (BOBR)
Primary Crushers
Secondary Crushers
Coal Transfer Towers
Coal Stackers / Re-claimers
Prevention & Control of Fugitive Emissions
For achieving effective prevention and control of potential fugitive emission
sources in Thermal Power plants, specific requirements along with guidelines
have been evolved. In order to establish proper management practices,
requirements such as Operation and Maintenance aspects, trained manpower
and documents & records to be maintained are also prescribed. In addition,
general guidelines are also evolved for the sources otherwise not specified.
For the purpose of effective prevention and control of fugitive emissions, the
Thermal power plant is required to implement the following recommendations for
the sections mentioned:
Unloading Section (Coal)
Control Measures to be provided & Guidelines
1. Water shall be sprayed on the top of wagons prior to unloading as shown
below as best practices.
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2. During Wagon Tippling the water nozzles provided shall be doubled in row
parallel to each other & water shall be sprayed with pressure through nozzle. The
water spray from nozzles in the wagon tippler will start automatically at the time
of tippling.
3. The amount of water sprayed shall preferably be optimized by employing
proper design of spray system. Suitable systems may be adopted to reduce the
problems like choking, jamming of the moving parts.
Coal Handling Plant (Including Transfer Points) Control Measures
1. Airborne dust at primary & secondary crusher all transfer operations / points
shall be controlled either by spraying water or by extracting to bag filter. The
working of dust extraction system / bag filter should be regularly checked.
2. The cyclone type dust extraction systems are provided at various locations in
CHP shall be regularly checked for choking etc.
3. Water spray system shall be provided for suppressing the air borne dust or
dry extraction cum bag filter with adequate dust extraction volume.
4. Belt conveyors will be closed and water nozzles shall be used at some points
of the belt conveyer. This will avoid wind blowing of fines.
Coal Stacker - Control Measures to be Provided & Guidelines
1. The coal stackers shall be properly wetted with spray guns periodically
provided around the stacker area.
a) Wetting before unloading.
Coal shall be sufficiently moistened to suppress fines by spraying minimum
quantity of water, if possible.
b) Spray water at crusher discharge and transfer points.
Water spray shall also be applied at crusher discharge and transfer points.
Storage of Fly ash
1. Dry fly ash shall be transported in closed tankers or bulkers. Fly ash shall be
pumped directly from the tankers to silos pneumatically in closed loop or
mechanically such that fugitive emissions do not occur.
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2. Dry Fly ash shall be stored in silos only. The silo vent be provided with a bag
filter type system to vent out the air borne fines.
3. Fly ash in the dry form shall be encouraged and in wet form shall be
discouraged.
4. The dry fly ash should be sent to closed silos.
The proposed expansion units will be having 'On-line' monitoring
instruments for Particulates and Sulphur Dioxide. The feedback
from these units will be used to control the operating parameters
of boilers.
The oil support is required to maintain proper combustion in
boilers particularly during light up of boiler and in wet months.
Attempts will be made by Obra TPS to use low sulphur oil. This
will help in controlling the SO2 emission.
Ambient Air Quality and Stack emission monitoring will be done on
regular basis as specified in the later part of this chapter.
These steps will meet the ambient air quality standards prescribed by Uttar
Pradesh Pollution Control Board.
Recommendation for Installation of Dry Fog Suppression System
The power plant should adopt the Dry Fog Suppression technique to suppress
the fugitive emission arises from various operation. The Dry Fog Dust
Suppression system controls virtually all types of respirable and larger airborne
dust and mists.
Control virtually all types of respirable and larger airborne dusts and mists arising
from materials handling with a Dry Fog Dust Suppression system from Turbo
Sonic. Typically installed at crushers, screens and transfer points, Dry Fog
agglomerates dust at the source by using Sonic Atomizing Nozzles to create fine
water droplets that impinge the airborne dust.
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10.5 Management of Water Pollution
Water is an important input for operation of a power plant. It is necessary that
management of water pollution be done efficiently to avoid any adverse impact
on the environment. The effluent being generated during operation of the plant
are mainly Cooling tower blow down, Boiler and De-mineralisation Plant Waste,
Oil Contaminated Streams, Coal Handling Area run off, Ash slurry waste etc.
Cooling Water Management
Existing Units:
ATPS (2 x 50 MW + 2 x94 MW) and BTPS (5 x 200 MW) units of Obra TPS are
operating on once through system. Cooling water for condenser is drawn from
Obra dam constructed on Rihand river and after condensing steam hot water is
cooled by natural process of zig zag path of flow and discharged back into the
Rihand river. Measures have been taken to cool the hot water discharge prior to
meeting Rihand river by means of zig zag path. Measurement of temperature
near the confluence point indicated that temperature difference of cooling water
discharge and U/s of river is 4.80C which is within prescribed norms of 50C.
Proposed extension units:
The extension units in Obra TPS would be operating on closed cycle cooling
system. In this system only make up water is required resulting in less
consumption of water as compared with once through cooling system. This will
eliminate thermal discharge into water receiving body. Since there will be no
thermal discharge into any stream, there will be no impact on the surface water
quality. However, for better management of cooling water, the following steps
would be taken:
Flow measuring and recording devices would be provided for the make-up and
blowdown from cooling tower. The circulating water would be treated and
conditioned with inhibitors and biodegradable biocides. This is required for
protection of heat transfer surfaces vis a vis prevention of frequent leakage
resulting in pollution problems.
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Boiler Cleaning and Demineralisation Plant Waste Water:
Existing Units:
Presently DM plant for BTPS is under working condition and new DM plant for
ATPS is being constructed. DM water requirement for the running units of ATPS
is met from the DM plant of BTPS. DM plant regeneration effluent for the units of
BTPS has been using treatment process to control pollution because of pH
changes arising from the waste water generated during regeneration process.
The control measures include flow equalization, pH correction, chemical
precipitation followed by sedimentation. The treated water from the treatment
plant is discharged into plant drain from where it is discharged into Rihand river.
Proposed extension units:
The proposed extension units at Obra TPS would use control technology to
arrest the pollution because of dissolved solids, suspended solids and pH
changes arising from the waste water of D.M. plant and boiler cleaning. It is
planned that waste water treatment facility would be set up to treat the above
mentioned wastes. The control measures would include flow equalization, pH
correction, chemical precipitation followed by sedimentation. The precipitated
sludge would be dumped into the ash ponds to acts as top layer for development
of green belt on ash filled dykes. The treated water from the treatment plant
would be discharged into Central Monitoring Basin from where part of water will
be used in ash handling plant and part will be utilized for plantation and green
belt development.
