Post on 07-Dec-2015
description
Evolution.
Evolution.
16001580150012000
bazaarmarketplaceagorashop exch
•M
idd
leA
ges
:Mar
ketp
lace
asci
vic
cen
ter
•11
00–1
300:
Ris
eo
ftr
ade
cau
ses
sig
nif
ican
tg
row
tho
fsh
op
s
•Ea
rly
17th
cen
tury
:Gro
wth
of
mar
kets
inEu
rop
e
•15
14:H
ou
seo
fR
aph
ael,
Ro
me,
Bra
man
te
•La
te16
thce
ntu
ry:F
abri
cb
azaa
r,Is
fah
an
•16
08:A
mst
erd
amEx
chan
ge
•14
35–4
4:Le
on
eB
atti
sta
Alb
erti
wri
tes
Del
laFa
mig
lia,f
rom
wh
ich
the
cap
ital
ist
max
im"t
ime
ism
on
ey"
wo
uld
late
rb
ed
eriv
ed.
•Lo
ck-u
pst
alls
•16
06:N
ewEx
chan
ge,
Lon
do
n
•1566–6
8:R
oyal
Exch
an
ge,Lo
nd
on
•c.
110:
Traj
an's
Mar
ket
•c.
1500
B.C
.E.:
Mar
ket
atTh
ebes
•70
00B
.C.E
.:C
ity
of
Çat
alh
öyü
kfo
un
ded
for
the
trad
eo
fco
mm
od
itie
s
•c.
400
B.C
.E.:
The
Gre
ekag
ora
con
flat
esp
ub
licfo
rum
and
mar
ketp
lace
•Seven
thce
ntu
ryB
.C.E
.:Ly
dia
ns
inven
tre
tail
sho
ps
•Se
vera
lcen
turi
esB
.C.E
.:C
hai
ns
of
reta
ilst
ore
sar
ekn
ow
nto
hav
eo
per
ated
inC
hin
a
Evo
luti
on
of
reta
ilty
pes
Dia
gram
bySZ
ETS
UN
GLE
ON
G
16001580150012000
bazaarmarketplaceagorashop exch
•M
idd
leA
ges
:Mar
ketp
lace
asci
vic
cen
ter
•11
00–1
300:
Ris
eo
ftr
ade
cau
ses
sig
nif
ican
tg
row
tho
fsh
op
s
•Ea
rly
17th
cen
tury
:Gro
wth
of
mar
kets
inEu
rop
e
•15
14:H
ou
seo
fR
aph
ael,
Ro
me,
Bra
man
te
•La
te16
thce
ntu
ry:F
abri
cb
azaa
r,Is
fah
an
•16
08:A
mst
erd
amEx
chan
ge
•14
35–4
4:Le
on
eB
atti
sta
Alb
erti
wri
tes
Del
laFa
mig
lia,f
rom
wh
ich
the
cap
ital
ist
max
im"t
ime
ism
on
ey"
wo
uld
late
rb
ed
eriv
ed.
•Lo
ck-u
pst
alls
•16
06:N
ewEx
chan
ge,
Lon
do
n
•1566–6
8:R
oyal
Exch
an
ge,Lo
nd
on
•c.
110:
Traj
an's
Mar
ket
•c.
1500
B.C
.E.:
Mar
ket
atTh
ebes
•70
00B
.C.E
.:C
ity
of
Çat
alh
öyü
kfo
un
ded
for
the
trad
eo
fco
mm
od
itie
s
•c.
400
B.C
.E.:
The
Gre
ekag
ora
con
flat
esp
ub
licfo
rum
and
mar
ketp
lace
•Seven
thce
ntu
ryB
.C.E
.:Ly
dia
ns
inven
tre
tail
sho
ps
•Se
vera
lcen
turi
esB
.C.E
.:C
hai
ns
of
reta
ilst
ore
sar
ekn
ow
nto
hav
eo
per
ated
inC
hin
a
Evo
luti
on
of
reta
ilty
pes
Dia
gram
bySZ
ETS
UN
GLE
ON
G
1800178017601740172017001680166016401620
hanges arcadesmagas
stock exchange
•16
57:B
ost
on
Tow
nH
alla
nd
Mar
ketp
lace
•17
62:F
oir
eSt
.Ger
mai
n,P
aris
(est
ablis
hed
1462
)•17
thce
ntu
ry:E
xplo
sio
no
fsh
op
sd
ue
tori
sein
cred
it
•16
67–7
1:Se
con
dR
oya
lExc
han
ge,
Lon
do
n
•172
0:A
nto
ine
Wat
teau
,L'E
nse
ign
ed
eG
ersa
int
•18
thce
ntu
ry:R
ise
of
bo
urg
eois
ie
•17
93:F
irst
mag
asin
de
no
uve
auté
,Par
is
1791
:Pas
sag
eFe
ydea
u,P
aris
•
1799
:Pas
sag
ed
uC
aire
,Par
is•
1800
:Pas
sag
ed
esPa
no
ram
as,P
aris
•
1808
:Pas
sag
eD
elo
rme,
Pari
s•
1811
:Pas
sag
eM
on
tesq
uie
u,P
aris
•
1786:Fi
rst
arc
ad
e:
Gale
ries
de
Bo
is,Pari
s•
1800178017601740172017001680166016401620
hanges arcadesmagas
stock exchange
•16
57:B
ost
on
Tow
nH
alla
nd
Mar
ketp
lace
•17
62:F
oir
eSt
.Ger
mai
n,P
aris
(est
ablis
hed
1462
)•17
thce
ntu
ry:E
xplo
sio
no
fsh
op
sd
ue
tori
sein
cred
it
•16
67–7
1:Se
con
dR
oya
lExc
han
ge,
Lon
do
n
•172
0:A
nto
ine
Wat
teau
,L'E
nse
ign
ed
eG
ersa
int
•18
thce
ntu
ry:R
ise
of
bo
urg
eois
ie
•17
93:F
irst
mag
asin
de
no
uve
auté
,Par
is
1791
:Pas
sag
eFe
ydea
u,P
aris
•
1799
:Pas
sag
ed
uC
aire
,Par
is•
1800
:Pas
sag
ed
esPa
no
ram
as,P
aris
•
1808
:Pas
sag
eD
elo
rme,
Pari
s•
1811
:Pas
sag
eM
on
tesq
uie
u,P
aris
•
1786:Fi
rst
arc
ad
e:
Gale
ries
de
Bo
is,Pari
s•
20001980196019401920190018801860184018201
airportshopping
galleria
european bazaar
supermarket
warehouse clubs
superstore
convenience store
superettehypermarket
discounters
department store
shopping mall
entertainment shopping
churches
category killersWal-Martoutlets
virtual shopping
duty-free
pedestrian mall
strip malldrive-thru
shopping resorts
m in de nouveautés
chain storesfranchise
mail order/catalogue shopping
1816-1840
railway station shopping
1,52
8
1,72
2
1,53
1
276
32
500
19,0
00
21,5
38
24,5
16
26,8
70
30,4
70
30,2
00
32,2
00
33,9
04
35,7
50
36,5
76
37,4
00
66,0
00
76,0
00
80,0
00
82,5
00
83,0
00
84,5
00
84,5
00
84,4
00
3,15
7
2,76
1
2,64
5
4,07
4
4,19
0
4,25
1
5,79
2
7,74
2 8,80
7
9,98
1
10,0
41 11,0
01
13,0
00
22,0
00 25,5
00
30,6
41
32,5
63
34,6
83
36,5
15
37,9
75
38,9
66
39,5
43
40,2
81
41,1
51
42,0
48
7,10
0
2,90
0
"afe
wh
un
dre
d"
1,54
3,15
8 1,77
0,35
5
1,77
1,31
7
1,72
1,65
0
1,78
8,32
5
1,70
7,93
1
1,19
1,54
6
1,26
4,92
2
1,85
5,06
8
1,92
3,22
8
1,50
3,59
3
1,52
6,21
5
total individual stores, US
tota
l Wal
Mar
ts
total department sto
res, US
total malls, U.S.
total convenience stores, U.S.
45,7
00
total escalators worldwide
3700
2700
160,
000
museums
•18
27:D
esig
nfo
ra
Kau
fhau
s(K
arlF
ried
rich
Sch
inke
l)
•19
97:N
iket
ow
n,N
ewY
ork
•19
96:D
on
na
Kar
an,L
on
do
n•
1995
:12,
952
reta
ilfa
ilure
sin
U.S
.
•18
51:C
ryst
alPa
lace
,Lo
nd
on
(Jo
sep
hPa
xto
n)
•18
58:M
essr
sO
sler
'ssh
op
,Lo
nd
on
•19
91:U
.S.m
ail-
ord
ersa
les:
$91.
50b
illio
nTo
tal
reta
ilsa
les:
$1,8
43.5
2b
illio
n
•19
20s:
Firs
to
utl
etst
ore
s,N
ewEn
gla
nd
•18
53:H
alle
sC
entr
ales
,Par
is
1996
–:G
ran
dC
entr
alSt
atio
nu
nd
erg
oes
$175
mill
ion
ren
ova
tio
n•
1988
:Was
hin
gto
n's
Un
ion
Stat
ion
rem
od
eled
•
1997
:Avg
.sal
es:$
1,00
0–1,
200
/sq
.ft.
(vs.
$200
–300
for
mal
ls)
•19
96:H
eath
row
Term
inal
2re
furb
ish
ed•
1995
:Wo
rld
wid
ed
uty
-fre
esa
les:
$20.
5b
illio
n•
1995
:Avg
.sal
es:$
970
/sq
.ft.
•19
95:B
AA
clas
sifi
edas
reta
ilst
ock
•
1999
:Ab
olis
hm
ent
of
intr
a-E.
U.d
uty
-fre
e•
1992
:BA
Ao
pen
sm
alla
tPi
ttsb
urg
Air
po
rt•
Earl
y19
90s:
Hea
thro
wkn
ow
nas
"Th
iefr
ow
"•
197 7
:Pri
vati
zati
on
of
Bri
tish
Air
po
rts
Au
tho
rity
(BA
A)
•
1965
:Bri
tish
Air
po
rts
Au
tho
rity
esta
blis
hed
•
1957:Fi
rst
du
ty-f
ree
sho
p,
Sh
an
no
nair
po
rt,Ir
ela
nd
•
•19
95:4
.97
bill
ion
sq.f
t.to
tall
easa
ble
reta
ilar
ea
•19
97–:
As
man
yas
on
ein
five
mal
lsw
illcl
ose
•1922:Fi
rst
un
ifie
dsh
op
pin
gm
all
:C
ou
ntr
yC
lub
Pla
za,K
an
sas
Cit
y
•19
50:F
irst
op
en-a
irm
all:
No
rth
gat
e,Se
attl
e•
1951
:Fir
std
um
bel
lpla
n:F
ram
ing
ham
,Mas
s.•
1951
–53:
Lijn
baa
n,R
ott
erd
am(v
and
enB
roek
&B
akem
a)
•19
54:V
icto
rG
ruen
'sfi
rst
mal
l:N
ort
hla
nd
,Det
roit
•19
64:Y
ork
dal
eSh
op
pin
gPl
aza,
Toro
nto
:72
acre
s;p
arki
ng
for
6,73
6ca
rs
•19
68:D
om
inio
nC
ente
r,To
ron
to(M
ies
van
der
Ro
he)
•19
71:T
he
Gal
leri
a,H
ou
sto
n
•19
92:M
allo
fA
mer
ica
•1956:Fi
rst
en
clo
sed
mall
:So
uth
dale
,M
inn
eap
oli
s(V
icto
rG
ruen
)
•19
81:L
arg
est
mal
l:W
est
Edm
on
ton
1822
:Arc
ades
infl
uen
cep
riso
nre
form
•
1816
–18:
Ro
yalO
per
aA
rcad
e,Lo
nd
on
•
1818
–19:
Bu
rlin
gto
nA
rcad
e,Lo
nd
on
•
1820
:Pas
sag
ed
ela
Mo
nn
aie,
Bru
ssel
s•
1828
:Gal
erie
d'O
rléa
ns,
Pari
s•
1826
:Ph
ilad
elp
hia
Arc
ade,
Phil.
•
1840
–43:
Pass
age
Pom
mer
aye,
Nan
tes
•
1831
:Ro
yalA
rcad
e,N
ewca
stle
•18
31:G
aler
ied
eC
rist
ofo
ris,
Mila
n•
1831
:Gal
erie
Bo
rdel
aise
,Bo
rdea
ux
•
1829
:Lo
wth
erA
rcad
e,Lo
nd
on
•
1827
:Wey
bo
sset
Arc
ade,
Pro
vid
ence
•
1823
:Pas
sag
ed
el'O
pér
a,Pa
ris
•18
25:P
assa
ge
Ch
ois
eul,
Pari
s•
1837
–39:
Pass
age
Lem
on
nie
r,Li
ège
•
1842
–43:
Exet
erA
rcad
e,Lo
nd
on
•Si
llem
'sB
azar
,Ham
bu
rg•
1845
:Pas
sag
eJo
uff
roy,
Pari
s•
1846
–47:
Gal
erie
sSt
.Hu
ber
t,B
russ
els
•
1853
:Qu
een
'sA
rcad
e,M
elb
ou
rne
•
1855
:Uto
pia
nar
cad
ep
roje
cts,
Lon
do
n:
Cry
stal
Way
and
Gre
atV
icto
rian
Way
•
1863
:Kö
nig
inA
ug
ust
aH
alle
,Co
log
ne
•
1869
:Ro
yalA
rcad
e,M
elb
ou
rne
•
1871
:Bar
ton
Arc
ade,
Man
ches
ter
•
1873
:Lan
cast
erA
ven
ue,
Man
ches
ter
•
1875
:Gre
atW
este
rnA
rcad
e,B
irm
ing
ham
•
1879
:Ro
yalA
rcad
e,Lo
nd
on
•
1878
:Th
orn
ton
'sA
rcad
e,Le
eds
•
1874
:Gal
leri
aSu
bal
pin
a,Tu
rin
•
1880
:Gal
leri
aM
anzi
ni,
Gen
oa
•
1865
–77
Gal
leri
aV
itto
rio
Eman
uel
eII,
Mila
n•
1882
:Pas
sag
ed
uN
ord
,Bru
ssel
s•
1883
–85:
Pass
age,
The
Hag
ue
•
1887
:Kai
ser
Pass
age,
Kar
lsru
he
•18
88:Q
uee
n's
Arc
ade,
Leed
s•
Cle
vela
nd
Arc
ade,
Cle
vela
nd
••
1888
–93:
GU
M,M
osc
ow
1897
:Co
un
tyA
rcad
e,Le
eds
•
1899
:Cit
yA
rcad
es,B
irm
ing
ham
•
1890
:Ale
xan
dra
Arc
ade,
Swan
sea
•G
alle
ria
Naz
ion
ale,
Turi
n•
1900
:Kai
ser
Wilh
elm
Pass
age,
Fran
kfu
rtam
Mai
n•
1901
:Geo
rgs
Pass
age,
Han
no
ver
•
1904
:Cen
tral
Arc
ade,
Wo
lver
ham
pto
n•
1907
:Fri
edri
chst
rass
enp
assa
ge,
Ber
lin•
1909
–11:
Pari
ser
Ho
f,B
ud
apes
t•
1912
:Pic
cad
illy
Arc
ade,
Lon
do
n•
1914
:Mäd
ler
Pass
age,
Leip
zig
•
1916
:Pea
chtr
eeA
rcad
e,A
tlan
ta•
1925
:Gal
leri
aPi
azza
Co
lon
na,
Ro
me
•
•1930:Fi
rst
sup
erm
ark
et:
Kin
gK
ull
en
,N
.Y.
•19
30:S
elf-
serv
ice
intr
od
uce
d,L
os
An
gel
es
•19
60:4
0%o
fA
mer
ican
ssh
op
in10
,000
sup
erm
arke
ts
•19
95:W
al-M
art:
$93.
6b
illio
nin
sale
sLa
rges
tre
taile
rin
the
wo
rld
•19
92–9
4:55
%o
fn
ewU
.S.r
etai
l=b
igb
ox
•1962:Fi
rst
Wal-
Mart
•19
70:W
al-M
art:
$31
mill
ion
insa
les
•19
80:W
al-M
art:
$1b
illio
nin
sale
s
•19
90:W
al-M
art:
$25.
8b
illio
nin
sale
s
•20
00:W
al-M
art:
$165
bill
ion
insa
les
•19
94:8
0%o
fn
ewU
.S.r
etai
l=ca
teg
ory
kille
rs
•19
79:H
om
eD
epo
t,A
tlan
ta
•19
76:P
rice
Clu
b,S
anD
ieg
o
•19
57:O
rig
inal
Toys
"R"U
s,W
ash
ing
ton
,D.C
.
•18
79:F
irst
Wo
olw
ort
h's
,Lan
cast
er,P
a.•
1879
:Sec
on
dW
oo
lwo
rth
's,U
tica
,N.Y
.
•18
90:1
2W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
s
•18
99:5
4W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
s
•19
09:2
38W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
s
•19
19:1
,081
Wo
olw
ort
h's
sho
ps
•19
29:7
66W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
sin
Bri
tain
alo
ne
•19
41:8
2W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
sin
Ger
man
yal
on
e
•19
69:F
irst
GA
P,Sa
nFr
anci
sco
•19
12–1
3:W
oo
lwo
rth
'sB
uild
ing
,New
Yo
rk
•1859:Fi
rst
mo
dern
chain
sto
re:
Gre
at
Atl
an
tic
&Paci
fic
Tea
Co
.,N
ew
Yo
rk
•18
24:I
ntr
od
uct
ion
of
fixe
dp
rice
s
•18
40s:
Ch
arle
sH
enry
Har
rod
take
so
ver
asm
allg
roce
rysh
op
•1852:Fi
rst
dep
art
men
tst
ore
:A
uB
on
Marc
hé,Pari
s
•18
96:W
anam
aker
’s,N
ewY
ork
•18
96:S
ieg
el-C
oo
per
,New
Yo
rk
•19
01:A
l’In
no
vati
on
dep
artm
ent
sto
re,B
russ
els
(Vic
tor
Ho
rta)
•18
83:E
mile
Zola
,Au
Bo
nh
eur
des
Dam
es•
1884
:Mar
ks&
Spen
cer‘
s,Lo
nd
on
•18
99–1
904:
Car
son
,Pir
ie,S
cott
,Ch
icag
o(S
ulli
van
)
•18
58:M
acy'
s,N
ewY
ork
•18
72:B
loo
min
gd
ale‘
s,N
ewY
ork
•19
05:H
arro
d‘s
mo
ves
into
pre
sen
t-d
aylo
cati
on
(Ste
ven
s&
Hu
nt)
•19
07:N
eim
anM
arcu
s,D
alla
s•
1908
:Sel
frid
ge’
s,Lo
nd
on
(Dan
ielB
urn
ham
)•
1908
–12:
Wh
itel
ey's
bu
ildin
g,L
on
do
n(B
elch
er&
Joas
s)
•19
11:G
old
man
&Sa
lats
ch,V
ien
na
(Ad
olf
Loo
s)
•19
25:S
ears
,Ro
ebu
ck,C
hic
ago
•19
27:H
anky
uTe
rmin
alD
epat
o,T
oky
o•
1928
:Ad
amD
epar
tmen
tSt
ore
Pro
ject
,Ber
lin(M
ies
van
der
Ro
he)
•19
28:S
cho
cken
Dep
artm
ent
Sto
re,S
tutt
gar
t(E
rich
Men
del
soh
n)
•19
57:D
eB
ijen
korf
,Ro
tter
dam
(Mar
celB
reu
er)
•19
15:M
itsu
kosh
iDep
ato
,To
kyo
•19
30:D
epar
tmen
tst
ore
sb
ran
cho
ut
tosu
bu
rbs
•19
91To
talU
.S.d
epar
tmen
tst
ore
sale
s:$1
77.8
8b
illio
n•
1992
Sieg
el-C
oo
per
,New
Yo
rk,t
urn
edin
tove
rtic
alp
ow
erce
nte
r
•19
02:M
acy’
s,M
arsh
allF
ield
‘s,a
nd
JCPe
nn
ey‘s
"Bef
ore
Wo
rld
War
Ith
ear
cad
ed
ied
anal
mo
sto
ffic
iald
eath
;no
bu
ildin
gau
tho
rity
wo
uld
per
mit
itin
its
nin
etee
nth
-cen
tury
form
...n
ore
ales
tate
auth
ori
tyco
uld
per
mit
such
anex
plo
itat
ion
of
lan
d."
—Jo
han
nFr
ied
rich
Gei
st,A
rcad
es.
"Am
eric
anre
taili
ng
ish
ead
ing
for
a'd
ie-o
ut'
of
Dar
win
iam
pro
po
rtio
ns
...W
al-M
art
CEO
Dav
idG
lass
and
Stan
ley
Mar
cus
are
pre
dic
tin
gth
at50
–75%
of
pre
sen
tre
tail
will
be
exti
nct
wit
hin
ad
ecad
e."
—D
ale
M.L
ewis
on
,Ret
ailin
g.
� “Mall”
� “Captive”
� “Divine Economy”
� “Depato”
� “Suburban Model” � “Real(i)ty”
� “City of Shopping”� “Gruen Urbanism”
� “Good Intentions”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “. . . And Then There Was Shopping”
� “Tokyo Metabolism”
� “Crystal Palace”
� “e-urope”
� “Nikecology”
� “Jerde Transfer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Resistance”
� “Disney Space”
� “Bit Structures”
� “Next Big Thing”
� “Three-Ring Circus”
� “Mobility”
� “Three-Ring Circus”
� “High Architecture”
� “High Architecture”
20001980196019401920190018801860184018201
airportshopping
galleria
european bazaar
supermarket
warehouse clubs
superstore
convenience store
superettehypermarket
discounters
department store
shopping mall
entertainment shopping
churches
category killersWal-Martoutlets
virtual shopping
duty-free
pedestrian mall
strip malldrive-thru
shopping resorts
m in de nouveautés
chain storesfranchise
mail order/catalogue shopping
1816-1840
railway station shopping1,
528
1,72
2
1,53
1
276
32
500
19,0
00
21,5
38
24,5
16
26,8
70
30,4
70
30,2
00
32,2
00
33,9
04
35,7
50
36,5
76
37,4
00
66,0
00
76,0
00
80,0
00
82,5
00
83,0
00
84,5
00
84,5
00
84,4
00
3,15
7
2,76
1
2,64
5
4,07
4
4,19
0
4,25
1
5,79
2
7,74
2 8,80
7
9,98
1
10,0
41 11,0
01
13,0
00
22,0
00 25,5
00
30,6
41
32,5
63
34,6
83
36,5
15
37,9
75
38,9
66
39,5
43
40,2
81
41,1
51
42,0
48
7,10
0
2,90
0
"afe
wh
un
dre
d"
1,54
3,15
8 1,77
0,35
5
1,77
1,31
7
1,72
1,65
0
1,78
8,32
5
1,70
7,93
1
1,19
1,54
6
1,26
4,92
2
1,85
5,06
8
1,92
3,22
8
1,50
3,59
3
1,52
6,21
5
total individual stores, US
tota
l Wal
Mar
ts
total department sto
res, US
total malls, U.S.
total convenience stores, U.S.
45,7
00
total escalators worldwide
3700
2700
160,
000
museums
•18
27:D
esig
nfo
ra
Kau
fhau
s(K
arlF
ried
rich
Sch
inke
l)
•19
97:N
iket
ow
n,N
ewY
ork
•19
96:D
on
na
Kar
an,L
on
do
n•
1995
:12,
952
reta
ilfa
ilure
sin
U.S
.
