Post on 05-Jan-2016
Prof.ssa Cynthia Tenaglia
This process had began withThis process had began with
• The exploitation of the New WorldThe exploitation of the New World
• Commerce and TradeCommerce and Trade
• Availability of CapitalAvailability of Capital
Aristocracy showed Aristocracy showed a sense of a sense of enterpriseenterprise not found in the not found in the aristocracy of the other aristocracy of the other European countriesEuropean countries
They They invested their moneyinvested their money to to improve Productionimprove Production
The Enclosure ActThe Enclosure Act
Enclosure Acts allowing Landowners to fence off their holdings, so no more common land for the landless poor
( before they could collect wood or graze their animals)
“Enclosed” Lands Today
“Enclosed” Lands Today
transformed the commercial production changing the old working techniques and transforming a whole way of life
James Watt’s Steam Engine
James Watt’s Steam Engine
An Early Steam Locomotive
An Early Steam Locomotive
Communication was made easier
Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives
The Impact of the Railroad
The Impact of the Railroad
Early CanalsEarly Canals
Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure
Steam ShipSteam Ship
Steam TractorSteam Tractor
New scientific techniques applied to farming
Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom
These inventions destroyed the old domestic weaving and spinning , introducing the method of factory production.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
The Power LoomThe Power Loom
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Industrial Staffordshire
Industrial Staffordshire
Industrial Staffordshire
Industrial Staffordshire
• EpidemicsEpidemics, like cholera, , like cholera, thyphoid, caused a high thyphoid, caused a high mortality in towns. They mortality in towns. They came to a peak in the came to a peak in the Great Great StinkStink of 1858. of 1858.
• This expression was used to This expression was used to describe the terrible smell in describe the terrible smell in London, coming from the London, coming from the ThamesThames..
The “Great Stink”
Caricature appearing on the magazine «Punch» in 1858
The Victorian Age
Only Connect ... New Directions
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
slums
Worker Housing in Manchester
Worker Housing in Manchester
The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
Overcrowding
Lack of sanitation
Factory Workers at Home
Factory Workers at Home
Starvation wages
The Factory SystemThe Factory System
× Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.
× 14-16 hour day.14-16 hour day.
× Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.
× Monotony.Monotony.
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
What was life like for a poor child in What was life like for a poor child in cities and towns in the 1840’s?cities and towns in the 1840’s?
• Most children had to Most children had to work to help their work to help their families earn enough families earn enough money to live. money to live. Employers used Employers used them as cheap them as cheap labourlabour
FactoriesFactories
• The youngest children in The youngest children in the textile factories were the textile factories were usually employed as usually employed as scavengers and piecersscavengers and piecers. . Scavengers had to pick up Scavengers had to pick up the loose cotton from under the loose cotton from under the machinery. This was the machinery. This was extremely dangerous as the extremely dangerous as the children were expected to children were expected to carry out the task while the carry out the task while the machine was still working.machine was still working.
FactoriesFactories
• Piecers had to lean Piecers had to lean over the spinning-over the spinning-machine to repair the machine to repair the broken threads. broken threads.
• Many children Many children suffered serious suffered serious accidents.accidents.
Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”
Chimney sweepersChimney sweepers
• Chimney sweepers used young Chimney sweepers used young boys to climb chimneys and clean boys to climb chimneys and clean away the soot. They were often away the soot. They were often burned or hurt.burned or hurt.
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
Because of the need of financial support , people willing to invest their money became really important in economic life
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
This new economy was This new economy was supported by economists such supported by economists such
as as Adam Smith ( 1776)Adam Smith ( 1776) with with his theory of his theory of “ Laissez Faire”:“ Laissez Faire”:
• Free trade:Free trade: Man is free to pursue his Man is free to pursue his interest, government doesn’t have to interest, government doesn’t have to interfere.interfere.
• Freedom Freedom in the international tradein the international trade
• No duties and monopolistic No duties and monopolistic privileges.privileges.
Adam SmithAdam Smith in his in his
“ “ Wealth of Nations”Wealth of Nations”
stated the end of all government stated the end of all government regulations of internal and regulations of internal and
external tradeexternal trade , , in the belief that in the belief that the free play of individualism the free play of individualism
always worked out for the bestalways worked out for the best
• Upper and Middle class ,and the Upper and Middle class ,and the Church saw the misery of the poor Church saw the misery of the poor as an inevitable social evilas an inevitable social evil..
• Only towards the end of the Only towards the end of the century Charity schools openedcentury Charity schools opened
• Women started to ask for more Women started to ask for more rights, Mary Wollstonecraft rights, Mary Wollstonecraft demanded better education.demanded better education.