Oil Contaminated Streams:
Oil handling area run off is the main source of oil contamination in a thermal
power station. Oil contamination may also result from washing of floors, and
leakages from pumps, oil system of turbine, nsformers and other equipment. It is
planned that all plant drains with oil contaminated streams would be segregated.
Effluent from oil handling will be taken to oil removal system where clear oil will
be taken back to fuel tank and the water led to the AHP sump. Skimming tank will
be provided separately to remove contaminated oil.
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10.5.1 Water Treatment Systems
The water treatment system of the project comprises of Water Pre-treatment
Plant, Water Dematerializing Plant, Chlorination Plant, Condensate Polishing
Plant, CW Treatment Plant and Ash Water re-circulation System as described
below:
Water Pre-Treatment Plant
The pretreatment plant would be designed to remove suspended/colloidal matter
in the raw water. Separate pretreatment plant shall be provided for meeting the
CW system, Demineralization (DM) Plant and potable water system. A common
chemical house shall be provided to store chemicals such as chlorine, lime, alum
& coagulant aid and respective lime, alum and coagulant dosing equipment such
as tanks, pumps etc for all the PT systems. However independent chemical
preparation tanks and chemical dosing pumps shall be provided for each PT
system.
Two (2) reactor type clarifiers each of 2750 m3/hr capacity shall be provided for
CW system. The Water pre-treatment system for potable water system of 100
m3/hr capacity shall be considered in CW clarifiers and two (2) pressure filters
each of 2x100 m3/hr capacity. Water pre-treatment system for DM Plant would
consist of One (1) reactor type clarifier of 200 m3/hr capacity and two (2) gravity
filters each of 200 m3/hr capacity. Each of the clarifier shall be provided with a
stilling chamber cum aerator and provision for dosing of alum, lime, coagulant aid
and chlorine. There shall be one standby gravity filter for each water pre-
treatment system. Water from the clarifiers shall be led to clarified water storage
tank and to the filters as the case may be. Water from the clarified water storage
tank shall be pumped to the Ventilation system make up and CW system make
up by separate sets of pumps.
Each of the clarifier shall be provided with a stilling chamber cum aerator and
provision for dosing of alum, lime, coagulant aid and chlorine. There shall be one
standby gravity filter for each water PT system. Water from the clarifiers shall be
led to clarified water storage tank and to the filters as the case may be. Water
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from the clarified water storage tank shall be pumped to the Ventilation system
make up and CW system make up by separate sets of pumps.
From the gravity filters, filtered water would flow by gravity to respective filtered
water reservoirs and filtered water would be pumped to DM plant and potable
water system.
Required hoists, cranes and weighing scales shall be provided for handling
pumps, chemicals, chlorine tonne containers etc.
The Water pre-treatment plants shall be provided with required instrumentation,
interlocks, controls, control panels to facilitate safe & reliable operation.
CW Treatment System
It is proposed to provide suitable chemical treatment programme of acid dosing
and scale cum corrosion inhibitor dosing for the CW system for control of CW
system water chemistry. It is proposed to provide acid & chemical storage tanks
and dosing pumps as a part of CW treatment system. The plant shall be provided
with neutralization pits, disposal pumps with required corrosion measurement
rack, instrumentation for interlocks and controls, control panels etc. to facilitate
safe & reliable operation.
Ash Water Re-circulation System
It is envisaged to provide ash water re-circulation system to meet the
requirements of environmental authority. For re-circulaiton of ash water
modification in the natural ash dyke is to be done for decanting pond. Decanted
water from ash pond shall be led to the plant area by using 3x50 % capacity
pumps and the same shall be conveyed through carbon steel pipes from ash
dyke to plant area. . This water will be used further in the ash handling system.
Blow down of ash water from the system shall be carried out to maintain the
system scale free. Normal make up to the ash water system shall be from CW
blow down water.
However provision shall also be kept for operating ash water system on “Once
Through” mode also. During “Once Through” mode operation, additional makeup
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shall be met from the plant raw water supply. Provision to supply treated plant
effluent from central monitoring basin to ash handling shall also be kept.
Effluent Treatment System
The liquid effluents shall be collected and treated / recycled generally as per the
following design philosophy. The ash water from the ash dyke shall be re-
circulated as described above. The filter backwash water of PT Plant shall be
collected and recycled back to the DM system clarifier. At present ETP SYSTEM
AT Obra is shown in Fig-10.3 & 10.4 below.
Fig-10.3 of ETP at Obra TPS
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Fig-10.4 of ETP at Obra TPS
Sewerage
A network of underground sewerage system shall be provided in the plant area.
Sewage Treatment Plant shall be provided and shall have sufficient capacity to
cater for the discharge of plant. CI pipes shall be used for catch pipes and RCC
concrete pipes shall be used for trunk sewage disposal pipes. However, CI
pressure pipes shall be used for disposal under pressure. The sludge from
clarifiers of Water PT plant shall be collected in a sump / pit and shall be pumped
to ash slurry sump for disposal to ash dyke.
The waste effluents from neutralization pits of DM plant and Condensate
Polishing Plant shall be collected in the respective neutralisation pits and
neutralised before pumping to ash slurry sump or to the central monitoring basin
before final disposal. CW system blow down would be used as make up to Ash
handling Plant. Excess CW blow down if any shall be led to Central Monitoring
Basin. Blow down (if required) from ash water re-circulation system shall also be
led to Central Monitoring Basin. A coal settling pond shall be provided to remove
coal particles from coal handling plant waste. Decanted water shall be pumped
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back to the coal dust suppression system Service water effluent drains from
various areas shall be separately routed to a sump. From the sump the service
water shall be pumped upto plate separators/tube settler for treatment of
suspended solids. Treated service water shall be sent back to service water tank
to the extent possible for re-use. All the plant liquid effluents shall be mixed in
CMB and finally disposed off from central monitoring basin up to the final
disposal point pumps using carbon steel pipe through 2 x 100% capacity.
Coal Handling Area run off:
Coal handling area run off may occur due to rainfall. It has been planned to have
a guard drain in the coal yard so that the run off could be collected at a point.
This stream may contain mainly suspended coal particles. It would be led to a
holding basin to settle the coal particles. Settled coal particles would be
excavated during dry seasons.
Ash Slurry Waste:
Proposed extension units:
Dry fly ash collection system has been envisaged for the extension units of 2 x
660 MW. Dry fly ash will be collected in silos and will be utilized by the cement
manufacturers.
