258 CanadianJournalofCounselling / RevuecanadiennedecounselingISSN0826-3893 Vol.44No.3 ©2010 Pages258–271

PreparingCounsellorsforInterprofessionalCollaborationthroughSupervisionandLateralMentoringPréparationdesconseillersàlacollaborationinterprofessionnelleparlerecoursàlasupervisionetaumentoratlatéral

NancyArthurShellyRussell-MayhewUniversity of Calgary

abstractInterprofessionalcollaborationisemergingasabestpracticeinhealthcare.Forcounsel-lorstoworkeffectivelyalongsideprofessionalsfromotherdisciplines,theyneedtobeeducated about the valueof collaborativepractice and the roles, responsibilities, andexpertisethattheybringtointerprofessionalteams.Supervisionpracticesincounselloreducationcanbeleveragedtohelpcounsellorsacquirecompetenciesforlearningwithandfromotherprofessionals.Theadvantagesandchallengesofinterprofessionalsuper-visionarediscussed,offeringsuggestionsforcounselloreducation.Lateralmentoringisintroducedasasupervisionpracticethroughwhichstudentsbenefitfromexposuretotheperspectivesofprofessionalsfromotherdisciplines.

résuméLacollaborationinterprofessionnelleestentraindedevenirunepratiqueexemplairedansledomainedessoinsdesanté.Pourêtreenmesuredetravaillerefficacementauxcôtésdeprofessionnelsd’autresdisciplines,lesconseillersontbesoind’êtresensibilisésàlavaleurdespratiquescollaborativesetauxrôles,auxresponsabilitésetàl’expertisequ’ilsapportentauseindeséquipesinterprofessionnelles.Onpeutmisersurlespratiquesdesupervisiondanslecadredel’éducationdesconseillerspouraidercesderniersàacquérirlescompé-tencesquileurpermettrontd’apprendreauprèsdesautresprofessionnels.L’articleprésenteunediscussiondesavantagesetdesdéfisinhérentsàlasupervisioninterprofessionnelleetformuledessuggestionsrelativesàl’éducationdesconseillers.Onyprésentelementoratlatéralcommepratiquedesupervisionquipermetauxétudiantsdeprofiterd’unemiseencontactaveclespointsdevuedeprofessionnelsprovenantd’autresdisciplines.

Therehasbeenlimiteddiscussioninthecounselloreducationliteratureaboutinterprofessional(IP)collaboration.Counsellorsoftenworkonhealthcareteams,andtheyconsult,referto,andseekresourcesforclientsfromprofessionalsinotherdisciplines.AstherealitiesofpracticeincreasinglydemandIPcollaboration,itisimportantthatcounsellorsarepreparedwithcompetenciesforworkingeffectivelywithprofessionalsfromotherdisciplines(Arredondo,Shealy,Neale,&Winfrey,2004;Johnson,Stewart,Brabeck,Huber,&Rubin,2004).

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IPcollaborationhasbeenidentifiedasa“bestpractice”inthefieldofpsychologyandinhealthcare(Herbert,2005;Johnsonetal.,2004).IPcollaborationhasbeendefinedas“learningwith,from,andabouteachothertoimprovecollaborationandthequalityofcare”(Barr,Koppel,Reeves,Hammick,&Freeth,2005,p.31).Thisdefinitionextendsbeyondinterdisciplinarypractice,inwhichpeoplefromvariousprofessionsmaycometogethertooffertheiropinion.

Interprofessionalcollaborationreferstoeducation,training,scholarship,prac-tice,andotherprofessionalactivitiesthatprepareandcallforpsychologiststowork:(a)inarespectful,collaborative,integrative,andinformedmannerwithotherpsychologistsandmembersofotherdisciplinesandprofessions;and(b)with individuals, groups, systems, and organizations that may have diversevalues, ethical perspectives, or worldviews, and accountability to differentconstituencies.(Arredondoetal.,2004,p.789)

Giventheemphasisonteam-basedapproachestoserviceprovision,professionaleducationcurriculaneedtosupporttheacquisitionofcompetenciesforIPcol-laboration(Suteretal.,2009).