•18
51:C
ryst
alPa
lace
,Lo
nd
on
(Jo
sep
hPa
xto
n)
•18
58:M
essr
sO
sler
'ssh
op
,Lo
nd
on
•19
91:U
.S.m
ail-
ord
ersa
les:
$91.
50b
illio
nTo
tal
reta
ilsa
les:
$1,8
43.5
2b
illio
n
•19
20s:
Firs
to
utl
etst
ore
s,N
ewEn
gla
nd
•18
53:H
alle
sC
entr
ales
,Par
is
1996
–:G
ran
dC
entr
alSt
atio
nu
nd
erg
oes
$175
mill
ion
ren
ova
tio
n•
1988
:Was
hin
gto
n's
Un
ion
Stat
ion
rem
od
eled
•
1997
:Avg
.sal
es:$
1,00
0–1,
200
/sq
.ft.
(vs.
$200
–300
for
mal
ls)
•19
96:H
eath
row
Term
inal
2re
furb
ish
ed•
1995
:Wo
rld
wid
ed
uty
-fre
esa
les:
$20.
5b
illio
n•
1995
:Avg
.sal
es:$
970
/sq
.ft.
•19
95:B
AA
clas
sifi
edas
reta
ilst
ock
•
1999
:Ab
olis
hm
ent
of
intr
a-E.
U.d
uty
-fre
e•
1992
:BA
Ao
pen
sm
alla
tPi
ttsb
urg
Air
po
rt•
Earl
y19
90s:
Hea
thro
wkn
ow
nas
"Th
iefr
ow
"•
197 7
:Pri
vati
zati
on
of
Bri
tish
Air
po
rts
Au
tho
rity
(BA
A)
•
1965
:Bri
tish
Air
po
rts
Au
tho
rity
esta
blis
hed
•
1957:Fi
rst
du
ty-f
ree
sho
p,
Sh
an
no
nair
po
rt,Ir
ela
nd
•
•19
95:4
.97
bill
ion
sq.f
t.to
tall
easa
ble
reta
ilar
ea
•19
97–:
As
man
yas
on
ein
five
mal
lsw
illcl
ose
•1922:Fi
rst
un
ifie
dsh
op
pin
gm
all
:C
ou
ntr
yC
lub
Pla
za,K
an
sas
Cit
y
•19
50:F
irst
op
en-a
irm
all:
No
rth
gat
e,Se
attl
e•
1951
:Fir
std
um
bel
lpla
n:F
ram
ing
ham
,Mas
s.•
1951
–53:
Lijn
baa
n,R
ott
erd
am(v
and
enB
roek
&B
akem
a)
•19
54:V
icto
rG
ruen
'sfi
rst
mal
l:N
ort
hla
nd
,Det
roit
•19
64:Y
ork
dal
eSh
op
pin
gPl
aza,
Toro
nto
:72
acre
s;p
arki
ng
for
6,73
6ca
rs
•19
68:D
om
inio
nC
ente
r,To
ron
to(M
ies
van
der
Ro
he)
•19
71:T
he
Gal
leri
a,H
ou
sto
n
•19
92:M
allo
fA
mer
ica
•1956:Fi
rst
en
clo
sed
mall
:So
uth
dale
,M
inn
eap
oli
s(V
icto
rG
ruen
)
•19
81:L
arg
est
mal
l:W
est
Edm
on
ton
1822
:Arc
ades
infl
uen
cep
riso
nre
form
•
1816
–18:
Ro
yalO
per
aA
rcad
e,Lo
nd
on
•
1818
–19:
Bu
rlin
gto
nA
rcad
e,Lo
nd
on
•
1820
:Pas
sag
ed
ela
Mo
nn
aie,
Bru
ssel
s•
1828
:Gal
erie
d'O
rléa
ns,
Pari
s•
1826
:Ph
ilad
elp
hia
Arc
ade,
Phil.
•
1840
–43:
Pass
age
Pom
mer
aye,
Nan
tes
•
1831
:Ro
yalA
rcad
e,N
ewca
stle
•18
31:G
aler
ied
eC
rist
ofo
ris,
Mila
n•
1831
:Gal
erie
Bo
rdel
aise
,Bo
rdea
ux
•
1829
:Lo
wth
erA
rcad
e,Lo
nd
on
•
1827
:Wey
bo
sset
Arc
ade,
Pro
vid
ence
•
1823
:Pas
sag
ed
el'O
pér
a,Pa
ris
•18
25:P
assa
ge
Ch
ois
eul,
Pari
s•
1837
–39:
Pass
age
Lem
on
nie
r,Li
ège
•
1842
–43:
Exet
erA
rcad
e,Lo
nd
on
•Si
llem
'sB
azar
,Ham
bu
rg•
1845
:Pas
sag
eJo
uff
roy,
Pari
s•
1846
–47:
Gal
erie
sSt
.Hu
ber
t,B
russ
els
•
1853
:Qu
een
'sA
rcad
e,M
elb
ou
rne
•
1855
:Uto
pia
nar
cad
ep
roje
cts,
Lon
do
n:
Cry
stal
Way
and
Gre
atV
icto
rian
Way
•
1863
:Kö
nig
inA
ug
ust
aH
alle
,Co
log
ne
•
1869
:Ro
yalA
rcad
e,M
elb
ou
rne
•
1871
:Bar
ton
Arc
ade,
Man
ches
ter
•
1873
:Lan
cast
erA
ven
ue,
Man
ches
ter
•
1875
:Gre
atW
este
rnA
rcad
e,B
irm
ing
ham
•
1879
:Ro
yalA
rcad
e,Lo
nd
on
•
1878
:Th
orn
ton
'sA
rcad
e,Le
eds
•
1874
:Gal
leri
aSu
bal
pin
a,Tu
rin
•
1880
:Gal
leri
aM
anzi
ni,
Gen
oa
•
1865
–77
Gal
leri
aV
itto
rio
Eman
uel
eII,
Mila
n•
1882
:Pas
sag
ed
uN
ord
,Bru
ssel
s•
1883
–85:
Pass
age,
The
Hag
ue
•
1887
:Kai
ser
Pass
age,
Kar
lsru
he
•18
88:Q
uee
n's
Arc
ade,
Leed
s•
Cle
vela
nd
Arc
ade,
Cle
vela
nd
••
1888
–93:
GU
M,M
osc
ow
1897
:Co
un
tyA
rcad
e,Le
eds
•
1899
:Cit
yA
rcad
es,B
irm
ing
ham
•
1890
:Ale
xan
dra
Arc
ade,
Swan
sea
•G
alle
ria
Naz
ion
ale,
Turi
n•
1900
:Kai
ser
Wilh
elm
Pass
age,
Fran
kfu
rtam
Mai
n•
1901
:Geo
rgs
Pass
age,
Han
no
ver
•
1904
:Cen
tral
Arc
ade,
Wo
lver
ham
pto
n•
1907
:Fri
edri
chst
rass
enp
assa
ge,
Ber
lin•
1909
–11:
Pari
ser
Ho
f,B
ud
apes
t•
1912
:Pic
cad
illy
Arc
ade,
Lon
do
n•
1914
:Mäd
ler
Pass
age,
Leip
zig
•
1916
:Pea
chtr
eeA
rcad
e,A
tlan
ta•
1925
:Gal
leri
aPi
azza
Co
lon
na,
Ro
me
•
•1930:Fi
rst
sup
erm
ark
et:
Kin
gK
ull
en
,N
.Y.
•19
30:S
elf-
serv
ice
intr
od
uce
d,L
os
An
gel
es
•19
60:4
0%o
fA
mer
ican
ssh
op
in10
,000
sup
erm
arke
ts
•19
95:W
al-M
art:
$93.
6b
illio
nin
sale
sLa
rges
tre
taile
rin
the
wo
rld
•19
92–9
4:55
%o
fn
ewU
.S.r
etai
l=b
igb
ox
•1962:Fi
rst
Wal-
Mart
•19
70:W
al-M
art:
$31
mill
ion
insa
les
•19
80:W
al-M
art:
$1b
illio
nin
sale
s
•19
90:W
al-M
art:
$25.
8b
illio
nin
sale
s
•20
00:W
al-M
art:
$165
bill
ion
insa
les
•19
94:8
0%o
fn
ewU
.S.r
etai
l=ca
teg
ory
kille
rs
•19
79:H
om
eD
epo
t,A
tlan
ta
•19
76:P
rice
Clu
b,S
anD
ieg
o
•19
57:O
rig
inal
Toys
"R"U
s,W
ash
ing
ton
,D.C
.
•18
79:F
irst
Wo
olw
ort
h's
,Lan
cast
er,P
a.•
1879
:Sec
on
dW
oo
lwo
rth
's,U
tica
,N.Y
.
•18
90:1
2W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
s
•18
99:5
4W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
s
•19
09:2
38W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
s
•19
19:1
,081
Wo
olw
ort
h's
sho
ps
•19
29:7
66W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
sin
Bri
tain
alo
ne
•19
41:8
2W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
sin
Ger
man
yal
on
e
•19
69:F
irst
GA
P,Sa
nFr
anci
sco
•19
12–1
3:W
oo
lwo
rth
'sB
uild
ing
,New
Yo
rk
•1859:Fi
rst
mo
dern
chain
sto
re:
Gre
at
Atl
an
tic
&Paci
fic
Tea
Co
.,N
ew
Yo
rk
•18
24:I
ntr
od
uct
ion
of
fixe
dp
rice
s
•18
40s:
Ch
arle
sH
enry
Har
rod
take
so
ver
asm
allg
roce
rysh
op
•1852:Fi
rst
dep
art
men
tst
ore
:A
uB
on
Marc
hé,Pari
s
•18
96:W
anam
aker
’s,N
ewY
ork
•18
96:S
ieg
el-C
oo
per
,New
Yo
rk
•19
01:A
l’In
no
vati
on
dep
artm
ent
sto
re,B
russ
els
(Vic
tor
Ho
rta)
•18
83:E
mile
Zola
,Au
Bo
nh
eur
des
Dam
es•
1884
:Mar
ks&
Spen
cer‘
s,Lo
nd
on
•18
99–1
904:
Car
son
,Pir
ie,S
cott
,Ch
icag
o(S
ulli
van
)
•18
58:M
acy'
s,N
ewY
ork
•18
72:B
loo
min
gd
ale‘
s,N
ewY
ork
•19
05:H
arro
d‘s
mo
ves
into
pre
sen
t-d
aylo
cati
on
(Ste
ven
s&
Hu
nt)
•19
07:N
eim
anM
arcu
s,D
alla
s•
1908
:Sel
frid
ge’
s,Lo
nd
on
(Dan
ielB
urn
ham
)•
1908
–12:
Wh
itel
ey's
bu
ildin
g,L
on
do
n(B
elch
er&
Joas
s)
•19
11:G
old
man
&Sa
lats
ch,V
ien
na
(Ad
olf
Loo
s)
•19
25:S
ears
,Ro
ebu
ck,C
hic
ago
•19
27:H
anky
uTe
rmin
alD
epat
o,T
oky
o•
1928
:Ad
amD
epar
tmen
tSt
ore
Pro
ject
,Ber
lin(M
ies
van
der
Ro
he)
•19
28:S
cho
cken
Dep
artm
ent
Sto
re,S
tutt
gar
t(E
rich
Men
del
soh
n)
•19
57:D
eB
ijen
korf
,Ro
tter
dam
(Mar
celB
reu
er)
•19
15:M
itsu
kosh
iDep
ato
,To
kyo
•19
30:D
epar
tmen
tst
ore
sb
ran
cho
ut
tosu
bu
rbs
•19
91To
talU
.S.d
epar
tmen
tst
ore
sale
s:$1
77.8
8b
illio
n•
1992
Sieg
el-C
oo
per
,New
Yo
rk,t
urn
edin
tove
rtic
alp
ow
erce
nte
r
•19
02:M
acy’
s,M
arsh
allF
ield
‘s,a
nd
JCPe
nn
ey‘s
"Bef
ore
Wo
rld
War
Ith
ear
cad
ed
ied
anal
mo
sto
ffic
iald
eath
;no
bu
ildin
gau
tho
rity
wo
uld
per
mit
itin
its
nin
etee
nth
-cen
tury
form
...n
ore
ales
tate
auth
ori
tyco
uld
per
mit
such
anex
plo
itat
ion
of
lan
d."
—Jo
han
nFr
ied
rich
Gei
st,A
rcad
es.
"Am
eric
anre
taili
ng
ish
ead
ing
for
a'd
ie-o
ut'
of
Dar
win
iam
pro
po
rtio
ns
...W
al-M
art
CEO
Dav
idG
lass
and
Stan
ley
Mar
cus
are
pre
dic
tin
gth
at50
–75%
of
pre
sen
tre
tail
will
be
exti
nct
wit
hin
ad
ecad
e."
—D
ale
M.L
ewis
on
,Ret
ailin
g.
� “Mall”
� “Captive”
� “Divine Economy”
� “Depato”
� “Suburban Model” � “Real(i)ty”
� “City of Shopping”� “Gruen Urbanism”
� “Good Intentions”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “. . . And Then There Was Shopping”
� “Tokyo Metabolism”
� “Crystal Palace”
� “e-urope”
� “Nikecology”
� “Jerde Transfer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Resistance”
� “Disney Space”
� “Bit Structures”
� “Next Big Thing”
� “Three-Ring Circus”
� “Mobility”
� “Three-Ring Circus”
� “High Architecture”
� “High Architecture”
37
Har
vard
Des
ign
Scho
olG
uide
toSh
oppi
ng3
6
warehouse clubs
discounters
t store
shopping mall
entertainment sh
churches
category killerWal-Martoutlets
strip malldrive-thru
franchise
mail order/catalogue shopping
1
1,52
8
1,72
2
1,53
1
276
32
3,15
7
2,76
1
2,64
5
4,07
4
4,19
0
4,25
1
5,79
2
7,74
2 8,80
7
9,98
1
10,0
41 11,0
01
13,0
00
22,0
00 25,5
00
30,6
41
32,5
63
34,6
83
36,5
15
37,9
75
38,9
66
39,5
43
40,2
81
41,1
51
42,0
48
7,10
0
2,90
0
"afe
wh
un
dre
d"
tota
l Wal
Mar
ts
total department sto
res, US
total malls, U.S.
45,7
00
calators worldwide
3700
2700
160,
000
•19
97:N
iket
ow
n,N
e•
1996
:Do
nn
aK
aran
•19
95:1
2,95
2re
tail
•19
91:U
.S.m
ail-
or
Tota
lre
tail
sale
s:
•19
20s:
Firs
to
utl
etst
ore
s,N
ewEn
gla
nd
•19
95:4
.97
bill
ion
sq.f
t.to
tall
easa
ble
reta
ilar
ea
•19
97–:
As
man
yas
on
ein
five
mal
lsw
illcl
ose
•1922:Fi
rst
un
ifie
dsh
op
pin
gm
all
:C
ou
ntr
yC
lub
Pla
za,K
an
sas
Cit
y
•19
50:F
irst
op
en-a
irm
all:
No
rth
gat
e,Se
attl
e•
1951
:Fir
std
um
bel
lpla
n:F
ram
ing
ham
,Mas
s.•
1951
–53:
Lijn
baa
n,R
ott
erd
am(v
and
enB
roek
&B
akem
a)
•19
54:V
icto
rG
ruen
'sfi
rst
mal
l:N
ort
hla
nd
,Det
roit
•19
64:Y
ork
dal
eSh
op
pin
gPl
aza,
Toro
nto
:72
acre
s;p
arki
ng
for
6,73
6ca
rs
•19
68:D
om
inio
nC
ente
r,To
ron
to(M
ies
van
der
Ro
he)
•19
71:T
he
Gal
leri
a,H
ou
sto
n
•19
92:M
allo
fA
mer
ica
•1956:Fi
rst
en
clo
sed
mall
:So
uth
dale
,M
inn
eap
oli
s(V
icto
rG
ruen
)
•19
81:L
arg
est
mal
l:W
est
Edm
on
ton
llen
,N
.Y.
gel
es
•19
95:W
al-M
art:
$93.
6b
illio
nin
sale
sLa
rges
tre
taile
rin
the
wo
rld
•19
92–9
4:55
%o
fn
ewU
.S.r
etai
l=b
igb
ox
•1962:Fi
rst
Wal-
Mart
•19
70:W
al-M
art:
$31
mill
ion
insa
les
•19
80:W
al-M
art:
$1b
illio
nin
sale
s
•19
90:W
al-M
art:
$25.
8b
illio
nin
sale
s
•20
00:W
al-M
art:
•19
94:8
0%o
fn
ewU
.S.r
etai
l=ca
teg
ory
kille
rs
•19
79:H
om
eD
epo
t,A
tlan
ta
•19
76:P
rice
Clu
b,S
anD
ieg
o
•19
57:O
rig
inal
Toys
"R"U
s,W
ash
ing
ton
,D.C
.
•19
09:2
38W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
s
•19
19:1
,081
Wo
olw
ort
h's
sho
ps
•19
29:7
66W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
sin
Bri
tain
alo
ne
•19
41:8
2W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
sin
Ger
man
yal
on
e
•19
69:F
irst
GA
P,Sa
nFr
anci
sco
•19
12–1
3:W
oo
lwo
rth
'sB
uild
ing
,New
Yo
rk
•19
05:H
arro
d‘s
mo
ves
into
pre
sen
t-d
aylo
cati
on
(Ste
ven
s&
Hu
nt)
•19
07:N
eim
anM
arcu
s,D
alla
s•
1908
:Sel
frid
ge’
s,Lo
nd
on
(Dan
ielB
urn
ham
)•
1908
–12:
Wh
itel
ey's
bu
ildin
g,L
on
do
n(B
elch
er&
Joas
s)
•19
11:G
old
man
&Sa
lats
ch,V
ien
na
(Ad
olf
Loo
s)
•19
25:S
ears
,Ro
ebu
ck,C
hic
ago
•19
27:H
anky
uTe
rmin
alD
epat
o,T
oky
o•
1928
:Ad
amD
epar
tmen
tSt
ore
Pro
ject
,Ber
lin(M
ies
van
der
Ro
he)
•19
28:S
cho
cken
Dep
artm
ent
Sto
re,S
tutt
gar
t(E
rich
Men
del
soh
n)
•19
57:D
eB
ijen
korf
,Ro
tter
dam
(Mar
celB
reu
er)
•19
15:M
itsu
kosh
iDep
ato
,To
kyo
•19
30:D
epar
tmen
tst
ore
sb
ran
cho
ut
tosu
bu
rbs
•19
91To
talU
.S.d
epar
tmen
tst
ore
sale
s:$1
77.8
8b
illio
n•
1992
Sieg
el-C
oo
per
,New
Yo
rk,t
urn
edin
tove
rtic
alp
ow
erce
nte
r
•19
02:M
acy’
s,M
arsh
allF
ield
‘s,a
nd
JCPe
nn
ey‘s
"Bef
ore
Wo
rld
War
Ith
ear
cad
ed
ied
anal
mo
sto
ffic
iald
eath
;no
bu
ildin
gau
tho
rity
wo
uld
per
mit
itin
its
nin
etee
nth
-cen
tury
form
...n
ore
ales
tate
auth
ori
tyco
uld
per
mit
such
anex
plo
itat
ion
of
lan
d."
—Jo
han
nFr
ied
rich
Gei
st,A
rcad
es.
� “Mall”
�
� “Div
� “Depato”
� “. . . And Then There Was Shopping”
� “
� “
� “
� “
� “
� “Next Big Thing”
Architecture”
� “High Architecture”
Evo
luti
on
of
reta
ilty
pes
(det
ail)
37
Har
vard
Des
ign
Scho
olG
uide
toSh
oppi
ng3
6
warehouse clubs
discounters
t store
shopping mall
entertainment sh
churches
category killerWal-Martoutlets
strip malldrive-thru
franchise
mail order/catalogue shopping
1
1,52
8
1,72
2
1,53
1
276
32
3,15
7
2,76
1
2,64
5
4,07
4
4,19
0
4,25
1
5,79
2
7,74
2 8,80
7
9,98
1
10,0
41 11,0
01
13,0
00
22,0
00 25,5
00
30,6
41
32,5
63
34,6
83
36,5
15
37,9
75
38,9
66
39,5
43
40,2
81
41,1
51
42,0
48
7,10
0
2,90
0
"afe
wh
un
dre
d"
tota
l Wal
Mar
ts
total department sto
res, US
total malls, U.S.
45,7
00
calators worldwide
3700
2700
160,
000
•19
97:N
iket
ow
n,N
e•
1996
:Do
nn
aK
aran
•19
95:1
2,95
2re
tail
•19
91:U
.S.m
ail-
or
Tota
lre
tail
sale
s:
•19
20s:
Firs
to
utl
etst
ore
s,N
ewEn
gla
nd
•19
95:4
.97
bill
ion
sq.f
t.to
tall
easa
ble
reta
ilar
ea
•19
97–:
As
man
yas
on
ein
five
mal
lsw
illcl
ose
•1922:Fi
rst
un
ifie
dsh
op
pin
gm
all
:C
ou
ntr
yC
lub
Pla
za,K
an
sas
Cit
y
•19
50:F
irst
op
en-a
irm
all:
No
rth
gat
e,Se
attl
e•
1951
:Fir
std
um
bel
lpla
n:F
ram
ing
ham
,Mas
s.•
1951
–53:
Lijn
baa
n,R
ott
erd
am(v
and
enB
roek
&B
akem
a)
•19
54:V
icto
rG
ruen
'sfi
rst
mal
l:N
ort
hla
nd
,Det
roit
•19
64:Y
ork
dal
eSh
op
pin
gPl
aza,
Toro
nto
:72
acre
s;p
arki
ng
for
6,73
6ca
rs
•19
68:D
om
inio
nC
ente
r,To
ron
to(M
ies
van
der
Ro
he)
•19
71:T
he
Gal
leri
a,H
ou
sto
n
•19
92:M
allo
fA
mer
ica
•1956:Fi
rst
en
clo
sed
mall
:So
uth
dale
,M
inn
eap
oli
s(V
icto
rG
ruen
)
•19
81:L
arg
est
mal
l:W
est
Edm
on
ton
llen
,N
.Y.
gel
es
•19
95:W
al-M
art:
$93.
6b
illio
nin
sale
sLa
rges
tre
taile
rin
the
wo
rld
•19
92–9
4:55
%o
fn
ewU
.S.r
etai
l=b
igb
ox
•1962:Fi
rst
Wal-
Mart
•19
70:W
al-M
art:
$31
mill
ion
insa
les
•19
80:W
al-M
art:
$1b
illio
nin
sale
s
•19
90:W
al-M
art:
$25.
8b
illio
nin
sale
s
•20
00:W
al-M
art:
•19
94:8
0%o
fn
ewU
.S.r
etai
l=ca
teg
ory
kille
rs
•19
79:H
om
eD
epo
t,A
tlan
ta
•19
76:P
rice
Clu
b,S
anD
ieg
o
•19
57:O
rig
inal
Toys
"R"U
s,W
ash
ing
ton
,D.C
.