The bottom ash slurry would be hydraulically transported to the existing ash dyke
through pipelines to a distance of approximately 3.5 km from the plant. The ash
would settle in the ash dyke and the overflow would be discharged into a central
monitoring basin and from there part will be recycled back to ash handling plant
and part will be utilized for plantation and green belt development. The following
measures have been planned:
Inlet of ash slurry and overflow would be properly located in the ash dyke to
avoid short cuts and carrying of ash into any surface water bodies. A skimmer
wall would be provided at the outlet to retain the solids.
The over flow from ash dyke would be recycled back for ash slurry
preparation and partly for plantations and green belt development. All efforts
would be made to make the overflow as clear as possible.
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Compartmentalization of ash dyke would also be considered to increase its
efficiency.
The existing ash dyke would be utilized for disposal of bottom ash slurry from
the proposed extension units and no separate ash dyke has been envisaged.
10.6 Management of Noise
The operation of thermal power plant generates some noise. In order to assess
the impact of noise generated due to operation of the existing units, ambient
Noise level measurement was conducted. The result indicates that there is no
contribution of noise levels in the nearby villages or habitat places including
sensitive zones i.e. residential areas, schools, dispensaries etc. The capacity
addition due to proposed extension units would also not likely to change the
situation.
Ambient Noise level inside the plant premises were found higher than
permissible for industrial area. However, the following steps will be taken to
control the impact of noise generated from power plant:
The technical specifications for machine of proposed extension
units (fan, motor, compressors) will incorporate the limits for
maximum permissible noise. Obra TPS to procure quite running
machines.
All the machines would be maintained regularly for keeping the
sound power levels at designed conditions.
The silencers and mufflers of the individual machines would be
checked regularly.
Noise proof enclosures/noise refuge will be provided in all the
sections prone to generation of high noise.
The main source of noise in the power plant is steam venting. The
silencers will be provided in steam exhausts.
All the workers prone to high noise level exposures will be
provided with ear safety devices and will be made aware about
the potential hazards of noise pollution.
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Provision of rotation of workers to minimize exposure time will be
kept.
Noise absorbent padding will be provided in false roof ceiling
panels, walls and doors. The control rooms would be properly
designed to avoid any sound transmission leak into the room.
A properly designed green belt, with right choice of trees, acts as
sink/absorber of unwanted noise. This would help in reducing the
ambient noise levels to a considerable extent. The green belts will
be strengthened at all the places.
10.7 Ash Management
FLY ASH UTILIZATION
As per, Ministry of Environment & Forest‘s Gazette Notification on Ash Utilization dated
03-11-2009 all new power stations shall have to utilize ash to the extent of 50% in 1 year
from the date of commissioning, 70% in 2 years from the date of commissioning, 90% in
3 years from the date of commissioning and 100% in 4 years from the date of
commissioning.
Coal requirement for 2x660 MW will be 5.528 MTPA. Coal will be obtained from
Saharpur-Jamarpani Sector, Brahmani Basin, Rajmahal group of Coalfields,
Jharkhand coal blocks, which has been allocated and LOA was issued on
25.07.2007. Ash and sulphur content in coal will be 32% and 0.4% respectively.
About 1.415168 MTPA of fly ash and 0.353792 MTPA of bottom ash will be
generated. M/s Jai Prakash Associates Limited Cement Division has Interest to
utilize Dry Fly Ash generated from Proposed 2 x660MW TPS at Obra for
manufacturing of cement vide letter no-JAL/DCF/DFA-UPRVUNL dated
06.08.2012 annexed at Annexure 9.0. No additional ash pond area is required
for expansion project and existing ash pond area is about 72 ha and co-ordinates
of the ash pond site is located within Latitude 2800’48.67” N and Longitude
7806’10.65” E.
1. The company shall provide system for 100% extraction of dry fly ash along
with suitable storage facilities. Provision shall also be kept for segregation of
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coarse and fine ash, loading this ash in to closed / open trucks. This will
ensure availability of dry fly ash required for manufacture of Fly Ash based
Portland Pozzolana Cement (FAPPC), asbestos cement products; use in
cement concrete works, ash based building products and other uses of ash.
2. The company shall make efforts to motivate and encourage entrepreneurs to
set up ash based building products such as fly ash bricks etc.
3. Pilot cum demonstration fly ash brick manufacturing plant shall be set up at
this thermal power project and bricks produced shall be utilized in the
construction activities and also for demonstration to the local entrepreneurs to
encourage them for manufacturing ash bricks in the area.
4. To promote use of ash in agriculture / wasteland development – show case
project shall be taken up in the vicinity of power stations.
5. All government/ private agencies responsible for construction/ design of
buildings, development of low lying areas, and construction of road
embankments etc. within 100 kms of the plant area shall be persuaded to use
ash and ash based products in compliance of MoEF’s gazette notification.
With all the efforts mentioned above - it is expected that fly ash generated at the
thermal power stations shall be utilized in the areas of cement, concrete and
asbestos cement products manufacturing, brick manufacturing, road construction
etc. However, in order to prepare realistic road map for 100% Ash Utilization,
detailed market study shall be carried out. Based on the recommendation of
study, detailed Road Map for 100% Ash Utilization in line with MoEF gazette
notification shall be prepared and submitted to the regulatory authorities. The
ash production in the thermal power plant result from the combustion of coal,
consisting roughly 20 % bottom ash and 80 % fly ash. Ash disposal is the most
serious problem being faced by thermal power plant including Obra TPS. Dry fly
ash disposal system has been envisaged for the extension units. Fly ash will be
pneumatically transported and stored in silos and from there Cement
manufactures will lift the fly ash in a special enclosed container for manufacturing
cement.
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The Ash utilization plan for Obra TPS is given in Table 10.2 below:
Table 10.2
Ash Utilisation Plan for OBRA TPS Year Ash Generation
(TPA) ESP Ash Utilisation
(TPA) Planned Mode of Fly Ash Utilisation (ESP Ash+ Bottom Ash + Pond Ash)
Storage in Ash pond (TPA)
Bottom Ash
Fly Ash Total Ash
Utilization of fly Ash
% Utilization of Fly Ash
In manufacturing of Portland Puzzolana
Cement (TPA)
Ash Brick plant (TPA)
In Reclaimation of low lying area & mine filling
(20% of Bottom Ash ) (TPA)
Total (TPA)
2015-16 363933 1455732 1819665 436720 30 436720 0 72787 509506 1310159
2016-17 400606 1602422 2003028 640969 40 640969 0 80121 721090 1362059
2017-18 444881 1779523 2224404 889761 50 889761 0 88976 978738 1334642
2018-19 602422 2409688 3012110 1445813 60 1445813 0 120484 1566297 1566297
2019-20 602422 2409688 3012110 1686781 70 1686781 0 120484 1807266 1325328
2020-21 776140 3104559 3880699 2275186 80% of old units +50%
of new units
2275186 0 155228 2430414 1605513
2021-22 954683 3818733 4773416 3155051 90% of old units +70%
of new units
3155051 0 190937 3345987 1618366
2022-23 954683 3818733 4773416 3677828 100% of old units +90% of new units
3677828 0 190937 3868765 1095588
2023-24 954683 3818733 4773416 3818733 100% of old units +100% of new units
3818733 0 190937 4009670 954683
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Note:
Unit # 3, 4, 5 (50 MW each) Deleted.