InourreviewofthelimitedliteratureaddressingIPcollaborationinthefieldofcounsellingpsychology,wefoundanotablegapinaddressingtheroleofsu-pervisionforenhancingstudents’preparationforsuchpractice.Tothatend,thisdiscussionfocusesontheimportanceofIPsupervisionincounselloreducation,includingtheperceiveddifficultiesandgainsofsuchanapproach.Weproposethattraditionalapproachestosupervisionmaybeenhancedbyashiftinphilosophyandpractice involving lateralmentoring throughwhich studentsbenefit fromexposuretotheperspectivesofprofessionalsfromotherdisciplines.

context

WithinCanada,initiativesrelatedtocollaborativecarehavebeensupportedbyHealthCanadasincethe1990s.TheinitiativeonInterprofessionalEducationforCollaborativePatient-CentredPractice(IECPCP)aimstoensurethathealthcarepractitionershavethecompetencies topractice together througheffectivecollaboration (Herbert, 2005). Papers commissioned for the Phase 1 researchinitiative—tosystematicallyreviewnationalandinternationaltrendsinIPeduca-tionandpractice—weresubsequentlypublishedasaspecialissueoftheJournal of Interprofessional Care(Hammick,2005).

InPhase2,HealthCanadainvestedsignificantfundingtoadvancemulti-yearIECPCPresearchandpracticeprojectswithintheCanadiancontext.In2006,the EnhancingInterdisciplinaryCollaborationinPrimaryHealthCare(EICP)Initiative,acoalitionof10professionalassociations(e.g.,CanadianMedicalAs-sociation,CanadianPsychologicalAssociation,CanadianNursingAssociation),releasedtheirPrinciples and Framework for Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Pri-mary Health Care(EICP,2006).Acentralmessageemergingfromtheseinitiativesisthatthefuturedeliveryofhealthcareservicesrequireshealthcareprofessionalstoworktogethereffectively.

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SeveralpremisesbehindtheincreasedemphasisonIPcollaborationpertaintoclientcare,staffsatisfaction,workforceutilization,andfunding(Herbert,2005).First,thecomplexityofclientissuesmeansthatavarietyofprofessionalexpertiseisoftenneededtoaddressmultilayeredcare.Acoordinatedeffortisneededtoinvolvemorethanoneprofessionalfromdifferentdisciplinesinserviceplanninganddelivery.

Second,thereareincreasingdemandsforcollaborationbetweenserviceagencies.SpecialistsworkingindifferentagenciesmaybeinvitedtojoinIPteamsasrequiredbythedemandsofclientcare.Collaborationbetweenagenciesalsooccursduetoincreasedpressuretoavoidserviceduplicationandtobudgetreductionsthatrequiresharingofresources.Inessence,coordinatedcarerequirespiecingtogetheravailableresourceseitherwithinorbetweenserviceagencies.

Third,satisfactionmayincreasewhencounsellorsaresupportedtoutilizetheirbest expertise.Counsellorsmay feel less overwhelmedwith the complexity ofclientneedsiftheycantapintoasystemofsharedexpertise.Ideally,clientsandcounsellorsbenefitfromtheavailabilityofappropriateconsultation,referral,andserviceresources.

Fourth,theshortageofprofessionals,particularlyinthehealthcarefield,haspromptedexaminationofworkforceutilization.Theideaistohavethebestpersonwiththebestskillsprovidingthebestservices,andavoidduplicationand“waste-ful”useofprofessionalexpertise.

Fifth,theincreasingcostsofhealthcarerequireinnovativepracticesthatopti-mizetherolesandfunctionsofprofessionalswhoprovideservices.AlthoughtheextenttowhichthepremisesofIPcollaborationareproveninpracticehavebeendisputed (Zwarenstein,Reeves,&Perrier,2005), research is in its early stagesinshowingthebenefitsforconsumer,staff,orsystemimprovements.However,thereislittledoubtabouttheneedtoprepareprofessionalsfortherealitiesofthepracticesettingsinwhichtheywillwork.AshealthcaresystemsmovetowardIPcollaborationasthefoundationforservicedelivery,counselloreducationcurricu-lum,includingapproachestosupervision,mustalsobeupdated.

traditionalsupervisionapproaches

Therearemultipleviewsregardingthepurposes,methods,andoutcomesofsupervision.Forexample,supervisionhasbeenconceptualizedasbothaformofsurveillanceandaforumforconfessions(Clouder&Sellars,2004).Supervisionhasbeendefinedas“aformalprocessofprofessionalsupportandlearningwhichenablespractitionerstodevelopknowledgeandcompetence,assumeresponsibilityfortheirownpractice,andenhanceconsumerprotectionandthesafetyofcareincomplexsituations”(DepartmentofHealth,ascitedinBailey,2004,p.267).