•19
09:2
38W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
s
•19
19:1
,081
Wo
olw
ort
h's
sho
ps
•19
29:7
66W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
sin
Bri
tain
alo
ne
•19
41:8
2W
oo
lwo
rth
'ssh
op
sin
Ger
man
yal
on
e
•19
69:F
irst
GA
P,Sa
nFr
anci
sco
•19
12–1
3:W
oo
lwo
rth
'sB
uild
ing
,New
Yo
rk
•19
05:H
arro
d‘s
mo
ves
into
pre
sen
t-d
aylo
cati
on
(Ste
ven
s&
Hu
nt)
•19
07:N
eim
anM
arcu
s,D
alla
s•
1908
:Sel
frid
ge’
s,Lo
nd
on
(Dan
ielB
urn
ham
)•
1908
–12:
Wh
itel
ey's
bu
ildin
g,L
on
do
n(B
elch
er&
Joas
s)
•19
11:G
old
man
&Sa
lats
ch,V
ien
na
(Ad
olf
Loo
s)
•19
25:S
ears
,Ro
ebu
ck,C
hic
ago
•19
27:H
anky
uTe
rmin
alD
epat
o,T
oky
o•
1928
:Ad
amD
epar
tmen
tSt
ore
Pro
ject
,Ber
lin(M
ies
van
der
Ro
he)
•19
28:S
cho
cken
Dep
artm
ent
Sto
re,S
tutt
gar
t(E
rich
Men
del
soh
n)
•19
57:D
eB
ijen
korf
,Ro
tter
dam
(Mar
celB
reu
er)
•19
15:M
itsu
kosh
iDep
ato
,To
kyo
•19
30:D
epar
tmen
tst
ore
sb
ran
cho
ut
tosu
bu
rbs
•19
91To
talU
.S.d
epar
tmen
tst
ore
sale
s:$1
77.8
8b
illio
n•
1992
Sieg
el-C
oo
per
,New
Yo
rk,t
urn
edin
tove
rtic
alp
ow
erce
nte
r
•19
02:M
acy’
s,M
arsh
allF
ield
‘s,a
nd
JCPe
nn
ey‘s
"Bef
ore
Wo
rld
War
Ith
ear
cad
ed
ied
anal
mo
sto
ffic
iald
eath
;no
bu
ildin
gau
tho
rity
wo
uld
per
mit
itin
its
nin
etee
nth
-cen
tury
form
...n
ore
ales
tate
auth
ori
tyco
uld
per
mit
such
anex
plo
itat
ion
of
lan
d."
—Jo
han
nFr
ied
rich
Gei
st,A
rcad
es.
� “Mall”
�
� “Div
� “Depato”
� “. . . And Then There Was Shopping”
� “
� “
� “
� “
� “
� “Next Big Thing”
Architecture”
� “High Architecture”
Evo
luti
on
of
reta
ilty
pes
(det
ail)
Har
vard
Des
ign
Scho
olG
uide
toSh
oppi
ng3
8
airportshoppingsupermarket
superstore
convenience store
superettehypermarket
t store
shopping mall
entertainment shopping
churches
category killersWal-Martoutlets
virtual shopping
duty-free
pedestrian mall
strip malldrive-thru
shopping resorts
magasin de nouveautés
chain storesfranchise
mail order/catalogue shopping
1816-1840
railway station shopping
1,52
8
1,72
2
1,53
1
276
32
500
19,0
00
21,5
38
24,5
16
26,8
70
30,4
70
30,2
00
32,2
00
33,9
04
35,7
50
36,5
76
37,4
00
66,0
00
76,0
00
80,0
00
82,5
00
83,0
00
84,5
00
84,5
00
84,4
00
3,15
7
2,76
1
2,64
5
4,07
4
4,19
0
4,25
1
5,79
2
7,74
2 8,80
7
9,98
1
10,0
41 11,0
01
13,0
00
22,0
00 25,5
00
30,6
41
32,5
63
34,6
83
36,5
15
37,9
75
38,9
66
39,5
43
40,2
81
41,1
51
42,0
48
7,10
0
2,90
0
"a f
ew h
un
dre
d"
1,54
3,15
8 1,77
0,35
5
1,77
1,31
7
1,72
1,65
0
1,78
8,32
5
1,70
7,93
1
1,19
1,54
6
1,26
4,92
2
1,85
5,06
8
1,92
3,22
8
1,50
3,59
3
1,52
6,21
5
total individual stores, US
tota
l Wal
Mar
ts
total department st
ores, US
total malls, U.S.
total convenience stores, U.S.
45,7
00
total escalators worldwide
3700
2700
160,
000
museums
stock exchange• M
idd
le A
ges
: Mar
ketp
lace
as
civi
c ce
nte
r
• 16
57: B
ost
on
To
wn
Hal
l an
d M
arke
tpla
ce
• 11
00–1
300:
Ris
e o
f tr
ade
cau
ses
sig
nif
ican
t g
row
th o
f sh
op
s
• Ea
rly
17th
cen
tury
: Gro
wth
of
mar
kets
in E
uro
pe
• 15
14: H
ou
se o
f R
aph
ael,
Ro
me,
Bra
man
te
• La
te 1
6th
cen
tury
: Fab
ric
baz
aar,
Isfa
han
• 16
08: A
mst
erd
am E
xch
ang
e
• 17
62: F
oir
e St
. Ger
mai
n, P
aris
(es
tab
lish
ed 1
462)
• 18
27: D
esig
n f
or
a K
aufh
aus
(Kar
l Fri
edri
ch S
chin
kel)
• 14
35–4
4: L
eon
e B
atti
sta
Alb
erti
wri
tes
Del
la F
amig
lia, f
rom
wh
ich
the
cap
ital
ist
max
im "
tim
e is
mo
ney
" w
ou
ld la
ter
be
der
ived
.
• Lo
ck-u
p s
talls
• 17
th c
entu
ry: E
xplo
sio
n o
f sh
op
s d
ue
to r
ise
in c
red
it
• 16
06: N
ew E
xch
ang
e, L
on
do
n
• 16
67–7
1: S
eco
nd
Ro
yal E
xch
ang
e, L
on
do
n
•172
0: A
nto
ine
Wat
teau
, L'E
nse
ign
e d
e G
ersa
int
• 1566–6
8: R
oyal
Exch
an
ge, Lo
nd
on
• c.
110
: Tra
jan
's M
arke
t
• c.
150
0 B
.C.E
.: M
arke
t at
Th
ebes
• 70
00 B
.C.E
.: C
ity
of
Çat
alh
öyü
k fo
un
ded
fo
r th
e tr
ade
of
com
mo
dit
ies
• c.
400
B.C
.E.:
The
Gre
ek a
go
ra c
on
flat
es p
ub
lic f
oru
m a
nd
mar
ketp
lace
• Seven
th c
en
tury
B.C
.E.:
Lyd
ian
s in
ven
t re
tail
sh
op
s
• 18
th c
entu
ry: R
ise
of
bo
urg
eois
ie
• 19
97: N
iket
ow
n, N
ew Y
ork
• 19
96: D
on
na
Kar
an, L
on
do
n•
1995
: 12,
952
reta
il fa
ilure
s in
U.S
.
• 18
51: C
ryst
al P
alac
e, L
on
do
n (
Jose
ph
Pax
ton
)
• 18
58: M
e ssr
s O
sler
's s
ho
p, L
on
do
n
• 19
91: U
.S. m
ail-
ord
er s
ales
: $91
.50
bill
ion
To
tal
reta
il sa
les:
$1,
843.
52 b
illio
n
• 19
20s:
Fir
st o
utl
et s
tore
s, N
ew E
ng
lan
d
• 17
93: F
irst
mag
asin
de
no
uve
auté
, Par
is
• 18
53: H
alle
s C
entr
ales
, Par
is
1996
–: G
ran
d C
entr
al S
tati
on
un
der
go
es $
175
mill
ion
ren
ova
tio
n •
1988
: Was
hin
gto
n's
Un
ion
Sta
tio
n r
emo
del
ed •
1997
: Avg
. sal
es: $
1,00
0–1,
200
/ sq
. ft.
(vs
. $20
0–30
0 fo
r m
alls
) •
1996
: Hea
thro
w T
erm
inal
2 r
efu
rbis
hed
•
1995
: Wo
rld
wid
e d
uty
-fre
e sa
les:
$20
.5 b
illio
n •
1995
: Avg
. sal
es: $
970
/ sq
. ft.
•19
95: B
AA
cla
ssif
ied
as
reta
il st
ock
•
1999
: Ab
olis
hm
ent
of
intr
a-E.
U. d
uty
-fre
e •
1992
: BA
A o
pen
s m
all a
t Pi
ttsb
urg
Air
po
rt •
Earl
y 19
90s:
Hea
thro
w k
no
wn
as
"Th
iefr
ow
" •
1977
: Pri
vati
zati
on
of
Bri
tish
A
irp
ort
s A
uth
ori
ty (
BA
A)
•
1965
: Bri
tish
Air
po
rts
A
uth
ori
ty e
stab
lish
ed •
1957: Fi
rst
du
ty-f
ree s
ho
p,
Sh
an
no
n a
irp
ort
, Ir
ela
nd
•
• 19
95: 4
.97
bill
ion
sq
. ft.
to
tal l
easa
ble
ret
ail a
rea
• 19
97–:
As
man
y as
on
e in
fiv
e m
alls
will
clo
se
• 1922: Fi
rst
un
ifie
d s
ho
pp
ing
mall
: C
ou
ntr
y C
lub
Pla
za, K
an
sas
Cit
y
• 19
50: F
irst
op
en-a
ir m
all:
No
rth
gat
e, S
eatt
le•
1951
: Fir
st d
um
bel
l pla
n: F
ram
ing
ham
, Mas
s.•
1951
–53:
Lijn
baa
n, R
ott
erd
am (
van
den
Bro
ek &
Bak
ema)
• 19
54: V
icto
r G
ruen
's f
irst
mal
l: N
ort
hla
nd
, Det
roit
• 19
64: Y
ork
dal
e Sh
op
pin
g P
laza
, To
ron
to: 7
2 ac
res;
par
kin
g f
or
6,73
6 ca
rs
• 19
68: D
om
inio
n C
ente
r, T
oro
nto
(M
ies
van
der
Ro
he)
• 19
71: T
he
Gal
leri
a, H
ou
sto
n
• 19
92: M
all o
f A
mer
ica
• 1956: Fi
rst
en
clo
sed
mall
: So
uth
dale
, M
inn
eap
oli
s (V
icto
r G
ruen
)
• 19
81: L
arg
est
mal
l: W
est
Edm
on
ton
1822
: Arc
ades
infl
uen
ce p
riso
n r
efo
rm •
1791
: Pas
sag
e Fe
ydea
u, P
aris
•
1799
: Pas
sag
e d
u C
aire
, Par
is •
1800
: Pas
sag
e d
es P
ano
ram
as, P
aris
•
1808
: Pas
sag
e D
elo
rme,
Par
is •
1811
: Pas
sag
e M
on
tesq
uie
u, P
aris
•
1816
–18:
Ro
yal O
per
a A
rcad
e, L
on
do
n •
1818
–19:
Bu
rlin
gto
n A
rcad
e, L
on
do
n •
1820
: Pas
sag
e d
e la
Mo
nn
aie,
Bru
ssel
s •
1828
: Gal
erie
d'O
rléa
ns,
Par
is •
1826
: Ph
ilad
elp
hia
Arc
ade,
Ph
il. •
1840
–43:
Pas
sag
e Po
mm
eray
e, N
ante
s •
1831
: Ro
yal A
rcad
e, N
ewca
stle
• 1
831:
Gal
erie
de
Cri
sto
fori
s, M
ilan
• 1
831:
Gal
erie
Bo
rdel
aise
, Bo
rdea
ux
•
1829
: Lo
wth
er A
rcad
e, L
on
do
n •
1827
: Wey
bo
sset
Arc
ade,
Pro
vid
ence
•
1823
: Pas
sag
e d
e l'O
pér
a, P
aris
•18
25: P
assa
ge
Ch
ois
eul,
Pari
s •
1837
–39:
Pas
sag
e Le
mo
nn
ier,
Liè
ge
•
1842
–43:
Exe
ter
Arc
ade,
Lo
nd
on
• S
illem
's B
azar
, Ham
bu
rg •
1845
: Pas
sag
e Jo
uff
roy,
Par
is •
1846
–47:
Gal
erie
s St
. Hu
ber
t, B
russ
els
•
1853
: Qu
een
's A
rcad
e, M
elb
ou
rne
•
1855
: Uto
pia
n a
rcad
e p
roje
cts,
Lo
nd
on
: C
ryst
al W
ay a
nd
Gre
at V
icto
rian
Way
•
1863
: Kö
nig
in A
ug
ust
a H
alle
, Co
log
ne
•
1869
: Ro
yal A
rcad
e, M
elb
ou
rne
•
1871
: Bar
ton
Arc
ade,
Man
ches
ter
•
1873
: Lan
cast
er A
ven
ue,
Man
ches
ter
•
1875
: Gre
at W
este
rn A
rcad
e, B
irm
ing
ham
•
1879
: Ro
yal A
rcad
e, L
on
do
n •
1878
: Th
orn
ton
's A
rcad
e, L
eed
s •
1874
: Gal
leri
a Su
bal
pin
a, T
uri
n •
1880
: Gal
leri
a M
anzi
ni,
Gen
oa
•
1865
–77
Gal
leri
a V
itto
rio
Em
anu
ele
II, M
ilan
•
1882
: Pas
sag
e d
u N
ord
, Bru
ssel
s •
1883
–85:
Pas
sag
e, T
he
Hag
ue
•
1887
: Kai
ser
Pass
age,
Kar
lsru
he
•18
88: Q
uee
n's
Arc
ade,
Lee
ds
• C
leve
lan
d A
rcad
e, C
leve
lan
d •
• 18
88–9
3: G
UM
, Mo
sco
w
1897
: Co
un
ty A
rcad
e, L
eed
s •
1899
: Cit
y A
rcad
es, B
irm
ing
ham
•
1890
: Ale
xan
dra
Arc
ade,
Sw
anse
a •
Gal
leri
a N
azio
nal
e, T
uri
n •
1900
: Kai
ser
Wilh
elm
Pas
sag
e, F
ran
kfu
rt a
m M
ain
•19
01: G
eorg
s Pa
ssag
e, H
ann
ove
r •
1904
: Cen
tral
Arc
ade,
Wo
lver
ham
pto
n •
1907
: Fri
edri
chst
rass
enp
assa
ge,
Ber
lin •
1909
–11:
Par
iser
Ho
f, B
ud
apes
t •
1912
: Pic
cad
illy
Arc
ade,
Lo
nd
on
•
1914
: Mäd
ler
Pass
age,
Lei
pzi
g •
1916
: Pea
chtr
ee A
rcad
e, A
tlan
ta •
1925
: Gal
leri
a Pi
azza
Co
lon
na,
Ro
me
•
1786: Fi
rst
arc
ad
e:
Gale
ries
de B
ois
, Pari
s •
• 1930: Fi
rst
sup
erm
ark
et:
Kin
g K
ull
en
, N
.Y.
• 19
30: S
elf-
serv
ice
intr
od
uce
d, L
os
An
gel
es
• 19
60: 4
0% o
f
Am
eric
ans
sh
op
in 1
0,00
0
sup
erm
arke
ts
• 19
95: W
al-M
art:
$93
.6 b
illio
n in
sal
es
Larg
est
reta
iler
in t
he
wo
rld
• 19
92–9
4: 5
5% o
f n
ew U
.S. r
etai
l = b
ig b
ox
• 1962: Fi
rst
Wal-
Mart
• 19
70: W
al-M
art:
$31
mill
ion
in s
ales
• 19
80: W
al-M
art:
$1
bill
ion
in s
ales
• 19
90: W
al-M
art:
$25
.8 b
illio
n in
sal
es
• 20
00: W
al-M
art:
$165
bill
ion
in s
ales
• 19
94: 8
0% o
f n
ew U
.S. r
etai
l = c
ateg
ory
kill
ers
• 19
79: H
om
e D
epo
t, A
tlan
ta
• 19
76: P
rice
Clu
b, S
an D
ieg
o
• 19
57: O
rig
inal
To
ys"R
"Us,
Was
hin
gto
n, D
.C.
• Se
vera
l cen
turi
es B
.C.E
.: C
hai
ns
of
reta
il st
ore
s ar
e kn
ow
n t
o h
ave
op
erat
ed in
Ch
ina
• 18
79: F
irst
Wo
olw
ort
h's
, Lan
cast
er, P
a.•
1879
: Sec
on
d W
oo
lwo
rth
's, U
tica
, N.Y
.
• 18
90: 1
2 W
oo
lwo
rth
's s
ho
ps
• 18
99: 5
4 W
oo
lwo
rth
's s
ho
ps
• 19
09: 2
38 W
oo
lwo
rth
's s
ho
ps
• 19
19: 1
,081
Wo
olw
ort
h's
sh
op
s
• 19
29: 7
66 W
oo
lwo
rth
's s
ho
ps
in B
rita
in a
lon
e
• 19
41: 8
2 W
oo
lwo
rth
's s
ho
ps
in G
erm
any
alo
ne
• 19
69: F
irst
GA
P, S
an F
ran
cisc
o
• 19
12–1
3: W
oo
lwo
rth
's B
uild
ing
, New
Yo
rk
• 1859: Fi
rst
mo
dern
ch
ain
sto
re:
G
reat
Atl
an
tic
& P
aci
fic
Tea C
o.,
N
ew
Yo
rk
• 18
24: I
ntr
od
uct
ion
of
fixe
d p
rice
s
• 18
40s:
Ch
arle
s H
enry
Har
rod
tak
es o
ver
a
smal
l gro
cery
sh
op
• 1852: Fi
rst
dep
art
men
t st
ore
: A
u B
on
Marc
hé, Pari
s
• 18
96: W
ana m
aker
’s, N
ew Y
ork
• 18
96: S
ieg
el-C
oo
per
, New
Yo
rk
• 19
01: A
l’In
no
vati
on
dep
artm
ent
sto
re, B
russ
els
(Vic
tor
Ho
rta)
• 18
83: E
mile
Zo
la, A
u B
on
heu
r d
es D
ames
• 18
84: M
arks
& S
pen
cer‘
s, L
on
do
n
• 18
99–1
904:
Car
son
, Pir
ie, S
cott
, Ch
icag
o (
Sulli
van
)
• 18
58: M
acy'
s, N
ew Y
ork
• 18
72: B
loo
min
gd
ale‘
s, N
ew Y
ork
• 19
05: H
arro
d‘s
mo
ves
into
pre
sen
t-d
ay lo
cati
on
(St
even
s &
Hu
nt)
• 19
07: N
eim
an M
arcu
s, D
alla
s•
1908
: Sel
frid
ge’
s, L
on
do
n (
Dan
iel B
urn
ham
)•
1908
–12:
Wh
itel
ey's
bu
ildin
g, L
on
do
n (
Bel
cher
& J
oas
s)
• 19
11: G
old
man
& S
alat
sch
, Vie
nn
a (A
do
lf L
oo
s)
• 19
25: S
ears
, Ro
ebu
ck, C
hic
ago
• 19
27: H
anky
u T
erm
inal
Dep
ato
, To
kyo
• 19
28: A
dam
Dep
artm
ent
Sto
re P
roje
ct, B
erlin
(M
ies
van
der
Ro
he)
• 19
28: S
cho
cken
Dep
artm
ent
Sto
re, S
tutt
gar
t (E
rich
Men
del
soh
n)
• 19
57: D
e B
ijen
korf
, Ro
tter
dam
(M
arce
l Bre
uer
)
• 19
15: M
itsu
kosh
i Dep
ato
, To
kyo
• 19
30: D
epar
tmen
t st
ore
s b
ran
ch o
ut
to s
ub
urb
s
• 19
91 T
ota
l U.S
. dep
artm
ent
sto
re s
ales
: $17
7.88
bill
ion
• 19
92 S
ieg
el-C
oo
per
, New
Yo
rk, t
urn
ed in
to v
erti
cal p
ow
er c
ente
r
• 19
02: M
acy’
s, M
arsh
all F
ield
‘s, a
nd
JC
Pen
ney
‘s
"Bef
ore
Wo
rld
War
I th
e ar
cad
e d
ied
an
alm
ost
o
ffic
ial d
eath
; no
bu
ildin
g a
uth
ori
ty w
ou
ld
per
mit
it in
its
nin
etee
nth
-cen
tury
fo
rm .
. . n
o
real
est
ate
auth
ori
ty c
ou
ld p
erm
it s
uch
an
ex
plo
itat
ion
of
lan
d."
—
Joh
ann
Fri
edri
ch G
eist
, Arc
ades
.
"Am
eric
an r
etai
ling
is h
ead
ing
fo
r a
'die
-ou
t' o
f D
arw
inia
m p
rop
ort
ion
s . .
. W
al-M
art
CEO
Dav
id
Gla
ss a
nd
Sta
nle
y M
arcu
s ar
e p
red
icti
ng
th
at 5
0 –7
5% o
f p
rese
nt
reta
il w
ill b
e ex
tin
ct w
ith
in a
d
ecad
e."
—D
ale
M. L
ewis
on
, Ret
ailin
g.
� “Mall”
� “Captive”
� “Divine Economy”
� “Depato”
� “Suburban Model” � “Real(i)ty”
� “City of Shopping”� “Gruen Urbanism”
� “Good Intentions”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “. . . And Then There Was Shopping”
� “Tokyo Metabolism”
� “Crystal Palace”
� “e-urope”
� “Nikecology”
� “Jerde Transfer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Resistance”
� “Disney Space”
� “Bit Structures”
� “Next Big Thing”
� “Three-Ring Circus”
� “Mobility”
� “Three-Ring Circus”
� “High Architecture”
� “High Architecture”
Evo
luti
on
of
reta
il ty
pes
(d
etai
l)
Har
vard
Des
ign
Scho
olG
uide
toSh
oppi
ng3
8
airportshoppingsupermarket
superstore
convenience store
superettehypermarket
t store
shopping mall
entertainment shopping
churches
category killersWal-Martoutlets
virtual shopping
duty-free
pedestrian mall
strip malldrive-thru
shopping resorts
magasin de nouveautés
chain storesfranchise
mail order/catalogue shopping
1816-1840
railway station shopping
1,52
8
1,72
2
1,53
1
276
32
500
19,0
00
21,5
38
24,5
16
26,8
70
30,4
70
30,2
00
32,2
00
33,9
04
35,7
50
36,5
76
37,4
00
66,0
00
76,0
00
80,0
00
82,5
00
83,0
00
84,5
00
84,5
00
84,4
00
3,15
7
2,76
1
2,64
5
4,07
4
4,19
0
4,25
1
5,79
2
7,74
2 8,80
7
9,98
1
10,0
41 11,0
01
13,0
00
22,0
00 25,5
00
30,6
41
32,5
63
34,6
83
36,5
15
37,9
75
38,9
66
39,5
43
40,2
81
41,1
51
42,0
48
7,10
0
2,90
0
"a f
ew h
un
dre
d"
1,54
3,15
8 1,77
0,35
5
1,77
1,31
7
1,72
1,65
0
1,78
8,32
5
1,70
7,93
1
1,19
1,54
6
1,26
4,92
2
1,85
5,06
8
1,92
3,22
8
1,50
3,59
3
1,52
6,21
5
total individual stores, US
tota
l Wal
Mar
ts
total department st
ores, US
total malls, U.S.
total convenience stores, U.S.
45,7
00
total escalators worldwide
3700
2700
160,
000
museums
stock exchange• M
idd
le A
ges
: Mar
ketp
lace
as
civi
c ce
nte
r
• 16
57: B
ost
on
To
wn
Hal
l an
d M
arke
tpla
ce
• 11
00–1
300:
Ris
e o
f tr
ade
cau
ses
sig
nif
ican
t g
row
th o
f sh
op
s
• Ea
rly
17th
cen
tury
: Gro
wth
of
mar
kets
in E
uro
pe
• 15
14: H
ou
se o
f R
aph
ael,
Ro
me,
Bra
man
te
• La
te 1
6th
cen
tury
: Fab
ric
baz
aar,
Isfa
han
• 16
08: A
mst
erd
am E
xch
ang
e
• 17
62: F
oir
e St
. Ger
mai
n, P
aris
(es
tab
lish
ed 1
462)
• 18
27: D
esig
n f
or
a K
aufh
aus
(Kar
l Fri
edri
ch S
chin
kel)
• 14
35–4
4: L
eon
e B
atti
sta
Alb
erti
wri
tes
Del
la F
amig
lia, f
rom
wh
ich
the
cap
ital
ist
max
im "
tim
e is
mo
ney
" w
ou
ld la
ter
be
der
ived
.