Unit # 6 is deleted, and Unit # 8 (100 MW each)is closed and is under process of
deletion.
Unit # 7 (100MW) is presently under R&M and shall be operational by Nov 2015.
Unit # 10 (200MW) is under R&M and shall be operational by Dec 2015.
Unit # 11 (200MW) is under R&M and shall be operational by Mar 2016.
Unit # 12 (200MW) shall go for R&M from Dec 2015 and shall be operational by
Dec 2017.
Unit # 13 (200MW) shall go for R&M from Mar 2016 and shall be operational by
Dec 2017.
1st Unit of 660 MW Obra ‘C’ to start generation wef July, 2020.
2nd Unit of 660MW Obra ‘C’ to start generation wef Dec, 2020.
Coal consumption for 2x660 MW= 5.528 MTPA, Ash Generation= 1.76896 MTPA
(Bottom Ash) = 0.353792 MTPA, Dry Ash= 1.415168 MTPA)
So at 85% PLF coal requirement =5.528 MTPA
Pneumatic conveying system shall be employed for extraction of fly ash from the
electrostatic precipitator hoppers in dry form.
Bottom ashes collected in economizer hopper are/shall be conveyed in wet form
through bottom ash disposal pipes to ash slurry pump. Also for wet
transportation, fly ash generated in dry form is/shall be conveyed through
vacuum to ash collecting tower where it is mixed with water to form slurry which
is collected in ash slurry pump from where it is pumped to ash dyke located in
village Chakari (4.5 km from plant site).
MOU has been signed with M/s Jaiprakash Associates Limited for installation of
dry fly ash extraction system for utilizing fly ash to the tune of 5.528 lacs MT per
annum from the existing units of Obra ‘B’TPS for their cement manufacturing
plant at Dalla in Sonebhadra district and Chunar in Mirzapur district and also
from unit no-1 & 2(2X50MW) of ATPS.
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Existing ash dyke is located in village Chakari (4.5 km from plant site) with
following parameters:
Total Ash Pond Area – Approximately 72.00 ha
The existing ash pond is naturally divided into many parts by the many natural
and elongated earth mounds lying inside the pond which is surrounded by earth
dykes / embankments. The dykes / embankments will be raised for disposal of
ash slurry from the proposed 2x660MW new units also. Efforts will be made to
evacuate the naturally divided ponds by allowing the needy agency to lift the
pond ash to make them ready in turns for lining purposes. Suitable LLDPE liner
will be provided on the bottom of the pond and sides of the raised bund so as to
ensure impermeability of the ash pond. A typical cross-section of the dyke
showing provision of LLDPE liner is shown hereunder:
Bottom ash which will be around 20% of total ash generated, will be disposed off
in slurry form in the existing ash dyke. However, as per guidelines of MOEF a
comprehensive plan has been drawn for utilization of 100% ash utillisation for
Obra TPS.
Cross section of Ash Pond Lining Details
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10.8 Socio - Economic Environment
It is envisaged that setting up and expansion of thermal power plant would lead
to certain impacts on socio-economic environment. The opportunities for direct
and indirect employment will increase. It may lead to industrialization of area.
The demographic pattern of the area may change to some extent. It needs a
well-designed Environmental Management Plan for the related problems of coal
dust in the atmosphere, effluent discharge, if any, ash disposal are very critical
with reference to environment pollution. Since these pollution problems, if not
tackled properly, may lead to various health complications as well as discomfort
to aesthetic attributes, socio-economic environment assumes a very significant
position in the EIA studies related to such project. The following measures will be
taken for an effective Environment Management Plan leading to achieving
desired benefits without any adverse impacts:
Employment to local population at least in unskilled category.
The main immediate expectation from any new thermal power
plant is improvement in supply of electricity. The area which are
very near to power plant and have irregular and low voltage power
supply will be identified and these areas will be considered to
provide electricity on priority basis. This would also lead to good
will for the power plant management.
Welfare activities for nearby rural areas will be strengthened.
Power plant may adopt one or two villages in the area and may
develop them as model village.
The black smoke coming out of power plant stack certainly
adversely affects the aesthetics of the area. It will be ensured that
pollution control equipment installed at the power plant are always
working in proper condition.
Trees will be planted along road sides in such a way that there is
no direct line of sight to the installation when viewed from a point
outside the foliage perimeter.
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Proper use of modern technologies involving reuse of fly ash
leading to economic benefits as well as prevention of pollution will
be adopted.
The possibilities of providing subsidies or equity participation for
fly ash bricks plants will be explored. The use of fly ash bricks in
the nearby areas will be encouraged. The advantages of fly ash
bricks, particularly in reference to soil conservation in the area
should be explained to local population.
Awareness programs on environmental aspect and operation of
thermal power plant will be organised for local population. This will
remove many of the apprehensions from their minds.
10.9 Rain Water Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting at Obra Power Project site shall be carried out, if required, so
as to conserve rainwater and reduce the overall water consumption for plant
requirements
The convenient and economical way of achieving the same is by adopting roof water
harvesting methodologies. Rain water harvesting supplements in meeting various
non-potable purpose of water usage in the power plant like:
Water for gardening purposes
Water for sprinklers that are used on coal
For use in flushing of toilets
The above components of non - potable use for which water is otherwise to be
supplied from raw reservoir could therefore be saved.
Components of the Rain Water Harvesting Scheme
a. Rainwater harvesting to enrich the groundwater resources.
b. Rainwater harvesting scheme intended for roof water harvesting scheme. In
either case, following will be the components of the rainwater harvesting
schemes.