Supervisionisseenasfundamentaltotheprocessofprofessionalization(Cloud-er&Sellars,2004),increasingthescopeandqualityofpractice(Hyrkäs,Lehti,&Paunonen-Ilmonen,2001),andprovidingtheforumforthedevelopmentofself-reflectionandself-monitoring(Bailey,2004).Atthecoreofanysupervision

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inprofessionaleducationseemstobetheagreementthatitisaboutlearningfrompractice(Clouder&Sellars,2004).Literaturesuggeststhatthesuccessofsupervi-sionishighlydependentontheskillsandqualitiesofthesupervisor(Hyrkäs&Appelqvist-Schmidlechner,2003).

Eachprofessionhasdevelopeditsownsupervisionhistoryandliterature.Forexample,insocialworkthereisacultureofcontinuedsupervisionthroughoutone’s career. In counsellingpsychology, supervision is viewed as imperative toprofessionaltrainingandisoneofthemostemphasizedactivitiesofcounselloreducation(Bernard&Goodyear,2004,2009).Thecounsellingliteratureoffersarguablythemostvastresourcebaseaboutclinicalsupervisionwitharangeofmodelsandapproachestypicallyappliedinasingledisciplinarycontext(Davies,Tennant,Ferguson,&Jones,2004).GuidelinesforpracticeincludedintheCana-dianCounsellingandPsychotherapyAssociation’scodeofethics(2007)encouragescounsellorstoseeksupervisionasafeatureofprofessionaldevelopment.However,evenwithemphasisplacedontheimportanceofsupervision,thereappearstobewidevariationsinapproachestakentocounsellorsupervision,withlittleaccount-abilityregardinghowcounsellorsincorporatesupervisionpracticespost-graduation.

Traditionally,studentsintrainingtobecomecounsellorsorcounsellingpsy-chologistsreceivesupervisionone-on-onewithamoreexperiencedpersonfromthe counselling profession (Bernard & Goodyear, 2004). Despite supervisionbeing seen as (a) central to theprocessofbecoming aprofessional counsellorand (b) a distinct professional competency, supervisors themselves often havelittleornotraininginthesupervisionprocess.Originally,supervisionmodelsincounsellinghadbeenadaptedfromtherapymodels,andnewsupervisorshavedrawntechniqueslargelyfromtheirownpersonalexperiencesbeingsupervised(Falender&Shafranske,2004).Someofthesemodelsincludedpsychotherapy-basedanddevelopmentalsupervisionmodels,andmorerecentlyprocess-basedapproacheshavebeendevelopedexclusivelyforthesupervisionprocess(Bernard&Goodyear,2009).

However,theextenttowhichsupervisorsarechosenfortheirsupervisoryratherthantheirclinicalexperienceremainsaconcern.Itshouldnotbeassumedthatanexperiencedcounsellorhastherequisiteskillsforsupervision.Thisisofparticu-larconcerngiventhevariationofcurriculumincounselloreducationprogramspertainingtosupervisionpractices.

incorporatinginterprofessionalpracticeconceptsintosupervision

ThekeyfeaturesofIPsupervisionare(a)aninteractionoccursbetweenatleasttwopeople;(b)onepersonisattemptingtosupporttheotherinbecomingbetterathelpingpeople; (c) theprocess is abouta relationshipwithinwhicheduca-tion,support,andqualitycontrolcanhappen;and(d)twoormoreprofessionalgroupsarerepresentedintheinteraction(Daviesetal.,2004).TheimportanceofincorporatingmultipleperspectivesisacommonthemeintheliteratureonIPcollaboration(Peacock,Bradley,&Shenk,2001).Aparallelprocessoccursatthe

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levelofIPsupervision.Forexample,therolesweneedtoconsiderinsupervisionare,atminimum,thesupervisee,thesupervisor,andtheclient(s)andperhapsalsootherteammembers,familymembers,andacademics.Intuitively,itmakessensethatIPsupervisionmightworkbecauseknowledgeinreal-lifesettingsisnotap-pliedina“taketurns”fashionbutratherinanintegrated,holisticway.