• Lo
ck-u
p s
talls
• 17
th c
entu
ry: E
xplo
sio
n o
f sh
op
s d
ue
to r
ise
in c
red
it
• 16
06: N
ew E
xch
ang
e, L
on
do
n
• 16
67–7
1: S
eco
nd
Ro
yal E
xch
ang
e, L
on
do
n
•172
0: A
nto
ine
Wat
teau
, L'E
nse
ign
e d
e G
ersa
int
• 1566–6
8: R
oyal
Exch
an
ge, Lo
nd
on
• c.
110
: Tra
jan
's M
arke
t
• c.
150
0 B
.C.E
.: M
arke
t at
Th
ebes
• 70
00 B
.C.E
.: C
ity
of
Çat
alh
öyü
k fo
un
ded
fo
r th
e tr
ade
of
com
mo
dit
ies
• c.
400
B.C
.E.:
The
Gre
ek a
go
ra c
on
flat
es p
ub
lic f
oru
m a
nd
mar
ketp
lace
• Seven
th c
en
tury
B.C
.E.:
Lyd
ian
s in
ven
t re
tail
sh
op
s
• 18
th c
entu
ry: R
ise
of
bo
urg
eois
ie
• 19
97: N
iket
ow
n, N
ew Y
ork
• 19
96: D
on
na
Kar
an, L
on
do
n•
1995
: 12,
952
reta
il fa
ilure
s in
U.S
.
• 18
51: C
ryst
al P
alac
e, L
on
do
n (
Jose
ph
Pax
ton
)
• 18
58: M
e ssr
s O
sler
's s
ho
p, L
on
do
n
• 19
91: U
.S. m
ail-
ord
er s
ales
: $91
.50
bill
ion
To
tal
reta
il sa
les:
$1,
843.
52 b
illio
n
• 19
20s:
Fir
st o
utl
et s
tore
s, N
ew E
ng
lan
d
• 17
93: F
irst
mag
asin
de
no
uve
auté
, Par
is
• 18
53: H
alle
s C
entr
ales
, Par
is
1996
–: G
ran
d C
entr
al S
tati
on
un
der
go
es $
175
mill
ion
ren
ova
tio
n •
1988
: Was
hin
gto
n's
Un
ion
Sta
tio
n r
emo
del
ed •
1997
: Avg
. sal
es: $
1,00
0–1,
200
/ sq
. ft.
(vs
. $20
0–30
0 fo
r m
alls
) •
1996
: Hea
thro
w T
erm
inal
2 r
efu
rbis
hed
•
1995
: Wo
rld
wid
e d
uty
-fre
e sa
les:
$20
.5 b
illio
n •
1995
: Avg
. sal
es: $
970
/ sq
. ft.
•19
95: B
AA
cla
ssif
ied
as
reta
il st
ock
•
1999
: Ab
olis
hm
ent
of
intr
a-E.
U. d
uty
-fre
e •
1992
: BA
A o
pen
s m
all a
t Pi
ttsb
urg
Air
po
rt •
Earl
y 19
90s:
Hea
thro
w k
no
wn
as
"Th
iefr
ow
" •
1977
: Pri
vati
zati
on
of
Bri
tish
A
irp
ort
s A
uth
ori
ty (
BA
A)
•
1965
: Bri
tish
Air
po
rts
A
uth
ori
ty e
stab
lish
ed •
1957: Fi
rst
du
ty-f
ree s
ho
p,
Sh
an
no
n a
irp
ort
, Ir
ela
nd
•
• 19
95: 4
.97
bill
ion
sq
. ft.
to
tal l
easa
ble
ret
ail a
rea
• 19
97–:
As
man
y as
on
e in
fiv
e m
alls
will
clo
se
• 1922: Fi
rst
un
ifie
d s
ho
pp
ing
mall
: C
ou
ntr
y C
lub
Pla
za, K
an
sas
Cit
y
• 19
50: F
irst
op
en-a
ir m
all:
No
rth
gat
e, S
eatt
le•
1951
: Fir
st d
um
bel
l pla
n: F
ram
ing
ham
, Mas
s.•
1951
–53:
Lijn
baa
n, R
ott
erd
am (
van
den
Bro
ek &
Bak
ema)
• 19
54: V
icto
r G
ruen
's f
irst
mal
l: N
ort
hla
nd
, Det
roit
• 19
64: Y
ork
dal
e Sh
op
pin
g P
laza
, To
ron
to: 7
2 ac
res;
par
kin
g f
or
6,73
6 ca
rs
• 19
68: D
om
inio
n C
ente
r, T
oro
nto
(M
ies
van
der
Ro
he)
• 19
71: T
he
Gal
leri
a, H
ou
sto
n
• 19
92: M
all o
f A
mer
ica
• 1956: Fi
rst
en
clo
sed
mall
: So
uth
dale
, M
inn
eap
oli
s (V
icto
r G
ruen
)
• 19
81: L
arg
est
mal
l: W
est
Edm
on
ton
1822
: Arc
ades
infl
uen
ce p
riso
n r
efo
rm •
1791
: Pas
sag
e Fe
ydea
u, P
aris
•
1799
: Pas
sag
e d
u C
aire
, Par
is •
1800
: Pas
sag
e d
es P
ano
ram
as, P
aris
•
1808
: Pas
sag
e D
elo
rme,
Par
is •
1811
: Pas
sag
e M
on
tesq
uie
u, P
aris
•
1816
–18:
Ro
yal O
per
a A
rcad
e, L
on
do
n •
1818
–19:
Bu
rlin
gto
n A
rcad
e, L
on
do
n •
1820
: Pas
sag
e d
e la
Mo
nn
aie,
Bru
ssel
s •
1828
: Gal
erie
d'O
rléa
ns,
Par
is •
1826
: Ph
ilad
elp
hia
Arc
ade,
Ph
il. •
1840
–43:
Pas
sag
e Po
mm
eray
e, N
ante
s •
1831
: Ro
yal A
rcad
e, N
ewca
stle
• 1
831:
Gal
erie
de
Cri
sto
fori
s, M
ilan
• 1
831:
Gal
erie
Bo
rdel
aise
, Bo
rdea
ux
•
1829
: Lo
wth
er A
rcad
e, L
on
do
n •
1827
: Wey
bo
sset
Arc
ade,
Pro
vid
ence
•
1823
: Pas
sag
e d
e l'O
pér
a, P
aris
•18
25: P
assa
ge
Ch
ois
eul,
Pari
s •
1837
–39:
Pas
sag
e Le
mo
nn
ier,
Liè
ge
•
1842
–43:
Exe
ter
Arc
ade,
Lo
nd
on
• S
illem
's B
azar
, Ham
bu
rg •
1845
: Pas
sag
e Jo
uff
roy,
Par
is •
1846
–47:
Gal
erie
s St
. Hu
ber
t, B
russ
els
•
1853
: Qu
een
's A
rcad
e, M
elb
ou
rne
•
1855
: Uto
pia
n a
rcad
e p
roje
cts,
Lo
nd
on
: C
ryst
al W
ay a
nd
Gre
at V
icto
rian
Way
•
1863
: Kö
nig
in A
ug
ust
a H
alle
, Co
log
ne
•
1869
: Ro
yal A
rcad
e, M
elb
ou
rne
•
1871
: Bar
ton
Arc
ade,
Man
ches
ter
•
1873
: Lan
cast
er A
ven
ue,
Man
ches
ter
•
1875
: Gre
at W
este
rn A
rcad
e, B
irm
ing
ham
•
1879
: Ro
yal A
rcad
e, L
on
do
n •
1878
: Th
orn
ton
's A
rcad
e, L
eed
s •
1874
: Gal
leri
a Su
bal
pin
a, T
uri
n •
1880
: Gal
leri
a M
anzi
ni,
Gen
oa
•
1865
–77
Gal
leri
a V
itto
rio
Em
anu
ele
II, M
ilan
•
1882
: Pas
sag
e d
u N
ord
, Bru
ssel
s •
1883
–85:
Pas
sag
e, T
he
Hag
ue
•
1887
: Kai
ser
Pass
age,
Kar
lsru
he
•18
88: Q
uee
n's
Arc
ade,
Lee
ds
• C
leve
lan
d A
rcad
e, C
leve
lan
d •
• 18
88–9
3: G
UM
, Mo
sco
w
1897
: Co
un
ty A
rcad
e, L
eed
s •
1899
: Cit
y A
rcad
es, B
irm
ing
ham
•
1890
: Ale
xan
dra
Arc
ade,
Sw
anse
a •
Gal
leri
a N
azio
nal
e, T
uri
n •
1900
: Kai
ser
Wilh
elm
Pas
sag
e, F
ran
kfu
rt a
m M
ain
•19
01: G
eorg
s Pa
ssag
e, H
ann
ove
r •
1904
: Cen
tral
Arc
ade,
Wo
lver
ham
pto
n •
1907
: Fri
edri
chst
rass
enp
assa
ge,
Ber
lin •
1909
–11:
Par
iser
Ho
f, B
ud
apes
t •
1912
: Pic
cad
illy
Arc
ade,
Lo
nd
on
•
1914
: Mäd
ler
Pass
age,
Lei
pzi
g •
1916
: Pea
chtr
ee A
rcad
e, A
tlan
ta •
1925
: Gal
leri
a Pi
azza
Co
lon
na,
Ro
me
•
1786: Fi
rst
arc
ad
e:
Gale
ries
de B
ois
, Pari
s •
• 1930: Fi
rst
sup
erm
ark
et:
Kin
g K
ull
en
, N
.Y.
• 19
30: S
elf-
serv
ice
intr
od
uce
d, L
os
An
gel
es
• 19
60: 4
0% o
f
Am
eric
ans
sh
op
in 1
0,00
0
sup
erm
arke
ts
• 19
95: W
al-M
art:
$93
.6 b
illio
n in
sal
es
Larg
est
reta
iler
in t
he
wo
rld
• 19
92–9
4: 5
5% o
f n
ew U
.S. r
etai
l = b
ig b
ox
• 1962: Fi
rst
Wal-
Mart
• 19
70: W
al-M
art:
$31
mill
ion
in s
ales
• 19
80: W
al-M
art:
$1
bill
ion
in s
ales
• 19
90: W
al-M
art:
$25
.8 b
illio
n in
sal
es
• 20
00: W
al-M
art:
$165
bill
ion
in s
ales
• 19
94: 8
0% o
f n
ew U
.S. r
etai
l = c
ateg
ory
kill
ers
• 19
79: H
om
e D
epo
t, A
tlan
ta
• 19
76: P
rice
Clu
b, S
an D
ieg
o
• 19
57: O
rig
inal
To
ys"R
"Us,
Was
hin
gto
n, D
.C.
• Se
vera
l cen
turi
es B
.C.E
.: C
hai
ns
of
reta
il st
ore
s ar
e kn
ow
n t
o h
ave
op
erat
ed in
Ch
ina
• 18
79: F
irst
Wo
olw
ort
h's
, Lan
cast
er, P
a.•
1879
: Sec
on
d W
oo
lwo
rth
's, U
tica
, N.Y
.
• 18
90: 1
2 W
oo
lwo
rth
's s
ho
ps
• 18
99: 5
4 W
oo
lwo
rth
's s
ho
ps
• 19
09: 2
38 W
oo
lwo
rth
's s
ho
ps
• 19
19: 1
,081
Wo
olw
ort
h's
sh
op
s
• 19
29: 7
66 W
oo
lwo
rth
's s
ho
ps
in B
rita
in a
lon
e
• 19
41: 8
2 W
oo
lwo
rth
's s
ho
ps
in G
erm
any
alo
ne
• 19
69: F
irst
GA
P, S
an F
ran
cisc
o
• 19
12–1
3: W
oo
lwo
rth
's B
uild
ing
, New
Yo
rk
• 1859: Fi
rst
mo
dern
ch
ain
sto
re:
G
reat
Atl
an
tic
& P
aci
fic
Tea C
o.,
N
ew
Yo
rk
• 18
24: I
ntr
od
uct
ion
of
fixe
d p
rice
s
• 18
40s:
Ch
arle
s H
enry
Har
rod
tak
es o
ver
a
smal
l gro
cery
sh
op
• 1852: Fi
rst
dep
art
men
t st
ore
: A
u B
on
Marc
hé, Pari
s
• 18
96: W
anam
aker
’s, N
ew Y
ork
• 18
96: S
ieg
el-C
oo
per
, New
Yo
rk
• 19
01: A
l’I n
no
vati
on
dep
artm
ent
sto
re, B
russ
els
(Vic
tor
Ho
rta)
• 18
83: E
mile
Zo
la, A
u B
on
heu
r d
es D
ames
• 18
84: M
arks
& S
pen
cer‘
s, L
on
do
n
• 18
99–1
904:
Car
son
, Pir
ie, S
cott
, Ch
icag
o (
Sulli
van
)
• 18
58: M
acy'
s, N
ew Y
ork
• 18
72: B
loo
min
gd
ale‘
s, N
ew Y
ork
• 19
05: H
arro
d‘s
mo
ves
into
pre
sen
t-d
ay lo
cati
on
(St
even
s &
Hu
nt)
• 19
07: N
eim
an M
arcu
s, D
alla
s•
1908
: Sel
frid
ge’
s, L
on
do
n (
Dan
iel B
urn
ham
)•
1908
–12:
Wh
itel
ey's
bu
ildin
g, L
on
do
n (
Bel
cher
& J
oas
s)
• 19
11: G
old
man
& S
alat
sch
, Vie
nn
a (A
do
lf L
oo
s)
• 19
25: S
ears
, Ro
ebu
ck, C
hic
ago
• 19
27: H
anky
u T
erm
inal
Dep
ato
, To
kyo
• 19
28: A
dam
Dep
artm
ent
Sto
re P
roje
ct, B
erlin
(M
ies
van
der
Ro
he)
• 19
28: S
cho
cken
Dep
artm
ent
Sto
re, S
tutt
gar
t (E
rich
Men
del
soh
n)
• 19
57: D
e B
ijen
korf
, Ro
tter
dam
(M
arce
l Bre
uer
)
• 19
15: M
itsu
kosh
i Dep
ato
, To
kyo
• 19
30: D
epar
tmen
t st
ore
s b
ran
ch o
ut
to s
ub
urb
s
• 19
91 T
ota
l U.S
. dep
artm
ent
sto
re s
ales
: $17
7.88
bill
ion
• 19
92 S
ieg
el-C
oo
per
, New
Yo
rk, t
urn
ed in
to v
erti
cal p
ow
er c
ente
r
• 19
02: M
acy’
s, M
arsh
all F
ield
‘s, a
nd
JC
Pen
ney
‘s
"Bef
ore
Wo
rld
War
I th
e ar
cad
e d
ied
an
alm
ost
o
ffic
ial d
eath
; no
bu
ildin
g a
uth
ori
ty w
ou
ld
per
mit
it in
its
nin
etee
nth
-cen
tury
fo
rm .
. . n
o
real
est
ate
auth
ori
ty c
ou
ld p
erm
it s
uch
an
ex
plo
itat
ion
of
lan
d."
—
Joh
ann
Fri
edri
ch G
eist
, Arc
ades
.
"Am
eric
an r
etai
ling
is h
ead
ing
fo
r a
'die
-ou
t' o
f D
arw
inia
m p
rop
ort
ion
s . .
. W
al-M
art
CEO
Dav
id
Gla
ss a
nd
Sta
nle
y M
arcu
s ar
e p
red
icti
ng
th
at 5
0 –7
5% o
f p
rese
nt
reta
il w
ill b
e ex
tin
ct w
ith
in a
d
ecad
e."
—D
ale
M. L
ewis
on
, Ret
ailin
g.
� “Mall”
� “Captive”
� “Divine Economy”
� “Depato”
� “Suburban Model” � “Real(i)ty”
� “City of Shopping”� “Gruen Urbanism”
� “Good Intentions”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “. . . And Then There Was Shopping”
� “Tokyo Metabolism”
� “Crystal Palace”
� “e-urope”
� “Nikecology”
� “Jerde Transfer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Resistance”
� “Disney Space”
� “Bit Structures”
� “Next Big Thing”
� “Three-Ring Circus”
� “Mobility”
� “Three-Ring Circus”
� “High Architecture”
� “High Architecture”
Evo
luti
on
of
reta
il ty
pes
(d
etai
l)
200019801960194019201900186018401820180017801760174017201700168016601640162016001580150012000
airport shopping
bazaarmarketplaceagorashop exchanges arcades galleria
european bazaar
supermarket
warehouse clubs
superstore
convenience store
superettehypermarket
discounters
department store
shopping mall
entertainment shopping
churches
category killersWal-Martoutlets
virtual shopping
duty free
pedestrian mall
strip malldrive-thru
shopping resorts
magasin de nouveautés
chain storesfranchise
mail-order/catalogue shopping
1816-1840
railway station shopping
museums
stock exchange
Escalator aids growth of department store
Air conditioning and highways enable the shopping mall
UPC code coincides with growth of supermarket size
Counter
Money
Glass
Movement
Lighting
Communication
Nature
Vending machine
Global positioning
Geographic Information Systems
Flat-screen display
WAP
Surveillance systems
Customer tracking
Logistics
Customer profiling
Consumer psychology
Internet
Shopping cartCoupons
UPCKiosk Early 18th century: Kiosk originates in Islamic architecture
1883: First vending machine, London Late 1940s: Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver apply
for patents for the U.P.C. symbol and its decoder
Early 1920s: First shopping cart made in Houston, Texas1892: First coupon introduced by C. W. Post to promote Grape-Nuts cereal
AbacusSlide rule Computer
Calculator
Money
Barter
Cash register
Optical scanner
Fixed prices
Credit card
Debit card
Smart card
Credit
ATM
1920s: Credit cards first used in the U.S. for individual companies
1950: First universal credit card introduced by Diner's Club
2000: Avg. credit card debt in the U.S. is $2,814
1970s: First automated teller machines
1824: Fixed prices introduced
17th century: use of credit leads to explosion in number of shops
Skylight enables the arcades
1200 B.C.E.: Cowrie shells used as money in China
687 B.C.E.: Invention of coins in Lydia coincides with invention of retail shop 600 B.C.E.: Round, metal coins invented in China
118 B.C.E.: Leather money issued in China
300: Roman coin
1000: Song
Dynasty coin
806–21: Paper money
invented in China
17th century: Metal coins, paper notes, and bookkeeping entries become standard practice in Europe Late 18th – early 19th century: Use of paper money and bank notes spreads throughout Europe
Mid-20th century: Electrically driven mechanical cash register
1975: First optical scanners used at checkout counters
Late 1970s: Electronically driven cash register, enabling instant credit checks, recording of transactions, and inventory control
1956: Gordon Gould invents laser and applies for patent
1985: Gould receives patent
1642: First gear-driven mechanical calculator 1833: Difference engine invented by Charles Babbage 1944: Mark I calculator by IBM1946: ENIAC calculator, housed in a 30 by 50 foot room
1967: First hand-held electronic calculator by Texas Instruments
2300–500 B.C.E.: Invention of abacus
Paper MoneyCast glass Float glass
LCD
Skylight
Silent salesmen
Self-service
Display case
Mid-17th century: Mirror making extends fom Venice to London and Paris 19th century: Production of full-length mirror used for dressing purposes
1688: cast glass inventedLate 1600s: First appearance of glazed shop fronts in Holland
1959: The float glass process ensures perfectly flat glass
1963: First LCD display1888: Liquid crystals discovered
Mid-19th century: Glass becomes mass produced
Glass Crown glass
Mirror First century: Reflecting metal large enough to reflect the whole body is produced Late 12th century: Glass with metallic backing is used for mirrors
flat glass known to have been used in Pompeii for windowsMiddle Ages and later: Crown glass, made by spinning, used in windows2500 B.C.E.: glass thought to have originated in Mesopotamia
1828: Largest available sheet of glass: 4 feet by 5 feet1843: Account of floor-to-ceiling glass, London
1850: Largest available sheet of glass: 7–8 feet by 3–4 feet
1851: Crystal Palace, London
Printing
Newspaper advertising
Magazine advertising
Radio advertising
Catalogues
Telephone order
Pneumatic tube
Telephone Billboards
1450: Gutenberg pressSecond century: Printing developed in China
1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents telephone
1903: Pneumatic tube provides communication within large buildings
1666: First newspaper advertising supplement, London Gazette
1666: First newspaper advertising supplement, London Gazette Early 20th century: Regulation of advertising for truth
TV 1926: First working television Early 1950s: Color TV
1920s
Animatronics
Mannequin 1323 B.C.E.: First known mannequin, made of wood, found in the tomb of King Tutankhamen
1923: First wax mannequin, Moulin Rouge, Paris 1945: First plastic mannequin
Mail order 1872: First mail-order catalogue sent to farmers by Montgomery WardLate 19th century: Completion of continental rail network in the
U.S.A. facilitates mail-order. Mail order system established in Europe
1913: Parcel-post system established in U.S. 1945: Greatest expansion of mail order in Europe1960: Computerized mailing lists
Roads
Railroads
Sidewalk
Pedestrian zones
Elevator
Escalator
Moving sidewalk
Revolving door
Grand staircase
HighwaySkywalks
Roman road systems
45 B.C.E.: Pedestrian zones officiallylegislated in Rome
1666: Sidewalks provided in London after the Great Fire 1838–70: Citywide sidewalk system built in Paris 1950s: Pedestrianization of European city centers
Late 1970s: Over 200 pedestrian malls in U.S.
Late 18th century: Scientific construction of roads — first since Roman times
19th century: Development of railroads
1859: Ames escalator patent
1892: Wheeler and Reno escalator patents
1869: First elevatorin a departmentstore, Paris
1895: Escalator installed in Harrod‘s, London
1874: First known moving platform proposal1900: Moving sidewalk at Paris Exposition
1920s: Italian Autostrada and German Reichautobanen1925: First modern superhighway: Bronx River Parkway
Public lavatories
Air conditioning
Sprinkler system 1800: First sprinkler system 1870s: Parmelee heat-sensitive sprinkler head introduced in the U.S.