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Rainwater harvesting carried out for enriching the groundwater resources
essentially consists of:
i. Recharging pits
ii. Common underground sump
iii. Pipeline(s) connecting each of the recharge pits
Following are the main components proposed for the roof water harvesting system at
the thermal power plant including their location in the project area:
a. Rainwater pipes from the roofs of all the station Building, and other non - plant
building in the vicinity viz. Workshop, Service building, DM plant/Chemical
house, Fire station building, Canteen etc.
b. Storm water drains adjoining the roads of cooling Towers, ESP/ Boiler areas of
the plant
c. Rain water collection tank (underground)
d. Pipelines from the rainwater collection tank to the overhead tank and from the
tank to various utilities
The exact location of these components including of details of components like
pumping main and synthetic tanks could be finalised after identifying the exact
location of the storm water out fall that shall be collected in the proposed
rainwater collection tank. All storm water drains of the main plant area shall be
connected the rainwater collection tank
Integration with Storm Water Drains
The roof water of the station buildings such as Fire station, Canteen, Workshop
building, etc. shall be collected in the proposed rainwater collection tank. All
storm water drains of the main plant area shall be connected to the rainwater
collection tank.
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Storm water from drains and rainwater collected in the rainwater tank shall be
utilized for further use. This is achieved by installing a suitable pump at one end
of the tank. This shall pump the collected water to the synthetic PVC tank
installed on the roof of superstructures like Station Building, etc. The size of the
synthetic tank shall be suitable sized based on the rainfall intensity and the run
off thereof. Additional tank could be installed as and intensity and the run off
thereof. Additional tank could be installed as and when the underground tanks
are added. PVC pipe is proposed for pumping water from the rainwater collection
tank to the tanks on top of the buildings.
Collected water from the synthetic tank is distributed by gravity through PVC
pipes of 100 mm diameter to desired locations for non-potable use as explained
earlier.
Furthermore, most of the junctions (similar to manholes of closed conduit system
drains), namely chambers can be made deep enough to allow water to collect
and enrich the groundwater source in the storm water drainage network of the
main power plant. The dimensions of such chambers including its depth shall be
decided at the time of detailed design.
However, Director Underground Water Department, Lucknow has informed that
rainwater harvesting is not required in the Chopan Block of Distt Sonebhadra
where the proposed project is situated. Refer to Annexure-17
10.10 Green Belt Development
Strengthening of existing green belt in and around Obra TPS will be done by
planting local species of trees. Steps have already been taken by the TPS
authorities in this direction. An area of around 140 Hectare has been earmarked
for the green belt development viz. along the boundary of the proposed project
area, abandoned ash pond and some pockets.
The green belt development shall be carried out through Forest Department. The
detailed proposal for green belt development in abandoned ash pond of Obra
Thermal Power project and other area of Power station has been submitted by
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Forest department vide their letters dated 26.4.13 & 03.06.2013 are enclosed as
Annexure 11. The same has been approved by UPRVUNL vide OM
No.404/UNL/E&S dated 20.07.2013 and annexed at Annexure-12 and amount
of Rs.207.893 Lakhs has been released to site for taking the work. The details of
green belt development is shown on plot plan on annexed at Annexure-13.The
details of green belt development in abundant ash pond of Obra Thermal Power
Project are as given in Table 10.3 below :
Table 10.3
Green belt budget Allocation
S.
No.
Details of Work Year Budget (Rs.)
in Lacs
1 First Part (Advance Soil Work) 2015-16 132.147
2 Second Part (Greenbelt Development
work)
2015-16 52.647
3 Third part (First Maintenance) 2016-17 24.199
4 Fourth Part (Second Maintenance) 2017-18 9.290
Total 218.283
As per Govt. order no.A-2-23/10-2011-
17(4)/75 dated 25.01.2011 Add 12.5%
additional duty
27.285
Grand Total 245.568
The total plan of green belt development will meet the norms as per MoEF
guidelines for development of greenbelt at Thermal Power Station. The same
shall cover ecological restoration of Ash pond also.
The main tree species to be planted and minimum height of plants at the time of
plantation is given in Table 10.4 bellow:
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Table 10.4
The main tree species to be planted
S.NO Species Minimum height of Plants at Plantation stage
Block Belt Urban
1 Shisham 1.0 1.5 1.5
2 Siras 1.0 1.5 1.5
3 Mango 1.0 1.5 1.5
4 Jamun 1.0 1.5 1.5
5 Arjun 1.0 1.5 1.5
6 Kanji 0.6 1.5 1.5
7 Gulmohar - 1.5 1.5
8 Jackrenda - 1.5 1.5
9 Kachnar - 0.6 0.6
10 Amaltash - 0.6 0.6
11 Savni - 0.6 0.6
12 Botteltree - 0.7 0.7
13 Platoforam - 0.6 0.6
14 Pipal 1.0 1.5 1.5
15 Pakad 1.0 1.5 1.5
16 Bargad 1.0 1.5 1.5
17 Gular 1.0 1.5 1.5
18 Prosopira 0.45 - -
19 Jungle Jlaebi 0.45 - -
20 Sagon 0.40 - -
21 Euclyptus 0.6 1.0 -
22 Popular 2.0 - -
23 Kher 0.35 - -
24 Babool 0.45 - -
25 Neem 1.0 1.5 1.5
26 Bamboo 0.40 - -
27 Kadam - 1.5 1.5
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The plantation success percentage is given in Table 10.5 is below :
Table 10.5
The plantation success percentage
Year Western Ganges
Area
Eastern Ganges
Area
Tarai Area Vindhyachal &
Bundelkhand Area
Non
damaged
10%
damaged
Non
damaged
10%
damag
ed
Non
damag
ed
10%
damag
ed
Non
damaged
10%
damaged
0 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95
1 79 88 90 99 91 100 75 84
2 68 75 83 91 83 91 69 77
3 59 65 76 83 75 82 64 71
4 51 56 70 76 68 74 60 66
5 46 50 65 70 60 65 56 61
6 42 45 61 65 53 57 53 57
7 40 42 57 60 46 49 50 53
8 40 42 54 56 40 42 49 51
9 40 42 52 53 34 35 47 48
10 40 42 51 52 28 29 47 48
The Sonebhadra, Mirzapur & Varanasi area comes in the Vindhyachal and
Bundelkhand Agricultural Area.
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10.11 CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM)
Sustainable power generation has been one of the prime objectives of
UPRVUNL. Towards achieving this objective, various measures have been
introduced to ensure minimum degradation of the environment due to the
operation of the power stations. There is growing concern world over and
UPRVUNL is no exception towards contribution of green house gases released
due to fossil fuel firing towards global warming. As a part of the agreement under
Kyoto Protocol the CDM has been introduced to enable trading of Certified
Emission Reduction (CER) between the developed countries and the developing
countries. Although, this issue is being exhaustively deliberated to establish long
ranging solutions, accordingly, it is proposed to have supercritical boilers at the
Obra-C as extension project in place of earlier proposed 2X500 MW. In view of
the increased efficiency (2.4%) of super-critical boiler as compared to sub-critical
boiler, the coal consumption per unit of electricity generation would be lower with
consequent reduction in CO2 emissions. The reduction in CO2 emissions would
be of the order of 0.26 million tons per year. For the entire life of the plant (i.e. 25
years), it would be of the order of about 6.5 million tons. Since the super-critical
technology is still under implementation stage in India, operation of super-critical
boilers using the low grade Indian coal is challenging and technology barriers will
have to be overcome. Investment costs for plant with super-critical boilers is
higher as compared to the plant with sub-critical boilers. As such, Obra-C Project
is likely to fulfill the requirements of the CDM additionality.