MultiplebenefitsareassociatedwithIPsupervision.Essentiallly,IPsupervi-sionprovidesopportunityformultipleperspectivesandawiderknowledgebase.Increasedcreativity,increasedcriticalthinking,anddecreasedcomplacencyhavealsobeentheorizedasadvantagestoIPsupervision(Bailey,2004).Ultimately,thecontributiontothetransferoflearningfromtrainingtopracticeisthoughttobepositive(Bailey,2004).

Perceived Barriers for Interprofessional Supervision

Alongwithidentifyingdeterminantsofsuccessfulcollaboration(SanMartin-Rodriguez,Beaulieu,D’Amour,&Ferrada-Videla,2005),anumberofcommonbarriershavebeennotedrelatedtoprofessionalknowledgeandscopeofpractice,roleclarity,powerandstatus,andtherigidityofprofessionalcultures(e.g.,Baxter&Brumfit,2008;Hall, 2005;Kvarnström,2008;Pecukonis,Doyle,&Bliss,2008).However,Kvarnström(2008)hasaptlyreframedtheoccurrenceofbarriersasissuesthatarenotinsurmountablebutaredifficultiesthatposeassituationswheretremendouslearningaboutIPpracticemayoccur.

Perhapsthelargestbarriertoovercomeisthesocializationofprofessionalswith-inspecificacademicdisciplines.Hall(2005)andPecukonisetal.(2008)elaborateuponprofessionalculturesasbarrierstointerprofessionalpractice.Itisimportanttoconsiderhowbeliefsaboutprofessionalidentityforinteractingwithinapro-fessionandbetweenprofessionsareformulatedthroughexposuretoeducationalcurriculum.Alackofattentiontorolefunctionandaccurateknowledgeaboutotherprofessionscanleadtonegativestereotypesandineffectiveinteractions.

Therearealsolongstandingpowerdifferentialsbetweenprofessionsthatneedtobebroughttothesurfaceindiscussionsaboutinterprofessionalpractice.Hier-archiescontinuetoexistintermsofwhichprofessionslayclaimtoparticularprac-ticeswithinhealthcaresettings.Theblurringofrolescancreatepowerstrugglesregardingclaimstoprofessionalknowledge,boundariesofpractice,andassociatedresponsibilitiesfordecision-making.Itwillrequiretransformationofcurriculumandmodellingofprofessionalpracticestoovercomesomeoftheculturalbarriersthatexistforprofessionstosharepowerinprofessionaleducationprogramsandintheworkplace.

Inturn,anumberofcontentiousissuesappearasbarriersforIPsupervision.Forexample,differentexperiencesandinterpretationsofwhatsupervisionmeanswith-ineachprofessionalbodysetupasystemwhereprotectingtheautonomousnatureofthehomeprofessioniscommonplace(Hyrkäs&Appelqvist-Schmidlechner,2003;Larkin&Callaghan,2005).Professionalcodesofpracticehavetraditionallyrequiredsupervisionwithintheindividualprofessionitself,andeachprofessionalbringsahistoryandpracticeexperienceaboutsupervision(Bailey,2004;Emerson,

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2004;Townend,2005).Assuch,anumberofdifficultiesrelatedtosupervisioninanIPcontextemergeaslocationsforlearningaboutIPcollaboration.

First,inreviewingtheliteratureonIPcollaborationconsideringthemovementfromunidisciplinarytomultidisciplinaryinteractionsintheworkplace,wewereimmediatelystruckbythedisparatelanguageusedbetweenprofessions.Anumberoftermsareusedtodescribewhatmighttraditionallyhavebeenconsideredthesupervisor(seeTable1)(Emerson,2004;Gillig&Barr,1999;Ponzeretal.,2004;Summers,Childs,&Corney,2005;Thomasgard&Collins,2003).