1842: John Gorrie proposes cooling cities 1889: Citywide pipeline refrigeration1902: Stock Exchange air-conditioned
1905: “Air Conditioning” coined by Stuart Cramer
1919: First department store air-conditioned
Neon
1784: Gas lighting 19th century: Coal gas distributed to buildings for lighting 1870: Incandescent electric lamp1820: Gas street lighting, Pall Mall, London
Lighting 500–400 B.C.E.: Oil lamps 0: Candles in general production
Late 19th century: First neon light 1930s: Fluorescent tube 1968: Fiber optics
Topiary
French landscape gardening
ReplascapeTM
English picturesque landscape
� “Ulterior Spaces”
� “Mobilize”
� “Air Conditioning”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Bit Structures”
� “Bit Structures”
� “e-urope”
� “Psychogramming”
� “ReplascapeTM”
� “Mobility”� “Mobility”
� “Mobility”
� “Replascape”� “Mobility”
� “Crystal Palace”� “Escalator”
Evo
luti
on
of
reta
il m
ech
anis
ms
Dia
gram
by
SZE
TSU
NG
LEO
NG
200019801960194019201900186018401820180017801760174017201700168016601640162016001580150012000
airport shopping
bazaarmarketplaceagorashop exchanges arcades galleria
european bazaar
supermarket
warehouse clubs
superstore
convenience store
superettehypermarket
discounters
department store
shopping mall
entertainment shopping
churches
category killersWal-Martoutlets
virtual shopping
duty free
pedestrian mall
strip malldrive-thru
shopping resorts
magasin de nouveautés
chain storesfranchise
mail-order/catalogue shopping
1816-1840
railway station shopping
museums
stock exchange
Escalator aids growth of department store
Air conditioning and highways enable the shopping mall
UPC code coincides with growth of supermarket size
Counter
Money
Glass
Movement
Lighting
Communication
Nature
Vending machine
Global positioning
Geographic Information Systems
Flat-screen display
WAP
Surveillance systems
Customer tracking
Logistics
Customer profiling
Consumer psychology
Internet
Shopping cartCoupons
UPCKiosk Early 18th century: Kiosk originates in Islamic architecture
1883: First vending machine, London Late 1940s: Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver apply
for patents for the U.P.C. symbol and its decoder
Early 1920s: First shopping cart made in Houston, Texas1892: First coupon introduced by C. W. Post to promote Grape-Nuts cereal
AbacusSlide rule Computer
Calculator
Money
Barter
Cash register
Optical scanner
Fixed prices
Credit card
Debit card
Smart card
Credit
ATM
1920s: Credit cards first used in the U.S. for individual companies
1950: First universal credit card introduced by Diner's Club
2000: Avg. credit card debt in the U.S. is $2,814
1970s: First automated teller machines
1824: Fixed prices introduced
17th century: use of credit leads to explosion in number of shops
Skylight enables the arcades
1200 B.C.E.: Cowrie shells used as money in China
687 B.C.E.: Invention of coins in Lydia coincides with invention of retail shop 600 B.C.E.: Round, metal coins invented in China
118 B.C.E.: Leather money issued in China
300: Roman coin
1000: Song
Dynasty coin
806–21: Paper money
invented in China
17th century: Metal coins, paper notes, and bookkeeping entries become standard practice in Europe Late 18th – early 19th century: Use of paper money and bank notes spreads throughout Europe
Mid-20th century: Electrically driven mechanical cash register
1975: First optical scanners used at checkout counters
Late 1970s: Electronically driven cash register, enabling instant credit checks, recording of transactions, and inventory control
1956: Gordon Gould invents laser and applies for patent
1985: Gould receives patent
1642: First gear-driven mechanical calculator 1833: Difference engine invented by Charles Babbage 1944: Mark I calculator by IBM1946: ENIAC calculator, housed in a 30 by 50 foot room
1967: First hand-held electronic calculator by Texas Instruments
2300–500 B.C.E.: Invention of abacus
Paper MoneyCast glass Float glass
LCD
Skylight
Silent salesmen
Self-service
Display case
Mid-17th century: Mirror making extends fom Venice to London and Paris 19th century: Production of full-length mirror used for dressing purposes
1688: cast glass inventedLate 1600s: First appearance of glazed shop fronts in Holland
1959: The float glass process ensures perfectly flat glass
1963: First LCD display1888: Liquid crystals discovered
Mid-19th century: Glass becomes mass produced
Glass Crown glass
Mirror First century: Reflecting metal large enough to reflect the whole body is produced Late 12th century: Glass with metallic backing is used for mirrors
flat glass known to have been used in Pompeii for windowsMiddle Ages and later: Crown glass, made by spinning, used in windows2500 B.C.E.: glass thought to have originated in Mesopotamia
1828: Largest available sheet of glass: 4 feet by 5 feet1843: Account of floor-to-ceiling glass, London
1850: Largest available sheet of glass: 7–8 feet by 3–4 feet
1851: Crystal Palace, London
Printing
Newspaper advertising
Magazine advertising
Radio advertising
Catalogues
Telephone order
Pneumatic tube
Telephone Billboards
1450: Gutenberg pressSecond century: Printing developed in China
1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents telephone
1903: Pneumatic tube provides communication within large buildings
1666: First newspaper advertising supplement, London Gazette
1666: First newspaper advertising supplement, London Gazette Early 20th century: Regulation of advertising for truth
TV 1926: First working television Early 1950s: Color TV
1920s
Animatronics
Mannequin 1323 B.C.E.: First known mannequin, made of wood, found in the tomb of King Tutankhamen
1923: First wax mannequin, Moulin Rouge, Paris 1945: First plastic mannequin
Mail order 1872: First mail-order catalogue sent to farmers by Montgomery WardLate 19th century: Completion of continental rail network in the
U.S.A. facilitates mail-order. Mail order system established in Europe
1913: Parcel-post system established in U.S. 1945: Greatest expansion of mail order in Europe1960: Computerized mailing lists
Roads
Railroads
Sidewalk
Pedestrian zones
Elevator
Escalator
Moving sidewalk
Revolving door
Grand staircase
HighwaySkywalks
Roman road systems
45 B.C.E.: Pedestrian zones officiallylegislated in Rome
1666: Sidewalks provided in London after the Great Fire 1838–70: Citywide sidewalk system built in Paris 1950s: Pedestrianization of European city centers
Late 1970s: Over 200 pedestrian malls in U.S.
Late 18th century: Scientific construction of roads — first since Roman times
19th century: Development of railroads
1859: Ames escalator patent
1892: Wheeler and Reno escalator patents
1869: First elevatorin a departmentstore, Paris
1895: Escalator installed in Harrod‘s, London
1874: First known moving platform proposal1900: Moving sidewalk at Paris Exposition
1920s: Italian Autostrada and German Reichautobanen1925: First modern superhighway: Bronx River Parkway
Public lavatories
Air conditioning
Sprinkler system 1800: First sprinkler system 1870s: Parmelee heat-sensitive sprinkler head introduced in the U.S.
1842: John Gorrie proposes cooling cities 1889: Citywide pipeline refrigeration1902: Stock Exchange air-conditioned
1905: “Air Conditioning” coined by Stuart Cramer
1919: First department store air-conditioned
Neon
1784: Gas lighting 19th century: Coal gas distributed to buildings for lighting 1870: Incandescent electric lamp1820: Gas street lighting, Pall Mall, London
Lighting 500–400 B.C.E.: Oil lamps 0: Candles in general production
Late 19th century: First neon light 1930s: Fluorescent tube 1968: Fiber optics
Topiary
French landscape gardening
ReplascapeTM
English picturesque landscape
� “Ulterior Spaces”
� “Mobilize”
� “Air Conditioning”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Bit Structures”
� “Bit Structures”
� “e-urope”
� “Psychogramming”
� “ReplascapeTM”
� “Mobility”� “Mobility”
� “Mobility”
� “Replascape”� “Mobility”
� “Crystal Palace”� “Escalator”
Evo
luti
on
of
reta
il m
ech
anis
ms
Dia
gram
by
SZE
TSU
NG
LEO
NG
200019801960194019201900186018401820180017801760174017201700168016601640162016001580150012000
airport shopping
bazaarmarketplaceagorashop exchanges arcades galleria
european bazaar
supermarket
warehouse clubs
superstore
convenience store
superettehypermarket
discounters
department store
shopping mall
entertainment shopping
churches
category killersWal-Martoutlets
virtual shopping
duty free
pedestrian mall
strip malldrive-thru
shopping resorts
magasin de nouveautés
chain storesfranchise
mail-order/catalogue shopping
1816-1840
railway station shopping
museums
stock exchange
Escalator aids growth of department store
Air conditioning and highways enable the shopping mall
UPC code coincides with growth of supermarket size
Counter
Money
Glass
Movement
Lighting
Communication
Nature
Vending machine
Global positioning
Geographic Information Systems
Flat-screen display
WAP
Surveillance systems
Customer tracking
Logistics
Customer profiling
Consumer psychology
Internet
Shopping cartCoupons
UPCKiosk Early 18th century: Kiosk originates in Islamic architecture
1883: First vending machine, London Late 1940s: Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver apply
for patents for the U.P.C. symbol and its decoder
Early 1920s: First shopping cart made in Houston, Texas1892: First coupon introduced by C. W. Post to promote Grape-Nuts cereal
AbacusSlide rule Computer
Calculator
Money
Barter
Cash register
Optical scanner
Fixed prices
Credit card
Debit card
Smart card
Credit
ATM
1920s: Credit cards first used in the U.S. for individual companies
1950: First universal credit card introduced by Diner's Club
2000: Avg. credit card debt in the U.S. is $2,814
1970s: First automated teller machines
1824: Fixed prices introduced
17th century: use of credit leads to explosion in number of shops
Skylight enables the arcades
1200 B.C.E.: Cowrie shells used as money in China
687 B.C.E.: Invention of coins in Lydia coincides with invention of retail shop 600 B.C.E.: Round, metal coins invented in China
118 B.C.E.: Leather money issued in China
300: Roman coin
1000: Song
Dynasty coin
806–21: Paper money
invented in China
17th century: Metal coins, paper notes, and bookkeeping entries become standard practice in Europe Late 18th – early 19th century: Use of paper money and bank notes spreads throughout Europe
Mid-20th century: Electrically driven mechanical cash register
1975: First optical scanners used at checkout counters
Late 1970s: Electronically driven cash register, enabling instant credit checks, recording of transactions, and inventory control
1956: Gordon Gould invents laser and applies for patent
1985: Gould receives patent
1642: First gear-driven mechanical calculator 1833: Difference engine invented by Charles Babbage 1944: Mark I calculator by IBM1946: ENIAC calculator, housed in a 30 by 50 foot room
1967: First hand-held electronic calculator by Texas Instruments
2300–500 B.C.E.: Invention of abacus
Paper MoneyCast glass Float glass
LCD
Skylight
Silent salesmen
Self-service
Display case
Mid-17th century: Mirror making extends fom Venice to London and Paris 19th century: Production of full-length mirror used for dressing purposes
1688: cast glass inventedLate 1600s: First appearance of glazed shop fronts in Holland
1959: The float glass process ensures perfectly flat glass
1963: First LCD display1888: Liquid crystals discovered
Mid-19th century: Glass becomes mass produced
Glass Crown glass
Mirror First century: Reflecting metal large enough to reflect the whole body is produced Late 12th century: Glass with metallic backing is used for mirrors
flat glass known to have been used in Pompeii for windowsMiddle Ages and later: Crown glass, made by spinning, used in windows2500 B.C.E.: glass thought to have originated in Mesopotamia
1828: Largest available sheet of glass: 4 feet by 5 feet1843: Account of floor-to-ceiling glass, London
1850: Largest available sheet of glass: 7–8 feet by 3–4 feet
1851: Crystal Palace, London
Printing
Newspaper advertising
Magazine advertising
Radio advertising
Catalogues
Telephone order
Pneumatic tube
Telephone Billboards
1450: Gutenberg pressSecond century: Printing developed in China
1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents telephone
1903: Pneumatic tube provides communication within large buildings
1666: First newspaper advertising supplement, London Gazette
1666: First newspaper advertising supplement, London Gazette Early 20th century: Regulation of advertising for truth
TV 1926: First working television Early 1950s: Color TV
1920s
Animatronics
Mannequin 1323 B.C.E.: First known mannequin, made of wood, found in the tomb of King Tutankhamen
1923: First wax mannequin, Moulin Rouge, Paris 1945: First plastic mannequin
Mail order 1872: First mail-order catalogue sent to farmers by Montgomery WardLate 19th century: Completion of continental rail network in the
U.S.A. facilitates mail-order. Mail order system established in Europe
1913: Parcel-post system established in U.S. 1945: Greatest expansion of mail order in Europe1960: Computerized mailing lists
Roads
Railroads
Sidewalk
Pedestrian zones
Elevator
Escalator
Moving sidewalk
Revolving door
Grand staircase
HighwaySkywalks
Roman road systems
45 B.C.E.: Pedestrian zones officiallylegislated in Rome
1666: Sidewalks provided in London after the Great Fire 1838–70: Citywide sidewalk system built in Paris 1950s: Pedestrianization of European city centers
Late 1970s: Over 200 pedestrian malls in U.S.
Late 18th century: Scientific construction of roads — first since Roman times
19th century: Development of railroads
1859: Ames escalator patent
1892: Wheeler and Reno escalator patents
1869: First elevatorin a departmentstore, Paris
1895: Escalator installed in Harrod‘s, London
1874: First known moving platform proposal1900: Moving sidewalk at Paris Exposition
1920s: Italian Autostrada and German Reichautobanen1925: First modern superhighway: Bronx River Parkway
Public lavatories
Air conditioning
Sprinkler system 1800: First sprinkler system 1870s: Parmelee heat-sensitive sprinkler head introduced in the U.S.
1842: John Gorrie proposes cooling cities 1889: Citywide pipeline refrigeration1902: Stock Exchange air-conditioned
1905: “Air Conditioning” coined by Stuart Cramer
1919: First department store air-conditioned
Neon
1784: Gas lighting 19th century: Coal gas distributed to buildings for lighting 1870: Incandescent electric lamp1820: Gas street lighting, Pall Mall, London
Lighting 500–400 B.C.E.: Oil lamps 0: Candles in general production
Late 19th century: First neon light 1930s: Fluorescent tube 1968: Fiber optics
Topiary
French landscape gardening
ReplascapeTM
English picturesque landscape
� “Ulterior Spaces”
� “Mobilize”
� “Air Conditioning”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Bit Structures”
� “Bit Structures”
� “e-urope”
� “Psychogramming”
� “ReplascapeTM”
� “Mobility”� “Mobility”
� “Mobility”
� “Replascape”� “Mobility”
� “Crystal Palace”� “Escalator”
200019801960194019201900186018401820180017801760174017201700168016601640162016001580150012000
airport shopping
bazaarmarketplaceagorashop exchanges arcades galleria
european bazaar
supermarket
warehouse clubs
superstore
convenience store
superettehypermarket
discounters
department store
shopping mall
entertainment shopping
churches
category killersWal-Martoutlets
virtual shopping
duty free
pedestrian mall
strip malldrive-thru
shopping resorts
magasin de nouveautés
chain storesfranchise
mail-order/catalogue shopping
1816-1840
railway station shopping
museums
stock exchange
Escalator aids growth of department store
Air conditioning and highways enable the shopping mall
UPC code coincides with growth of supermarket size
Counter
Money
Glass
Movement
Lighting
Communication
Nature
Vending machine
Global positioning
Geographic Information Systems
Flat-screen display
WAP
Surveillance systems
Customer tracking
Logistics
Customer profiling
Consumer psychology
Internet
Shopping cartCoupons
UPCKiosk Early 18th century: Kiosk originates in Islamic architecture
1883: First vending machine, London Late 1940s: Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver apply
for patents for the U.P.C. symbol and its decoder
Early 1920s: First shopping cart made in Houston, Texas1892: First coupon introduced by C. W. Post to promote Grape-Nuts cereal
AbacusSlide rule Computer
Calculator
Money
Barter
Cash register
Optical scanner
Fixed prices
Credit card
Debit card
Smart card
Credit
ATM
1920s: Credit cards first used in the U.S. for individual companies
1950: First universal credit card introduced by Diner's Club
2000: Avg. credit card debt in the U.S. is $2,814
1970s: First automated teller machines
1824: Fixed prices introduced
17th century: use of credit leads to explosion in number of shops
Skylight enables the arcades
1200 B.C.E.: Cowrie shells used as money in China
687 B.C.E.: Invention of coins in Lydia coincides with invention of retail shop 600 B.C.E.: Round, metal coins invented in China
118 B.C.E.: Leather money issued in China
300: Roman coin
1000: Song
Dynasty coin
806–21: Paper money
invented in China
17th century: Metal coins, paper notes, and bookkeeping entries become standard practice in Europe Late 18th – early 19th century: Use of paper money and bank notes spreads throughout Europe
Mid-20th century: Electrically driven mechanical cash register
1975: First optical scanners used at checkout counters
Late 1970s: Electronically driven cash register, enabling instant credit checks, recording of transactions, and inventory control
1956: Gordon Gould invents laser and applies for patent
1985: Gould receives patent
1642: First gear-driven mechanical calculator 1833: Difference engine invented by Charles Babbage 1944: Mark I calculator by IBM1946: ENIAC calculator, housed in a 30 by 50 foot room
1967: First hand-held electronic calculator by Texas Instruments
2300–500 B.C.E.: Invention of abacus
Paper MoneyCast glass Float glass
LCD
Skylight
Silent salesmen
Self-service
Display case
Mid-17th century: Mirror making extends fom Venice to London and Paris 19th century: Production of full-length mirror used for dressing purposes
1688: cast glass inventedLate 1600s: First appearance of glazed shop fronts in Holland
1959: The float glass process ensures perfectly flat glass
1963: First LCD display1888: Liquid crystals discovered
Mid-19th century: Glass becomes mass produced
Glass Crown glass
Mirror First century: Reflecting metal large enough to reflect the whole body is produced Late 12th century: Glass with metallic backing is used for mirrors
flat glass known to have been used in Pompeii for windowsMiddle Ages and later: Crown glass, made by spinning, used in windows2500 B.C.E.: glass thought to have originated in Mesopotamia
1828: Largest available sheet of glass: 4 feet by 5 feet1843: Account of floor-to-ceiling glass, London
1850: Largest available sheet of glass: 7–8 feet by 3–4 feet
1851: Crystal Palace, London
Printing
Newspaper advertising
Magazine advertising
Radio advertising
Catalogues
Telephone order
Pneumatic tube
Telephone Billboards
1450: Gutenberg pressSecond century: Printing developed in China
1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents telephone
1903: Pneumatic tube provides communication within large buildings
1666: First newspaper advertising supplement, London Gazette
1666: First newspaper advertising supplement, London Gazette Early 20th century: Regulation of advertising for truth
TV 1926: First working television Early 1950s: Color TV
1920s
Animatronics
Mannequin 1323 B.C.E.: First known mannequin, made of wood, found in the tomb of King Tutankhamen
1923: First wax mannequin, Moulin Rouge, Paris 1945: First plastic mannequin
Mail order 1872: First mail-order catalogue sent to farmers by Montgomery WardLate 19th century: Completion of continental rail network in the
U.S.A. facilitates mail-order. Mail order system established in Europe
1913: Parcel-post system established in U.S. 1945: Greatest expansion of mail order in Europe1960: Computerized mailing lists
Roads
Railroads
Sidewalk
Pedestrian zones
Elevator
Escalator
Moving sidewalk
Revolving door
Grand staircase
HighwaySkywalks
Roman road systems
45 B.C.E.: Pedestrian zones officiallylegislated in Rome
1666: Sidewalks provided in London after the Great Fire 1838–70: Citywide sidewalk system built in Paris 1950s: Pedestrianization of European city centers
Late 1970s: Over 200 pedestrian malls in U.S.
Late 18th century: Scientific construction of roads — first since Roman times
19th century: Development of railroads
1859: Ames escalator patent
1892: Wheeler and Reno escalator patents
1869: First elevatorin a departmentstore, Paris
1895: Escalator installed in Harrod‘s, London
1874: First known moving platform proposal1900: Moving sidewalk at Paris Exposition
1920s: Italian Autostrada and German Reichautobanen1925: First modern superhighway: Bronx River Parkway
Public lavatories
Air conditioning
Sprinkler system 1800: First sprinkler system 1870s: Parmelee heat-sensitive sprinkler head introduced in the U.S.
1842: John Gorrie proposes cooling cities 1889: Citywide pipeline refrigeration1902: Stock Exchange air-conditioned
1905: “Air Conditioning” coined by Stuart Cramer
1919: First department store air-conditioned
Neon
1784: Gas lighting 19th century: Coal gas distributed to buildings for lighting 1870: Incandescent electric lamp1820: Gas street lighting, Pall Mall, London
Lighting 500–400 B.C.E.: Oil lamps 0: Candles in general production
Late 19th century: First neon light 1930s: Fluorescent tube 1968: Fiber optics
Topiary
French landscape gardening
ReplascapeTM
English picturesque landscape
� “Ulterior Spaces”
� “Mobilize”
� “Air Conditioning”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Bit Structures”
� “Bit Structures”
� “e-urope”
� “Psychogramming”
� “ReplascapeTM”
� “Mobility”� “Mobility”
� “Mobility”
� “Replascape”� “Mobility”
� “Crystal Palace”� “Escalator”
200019801960194019201900186018401820180017801760174017201700168016601640162016001580150012000
airport shopping
bazaarmarketplaceagorashop exchanges arcades galleria
european bazaar
supermarket
warehouse clubs
superstore
convenience store
superettehypermarket
discounters
department store
shopping mall
entertainment shopping
churches
category killersWal-Martoutlets
virtual shopping
duty free
pedestrian mall
strip malldrive-thru
shopping resorts
magasin de nouveautés
chain storesfranchise
mail-order/catalogue shopping
1816-1840
railway station shopping
museums
stock exchange
Escalator aids growth of department store
Air conditioning and highways enable the shopping mall
UPC code coincides with growth of supermarket size
Counter
Money
Glass
Movement
Lighting
Communication
Nature
Vending machine
Global positioning
Geographic Information Systems
Flat-screen display
WAP
Surveillance systems
Customer tracking
Logistics
Customer profiling
Consumer psychology
Internet
Shopping cartCoupons
UPCKiosk Early 18th century: Kiosk originates in Islamic architecture
1883: First vending machine, London Late 1940s: Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver apply
for patents for the U.P.C. symbol and its decoder
Early 1920s: First shopping cart made in Houston, Texas1892: First coupon introduced by C. W. Post to promote Grape-Nuts cereal
AbacusSlide rule Computer
Calculator
Money
Barter
Cash register
Optical scanner
Fixed prices
Credit card
Debit card
Smart card
Credit
ATM
1920s: Credit cards first used in the U.S. for individual companies
1950: First universal credit card introduced by Diner's Club
2000: Avg. credit card debt in the U.S. is $2,814
1970s: First automated teller machines
1824: Fixed prices introduced
17th century: use of credit leads to explosion in number of shops
Skylight enables the arcades
1200 B.C.E.: Cowrie shells used as money in China
687 B.C.E.: Invention of coins in Lydia coincides with invention of retail shop 600 B.C.E.: Round, metal coins invented in China
118 B.C.E.: Leather money issued in China
300: Roman coin
1000: Song
Dynasty coin
806–21: Paper money
invented in China
17th century: Metal coins, paper notes, and bookkeeping entries become standard practice in Europe Late 18th – early 19th century: Use of paper money and bank notes spreads throughout Europe
Mid-20th century: Electrically driven mechanical cash register
1975: First optical scanners used at checkout counters
Late 1970s: Electronically driven cash register, enabling instant credit checks, recording of transactions, and inventory control
1956: Gordon Gould invents laser and applies for patent
1985: Gould receives patent
1642: First gear-driven mechanical calculator 1833: Difference engine invented by Charles Babbage 1944: Mark I calculator by IBM1946: ENIAC calculator, housed in a 30 by 50 foot room
1967: First hand-held electronic calculator by Texas Instruments
2300–500 B.C.E.: Invention of abacus
Paper MoneyCast glass Float glass
LCD
Skylight
Silent salesmen
Self-service
Display case
Mid-17th century: Mirror making extends fom Venice to London and Paris 19th century: Production of full-length mirror used for dressing purposes
1688: cast glass inventedLate 1600s: First appearance of glazed shop fronts in Holland
1959: The float glass process ensures perfectly flat glass
1963: First LCD display1888: Liquid crystals discovered
Mid-19th century: Glass becomes mass produced
Glass Crown glass
Mirror First century: Reflecting metal large enough to reflect the whole body is produced Late 12th century: Glass with metallic backing is used for mirrors
flat glass known to have been used in Pompeii for windowsMiddle Ages and later: Crown glass, made by spinning, used in windows2500 B.C.E.: glass thought to have originated in Mesopotamia
1828: Largest available sheet of glass: 4 feet by 5 feet1843: Account of floor-to-ceiling glass, London
1850: Largest available sheet of glass: 7–8 feet by 3–4 feet
1851: Crystal Palace, London
Printing
Newspaper advertising
Magazine advertising
Radio advertising
Catalogues
Telephone order
Pneumatic tube
Telephone Billboards
1450: Gutenberg pressSecond century: Printing developed in China
1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents telephone
1903: Pneumatic tube provides communication within large buildings
1666: First newspaper advertising supplement, London Gazette
1666: First newspaper advertising supplement, London Gazette Early 20th century: Regulation of advertising for truth
TV 1926: First working television Early 1950s: Color TV
1920s
Animatronics
Mannequin 1323 B.C.E.: First known mannequin, made of wood, found in the tomb of King Tutankhamen
1923: First wax mannequin, Moulin Rouge, Paris 1945: First plastic mannequin
Mail order 1872: First mail-order catalogue sent to farmers by Montgomery WardLate 19th century: Completion of continental rail network in the
U.S.A. facilitates mail-order. Mail order system established in Europe
1913: Parcel-post system established in U.S. 1945: Greatest expansion of mail order in Europe1960: Computerized mailing lists
Roads
Railroads
Sidewalk
Pedestrian zones
Elevator
Escalator
Moving sidewalk
Revolving door
Grand staircase
HighwaySkywalks
Roman road systems
45 B.C.E.: Pedestrian zones officiallylegislated in Rome
1666: Sidewalks provided in London after the Great Fire 1838–70: Citywide sidewalk system built in Paris 1950s: Pedestrianization of European city centers
Late 1970s: Over 200 pedestrian malls in U.S.