10.12 ENVIRONMENTAL COST
A cost provision of approximately Rs.634.347 crore has been kept towards
providing environmental measures.
Chapter‐11
Public Consultation
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11. PUBLIC CONSULTATION
Public participation in EIA has a critical role to play in helping to integrate
economic, social and environmental objectives. Public participation is
necessary for minimizing or avoiding public controversy, confrontation &
delay and can make a positive contribution to the EIA process.
Involvement of the public is one of the fundamental principles of a successful
EIA process. It not only provides an opportunity to those directly affected by a
project to express their views on the environmental and social impacts of the
proposal but also brings about transparency in the environmental clearance
system. Nearly all EIA systems make some sort of provision for public
involvement.
As per EIA Notification, 2006; Public Consultation is the process by which the
concerns of local affected persons and others who have plausible stack in the
environmental impacts of the project or activity are ascertained with a view to
taking into account all the material concerns in the project or activity designed
as appropriate.
In line with EIA Notification, 2006; EIA report has been finalized based on
TOR issued by Ministry of Environment & Forests, New Delhi. This EIA
Report along with Executive Summary in Hindi & English and in soft form
(CD) was submitted by Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited to
U.P. Pollution Control Board for arranging Public Hearing.
Executive Summary in Hindi & English was hoisted on web – site of U.P.
Pollution Control Board for inviting comments of the public. Also notice of
Public Hearing was published in Local News Paper – Dainik Jagran, Varanasi
edition dated 12.09.2014 (Copy of Newspaper cutting enclosed at Annexure-
19).
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In line with public notice, public hearing was organised at Collectorate
Auditorium, Sonebhadra on 17.10.2014 from 01.00 PM. The Public Hearing
was attended by the villagers from nearby villages. The attendance list of the
public present in Public Hearing is enclosed at Annexure- 21.
This public hearing was organised under supervision and chairmanship of
Shri Mani Lal Yadav, ADM (Administration) – Sonebhadra. During the public
hearing officials of Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited and
PCRI made presentation on salient project features and environmental
aspects to the public. The main issues of the public during the Public Hearing
were as follows:
33 % of area for Green Belt Development
Installation of High efficiency Electro Static Precipitators to limit
SPM with 100 mg/Nm3.
Installation of 275 m high stack for better dispersion of pollutants
Appropriate arrangement for pollution control at Coal Handling Plant
Sprinklers be provided at Ash Pond to prevent fugitive dust
emissions
Effluent recycling be practiced. No effluent be discharged in Rihand
river and its tributaries.
Effluent Treatment and Sewage Treatment Plants be installed.
Treated water be used for Green Belt Development.
Effective measures be taken to control Noise Pollution.
Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Limited assured the public to
consider the public opinions and take care of these issues appropriately. In
the last, the public welcomed the project and accorded its consent through
voice vote. The minutes of the meeting of the Public Hearing issued by U.P.
Pollution Control Board is enclosed in Annexure - 20.
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11.1 Public Hearing Points raised during Public Hearing
Public hearing was done on date 17.10.2014 in the presence of Sri Kalika Singh,
RO/Sonebhadra, Sri Mani Lal Yadav, ADM (F/R) Sonebhadra, Sri Sanjay Tiwari
CGM/OTPS and other project officers & the public.
S.N. Issue raised Issue raised by Reply/Action taken so far
1. Pollution is generated by the industries. Management is not making enough efforts to control the pollution. Ground water is contaminated with Fluoride, Arsenic etc. The emission from chimney damaged the agriculture and Industry. Proposed project may be accorded conditional NOC. The district should be awarded 100MW Electricity free of cost.
Sri Chaudhari Yasvant Singh of NGO- Jan Sevak Gramodyog Sewa Sansthan, Robertsganj)
S.E. (HQ) of OTPS said that due attention shall be paid to various suggestions made in this public hearing. Education facilities shall be provided to children of local area; medical facilities shall be provided at nominal charges; Employment shall be provided to local residents through contractors directly as well as indirectly; Obra TPS is contributing to the welfare of local public of nearby villages through various CSR activities and in future, the scope of CSR shall be further increased; There is problem of pollution; we are not acquiring any additional land; we shall fulfil all the norms regarding pollution.
2 Ash is being disposed in to the river through Jhariya Nala
Sri Sangram Misra (Ex. Distt. President, Hindu Yuva Vahini), Sonebhadra
Sri Sanjay Tiwari, CGM, Obra thanked the participants of public hearing and intimated that this project shall be installed on the 550 acre land and shall be contributing towards employment directly as well as indirectly. CGM also intimated that in compliance with orders of National Green Tribunal, Obra project has installed 7 nos. RO plants of capacity 1000 lt/hr at various places under CSR. Project shall spend in various welfare scheme about 32 crore under CSR. CGM intimated that unit no. -9 had already been renovated and is operation &
3 Medicines are not provided by the project to the poor tribal of this area. Coal supply is inadequate. Poverty is rampant is the district and the youth is unemployed. Proper shelters & residences may be provided to the poor living in the area of Obra- C project.
Sri Vipin Singh, Corporator, Obra
4 The distt. is predominantly, 80% populated by tribal. The electricity project is welcome but the tribal should be given
Sri Ramesh Singh Yadav, Social activist , Obra, Sonebhadra
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priority & they should be given employment. Pollution should be minimised & employment should be maximised. 105MW Electricity May be provided to the distt. so as to make it available 24 hrs. Electricity supply to distt. Sonebhadra.