Table1Terms Used to Denote Supervisory Role by ProfessionTerm Profession

Mentor NursingFacilitator CommunitynursingClinicalsupervisor PhysiotherapyPracticeteacher SocialworkFieldworkeducator OccupationaltherapyPeerreviewer MentalhealthpractitionerTutor ClinicaleducationwardField/sitesupervisor Psychology

Emerson(2004)proposesthat“placementeducator”isaneutraltermthatcouldtranscendthedifferentprofessions.InlookingforwardtowaysofincorporatingIPcollaborationintosupervisionpractices,itisimportanttoconsiderwhatismeantbysupervision,andhowthefunctions,goals,andprocessesincommonmightbenegotiated.Bailey(2004)proposesthat“clinicalsupervision”becalled“work-basedsupervision”becauseitismoreinclusiveofanumberofprofessions.Theemphasisonwork-basedsupervisionalsoacknowledgestheemphasisonsocializationtotheworkplaceandpreparingstudentsforbridgingeducationwithworkplacepractices.

Second, given the traditional hierarchical nature of human services, poweremergesasaconstructthatintrudesonIPsupervision(Bailey,2004).Professionalrivalriesandturfwarsinterferewithmovementtowardamodelthatmightmeettheneedsofmanyprofessionalgroups(Pecukonisetal.,2008;Townend,2005).Thechallengeisshiftingfromterritorialitytofocusingonwhatmightbegainedthroughcollaborativepractice(Axelsson&Axelsson,2009).Professionalstere-otypesandperceivedprofessionalstatusaredifficultiesthatneedtobeaddressedinIPpracticeinordertomakeIPsupervisionareality(Larkin&Callaghan,2005).

Third,ethicalissuesseemtopervadediscussionsaboutIPsupervision.Althoughtheexactnatureoftheconcernsarenotclearlyarticulated,differencesintraininglevel,roledifferencesandmisunderstandings,andabsenceofsharedtheoriesorlanguageareoftenforefront(Peacocketal.,2001;Townend,2005).Thequestionofwhosecodeofethicsprevailsisposedasabarrier,andtraditionalreportingrelationshipsmayleadsomeprofessionalstoclaimmoreauthoritytocounteractriskmanagement (Lahey&Currie,2005).Amorepromisingdirection is for

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standardsofpracticetobedevelopedforthepurposeoffosteringinterprofessionalpractice.Takingatransdisciplinaryapproachtostandardsofpracticecanthenbeusedtoinformthecodesofethicsforspecificdisciplineswhilemaintainingasharedpurpose.Theideahereisnottoeliminateseparatecodesofethics,butrathertostrengthenthemthroughincorporatingcontentthataddressesprofes-sionalresponsibilitiesforethicalpracticesininterprofessionalcollaboration.

Fourth,practicalandlogisticalissuessurface;theseincludeissuessuchastimeforcaseloadmanagementandorganizationalrestraints(Spence,Cantrell,&Samet,2002).Thekeyissuehereishowtocoordinateschedulessothatprofessionalsfromvariousdisciplinescancometogetherforsupervisionsessions.

Fifth,emotionalconcernsarebarriersrelatedtocompetenceandIPactivitiesintheworkplace.Theanxietyandfearthatmightbeconsiderednormalinanysupervisoryrelationshipseemstobeheightenedwhen“other”professionalgroupsareinvolved(Hyrkäs&Appelqvist-Schmidlechner,2003).Thefearseemstobeaboutrevealingweaknessestootherprofessions(Townend,2005).

Finally,andperhapsmostimportantly,oneofthemostcontentiousbarriersishowprofessionalassociationsrecognizesupervisionhoursforstudentswhoareattemptingtomeetrequirementsforlicensureorregistrationintheirownprofes-sion.ItisonethingtohaveaconceptualagreementthatworkingtogetheronIPteamsisconduciveforlearning.However,untilprofessionalassociationsbegintorecognizeandlegitimizethisformoftraining,IPsupervisionwillbeconsideredatbestan“extra”andatworst“illegitimate.”