Late 18th century: Scientific construction of roads — first since Roman times
19th century: Development of railroads
1859: Ames escalator patent
1892: Wheeler and Reno escalator patents
1869: First elevatorin a departmentstore, Paris
1895: Escalator installed in Harrod‘s, London
1874: First known moving platform proposal1900: Moving sidewalk at Paris Exposition
1920s: Italian Autostrada and German Reichautobanen1925: First modern superhighway: Bronx River Parkway
Public lavatories
Air conditioning
Sprinkler system 1800: First sprinkler system 1870s: Parmelee heat-sensitive sprinkler head introduced in the U.S.
1842: John Gorrie proposes cooling cities 1889: Citywide pipeline refrigeration1902: Stock Exchange air-conditioned
1905: “Air Conditioning” coined by Stuart Cramer
1919: First department store air-conditioned
Neon
1784: Gas lighting 19th century: Coal gas distributed to buildings for lighting 1870: Incandescent electric lamp1820: Gas street lighting, Pall Mall, London
Lighting 500–400 B.C.E.: Oil lamps 0: Candles in general production
Late 19th century: First neon light 1930s: Fluorescent tube 1968: Fiber optics
Topiary
French landscape gardening
ReplascapeTM
English picturesque landscape
� “Ulterior Spaces”
� “Mobilize”
� “Air Conditioning”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Bit Structures”
� “Bit Structures”
� “e-urope”
� “Psychogramming”
� “ReplascapeTM”
� “Mobility”� “Mobility”
� “Mobility”
� “Replascape”� “Mobility”
� “Crystal Palace”� “Escalator”
200019801960194019201900186018401820180017801760174017201700168016601640162016001580150012000
airport shopping
bazaarmarketplaceagorashop exchanges arcades galleria
european bazaar
supermarket
warehouse clubs
superstore
convenience store
superettehypermarket
discounters
department store
shopping mall
entertainment shopping
churches
category killersWal-Martoutlets
virtual shopping
duty free
pedestrian mall
strip malldrive-thru
shopping resorts
magasin de nouveautés
chain storesfranchise
mail-order/catalogue shopping
1816-1840
railway station shopping
museums
stock exchange
Escalator aids growth of department store
Air conditioning and highways enable the shopping mall
UPC code coincides with growth of supermarket size
Counter
Money
Glass
Movement
Lighting
Communication
Nature
Vending machine
Global positioning
Geographic Information Systems
Flat-screen display
WAP
Surveillance systems
Customer tracking
Logistics
Customer profiling
Consumer psychology
Internet
Shopping cartCoupons
UPCKiosk Early 18th century: Kiosk originates in Islamic architecture
1883: First vending machine, London Late 1940s: Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver apply
for patents for the U.P.C. symbol and its decoder
Early 1920s: First shopping cart made in Houston, Texas1892: First coupon introduced by C. W. Post to promote Grape-Nuts cereal
AbacusSlide rule Computer
Calculator
Money
Barter
Cash register
Optical scanner
Fixed prices
Credit card
Debit card
Smart card
Credit
ATM
1920s: Credit cards first used in the U.S. for individual companies
1950: First universal credit card introduced by Diner's Club
2000: Avg. credit card debt in the U.S. is $2,814
1970s: First automated teller machines
1824: Fixed prices introduced
17th century: use of credit leads to explosion in number of shops
Skylight enables the arcades
1200 B.C.E.: Cowrie shells used as money in China
687 B.C.E.: Invention of coins in Lydia coincides with invention of retail shop 600 B.C.E.: Round, metal coins invented in China
118 B.C.E.: Leather money issued in China
300: Roman coin
1000: Song
Dynasty coin
806–21: Paper money
invented in China
17th century: Metal coins, paper notes, and bookkeeping entries become standard practice in Europe Late 18th – early 19th century: Use of paper money and bank notes spreads throughout Europe
Mid-20th century: Electrically driven mechanical cash register
1975: First optical scanners used at checkout counters
Late 1970s: Electronically driven cash register, enabling instant credit checks, recording of transactions, and inventory control
1956: Gordon Gould invents laser and applies for patent
1985: Gould receives patent
1642: First gear-driven mechanical calculator 1833: Difference engine invented by Charles Babbage 1944: Mark I calculator by IBM1946: ENIAC calculator, housed in a 30 by 50 foot room
1967: First hand-held electronic calculator by Texas Instruments
2300–500 B.C.E.: Invention of abacus
Paper MoneyCast glass Float glass
LCD
Skylight
Silent salesmen
Self-service
Display case
Mid-17th century: Mirror making extends fom Venice to London and Paris 19th century: Production of full-length mirror used for dressing purposes
1688: cast glass inventedLate 1600s: First appearance of glazed shop fronts in Holland
1959: The float glass process ensures perfectly flat glass
1963: First LCD display1888: Liquid crystals discovered
Mid-19th century: Glass becomes mass produced
Glass Crown glass
Mirror First century: Reflecting metal large enough to reflect the whole body is produced Late 12th century: Glass with metallic backing is used for mirrors
flat glass known to have been used in Pompeii for windowsMiddle Ages and later: Crown glass, made by spinning, used in windows2500 B.C.E.: glass thought to have originated in Mesopotamia
1828: Largest available sheet of glass: 4 feet by 5 feet1843: Account of floor-to-ceiling glass, London
1850: Largest available sheet of glass: 7–8 feet by 3–4 feet
1851: Crystal Palace, London
Printing
Newspaper advertising
Magazine advertising
Radio advertising
Catalogues
Telephone order
Pneumatic tube
Telephone Billboards
1450: Gutenberg pressSecond century: Printing developed in China
1876: Alexander Graham Bell patents telephone
1903: Pneumatic tube provides communication within large buildings
1666: First newspaper advertising supplement, London Gazette
1666: First newspaper advertising supplement, London Gazette Early 20th century: Regulation of advertising for truth
TV 1926: First working television Early 1950s: Color TV
1920s
Animatronics
Mannequin 1323 B.C.E.: First known mannequin, made of wood, found in the tomb of King Tutankhamen
1923: First wax mannequin, Moulin Rouge, Paris 1945: First plastic mannequin
Mail order 1872: First mail-order catalogue sent to farmers by Montgomery WardLate 19th century: Completion of continental rail network in the
U.S.A. facilitates mail-order. Mail order system established in Europe
1913: Parcel-post system established in U.S. 1945: Greatest expansion of mail order in Europe1960: Computerized mailing lists
Roads
Railroads
Sidewalk
Pedestrian zones
Elevator
Escalator
Moving sidewalk
Revolving door
Grand staircase
HighwaySkywalks
Roman road systems
45 B.C.E.: Pedestrian zones officiallylegislated in Rome
1666: Sidewalks provided in London after the Great Fire 1838–70: Citywide sidewalk system built in Paris 1950s: Pedestrianization of European city centers
Late 1970s: Over 200 pedestrian malls in U.S.
Late 18th century: Scientific construction of roads — first since Roman times
19th century: Development of railroads
1859: Ames escalator patent
1892: Wheeler and Reno escalator patents
1869: First elevatorin a departmentstore, Paris
1895: Escalator installed in Harrod‘s, London
1874: First known moving platform proposal1900: Moving sidewalk at Paris Exposition
1920s: Italian Autostrada and German Reichautobanen1925: First modern superhighway: Bronx River Parkway
Public lavatories
Air conditioning
Sprinkler system 1800: First sprinkler system 1870s: Parmelee heat-sensitive sprinkler head introduced in the U.S.
1842: John Gorrie proposes cooling cities 1889: Citywide pipeline refrigeration1902: Stock Exchange air-conditioned
1905: “Air Conditioning” coined by Stuart Cramer
1919: First department store air-conditioned
Neon
1784: Gas lighting 19th century: Coal gas distributed to buildings for lighting 1870: Incandescent electric lamp1820: Gas street lighting, Pall Mall, London
Lighting 500–400 B.C.E.: Oil lamps 0: Candles in general production
Late 19th century: First neon light 1930s: Fluorescent tube 1968: Fiber optics
Topiary
French landscape gardening
ReplascapeTM
English picturesque landscape
� “Ulterior Spaces”
� “Mobilize”
� “Air Conditioning”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Ms. Consumer”
� “Bit Structures”
� “Bit Structures”
� “e-urope”
� “Psychogramming”
� “ReplascapeTM”
� “Mobility”� “Mobility”
� “Mobility”
� “Replascape”� “Mobility”
� “Crystal Palace”� “Escalator”
20001980196019401920190018801860184018201800
air conditioning
ice machines
chemical refrigeration
evaporative cooling
vacuum refrigeration
compression refrigeration
refrigerationmanual ice harvesting
heating
ventilation
coolingcomfort cooling
man made weather
climate control
HVAC
environmental control
museums
residential
factories
hospitals
weathermaster
smell controldraft control
air-conditioned cars
VAV system
fans
district heatinghot-air heating
complex stovessteam heating
radiator
ventilation theories
dehumidification
heat conductors
pre-cooled air
dehumidifier heat pipe
heat superconductor
hot plate
heat pipestheaters 19
38: 9
2% o
f U
.S. t
heat
ers
air-
cond
ition
ed
1917
: New
Em
pire
The
ater
Mon
tgom
ery,
Ala
bam
a
1889
: Carn
eg
ie H
all
com
fort
coo
led
by p
assi
ng a
ir ov
er ic
e
1921
: Gra
uman
's M
etro
polit
an T
heat
erLo
s A
ngel
es
1924
: Pal
ace,
Tex
an, a
nd Ir
is T
heat
ers
Hou
ston
1925
: Riv
oli T
heat
erN
ew Y
ork
1920
: Par
amou
nt M
ovie
Hou
ses
Paris
1967
: Que
en E
lizab
eth
Hal
lLo
ndon
“The
for
m t
akes
its
cue
dire
clty
fr
om t
he a
ir-flo
w w
ithin
“
office buildings1913
: Am
eric
an T
obac
co C
ompa
ny P
lant
inst
alls
Car
rier
air-
cond
ition
ing
unit
1904: N
ew
Yo
rk S
tock
Exch
an
ge
1906
: Lar
kin
Off
ice
Build
ing
Buff
alo
Fran
k Ll
oyd
Wrig
ht r
efer
s to
indo
or w
eath
er c
ontr
ol
as “
Air
cond
ition
ing“
1928
: Mill
am B
uild
ing,
Chi
cago
1932
: Phi
lade
lphi
a Sa
ving
s Fu
nd S
ocie
ty B
uild
ing
1938
: For
t une
Mag
azin
e pu
blis
hes
“Air
Con
ditio
ning
of
Off
ice
Build
ings
“
1949
: Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Bui
ldin
gC
limat
ized
air
deliv
ered
thr
ough
pip
es in
the
cur
tain
wal
l1949: Th
e P
en
tag
on
Air-
cond
ition
ed b
y C
arrie
r12
mill
ion
cubi
c fe
et o
f ai
r co
oled
eac
h m
inut
e
1955
: U.S
. Gov
ernm
ent
offic
ially
sp
onso
rs u
se o
f ai
r co
nditi
onin
gin
gov
ernm
ent
build
ings
1972
–77:
Wor
ld T
rade
Cen
ter
Car
rier
syst
em m
ade
for
glas
s sk
yscr
aper
s
0 200ft
1904: Fi
rst
pu
bli
c b
uil
din
g c
om
fort
co
ole
dLo
uisi
ana
Purc
hase
Exp
ositi
on1905: “A
ir c
on
dit
ion
ing
“ c
oine
d by
Stu
art
Cra
mer
1906
: App
arat
us f
or T
reat
ing
Air
pate
nted
by
Will
is C
arrie
r
1932
: Atm
osph
eric
Cab
inet
C
arrie
r
1908
: Psy
chro
met
ric c
hart
dev
elop
ed b
y W
illis
Car
rier
1930
: Fre
on
1911: A
ir c
on
dit
ion
ing
reco
gn
ized
as
an
off
icia
l b
ran
ch o
f en
gin
eeri
ng
1922: C
en
trif
ug
al
refr
igera
tio
n m
ach
ine m
akes
air
co
nd
itio
nin
g o
f la
rge s
pace
s p
oss
ible
1950: A
ir c
on
dit
ion
ing
is
Am
eri
ca's
seco
nd
-fast
est
gro
win
g i
nd
ust
ry a
fter
tele
vis
ion
1952
: 20
air-
cond
ition
ing
com
pane
s in
exi
sten
ce19
54: 9
2 ai
r-co
nditi
onin
g co
mpa
nes
in e
xist
ence
1928: R
esi
den
tial
air
-co
nd
itio
nin
g u
nit
deve
lope
d by
Will
is C
arrie
r
1955
: 5%
of
Am
eric
an h
omes
hav
e ai
r co
nditi
onin
g
1960
: 12%
of
Am
eric
an h
omes
hav
e ai
r co
nditi
onin
g
1970
: 36%
of
Am
eric
an h
omes
hav
e ai
r co
nditi
onin
g
1980
: 55%
of
Am
eric
an h
omes
hav
e ai
r co
nditi
onin
g
1952
: Plu
g-in
ele
ctric
air
cond
ition
er
1902
: Will
is C
arrie
r tr
ies
unsu
cces
sful
ly t
o de
hum
idify
air
1902: “M
an
-Mad
e W
eath
er“
coi
ned
by W
illis
Car
rier
1842
: Pro
po
sal
for
coo
lin
g c
itie
sJo
hn G
orrie
1851
: Air-
cycl
e co
mpr
essi
on r
efrig
erat
ion
syst
empa
tent
ed b
y Jo
hn G
orrie
1870
s: C
om
fort
co
oli
ng
att
em
pte
dby
pas
sing
air
over
chi
lled
pipe
sin
sev
eral
bui
ldin
gs in
Fra
nce
and
Engl
and
1880
: Hot
el d
inin
g ro
om in
Sta
ten
Isla
nd, N
.Y.,
com
fort
coo
led
by p
assi
ng a
ir ov
er ic
e
1899: Fi
rst
coo
lin
g a
nd
deh
um
idif
icati
on
syst
em
Dis
sect
ing
Room
, Cor
nell
Med
ical
Bui
ldin
g, N
ew Y
ork
Alfr
ed W
olff
1805
: Clo
sed-
cycl
e co
mpr
essi
on r
efrig
erat
ion
desc
ribed
by
Oliv
er E
vans
Early
180
0s: T
he n
atur
al ic
e in
dust
ry b
ecom
esan
inte
rnat
iona
l ent
erpr
ise
1834
: Clo
sed-
cycl
e co
mpr
essi
on r
efrig
erat
ion
syst
em
pate
nted
by
Jaco
b Pe
rkin
s
1851
: Liq
uid
vapo
r-co
mpr
essi
on ic
e m
achi
nepa
tent
ed b
y A
lexa
nder
Tw
inin
g
1856
: Eth
er c
ompr
essi
on ic
e m
achi
nepa
tent
ed b
y Ja
mes
Har
rison
1889
: Pip
eli
ne r
efr
igera
tio
npr
ovid
es r
efrig
erat
ion
on a
n ur
ban
scal
e
1890
: Gre
at Ic
e Fa
min
ecr
eate
s w
orld
wid
e ic
e sh
orta
ges
1890
: Ele
ctric
fan
s
1860
s: L
arge
indu
stria
l fan
s pr
oduc
ed
1877
: Loc
kpor
t D
istr
ict,
New
Yor
k,he
ated
fro
m a
cen
tral
sou
rce
Bird
sill
Hol
ly
1840
–42:
Hea
ting
in P
ento
ville
Pris
on, L
ondo
n
1839
: Hou
ses
of P
arlia
men
t, L
ondo
npl
ans
for
heat
ing
and
vent
ilatin
g
1802
: Hea
ting
in t
extil
e m
ills
by B
oulto
n an
d W
att
1833
: Pat
ent
for
Base
Bur
ner
Stov
eN
e w
Yor
k
1830
: Hot
wat
er r
adia
tors
inst
alle
dW
estm
inst
er H
ospi
tal,
Lond
on
1873
: Ste
am-p
ower
ed f
ans
deve
lope
dfo
r ho
spita
ls
1907: M
etr
op
oli
tan
Mu
seu
m o
f A
rt
1986
: Hea
t Pi
pe t
echn
olog
ypa
tent
ed b
y K
han
Din
h (U
.S.)
1980
s–90
s: N
ASA
use
s H
PT in
spa
ce
1996
: Dis
ney
Vill
age,
St.
Pet
ersb
urgh
, Flo
rida,
cool
ed b
y H
PT
1996
: Dal
i Mus
eum
, St.
Pet
ersb
urgh
, Flo
rida,
cool
ed b
y H
PT
1980
: Fre
on b
anne
das
a r
esul
t of
ozo
ne d
amag
e
1980
s: E
nviro
nmen
tally
frie
ndly
ref
riger
ants
Variable Air Volume
shopping1924: J.
L. H
ud
son
Dep
art
men
t Sto
reD
etro
it
1948: “N
o m
od
ern
sto
re c
an
fu
nct
ion
pro
perl
y . . . w
ith
ou
t air
co
nd
itio
nin
g“
—Pr
ogre
ssiv
e A
rchi
tect
ure
1938: “Eli
min
ati
ng
all
w
ind
ow
s in
sell
ing
sp
ace
s . . . ad
ds
to s
ell
ing
eff
icie
ncy
“—
Dep
artm
ent
Stor
e Ec
onom
ist
1950: “A
ir c
on
dit
ion
ing
has
resh
ap
ed
every
ele
men
t o
f th
e m
od
ern
sto
re“ —
Vic
tor
Gru
en
1956: So
uth
dale
Mall
Edin
aFi
rst
clim
ate-
cont
rolle
d m
all
1922: M
acy
'sN
ew Y
ork
1986: M
all
of
Am
eri
caM
inne
apol
is
1961: M
ilan
o R
inasc
en
te S
tore
“a t
echn
olog
ical
bui
ldin
g fo
r a
hist
oric
al s
ettin
g“
1963: “Th
ere
is
no
qu
est
ion
th
at
the p
ub
lic
sees
air
co
nd
itio
nin
g a
s an
ab
solu
te n
ece
ssit
y.“
—Pr
ogre
ssiv
e A
rchi
tect
ure
1997: 84%
of
mall
s air
-co
nd
itio
ned
1919: A
bra
ham
& S
trau
ssN
ew Y
ork
Firs
t ai
r-co
nditi
oned
dep
artm
ent
stor
e
2000198019601940192019001880186018401800
accu
mul
atio
nof
esca
lato
rsw
orld
wid
e
160,0
00
3,7
00
2700
1,6
00
esca
lato
r pa
tent
adj
udge
d
1829
Si
r W
illia
m C
ongr
eve
sc
hem
es f
or p
erpe
tuum
mob
ile
1859
U
.S. p
aten
t N
atha
n A
mes
re
volv
ing
stai
rs -
pro
toes
cala
tor
in
clin
ed e
leva
tor
1892
U
.S. p
aten
t G
eorg
e H
.Whe
eler
1906
M.H
ocqu
ardt
Eur
opea
n Fa
hrtr
eppe
1898
Whe
eler
’s pa
tent
sol
d to
Cha
rles
D.S
eebe
rger
1899
See
berg
er p
artn
ers
with
Otis
Seeb
erge
r ex
perim
ents
with
spi
ral m
ovin
g st
airs
und
er O
tis
1906
O
tis’s
pate
nt
co
mbi
nes
Seeb
erge
r’s a
nd R
eno’
s
1903
Ren
o’s
pate
nt s
old
to O
tis
1920
O
tis r
edes
ign
1896
Ren
o’s
incl
ined
ele
vato
rC
oney
Isla
nd
st
eple
ss e
scal
ator
1892
U
.S. p
aten
t J
esse
W.R
eno
1898
Eur
opea
n pa
tent
M.H
alle
ste
ples
s es
cala
tor
1935
M
itsub
ishi
esc
alat
or
1938
Sc
hind
ler
esca
lato
r
1941
O
tis r
edes
ign
ha
ndra
il ex
tend
ed
1985
sp
iral e
scal
ator
,
esca
lato
r w
ith c
urve
d pl
an
Mits
ubis
hi
1996
w
aved
esc
alat
or
esc
alat
or w
ith h
oriz
onta
l mid
sect
ion
M
itsub
ishi
1988
w
heel
chai
r es
cala
tor
fo
r th
e ha
ndic
appe
d
Mits
ubis
hi
1949
O
tis c
rissc
ross
esc
alat
ors
Bu
ffal
o, N
.Y.
• 19
00:
Otis
‘s f
irst
esca
lato
r at
the
Par
is W
orld
Fai
r
• 19
45:
1,60
0 to
tal n
umbe
r of
esc
alat
ors
in t
he U
.S.
• 19
45:
2,70
0 to
tal n
umbe
r of
esc
alat
ors
in t
he U
.S.