95% PLF as regards making available fee electricity in 5 km periphery this is a central govt. scheme and the day the state govt. will adopted we shall also taking necessary action. Sri Manni Lal Yadav, ADM(F), Sonebhadra in his concluding presidential address assured the public that the arguments expressed by public shall be conveyed to Central Govt. and no environment imbalance shall be allowed to be created at any cost. He also said that all measures shall be taken to keep environmental pollution within the norms. He also insisted that UPRVUNL should pay special attention for all round development of the area. Besides, above suggestion / comments and observations, no other issue has been raised during public hearing. The public present in the public hearing expressed its consent for extension of the project unanimously. Dredging of deposited ash in the river Renuka has been got done through Irrigation Department. Plantation /afforestation is being got done through Forest Department, UP over the vast area of filled and abandoned ash pond. This will significantly help in improving the environs. Medical camps have been organised for eyes and other medical check-ups of the nearby denizens. 7 nos. RO plants of capacity 1000 lt/hr have been installed by Obra Project at various places under CSR in compliance with
5 Pollution & disease prevails in this area in the name of development. Compensation, education & employment may be provided to already displace d people of this area. 25% electricity is provided from the plants established in other provinces. Public demand may be considered.
Sri Rambhrose Singh, Worker-Jantadal, Robersganj
6 Expansion of industries attract the attention towards pollution. Obra & Anpara generate so much smoke which is a matter of shame. There is no proper arrangement for water storage.
Sri Shaikh Kaleem, president All Nature Climate Environmental Society, Churk, Sonebhadra
7 People of Obra have long been waiting for obra C project, & this project will prove to be a milestone. The project is very old & sick and is under treatment. The units causing pollution are being renovated. The denizens shall get employment
Sri Vishal Gupta, Zone chairperson, lions club, Obra
8 We have gathered here in a public court and had been waiting for quite a long time. The central govt. as well as State govt. have taken commendable steps. The education & medical facilities
Sri Alok Bhatia, Distt. Vice President, Vyapar Mandal, Obra
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are good. The process of providing employment to the use of this area should be simplified .
orders of National Green Tribunal. New ESPs will be installed in old units of 200 MW capacity each which are undergoing R&M to ensure emission within prescribed environmental standards of smoke emission.
9 The distt. is facing naxal & poverty. The establishment of power project is a definite welcome but the poor is meted step-motherly treatment. Minimum wages are not provided. The religious place of Bhutesvar Darbar, natural Shiv Mandir are located in sector-3, and thus is a natural heritage & it should be preserved. The youths of Obra should be provided 100% employment. A movement will be started if 24hrs electricity Supply is not provided.
Sri Dinesh Shukla, Bharti Janta Yuva Morcha, Kashi Prant
10 The establishment of the power project, & development is the area is well come. How will the electricity supply in the entire distt. be provided if the project is not available to provide electricity. To the nearby area within even 100 mtrs. Where shall be slum dwellers be sifted . Rs. 500 is charged as medical fee from private people which is not appropriate. Thousand of trees have been felled. Trees should be planted otherwise the project will not be allowed to be constructed.
Sri Vikas Singh(Chinku) Student leader, Obra
11 UP Govt. have them appreciated this job and we agree for this project. Sinduria & Vardia are dark areas which should be adopted, & the village should
Ajay Kumar Pathak, Student PG college, Obra
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be designated for this purpose. Support NOC for same.
12 We express thanks The UP Govt. & hor. CM of UP. Electy. Generation is very important and we support the construction of Obra C Project.
Sri Vijay Yadav, Distt. President, Samajwadi Yuvjan Sabha, Obra
13 The construction of project is welcome and NOC should be granted for same. However employment should be made available.
Sri Mithlesh Singh Bajarangi, Obra
14 The facility of electy. Must be ensure within 5 km, and the hospital should be properly manage, employment should be made available to the youths. NOC be granted for Obra C project.
Sri Neeraj Bhatia, Ex. Students Union, Obra
15 It is appreciated if employment is made available. We will required 24hrs. Electy. Supply.
Sri Pawan Kumar Yadav, Obra.
Chapter‐12
Summary & Conclusion
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12.0 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
Energy is a critical success factor in the economic development process and major
infrastructure requirement for any country. It is well known that our commitment for
the cause of development require assured supply of affordable and reliable energy.
The demand for energy has grown rapidly with the development of society.
Quality power at optimum cost is a catalyst for industrial development of any State.
The State of Uttar Pradesh has ambitious plans for rapid industrialization. Therefore
power generation in the State of Uttar Pradesh requires urgent augmentation of
generation capacity.
The present installed capacity in the state of U.P is insufficient to meet the demand
for power. It is estimated that Peak Electric Load in U.P. will rise from current level of
19622.53 MW and Electrical Energy Requirement will be 110664.947 GWh by 2016-
17 as per 17th Power Survey. As there is an acute shortage of power in Uttar
Pradesh and this has become the main hindrance in the development of industries
and the State, installation of more thermal power plant on urgent basis in this State
becomes important.
The proposed project is one of the projects planned to be developed for long term
capacity addition project. The proposed project will help in bridging the gap between
supply and demand of power in the State of U.P. and Northern region.
The proposed expansion of 2 x 660 MW Obra ‘C” coal based thermal power plant will
be located In the Obra Thermal Power Station premises. No additional land will be
acquired for this project.
Obra-’C‘ (2x660 MW) is being proposed as an expansion project of the existing Obra
power plant and is envisaged to start generating power during 13th Plan period
between (2017-2022). The entire generation is to be utilized to meet the power
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requirement of Uttar Pradesh and the surplus power, if any would be pumped into
Northern Grid to meet the power requirement of other states in northern region.
The water for the proposed project will be made available from Obra Dam on the
river Rihand. 54 cusec water will be used from Obra Dam. Sufficient quantity of water
available for the competent users.
The proposed expansion is planned within the premises of existing plant and no
additional land is proposed to be acquired. UPRVUNL has identified about 550 acres
of land, at the existing Obra TPS for installation of this expansion project after
demolishing the existing old and dilapidated quarters in sectors 5,6 and 7 of present
colony and adjoining land towards north of sector 6 and abandoned ash dyke.
Vicinity cum plot plan and Layout plan of the expansion units is enclosed as
Annexure- 15.
Coal requirement for proposed 2x660 MW units is estimated as 5.528 million
tonnes/annum, considering GCV of 4000 kcal/kg, design heat rate as 2250 Kcal/kWh
and 85% PLF as per CERC operative norms effective from 1/4/2009.
Coal requirement for 2x660 MW will be 5.528 MTPA. Coal will be obtained from
Saharpur-Jamarpani Sector, Brahmani Basin, Rajmahal group of Coalfields,
Jharkhand coal Block, which has been allocated. Ash and sulphur contents in coal
will be 32% and 0.4% respectively. About 1.415168 MTPA of flyash and 0.353792
MTPA of bottom ash will be generated. Agreement for flyash utilization has been
signed with M/s Jaiprakash Associates Limited.