The traditional approach to supervision (i.e.,withinhomeprofessiononly,supervisorsuntrainedinsupervisionmodelsorpracticesorinIPcollaboration)isnotonlycontrarytocurrentservicedelivery,butpotentiallyunethicalgivencurrentpracticecontexts (Arredondoetal.,2004).SupervisorsofprofessionalpracticeneedcompetencyinandcommitmenttobothsupervisionandIPpractice.ProfessionalbodiesneedtoworktogetherforsystemschangeindevelopingpoliciesandprogramsthatsupportandfacilitateIPtrainingforsupervisorsandstudentswhoarethefutureoftheirrespectiveprofession(Emerson,2004).

Supporting Interprofessional Supervision

The traditional distinctions between professional groups are blurring, andthereisrecognitioninservicedeliverysettingsthatteamworkiseffective,perhapsessential(SanMartin-Rodriguezetal.,2005).Weneedtobridgethelargeandwideninggapbetweeneducationofhealthcareprofessionalsandtherealitiesofprofessionalpracticeasmembersofthelargercareteam.Thetransitionfromstu-denttoprofessionalcanbefacilitatedbysupportingthedevelopmentofknowledgeandskillsessentialtoworkingcollaborativelywithotherprofessions.ThepurposeofIPsupervisionistotransitionthestudentfromatraineetoacompetent,ac-countable,andcontributingteammember.

IfwetakeseriouslythecallforprofessionalstobepreparedforworkingonIPteams,thenweneedtoconsiderhowtoenhancesupervisionpractices.Research-ersareonlybeginningtoarticulatewhatmakestheseexperienceseffectiveand

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efficientforallinvolved,includingsupervisors,supervisees,andclients.Althoughmostoftheexistingresearchonthedeterminantsofsuccessfulcollaborationisfocusedonhealthcareteams(SanMartin-Rodriguezetal.,2005),perspectivesfromotherprofessionslendnewideasabouthowtosupportIPsupervisionincounselloreducation.

AcommonapproachtopracticehasbeenshowntobeafacilitatorofIPsu-pervision.Forexample,oneparticularlysuccessfulendeavourinIPsupervisioninvolveddifferentprofessionals,alltrainedincognitivebehaviouraltherapy(CBT;Townend,2005).AlthoughtheCBTpractitionersmayhavebeenfromdifferentanddiverseprofessions,thefactthattheyallhadtraininginthisparticularap-proachtoservicedeliveryfacilitatedtheIPsupervisionoftheteam.Pragmatically,commondocumentationsystems(Larkin&Callagan,2005)suchasthewayclientfilesaremanagedandmaintained,jointsupervisionpolicies(Larkin&Callaghan,2005)suchastherequirednumberofindividualversusgroupsupervisionhours,and adevelopmental approach to improvingpractice (Bailey,2004)have alsobeenshowntofacilitatesuccessfulIPsupervisionexperiences.Researchhasalsoarticulatedsomeofthecompetenciesthatmaybeappliedacrosssupervisiontoenhancetrainees’capacitiesforcollaborativepractice.Inparticular,roleclarityandeffectivecommunicationarehighlighted(Suteretal.,2009).

Akeychallengeishowwellwearepreparingcounsellorsfortherealitiesofpracticingalongsideotherprofessionalswhencurriculumdoesnotincludeinten-tionalopportunitiesforcollaborativepractice.Currently,weappeartoberelyingonthepracticumcomponentofcounselloreducationtoexposetraineestootherprofessionals,dependingonwhoisinvolvedatthepracticumsite.

However,theextenttowhichtraineesareintroducedtocollaborativepracticemaybeentirelylefttotheinterestsandexpertiseoffacultyandsitesupervisors.Thedangeristhatstudentsquicklyseediscrepanciesbetweenwhattheyaretaughtthroughformallearningasbestpracticesandwhatismodelledtothemthroughinformallearningaspracticinginthe“realworld.”Negativeattitudesandstrainedrelationshipsduetopowerandresource issuescanbeexperiencedbystudentsasoppositiontocollaborativepractice(Pollard,2008).Therefore,acoordinatedeffortbetweeneducationalinstitutionsandpracticumsitesisneededtoexploreopportunitiesandwaysthatIPcollaborationmaybepositivelyintegratedintocounselloreducationcurriculum.However,suchcoordinationalsorequiresthatsite supervisors are supported with training for interprofessional supervision(Heale,Mossey,Lafoley,&Gorham,2009).