• 19
90:
7,00
0 es
cala
tors
sol
d an
ually
wor
ldw
ide
• 19
83:
Mits
ubis
hi: a
ccum
ulat
ed 1
0,00
0 es
cala
tors
• 19
70:
U.S
.: 32
9 es
cala
tors
ope
rate
in o
ffic
e bu
ildin
gs
• 19
97:
15,0
00 e
scal
ator
s or
dere
d an
nual
ly
• 19
97:
OTI
S pl
ans
accu
mul
ated
15,
000
in C
hina
• 19
96:
OTI
S re
port
s pr
oduc
tion
of 2
,050
/yea
r, 6
0,00
0 in
ope
ratio
n•
1995
: 9,
000/
year
wor
ldw
ide
- 30
,000
exi
sts
in t
he U
S
0 / year
300 / year
600 / year
900 / year
1200 / year
1500 / year
U.S. - Escalators annual sales
1970
1980
1990
1,40
4
1,32
7
• 19
93:
Mits
ubis
hi: a
ccum
ulat
ed 2
0,00
0 es
cala
tors
• 19
89:
Mits
ubis
hi: a
ccum
ulat
ed 1
5,00
0 es
cala
tors
• 19
74:
Mits
ubis
hi: a
ccum
ulat
ed 5
,000
esc
alat
ors
total number of escalators doubles every ten years
the escalator enables the department store
installations of the escalator
invention and evolution of the escalator
• 18
92–9
6: s
tepl
ess
esca
lato
rs in
stal
led
in B
loom
ingd
ale'
s, N
ew Y
ork
• 19
06:
esca
lato
rs in
stal
led
in B
on M
arch
é, P
aris
;• 19
00:
Otis
's f
irst
esca
lato
r at
the
Par
is W
orld
Fai
r
• 19
01–3
: esc
alat
ors
inst
alle
d in
Mac
y's,
New
Yor
k
• 19
20:
esca
lato
r re
desi
gned
for
hor
izon
tal s
tepp
ing
on/o
ff
• 19
01:
esca
lato
rs in
stal
led
in G
imbe
l‘s, P
hila
delp
hia
• 18
95–9
6: s
tepl
ess
esca
lato
rs in
stal
led
in H
arro
d's,
Lon
don
• 19
02–3
: pat
ent
adap
tatio
n fo
r Lu
na P
ark
at C
oney
Isla
nd
• 19
14:
esca
lato
r in
Mits
ukos
hi s
tore
, Jap
an
• 19
49:
esca
lato
r pa
tent
adj
udge
d fr
om O
tis
cris
scro
ss a
rang
emen
ts f
or t
he B
uffa
lo D
epar
tmem
t st
ore
• 19
35:
Japa
nese
Mits
ubis
hi e
scal
ator
• 18
59: r
evol
ving
sta
irs p
roto
esca
lato
r U
.S. p
aten
t
• 19
11: e
scal
ator
in t
he L
ondo
n un
derg
roun
d
• 19
05: 8
esc
alat
ors
in a
fac
tory
in L
awre
nce,
Mas
s.
• 19
18:
esca
lato
r pr
ofit
form
ula
for
5 &
10
Cen
ts S
tore
s, N
ew Y
ork
• 19
06: M
acy'
s co
unts
cus
tom
ers
on e
scal
ator
s an
d el
evat
ors
• 19
85:
Land
mar
k To
wer
, Yok
oham
a
• K
obe
Har
borla
nd C
anal
Gar
den
• 19
88: O
daky
u Sh
inju
ku S
tatio
n
Esca
lato
r pr
otot
ype
Otis
, Par
is E
xpo
1900
with a single escalator able
to move 7,000–8,000 people per hour,
the world's escalators
can move the world's population in less than 4 days
chronology of ©Perception of Identity© (in progress)
1: Psychological and Sociological thinking Increasing possibility for communicating potential identities correlates with growing theoretical framework on identity.
2: Marketing and its Projective Technique
3: Segmentation and Quantifiable Measurements Segrmentation defined by Lifestyles, Personality, Values, and Trends
4: Communication of Identity Advertising and the Development of Consumer Culture
Added Value
2000198019601940192019001880186018401820180017801760174017201700168016601640162016001580156015401520150014801460
mass identity crisis
id-ego-superego
idem identity identification
identity
symbolic interactionism
Marcel Mauss Self as culturally, historically malleable category
1816-1840
stimulus substitution
emotional conditioning
emotional mining
single source data
data mining
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
• 4
,208 m
illio
n ye
n
• 5
,093
• 5
,847
• 6
,535
• 7
,508
• 7
,883
• 8
,389
• 9
,055
• 9
,620
• 1
0,3
07
• 1
0,6
33
• 1
0,9
08
• 1
1,7
45
• 1
3,1
61
• 1
4,6
27
• 1
6,0
46
• 1
6,7
93
• 1
6,5
26
• 1
5,8
91
• 1
6,4
35
• 1
7,5
53
• 1
9,1
62
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
• 4
,092 m
illio
n ye
n
• 4
,550
• 5
,068
• 5
,702
• 6
,554
• 7
,086
• 7
,572
• 7
,993
• 8
,369
• 8
,468
• 8
,887
• 9
,145
• 9
,882
• 1
1,2
67
• 1
2,7
25
• 1
3,5
92
• 1
3,4
45
• 1
2,1
72
• 1
1,0
87
• 1
1,2
11
• 1
1,6
57
• 1
2,3
79
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
• 6
70 m
illio
n ye
n
• 7
97
• 8
77
• 9
51
• 1
,119
• 1
,281
• 1
,450
• 1
,565
• 1
,739
• 1
,857
• 2
,230
• 2
,382
• 2
,577
• 2
,962
• 3
,354
• 3
,741
• 3
,866
• 3
,692
• 3
,417
• 3
,473
• 3
,743
• 4
,073
Japan total Newspaper ads.
Japan total Magazine ads.
Japan total Radio ads.
Japan total TV ads.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
• 6
02 m
illio
n ye
n
• 7
04
• 8
11
• 9
08
• 1
,169
• 1
,061
• 1
,264
• 1
,330
• 1
,425
• 1
,501
• 1
,612
• 1
,633
• 1
,727
• 1
,879
• 2
,084
• 2
,335
• 2
,406
• 2
,350
• 2
,029
• 2
,113
• 2
,082
• 2
,181
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 • 3
,333
• 3
,125
• 2
,888
• 2
,604
• 2
,472
• 2
,295
• 2
,325
• 2
,288
• 2
,127
• 1
,872
• 1
,674
• 1
,374
• 1
,245
• 1
,110
• 9
28
• 8
09
• 6
92
• 4
71
• 4
82
• 3
98
• 3
07
• 2
36
• 2
03
• 2
10
• 1
76
• 1
43
• 1
25
• 5
7
• 2
mill
ions
of po
unds
UK total TV ads.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 • 3
,571
• 2
,949
• 2
,874
• 2
,806
• 2
,631
• 2
,545
• 2
,597
• 2
,902
• 3
,206
• 3
,119
• 2
,772
• 2
,507
• 2
,334
• 3
1 m
illio
ns o
f po
unds
• 9
6
• 1
20
• 3
4• 1
07
• 1
02
• 8
9• 7
8
• 7
8• 7
8
• 3
6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 • 3
44
• 5
83
• 4
81
• 2
96
• 2
43
• 1
94
• 1
57
• 1
49
• 1
63
• 1
39
• 1
59
• 1
11
• 1
• 2
mill
ions
of po
unds
• 9
mill
ions
of po
unds
• 1
49
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
• 4
51
• 4
37
• 4
02
• 4
24
• 4
78
• 5
41
• 5
87
• 5
67
• 5
04
• 4
60
• 4
09
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
• 4
,208 m
illio
n ye
n
• 1
9,1
62
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
• 4
,092 m
illio
n ye
n
• 1
2,3
79
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
• 6
70 m
illio
n ye
n
• 4
,073
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
• 6
02 m
illio
n ye
n
• 2
,181
Japan total Magazine ads
Japan total Radio ads.
Japan total Newspaper ads.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 • 3
,333
• 2
mill
ions
of po
unds
UK total TV ads.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 • 3
,571
• 3
1 m
illio
ns o
f po
unds
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 • 3
44
• 5
83
• 2
mill
ions
of po
unds
• 9
mill
ions
of po
unds
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
survey samplingstatistical research lead by Alfred Politz
DuPont's Cohort studyMONITOR
1958 "Typologies" by Dichter's Institute for Motivational Research
VALS-2
Segment OneVALS
Shoppers typologyEating typology
Cycle of Life
Fashion shoppers typology
Psychographics
JapanVALS
Motivation Research Living Cube
Photosort™
Category Sculpting™
PATPictured Aspiration Technique
Sensations™
Adversary Groups™
Balloons™
Emotional Sonar™
Emotional Lexicon™Emotional Bonding™
Starch Index of Advertising Recall
PRIZM™ACORN
ClusterPlusOASYSMicrovision
GeoVALS
Global ScanTarget Scan
Behaviorism1913 "Psychology as the Behaviorist Sees It" by Watson
Projection1913 "Totem and Taboo" by Freud
Psychoanalysis1896 "The Aetiology of Hysteria" by Freud
Conditioning1927 "Conditioned Reflexes" by Pavlov
Hierarchy of Needs1954 "Motivation and Personality" by Maslow
1912 "The Neurotic Constitution" by Adler
Analytical Psychology1933 "Psychological Types" by Jung
1959 "Identity and the Lifecycle" by Erikson
Projective Techniques1938 "Explorations in Personality" by Murray
TATThematic Apperception Test Sentence CompletionRorschach Test
Watson at J. Walter Thompson
Paul Lazarsfeld at ColumbiaDichter works on Ivory Soap
Bernays Crystallizing Public Opinion
Pckard The Hidden Persuaders
Gallup founds American Institute of Public Opinion
iden
tity: The q
uality o
r con
ditio
n o
f bein
g th
e sam
e in su
bstan
ce, com
po
sition
, natu
re, p
rop
erties, or in
pa rticu
lar qu
alities un
der
son
sideratio
n; ab
solu
te or essen
tial samen
ess; o
nen
ess.
abso
lute id
entity: ,th
at asserted in
the
metap
hysical d
octo
rine o
f Schellin
g th
at min
d
and
matter are p
hen
om
enal m
od
ification
of
the sam
e sub
stance.
perso
nal id
entity (in
Psycho
log
y), the co
nd
ition
o
f fact of rem
ainin
g th
e same p
erson
th
rou
gh
ou
t the vario
us p
hases o
f existence;
con
tinu
ity of th
e perso
nality.
ind
ustrial e vo
lutio
n; w
as also a co
mm
ercial evo
lutio
n: co
mm
od
ification
of leisu
re, fashio
n
system, b
reaking
up
of so
cial bo
rders, n
ew
form
of b
usin
ess and
com
mercial
org
anizatio
ns, n
ew m
arket infrastru
cture.
rom
anticism
: the q
uesst o
f auth
enticity as a
critiqu
e of m
od
ernizatio
n; n
aturaln
ess, em
otio
nal g
ratification
, ethn
ic / natio
nal
cultu
ral values, h
app
y do
mesticity, n
atural
wo
men
.
1850 - 1870: pro
spero
us m
id-V
ictorian
years, in
ternatio
nal exh
ibitio
ns d
om
estication
of
natu
re.
1880 - 1930: mass p
rod
uctio
n o
f con
sum
er g
oo
ds, g
eog
raph
ical / social sp
readin
g o
f the
market, ratio
nalizatio
n o
f form
and
o
rgan
ization
of p
rod
uctio
n.
Ford
ism: 1920s, first p
roclaim
ed g
eneral
ideo
log
y of afflu
ence.
1950s / 1970s: org
anizatio
n m
an, afflu
ent
society (J.K
. Galb
raith)
N eo
-liberalism
: Thatch
erism, R
eago
no
mics
Narcissism: "Narcissism is the pathology at the heart of a consumer society in which the boundaries between the private and the public world - like the narcissist's boundaries between the self and the other, inside and outside - are dangerously blurred."
Postmodernism: " The shift form Fordism to post-Fordism, from organized to disorganized capitalism, from commodities and exchange values to commodity-signs and sign-value. This shift has been made possible by information technology which also allows for increasing precision in segmentation targeting to consumer groups which are defined by lifestyle rather than by demographic
zero-sum-game: In a context of low economic growth consumption appears to be a loosing strategy in a zero-sum-game. Our contemporary positive evaluation of consumption depends on the assumption of open-ended economic expansion.
"fin
ger
pri
nts
", d
efin
ed in
Ori
gin
al
Ency
clo
ped
ia.
"co
nti
nu
ou
s, lo
cate
d in
th
e d
eep
" as
sel
f-co
nce
pti
on
, an
d a
s se
lf-i
mag
e.
"nam
e, a
rtif
act
of
inte
ract
ion
", N
elso
n F
oo
te,
Soci
olo
gy,
def
init
ion
des
tin
gu
ish
ed f
rom
Fr
eud
's; "
app
rop
riat
ion
of
and
co
mm
itm
ent
to
a p
arti
cula
r id
enti
ty o
r se
ries
of
iden
tity
".
"in
de
Cer
teau
"Pr
acti
ce o
f Ev
eryd
ay L
ife"
, 198
4
"pro
cess
' vis
a v
is 'c
on
tin
uo
us'
"id
enti
ty"
reac
hed
to
gen
eral
ity.
"sam
e o
f a
per
son
or
thin
g a
t al
l tim
e"
Dic
hte
r sa
ys "
Mo
st o
f u
s tr
y to
exp
lain
ou
r b
ehav
iou
r in
an
inte
llig
ent
way
,wh
en v
ery
oft
en it
is n
ot.
"
Alf
red
Po
litz
calle
d "
mo
tiva
tio
nal
res
earc
h
"pse
ud
o s
cien
ce"
and
"p
ure
un
adu
lter
ated
b
ald
erd
ash
,". Er
nes
t D
ich
ter
calle
d P
olit
z's
trad
itio
nal
st
atis
tica
l res
earc
h "
no
se-c
ou
nti
ng
".
1570
BIL
LIN
GSL
EY E
ucl
id V
.def
.iv.1
29 "
This
lik
enes
s, id
emp
titi
e, o
r eq
ual
litie
of
pro
po
rtio
n
is c
alle
d p
rop
ort
ion
allit
ie.
1603
HO
LLA
ND
Plu
tarc
h's
Mo
r. 6
5 "
That
th
e so
ule
of
this
un
iver
sall
wo
rld
, is
no
t si
mp
le,
un
ifo
rme
and
un
com
po
un
ded
, bu
t m
mix
ed..
of
a ce
rtai
ne
po
wer
of
iden
titi
e an
d o
f D
iver
sity
.
1654
Z. C
oke
Lo
gic
k (1
657)
88
"Cau
sall
Iden
tity
is
no
t th
em t
hat
ag
ree
in A
ccid
ents
."
1669
GA
LE C
rt. G
enti
les
I.I. i
ii. 2
1 "T
hat
th
e Ph
enic
ian
s w
ere
ori
gin
ally
Can
aan
ites
, is
man
ifes
t fr
om
th
e Id
enti
tie
of
thei
r La
ng
uag
es".
1751
HA
RR
IS H
erm
es W
ks. (
1841
) 23
3 "I
s it
no
t m
arve
llou
s, t
her
e sh
ou
ld b
e so
exa
ct a
n
iden
tity
of
ou
t id
eas?
"
1839
MU
RC
HIS
ON
Silu
r, S
yst.
I. x
xxv.
474
"Th
e o
rgan
ic r
emai
ns
are
of
gre
at in
tere
st in
es
tab
lish
ing
th
e g
eolo
gic
al id
enti
ty b
etw
een
th
e co
al m
easu
res
of
the
Du
dle
y d
istr
ict
and
th
ose
of
dis
tan
t p
arts
of
Gre
at B
rita
in.
1855
H. S
PEN
CER
Pri
nc.
Psy
cho
l. (1
872)
II. V
I. vi
. 59
"R
esem
bla
nce
wh
en it
exi
sts
in t
he
hig
hes
t d
egre
e o
f al
l .. i
s o
ften
cal
led
iden
tity
."
1876
TA
IT R
ec. A
dv.
Ph
ys. S
t. v
iii. (
ed.2
) 20
3 "T
he
iden
tity
of
rad
ian
t lig
ht
and
hea
t".
1863
FA
WC
ETT
Pol.
Eco
n. I
I. ix
. 265
"Th
ere
is n
o
iden
tity
of
inte
rest
s b
etw
een
th
e em
plo
yers
an
d e
mp
loye
d".
1879
FR
OU
DE
Cae
sar
vxiii
. 298
"u
nit
ed ..
by
iden
tity
of
con
vict
ion
".
£583 million
£9 million£2 million
£344 million£31 million
£3,571 million£3,333 million
Advertising ExpenditureU.K. (television, newspaper, magazine, radio)
• 1
88
0s:
Bra
ndin
g ha
s be
en u
sed
to s
ince
the
ear
liest
tim
es
dis
ting
uish
the
goo
ds o
f on
e pr
oduc
er f
rom
tho
se o
f an
othe
r.
Ind
eed,
the
wor
d 'b
rnad
' ca
me
from
the
Old
Nor
se w
ord
'
bran
dr',
whi
ch m
eans
to
burn
.
¥4,092 million
¥1,237,900 million
¥670 million
¥407,300 million
¥602 million
¥218,100 million
¥4,208 million
¥1,916,200 million
Advertising ExpenditureJapan (television, newspaper, magazine, radio)
Evolution of air conditioning (� Air Conditioning, 124–25)
Index to evolution diagrams
Evolution of identity (� Psychogramming, 572–73)
Evolution of the escalator (� Escalator, 338–39)
Diagram by SZE TSUNG LEONG and SRDJAN JOVANOVIC WEISS Diagram by HIROMI HOSOYA and MARKUS SCHAEFER
Diagram by SRDJAN JOVANOVIC WEISS
20001980196019401920190018801860184018201800
air conditioning
ice machines
chemical refrigeration
evaporative cooling
vacuum refrigeration
compression refrigeration
refrigerationmanual ice harvesting
heating
ventilation
coolingcomfort cooling
man made weather
climate control
HVAC
environmental control
museums
residential
factories
hospitals
weathermaster
smell controldraft control
air-conditioned cars
VAV system
fans
district heatinghot-air heating
complex stovessteam heating
radiator
ventilation theories
dehumidification
heat conductors
pre-cooled air
dehumidifier heat pipe
heat superconductor
hot plate
heat pipestheaters 19
38: 9
2% o
f U
.S. t
heat
ers
air-
cond
ition
ed
1917
: New
Em
pire
The
ater
Mon
tgom
ery,
Ala
bam
a
1889
: Carn
eg
ie H
all
com
fort
coo
led
by p
assi
ng a
ir ov
er ic
e
1921
: Gra
uman
's M
etro
polit
an T
heat
erLo
s A
ngel
es
1924
: Pal
ace,
Tex
an, a
nd Ir
is T
heat
ers
Hou
ston
1925
: Riv
oli T
heat
erN
ew Y
ork
1920
: Par
amou
nt M
ovie
Hou
ses
Paris
1967
: Que
en E
lizab
eth
Hal
lLo
ndon
“The
for
m t
akes
its
cue
dire
clty
fr
om t
he a
ir-flo
w w
ithin
“
office buildings1913
: Am
eric
an T
obac
co C
ompa
ny P
lant
inst
alls
Car
rier
air-
cond
ition
ing
unit
1904: N
ew
Yo
rk S
tock
Exch
an
ge
1906
: Lar
kin
Off
ice
Build
ing
Buff
alo
Fran
k Ll
oyd
Wrig
ht r
efer
s to
indo
or w
eath
er c
ontr
ol
as “
Air
cond
ition
ing“
1928
: Mill
am B
uild
ing,
Chi
cago
1932
: Phi
lade
lphi
a Sa
ving
s Fu
nd S
ocie
ty B
uild
ing
1938
: For
t une
Mag
azin
e pu
blis
hes
“Air
Con
ditio
ning
of
Off
ice
Build
ings
“
1949
: Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Bui
ldin
gC
limat
ized
air
deliv
ered
thr
ough
pip
es in
the
cur
tain
wal
l1949: Th
e P
en
tag
on
Air-
cond
ition
ed b
y C
arrie
r12
mill
ion
cubi
c fe
et o
f ai
r co
oled
eac
h m
inut
e
1955
: U.S
. Gov
ernm
ent
offic
ially
sp
onso
rs u
se o
f ai
r co
nditi
onin
gin
gov
ernm
ent
build
ings
1972
–77:
Wor
ld T
rade
Cen
ter
Car
rier
syst
em m
ade
for
glas
s sk
yscr
aper
s
0 200ft
1904: Fi
rst
pu
bli
c b
uil
din
g c
om
fort
co
ole
dLo
uisi
ana
Purc
hase
Exp
ositi
on1905: “A
ir c
on
dit
ion
ing
“ c
oine
d by
Stu
art
Cra
mer
1906
: App
arat
us f
or T
reat
ing
Air
pate
nted
by
Will
is C
arrie
r
1932
: Atm
osph
eric
Cab
inet
C
arrie
r
1908
: Psy
chro
met
ric c
hart
dev
elop
ed b
y W
illis
Car
rier
1930
: Fre
on
1911: A
ir c
on
dit
ion
ing
reco
gn
ized
as
an
off
icia
l b
ran
ch o
f en
gin
eeri
ng
1922: C
en
trif
ug
al
refr
igera
tio
n m
ach
ine m
akes
air
co
nd
itio
nin
g o
f la
rge s
pace
s p
oss
ible
1950: A
ir c
on
dit
ion
ing
is
Am
eri
ca's
seco
nd
-fast
est
gro
win
g i
nd
ust
ry a
fter
tele
vis
ion
1952
: 20
air-
cond
ition
ing
com
pane
s in
exi
sten
ce19
54: 9
2 ai
r-co
nditi
onin
g co
mpa
nes
in e
xist
ence
1928: R
esi
den
tial
air
-co
nd
itio
nin
g u
nit
deve
lope
d by
Will
is C
arrie
r
1955
: 5%
of
Am
eric
an h
omes
hav
e ai
r co
nditi
onin
g
1960
: 12%
of
Am
eric
an h
omes
hav
e ai
r co
nditi
onin
g
1970
: 36%
of
Am
eric
an h
omes
hav
e ai
r co
nditi
onin
g
1980
: 55%
of
Am
eric
an h
omes
hav
e ai
r co
nditi
onin
g
1952
: Plu
g-in
ele
ctric
air
cond
ition
er
1902
: Will
is C
arrie
r tr
ies
unsu
cces
sful
ly t
o de
hum
idify
air
1902: “M
an
-Mad
e W
eath
er“
coi
ned
by W
illis
Car
rier
1842
: Pro
po
sal
for
coo
lin
g c
itie
sJo
hn G
orrie
1851
: Air-
cycl
e co
mpr
essi
on r
efrig
erat
ion
syst
empa
tent
ed b
y Jo
hn G
orrie
1870
s: C
om
fort
co
oli
ng
att
em
pte
dby
pas
sing
air
over
chi
lled
pipe
sin
sev
eral
bui
ldin
gs in
Fra
nce
and
Engl
and
1880
: Hot
el d
inin
g ro
om in
Sta
ten
Isla
nd, N
.Y.,
com
fort
coo
led
by p
assi
ng a
ir ov
er ic
e
1899: Fi
rst
coo
lin
g a
nd
deh
um
idif
icati
on
syst
em
Dis
sect
ing
Room
, Cor
nell
Med
ical
Bui
ldin
g, N
ew Y
ork
Alfr
ed W
olff
1805
: Clo
sed-
cycl
e co
mpr
essi
on r
efrig
erat
ion
desc
ribed
by
Oliv
er E
vans
Early
180
0s: T
he n
atur
al ic
e in
dust
ry b
ecom
esan
inte
rnat
iona
l ent
erpr
ise
1834
: Clo
sed-
cycl
e co
mpr
essi
on r
efrig
erat
ion
syst
em
pate
nted
by
Jaco
b Pe
rkin
s
1851
: Liq
uid
vapo
r-co
mpr
essi
on ic
e m
achi
nepa
tent
ed b
y A
lexa
nder
Tw
inin
g
1856
: Eth
er c
ompr
essi
on ic
e m
achi
nepa
tent
ed b
y Ja
mes
Har
rison
1889
: Pip
eli
ne r
efr
igera
tio
npr
ovid
es r
efrig
erat
ion
on a
n ur
ban
scal
e
1890
: Gre
at Ic
e Fa
min
ecr
eate
s w
orld
wid
e ic
e sh
orta
ges
1890
: Ele
ctric
fan
s
1860
s: L
arge
indu
stria
l fan
s pr
oduc
ed
1877
: Loc
kpor
t D
istr
ict,
New
Yor
k,he
ated
fro
m a
cen
tral
sou
rce
Bird
sill
Hol
ly
1840
–42:
Hea
ting
in P
ento
ville
Pris
on, L
ondo
n
1839
: Hou
ses
of P
arlia
men
t, L
ondo
npl
ans
for
heat
ing
and
vent
ilatin
g
1802
: Hea
ting
in t
extil
e m
ills
by B
oulto
n an
d W
att
1833
: Pat
ent
for
Base
Bur
ner
Stov
eN
e w
Yor
k
1830
: Hot
wat
er r
adia
tors
inst
alle
dW
estm
inst
er H
ospi
tal,
Lond
on
1873
: Ste
am-p
ower
ed f
ans
deve
lope
dfo
r ho
spita
ls
1907: M
etr
op
oli
tan
Mu
seu
m o
f A
rt
1986
: Hea
t Pi
pe t
echn
olog
ypa
tent
ed b
y K
han
Din
h (U
.S.)
