Professor Peter Kalmus Physics Departmenthttp://www.ph.qmul.ac.ukp.i.p.kalmus@qmul.ac.uk

Particles and the Universe

Queen Mary / Goldsmiths’ Astrophysics. July 2004

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Supernova 1987A Neutrino numbers

Emitted ~ 1058

Hit Earth ~ 1029

Hit tank ~ 1017

Interact ~ 10SN

1987A Earth

170,000light years

Energy release ~ 1046 J

SN

~ 1046 J

8 arc min

Large Magellanic Cloud

Sanduleak - 69o 202

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

1016 1 TeV

1013 1 GeV

1010 1 MeV

107 1 keV

104 1 eV

10 1 meV

T/K Energy

ParticleEra

NuclearEra

AtomicEra

PrimordialSoup

Sun forms

Todayps ns s ms s

1 day

1 year

Time

Era ofAstronomy

TevatronLEP

History of theUniverse

10-12 10-6 100 1013 1018

Time sinceBig Bang / s

LHC

Hot as Hell445oC = Boiling point of Brimstone

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Primordial Soup CERN style 100 GeV / particle

Ingredients

56% quarks16% gluons 9% charged leptons 9% W & Z particles 5% neutrinos 2% photons 2% gravitons 1% Higgs bosonsRecipe by Rocky Kolb

Hot 3 x 1015KCondensed

Missingingredients

Dark matterDark energy

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Kepler, Newton

T2 = 4 2 a3

G Mo

Sun

Inverse square law

a

Rotation in spiral galaxiesStars move too fast(measured by Doppler shift)

96 % of universe is undetected~4% Baryonic; ~24% “Dark Matter”~70% “Dark Energy”

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Nuclei : how were they made ?

H, He, (Li)

Big Bang

Li, Be, BSpallation by Cosmic Rays

Other elements

Inside Stars

Supernova

You are all madeof star material !

Q/A

Me

V

Binding energy per nucleon

Atomic mass (nucleon) number A

9

8

7

60 50 100 150 200

Fu

sion

add neutrons

ironnickel

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Structure of the Atom

Atom

~ 10-10m

Nucleus

Early 20th Century electron, nucleus

electric forceelectromagnetism

1930s

bunch ofgrapes

Proton +

Neutron

strongforcetown

~ 10-15m

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Neutrinos

Antiparticles

1950s, 1960s

> 200 new “elementary” (?) particles

Feel weak force“predicted” later discovered 100,000,000,000,000 per second pass through each person from the Sun

Equal and opposite properties “predicted” later discoveredAnnihilate with normal particlesNow used in PET scans

Many new particles created in high energy collisions

Convert energy to mass. Einstein E = mc2

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Today’s building blocks

Leptons(do not feel strong force)

electron e- -1

e-neutrino e 0

Quarks(feel strong force)

up u +2/3down d -1/3

proton = u u d+2/3 +2/3 -1/3 = +1

neutron = u d d+2/3 -1/3 -1/3 = 0

4 particles very simple

multiply by 3 (generations)multiply by 2 (antiparticles)

First generation

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Today’s building blocks

Leptons(do not feel strong force)

electron e- -1

e-neutrino e 0

Quarks(feel strong force)

up u +2/3

down d -1/3

muon -1

-neutrino 0

tau -1

-neutrino 0

charm c +2/3

strange s -1/3

top t +2/3

bottom b -1/3

Also antileptonsantiquarks

6 leptons6 antileptons

6 quarks6 antiquarks

baryons q q q

antibary. q q q

mesons q q

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Earth, Moon, X

Solar system X

Antistars in our Galaxy ?

Other (anti-) galaxies ?

Telescopes X

Cosmic rays ?

AMS (Space station)

AntimatterAnti-hydrogen : made in lab

Bulk antimatter ? Where ?

Difficult to detect

Annihilation ofAntigalaxy ?

Signal ?

e+ + e - +

0.511 MeV -ray “line” Alfven hypothesis

Radiation pressure

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the UniverseLeidenfrost demo

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Constituents Internalstructure ?