Thermal power plants invariably have potential environmental effects during both
the construction and operational phases including effects on air, water, noise & land
environments as well as socioeconomic conditions during construction phase. The
significance of construction impacts will be limited; however the mitigation measures
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will be taken for traffic management, appropriate timing and routing of materials,
delivery, maintenance of sanitary facilities etc.
In addition to the above, the potential for environmental impacts is also associated
with the operation of thermal power stations. The environmental effects on air quality
will be minimized through implementation of mitigation measures viz. installation of
high efficiency (99.80%) ESPs for collection of fly ash from the boilers, ESP
designed for 50 mg/Nm3 in operation and installation of tall stacks of 275 meters for
better dispersion of gaseous pollutants. It would be ensured that the emission norms
prescribed by regulatory bodies are met during operation of the power plant.
The effluent generated during operational phase will be treated to meet the
permissible norms and will be utilized for green belt development. The fly ash and
bottom ash from the plant is proposed to be collected and used for various
applications. UPRVUNL will also explore various other avenues for utilisation of ash
in value added products such as cement, fly ash bricks etc.
In order to provide quality dry fly ash to users such as, manufacturers of cement,
concrete and its allied products like Cellular Concrete etc., the plant shall provide
systems and facilities for 100% extraction of dry fly ash.
The assessment indicates that with the adoption of the mitigation measures
established by the Environment Impact assessment process, the overall
environmental impacts of construction and operation of the proposed project, there
will be Impact on environment but not injurious in general. However, mitigation
measures are important during the construction as well as operation stage of
Proposed Thermal Power project. The changes in air, water quality with the
introduction of proposed mitigation measures would ensure compliance with
appropriate standards and confine negative effects within acceptable limits. No
appreciable operational impacts are expected in relation to factors such as visual
amenity and ecology.
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The green belt development plan envisaged in and power plant will improve the
surrounding environment.
On the whole it can be concluded that installation of 2 x 660 MW Obra ‘C’ Coal
Fired Thermal Power Project at Obra Thermal Power project, District
Sonebhadra (U.P.) will be an environment friendly project.
Chapter‐13
Disclosure of Consultants Engaged
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13. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED (REVIEWER & UPDATER) 13.1. Team Composition The team composition and their respective responsibilities are listed in Table 12.1
Quality Control Sheet
Project
Revision No. Date
EIA Studies of UPRVUNL 2x660 MW Obra ‘C’
Project, Obra, District Sonebhadra (U.P.)
0 July 2013
Project Leader R.S.Yadav
Signature:
Project Reviewer Arjesh Sharma
Signature
Project Co-ordinator
Ambrish Goel
Signature:
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PROJECT PERSONNEL
Scientific Staff
Mr. Manish Sachan
Dr. S. Bhatnagar
Dr. N.G. Shrivastava
Mr. P.K. Biswas
Project Staff
Mr. Virendra Kumar Mr. C.P.S.Khosla
Mr. Vipin Kumar Mr. Satya Pal
Mr. Navneet Chauhan Mr. P.K.Pahwa
Mr. A.K.P.N.Singh Mr. Pradeep Kumar
Mr. K.S.Gusain Mr. Alok Srivastava
Secretarial Assistance
Mrs. Rekha Mr. Prem Singh
Mr. Rati Ram Mr. Sagar Kumar
Mr. Bir Singh
Project Leader
Rajendra Singh Yadav
Project Reviewer
Arjesh Sharma
Project Co-ordinator
Ambrish Goel
Annexures
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TOR Annexure-1
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Change in unit Configuration Annexure-2-
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Water allocation Annexure-3
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Coal Linkage Annexure-4
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Minutes of Meeting Annexure-5
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 328
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 329
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 330
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 331
MoEF Letter Annexure-6
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 332
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 333
Water Balance Diagram Annexure-7-
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 334
Ash Utilisation plan Annexure-8
Ash Utilisation Plan for OBRA TPS Year Ash Generation
(TPA) ESP Ash Utilisation
(TPA) Planned Mode of Fly Ash Utilisation (ESP Ash+ Bottom Ash + Pond Ash)
Storage in Ash pond (TPA)
Bottom Ash
Fly Ash Total Ash
Utilization of fly Ash
% Utilization of Fly Ash
In manufacturing
of Portland Puzzolana
Cement (TPA)
Ash Brick plant (TPA)
In Reclaimation of low lying area & mine
filling (20% of Bottom Ash )
(TPA)
Total (TPA)
2015-16 363933 1455732 1819665 436720 30 436720 0 72787 509506 1310159
2016-17 400606 1602422 2003028 640969 40 640969 0 80121 721090 1362059
2017-18 444881 1779523 2224404 889761 50 889761 0 88976 978738 1334642
2018-19 602422 2409688 3012110 1445813 60 1445813 0 120484 1566297 1566297
2019-20 602422 2409688 3012110 1686781 70 1686781 0 120484 1807266 1325328
2020-21 776140 3104559 3880699 2275186 80% of old units +50% of
new units
2275186 0 155228 2430414 1605513
2021-22 954683 3818733 4773416 3155051 90% of old units +70% of
new units
3155051 0 190937 3345987 1618366
2022-23 954683 3818733 4773416 3677828 100% of old units +90% of
new units
3677828 0 190937 3868765 1095588
2023-24 954683 3818733 4773416 3818733 100% of old units +100% of
new units
3818733 0 190937 4009670 954683
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 335
Jaypee Agreement Letter Annexure-9
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 336
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 337
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 338
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 339
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 340
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 341
Wild life NOC Letter Annexure-10
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 342
Letter to Principal Conservative Forest Department Annexure-10-A
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 343
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 344
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 345
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 346
Green belt development letter Annexure-11
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 347
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 348
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 349
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 350
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 351
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 352
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 353
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 354
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 355
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 356
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 357
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 358
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 359
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 360
Green belt development approval letter from CMD Annexure-12
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 361
Plot Plan Annexure-13
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 362
Jaypee expression of Interest letter for Ash Utilisation Annexure-14
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 363
Annexure-15
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 364
Green Belt Development Annexure-16
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 365
Rain Water Harvesting Letter from Director Underground Water Dept. Lko Annexure-17
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 366
Annexure-18
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 367
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 368
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 369
Public Hearing News Paper Cutting Annexure-19
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 370
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 371
Public Hearing Minutes of Meeting Annexure-20
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 372
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 373
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 374
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 375
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 376
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 377
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 378
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 379
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 380
Public Hearing Attendance Sheet Annexure-21
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 381
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 382
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 383
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 384
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 385
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 386
Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed 2 x 660 MW Extension
Units at Obra Thermal Power Station of M/s UPRVUNL
Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL Haridwar 387