1980
s–90
s: N
ASA
use
s H
PT in
spa
ce
1996
: Dis
ney
Vill
age,
St.
Pet
ersb
urgh
, Flo
rida,
cool
ed b
y H
PT
1996
: Dal
i Mus
eum
, St.
Pet
ersb
urgh
, Flo
rida,
cool
ed b
y H
PT
1980
: Fre
on b
anne
das
a r
esul
t of
ozo
ne d
amag
e
1980
s: E
nviro
nmen
tally
frie
ndly
ref
riger
ants
Variable Air Volume
shopping1924: J.
L. H
ud
son
Dep
art
men
t Sto
reD
etro
it
1948: “N
o m
od
ern
sto
re c
an
fu
nct
ion
pro
perl
y . . . w
ith
ou
t air
co
nd
itio
nin
g“
—Pr
ogre
ssiv
e A
rchi
tect
ure
1938: “Eli
min
ati
ng
all
w
ind
ow
s in
sell
ing
sp
ace
s . . . ad
ds
to s
ell
ing
eff
icie
ncy
“—
Dep
artm
ent
Stor
e Ec
onom
ist
1950: “A
ir c
on
dit
ion
ing
has
resh
ap
ed
every
ele
men
t o
f th
e m
od
ern
sto
re“ —
Vic
tor
Gru
en
1956: So
uth
dale
Mall
Edin
aFi
rst
clim
ate-
cont
rolle
d m
all
1922: M
acy
'sN
ew Y
ork
1986: M
all
of
Am
eri
caM
inne
apol
is
1961: M
ilan
o R
inasc
en
te S
tore
“a t
echn
olog
ical
bui
ldin
g fo
r a
hist
oric
al s
ettin
g“
1963: “Th
ere
is
no
qu
est
ion
th
at
the p
ub
lic
sees
air
co
nd
itio
nin
g a
s an
ab
solu
te n
ece
ssit
y.“
—Pr
ogre
ssiv
e A
rchi
tect
ure
1997: 84%
of
mall
s air
-co
nd
itio
ned
1919: A
bra
ham
& S
trau
ssN
ew Y
ork
Firs
t ai
r-co
nditi
oned
dep
artm
ent
stor
e
2000198019601940192019001880186018401800
accu
mul
atio
nof
esca
lato
rsw
orld
wid
e
160,0
00
3,7
00
2700
1,6
00
esca
lato
r pa
tent
adj
udge
d
1829
Si
r W
illia
m C
ongr
eve
sc
hem
es f
or p
erpe
tuum
mob
ile
1859
U
.S. p
aten
t N
atha
n A
mes
re
volv
ing
stai
rs -
pro
toes
cala
tor
in
clin
ed e
leva
tor
1892
U
.S. p
aten
t G
eorg
e H
.Whe
eler
1906
M.H
ocqu
ardt
Eur
opea
n Fa
hrtr
eppe
1898
Whe
eler
’s pa
tent
sol
d to
Cha
rles
D.S
eebe
rger
1899
See
berg
er p
artn
ers
with
Otis
Seeb
erge
r ex
perim
ents
with
spi
ral m
ovin
g st
airs
und
er O
tis
1906
O
tis’s
pate
nt
co
mbi
nes
Seeb
erge
r’s a
nd R
eno’
s
1903
Ren
o’s
pate
nt s
old
to O
tis
1920
O
tis r
edes
ign
1896
Ren
o’s
incl
ined
ele
vato
rC
oney
Isla
nd
st
eple
ss e
scal
ator
1892
U
.S. p
aten
t J
esse
W.R
eno
1898
Eur
opea
n pa
tent
M.H
alle
ste
ples
s es
cala
tor
1935
M
itsub
ishi
esc
alat
or
1938
Sc
hind
ler
esca
lato
r
1941
O
tis r
edes
ign
ha
ndra
il ex
tend
ed
1985
sp
iral e
scal
ator
,
esca
lato
r w
ith c
urve
d pl
an
Mits
ubis
hi
1996
w
aved
esc
alat
or
esc
alat
or w
ith h
oriz
onta
l mid
sect
ion
M
itsub
ishi
1988
w
heel
chai
r es
cala
tor
fo
r th
e ha
ndic
appe
d
Mits
ubis
hi
1949
O
tis c
rissc
ross
esc
alat
ors
Bu
ffal
o, N
.Y.
• 19
00:
Otis
‘s f
irst
esca
lato
r at
the
Par
is W
orld
Fai
r
• 19
45:
1,60
0 to
tal n
umbe
r of
esc
alat
ors
in t
he U
.S.
• 19
45:
2,70
0 to
tal n
umbe
r of
esc
alat
ors
in t
he U
.S.
• 19
90:
7,00
0 es
cala
tors
sol
d an
ually
wor
ldw
ide
• 19
83:
Mits
ubis
hi: a
ccum
ulat
ed 1
0,00
0 es
cala
tors
• 19
70:
U.S
.: 32
9 es
cala
tors
ope
rate
in o
ffic
e bu
ildin
gs
• 19
97:
15,0
00 e
scal
ator
s or
dere
d an
nual
ly
• 19
97:
OTI
S pl
ans
accu
mul
ated
15,
000
in C
hina
• 19
96:
OTI
S re
port
s pr
oduc
tion
of 2
,050
/yea
r, 6
0,00
0 in
ope
ratio
n•
1995
: 9,
000/
year
wor
ldw
ide
- 30
,000
exi
sts
in t
he U
S
0 / year
300 / year
600 / year
900 / year
1200 / year
1500 / year
U.S. - Escalators annual sales
1970
1980
1990
1,40
4
1,32
7
• 19
93:
Mits
ubis
hi: a
ccum
ulat
ed 2
0,00
0 es
cala
tors
• 19
89:
Mits
ubis
hi: a
ccum
ulat
ed 1
5,00
0 es
cala
tors
• 19
74:
Mits
ubis
hi: a
ccum
ulat
ed 5
,000
esc
alat
ors
total number of escalators doubles every ten years
the escalator enables the department store
installations of the escalator
invention and evolution of the escalator
• 18
92–9
6: s
tepl
ess
esca
lato
rs in
stal
led
in B
loom
ingd
ale'
s, N
ew Y
ork
• 19
06:
esca
lato
rs in
stal
led
in B
on M
arch
é, P
aris
;• 19
00:
Otis
's f
irst
esca
lato
r at
the
Par
is W
orld
Fai
r
• 19
01–3
: esc
alat
ors
inst
alle
d in
Mac
y's,
New
Yor
k
• 19
20:
esca
lato
r re
desi
gned
for
hor
izon
tal s
tepp
ing
on/o
ff
• 19
01:
esca
lato
rs in
stal
led
in G
imbe
l‘s, P
hila
delp
hia
• 18
95–9
6: s
tepl
ess
esca
lato
rs in
stal
led
in H
arro
d's,
Lon
don
• 19
02–3
: pat
ent
adap
tatio
n fo
r Lu
na P
ark
at C
oney
Isla
nd
• 19
14:
esca
lato
r in
Mits
ukos
hi s
tore
, Jap
an
• 19
49:
esca
lato
r pa
tent
adj
udge
d fr
om O
tis
cris
scro
ss a
rang
emen
ts f
or t
he B
uffa
lo D
epar
tmem
t st
ore
• 19
35:
Japa
nese
Mits
ubis
hi e
scal
ator
• 18
59: r
evol
ving
sta
irs p
roto
esca
lato
r U
.S. p
aten
t
• 19
11: e
scal
ator
in t
he L
ondo
n un
derg
roun
d
• 19
05: 8
esc
alat
ors
in a
fac
tory
in L
awre
nce,
Mas
s.
• 19
18:
esca
lato
r pr
ofit
form
ula
for
5 &
10
Cen
ts S
tore
s, N
ew Y
ork
• 19
06: M
acy'
s co
unts
cus
tom
ers
on e
scal
ator
s an
d el
evat
ors
• 19
85:
Land
mar
k To
wer
, Yok
oham
a
• K
obe
Har
borla
nd C
anal
Gar
den
• 19
88: O
daky
u Sh
inju
ku S
tatio
n
Esca
lato
r pr
otot
ype
Otis
, Par
is E
xpo
1900
with a single escalator able
to move 7,000–8,000 people per hour,
the world's escalators
can move the world's population in less than 4 days
chronology of ©Perception of Identity© (in progress)
1: Psychological and Sociological thinking Increasing possibility for communicating potential identities correlates with growing theoretical framework on identity.
2: Marketing and its Projective Technique
3: Segmentation and Quantifiable Measurements Segrmentation defined by Lifestyles, Personality, Values, and Trends
4: Communication of Identity Advertising and the Development of Consumer Culture
Added Value
2000198019601940192019001880186018401820180017801760174017201700168016601640162016001580156015401520150014801460
mass identity crisis
id-ego-superego
idem identity identification
identity
symbolic interactionism
Marcel Mauss Self as culturally, historically malleable category
1816-1840
stimulus substitution
emotional conditioning
emotional mining
single source data
data mining
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
• 4
,208 m
illio
n ye
n
• 5
,093
• 5
,847
• 6
,535
• 7
,508
• 7
,883
• 8
,389
• 9
,055
• 9
,620
• 1
0,3
07
• 1
0,6
33
• 1
0,9
08
• 1
1,7
45
• 1
3,1
61
• 1
4,6
27
• 1
6,0
46
• 1
6,7
93
• 1
6,5
26
• 1
5,8
91
• 1
6,4
35
• 1
7,5
53
• 1
9,1
62
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
• 4
,092 m
illio
n ye
n
• 4
,550
• 5
,068
• 5
,702
• 6
,554
• 7
,086
• 7
,572
• 7
,993
• 8
,369
• 8
,468
• 8
,887
• 9
,145
• 9
,882
• 1
1,2
67
• 1
2,7
25
• 1
3,5
92
• 1
3,4
45
• 1
2,1
72
• 1
1,0
87
• 1
1,2
11
• 1
1,6
57
• 1
2,3
79
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
• 6
70 m
illio
n ye
n
• 7
97
• 8
77
• 9
51
• 1
,119
• 1
,281
• 1
,450
• 1
,565
• 1
,739
• 1
,857
• 2
,230
• 2
,382
• 2
,577
• 2
,962
• 3
,354
• 3
,741
• 3
,866
• 3
,692
• 3
,417
• 3
,473
• 3
,743
• 4
,073
Japan total Newspaper ads.
Japan total Magazine ads.
Japan total Radio ads.
Japan total TV ads.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
• 6
02 m
illio
n ye
n
• 7
04
• 8
11
• 9
08
• 1
,169
• 1
,061
• 1
,264
• 1
,330
• 1
,425
• 1
,501
• 1
,612
• 1
,633
• 1
,727
• 1
,879
• 2
,084
• 2
,335
• 2
,406
• 2
,350
• 2
,029
• 2
,113
• 2
,082
• 2
,181
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 • 3
,333
• 3
,125
• 2
,888
• 2
,604
• 2
,472
• 2
,295
• 2
,325
• 2
,288
• 2
,127
• 1
,872
• 1
,674
• 1
,374
• 1
,245
• 1
,110
• 9
28
• 8
09
• 6
92
• 4
71
• 4
82
• 3
98
• 3
07
• 2
36
• 2
03
• 2
10
• 1
76
• 1
43
• 1
25
• 5
7
• 2
mill
ions
of po
unds
UK total TV ads.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 • 3
,571
• 2
,949
• 2
,874
• 2
,806
• 2
,631
• 2
,545
• 2
,597
• 2
,902
• 3
,206
• 3
,119
• 2
,772
• 2
,507
• 2
,334
• 3
1 m
illio
ns o
f po
unds
• 9
6
• 1
20
• 3
4• 1
07
• 1
02
• 8
9• 7
8
• 7
8• 7
8
• 3
6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 • 3
44
• 5
83
• 4
81
• 2
96
• 2
43
• 1
94
• 1
57
• 1
49
• 1
63
• 1
39
• 1
59
• 1
11
• 1
• 2
mill
ions
of po
unds
• 9
mill
ions
of po
unds
• 1
49
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
• 4
51
• 4
37
• 4
02
• 4
24
• 4
78
• 5
41
• 5
87
• 5
67
• 5
04
• 4
60
• 4
09
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
• 4
,208 m
illio
n ye
n
• 1
9,1
62
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
• 4
,092 m
illio
n ye
n
• 1
2,3
79
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
• 6
70 m
illio
n ye
n
• 4
,073
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
• 6
02 m
illio
n ye
n
• 2
,181
Japan total Magazine ads
Japan total Radio ads.
Japan total Newspaper ads.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 • 3
,333
• 2
mill
ions
of po
unds
UK total TV ads.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 • 3
,571
• 3
1 m
illio
ns o
f po
unds
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 • 3
44
• 5
83
• 2
mill
ions
of po
unds
• 9
mill
ions
of po
unds
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
survey samplingstatistical research lead by Alfred Politz
DuPont's Cohort studyMONITOR
1958 "Typologies" by Dichter's Institute for Motivational Research
VALS-2
Segment OneVALS
Shoppers typologyEating typology
Cycle of Life
Fashion shoppers typology
Psychographics
JapanVALS
Motivation Research Living Cube
Photosort™
Category Sculpting™
PATPictured Aspiration Technique
Sensations™
Adversary Groups™
Balloons™
Emotional Sonar™
Emotional Lexicon™Emotional Bonding™
Starch Index of Advertising Recall
PRIZM™ACORN
ClusterPlusOASYSMicrovision
GeoVALS
Global ScanTarget Scan
Behaviorism1913 "Psychology as the Behaviorist Sees It" by Watson
Projection1913 "Totem and Taboo" by Freud
Psychoanalysis1896 "The Aetiology of Hysteria" by Freud
Conditioning1927 "Conditioned Reflexes" by Pavlov
Hierarchy of Needs1954 "Motivation and Personality" by Maslow
1912 "The Neurotic Constitution" by Adler
Analytical Psychology1933 "Psychological Types" by Jung
1959 "Identity and the Lifecycle" by Erikson
Projective Techniques1938 "Explorations in Personality" by Murray
TATThematic Apperception Test Sentence CompletionRorschach Test
Watson at J. Walter Thompson
Paul Lazarsfeld at ColumbiaDichter works on Ivory Soap
Bernays Crystallizing Public Opinion
Pckard The Hidden Persuaders
Gallup founds American Institute of Public Opinion
iden
tity: The q
uality o
r con
ditio
n o
f bein
g th
e sam
e in su
bstan
ce, com
po
sition
, natu
re, p
rop
erties, or in
particu
lar qu
alities un
der
son
sideratio
n; ab
solu
te or essen
tial samen
ess; o
nen
ess.
abso
lute id
entity: ,th
at asserted in
the
metap
hysical d
octo
rine o
f Schellin
g th
at min
d
and
matter are p
hen
om
enal m
od
ification
of
the sam
e sub
stance.
perso
nal id
entity (in
Psycho
log
y), the co
nd
ition
o
f fact of rem
a inin
g th
e same p
erson
th
rou
gh
ou
t the vario
us p
hases o
f existence;
con
tinu
ity of th
e perso
nality.
ind
ustrial evo
lutio
n; w
as also a co
mm
ercial evo
lutio
n: co
mm
od
ification
of leisu
re, fashio
n
system, b
reaking
up
of so
cial bo
rders, n
ew
form
of b
usin
ess and
com
mercial
org
anizatio
ns, n
ew m
arket infrastru
cture.
rom
anticism
: the q
uesst o
f auth
enticity as a
critiqu
e of m
od
ernizatio
n; n
aturaln
ess, em
otio
nal g
ratification
, ethn
ic / natio
nal
cultu
ral values, h
app
y do
mesticity, n
atural
wo
men
.
1850 - 1870: pro
spero
us m
id-V
ictorian
years, in
ternatio
nal exh
ibitio
ns d
om
estication
of
natu
re.
1880 - 1930: mass p
rod
uctio
n o
f con
sum
er g
oo
ds, g
eog
raph
ical / social sp
readin
g o
f the
market, ratio
nalizatio
n o
f form
and
o
rgan
ization
of p
rod
uctio
n.
Ford
ism: 1920s, first p
roclaim
ed g
eneral
ideo
log
y of afflu
ence.
1950s / 1970s: org
anizatio
n m
an, afflu
ent
society (J.K
. Galb
raith)
N eo
-liberalism
: Thatch
erism, R
eago
no
mics
Narcissism: "Narcissism is the pathology at the heart of a consumer society in which the boundaries between the private and the public world - like the narcissist's boundaries between the self and the other, inside and outside - are dangerously blurred."
Postmodernism: " The shift form Fordism to post-Fordism, from organized to disorganized capitalism, from commodities and exchange values to commodity-signs and sign-value. This shift has been made possible by information technology which also allows for increasing precision in segmentation targeting to consumer groups which are defined by lifestyle rather than by demographic
zero-sum-game: In a context of low economic growth consumption appears to be a loosing strategy in a zero-sum-game. Our contemporary positive evaluation of consumption depends on the assumption of open-ended economic expansion.
"fin
ger
pri
nts
", d
efin
ed in
Ori
gin
al
Ency
clo
ped
ia.
"co
nti
nu
ou
s, lo
cate
d in
th
e d
eep
" as
sel
f-co
nce
pti
on
, an
d a
s se
lf-i
mag
e.
"nam
e, a
rtif
act
of
inte
ract
ion
", N
elso
n F
oo
te,
Soci
olo
gy,
def
init
ion
des
tin
gu
ish
ed f
rom
Fr
eud
's; "
app
rop
riat
ion
of
and
co
mm
itm
ent
to
a p
arti
cula
r id
enti
ty o
r se
ries
of
iden
tity
".
"in
de
Cer
teau
"Pr
acti
ce o
f Ev
eryd
ay L
ife"
, 198
4
"pro
cess
' vis
a v
is 'c
on
tin
uo
us'
"id
enti
ty"
reac
hed
to
gen
eral
ity.
"sam
e o
f a
per
son
or
thin
g a
t al
l tim
e"
Dic
hte
r sa
ys "
Mo
st o
f u
s tr
y to
exp
lain
ou
r b
ehav
iou
r in
an
inte
llig
ent
way
,wh
en v
ery
oft
en it
is n
ot.
"
Alf
red
Po
litz
calle
d "
mo
tiva
tio
nal
res
earc
h
"pse
ud
o s
cien
ce"
and
"p
ure
un
adu
lter
ated
b
ald
erd
ash
,". Er
nes
t D
ich
ter
calle
d P
olit
z's
trad
itio
nal
st
atis
tica
l res
earc
h "
no
se-c
ou
nti
ng
".
1570
BIL
LIN
GSL
EY E
ucl
id V
.def
.iv.1
29 "
This
lik
enes
s, id
emp
titi
e, o
r eq
ual
litie
of
pro
po
rtio
n
is c
alle
d p
rop
ort
ion
allit
ie.
1603
HO
LLA
ND
Plu
tarc
h's
Mo
r. 6
5 "
That
th
e so
ule
of
this
un
iver
sall
wo
rld
, is
no
t si
mp
le,
un
ifo
rme
and
un
com
po
un
ded
, bu
t m
mix
ed..
of
a ce
rtai
ne
po
wer
of
iden
titi
e an
d o
f D
iver
sity
.
1654
Z. C
oke
Lo
gic
k (1
657)
88
"Cau
sall
Iden
tity
is
no
t th
em t
hat
ag
ree
in A
ccid
ents
."
1669
GA
LE C
rt. G
enti
les
I.I. i
ii. 2
1 "T
hat
th
e Ph
enic
ian
s w
ere
ori
gin
ally
Can
aan
ites
, is
man
ifes
t fr
om
th
e Id
enti
tie
of
thei
r La
ng
uag
es".
1751
HA
RR
IS H
erm
es W
ks. (
1841
) 23
3 "I
s it
no
t m
arve
llou
s, t
her
e sh
ou
ld b
e so
exa
ct a
n
iden
tity
of
ou
t id
eas?
"
1839
MU
RC
HIS
ON
Silu
r, S
yst.
I. x
xxv.
474
"Th
e o
rgan
ic r
emai
ns
are
of
gre
at in
tere
st in
es
tab
lish
ing
th
e g
eolo
gic
al id
enti
ty b
etw
een
th
e co
al m
easu
res
of
the
Du
dle
y d
istr
ict
and
th
ose
of
dis
tan
t p
arts
of
Gre
at B
rita
in.
1855
H. S
PEN
CER
Pri
nc.
Psy
cho
l. (1
872)
II. V
I. vi
. 59
"R
esem
bla
nce
wh
en it
exi
sts
in t
he
hig
hes
t d
egre
e o
f al
l .. i
s o
ften
cal
led
iden
tity
."
1876
TA
IT R
ec. A
dv.
Ph
ys. S
t. v
iii. (
ed.2
) 20
3 "T
he
iden
tity
of
rad
ian
t lig
ht
and
hea
t".
1863
FA
WC
ETT
Pol.
Eco
n. I
I. ix
. 265
"Th
ere
is n
o
iden
tity
of
inte
rest
s b
etw
een
th
e em
plo
yers
an
d e
mp
loye
d".
1879
FR
OU
DE
Cae
sar
vxiii
. 298
"u
nit
ed ..
by
iden
tity
of
con
vict
ion
".
£583 million
£9 million£2 million
£344 million£31 million
£3,571 million£3,333 million
Advertising ExpenditureU.K. (television, newspaper, magazine, radio)
• 1
88
0s:
Bra
ndin
g ha
s be
en u
sed
to s
ince
the
ear
liest
tim
es
dis
ting
uish
the
goo
ds o
f on
e pr
oduc
er f
rom
tho
se o
f an
othe
r.
Ind
eed,
the
wor
d 'b
rnad
' ca
me
from
the
Old
Nor
se w
ord
'
bran
dr',
whi
ch m
eans
to
burn
.
¥4,092 million
¥1,237,900 million
¥670 million
¥407,300 million
¥602 million
¥218,100 million
¥4,208 million
¥1,916,200 million
Advertising ExpenditureJapan (television, newspaper, magazine, radio)
Evolution of air conditioning (� Air Conditioning, 124–25)
Index to evolution diagrams
Evolution of identity (� Psychogramming, 572–73)
Evolution of the escalator (� Escalator, 338–39)
Diagram by SZE TSUNG LEONG and SRDJAN JOVANOVIC WEISS Diagram by HIROMI HOSOYA and MARKUS SCHAEFER
Diagram by SRDJAN JOVANOVIC WEISS