Insect

1 lens2 lenses3 lenses

magnifying glassmicroscopeno improvement

Resolution limited by wavelength of light

~ 5 x 10-7 m~ 5 x 103 atom~ 5 x 108 nucleus

To “probe” elementary particles need lower by factor more than 109

Quantum physics

Particles have waveproperties

= h / p

Relativity

high velocities

particle creationand annihilation

E = mc2

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

AcceleratorExtractbeam

Injector

Vacuum ring

RF cavitieselectric kick

~Bendingelectro-magnet

Focusingelectro-magnet

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the UniverseCircular orbit demo

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the UniverseProton source demo

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Wire chambers

Anode wires

CathodeAlso usuallymade of wires

Tracks of charged particlesfrom electronic signals

Anode wires +

Cathode

electronGas

x coord : wire no. 1 mmy coord : drift time 0.1 mmz coord : current few cm division

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Calorimeter

Light guides

Photomultiplier

Metal

Scintillator

Waveshifter

Particle creates a shower.Scintillation light measuresenergy deposited

Ene

rgy

depo

site

d

Depth into calorimeter

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the UniverseWaveshifter demo

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Forces

Gravity

falling objectsplanet orbitsstarsgalaxies

inversesquare law

graviton

inversesquare law

photon

shortrange

W±, Z0

Electro-magnetic

atomsmoleculesopticselectronicstelecom.

Weak

betadecay

solarfusion

Strong

nuclei

particles

shortrange

gluon

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Forces by exchange

Analogy onlyUseful mental picture ?

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Attraction

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Unification of the fundamentalforces of nature

Electricity Magnetism Apples Planets

Electro-magnetic

Gravity

Faraday, Maxwell Newton

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Unification of the fundamentalforces of nature

Electricity Magnetism Apples Planets

Electro-magnetic

Weak Strong Gravity

Faraday, Maxwell Newton

Electroweakunified force

Salam, Weinberg, Glashow

, W +, W -, Z 0 0 80 80 90 GeV

Do the W and Z particles really exist ?

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Collider Injectanti-protons

Injectprotons

Collide 2 beamsInside vacuum

RF cavitieselectric kick

~Bendingelectro-magnet

Focusingelectro-magnet

Carlo RubbiaAntiprotons

Simon van der MeerStochastic cooling

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UA1 ExperimentMuon

Neutrino

Electromagcalorimeter

Hadron calorim.and magnet

Proton Antiproton

Hadron

Electron

Wire

chamber

Vacuumpipe

Muon chambers

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Carriers of Weak ForceFound at CERNThe W boson the hypo

carries the weak force whichcontrols the production ofenergy in the Sun and some

The Discovery of the W Boson

The observation of the W intermediate vector boson, the particle that

carries the weak nuclear force, is the most outstanding achievement

of the CERN laboratory in Geneva and one of the most important

advances in physics of this century. It is the successful conclusion of

The Role of UK ScientistsTwenty-five British scientists played an important part inthe remarkable discovery of the W boson. They were ledby Professor J D Dowell of Birmingham University,Professor P I P Kalmus of Queen Mary College and Dr AAstbury of Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. The W boson

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

From

THE PRIME MINISTER10 Downing StreetTo

Professor P. I. P. Kalmus

It is very encouraging that so many British scientists were in the team that discovered the “W boson”, and I would like to congratulate you and your colleagues from Queen Mary College on your success. I am sure that British physicists will be among the first to unify all the four basic forces

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W and Z particles discoveredUA1 Collaboration at CERN

Included following members of Queen Mary

Peter KalmusAlan Honma

Eric EisenhandlerRichard Keeler

Reg GibsonGiordi Salvi

Graham ThompsonThemis Bowcock

Results confirmed by another CERN collaboration,and few years later at Fermilab USA

Electroweak unification confirmed

Nature’s fundamental forcesreduced from 4 to 3

Nobel Prizes

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

p.i.p.kalmus@qmul.ac.ukhttp://www.ph.qmul.ac.uk

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Institute of Physics Peter Kalmus Particles and the Universe

Big Bang Hot soup ~ 12 billion years

Particle physics Recreates conditionsaccelerators, detectors of early universe

Elementary 6 quarks 6 leptonsbuilding blocks + antiparticles + dark matter

Fundamental Strong Gravity Electroweakforces (gluons) (gravitons) ( W+ W- Zo)

Chemical elements Stars Supernova