Tofosterthepreparationoffacultyandsitesupervisors,workshopsandotherprofessionaleducationinitiativesneedtobedesignedanddelivered.AspartofanAlberta-basedresearchprojectconnectedwithHealthCanada’sIECPCPinitiative,theauthorswereinvolvedinorganizingandpresentingataone-dayworkshoptitledInterprofessional Supervision and Lateral Mentoring.Invitationsweresenttositesupervisorsanddirectorsofagencieswherestudentsfromappliedpsychology,socialwork,andnursinghadbeeninvolvedinpracticumplacements,aswellasalargernumberofcommunity-basedhealthandhumanservicesagencies.

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Theworkshopwasplannedtostrengthentheworkingrelationshipsbetweenpreserviceeducationandworkplacesitetraining.Throughofferingsitesupervi-sorstheopportunitytoengageinprofessionaldevelopmentoninterprofessionalsupervision,itwashopedthattheywouldbecomeleadersattheirsiteforinitiatingand/orreformingpracticesaimedatinterprofessionalpractice.Aninterdisciplinaryapproachwasfosteredthroughcarefulplanningoftheagenciesandsitesupervi-sorsinvitedtotheworkshop.Presenterswerealsochosenfromdifferentprofes-sionalbackgroundstotrytomaximizelearningwithinandbetweenprofessions.Topicscoveredintheworkshopincludedrationaleforinterprofessionalpractice,traditionalmodelsof supervisionand lateralmentoring, researchexamplesonlateralmentoring,strategiestoenhancecollaborativelearning,andchallengesinstudentsupervision.

Thetimeallocatedforthetopicswasbalancedwithtimefordiscussionandsharingofbestpracticesbyworkshopparticipants.Thesessionwasattendedatmaximumcapacityandprovidedaforumforexchangingideasaboutthecon-nectionsbetweenIPeducationandpracticumandworkplacesitesupervision.

ModelsofIPsupervisionneedtobedevelopedandevaluated.MoreattentionneedstobepaidtodelineatingthegoalsandmethodsofIPsupervision.Experi-encesofbothsuperviseesandsupervisorswhoparticipateinIPsupervisionareneeded.Whilethereissomedataontheseperspectives(Bailey,2004;Hyrkäs&Appelqvist-Schmidlechner,2003;Hyrkäs,Appelqvist-Schmidlechner,&Paunon-en-Ilmonen,2002),thelinksbetweenIPsupervisionandclientoutcomeshavenotbeenadequatelyresearched.

Asnotedearlierinthediscussion,hierarchiesofpowerandrivalryaboutprofes-sionalboundariescontinuetoprevailinmanyhealthcaresettings.Itisonlywhenprofessionalsseethebenefitsofcollaborativepracticetothemselvesandtotheirclientsthatrolealignmentsarelikelytooccurmorewillinglybythosewhohavetraditionallyheldmorepoweronhealthcareteams.Inotherwords,professionalsneedtoexperiencethattheyarenotgivingup;rather,theyaregaining.

Inconcreteterms,theyneedtobelievethattheirjobsaresomehowmadeeasierthrough interprofessional collaboration, and they need to see the benefits fortheirclients.Thismaybeintheformofsharedresources,developingstrategiesfordealingwithcomplexcases,freeingtimetoutilizespecialistskills,andhavingavailableanetworkforconsultationandreferral.Inturn,keepingaclient-centredperspectiveasthekeyreasonforengagingincollaborativepracticemayhelpsomeprofessionalstorealizethatitislessabouttheirperceptionsofpowerandmoreaboutwhatresourcescanbemobilizedtoimproveclientcare.

Inturn,studentsneedtobebetterequippedtodealwithsuchrealitiesandtoseekoutalliesforbuildingpositiveworkingrelationshipswithindividualsacrossprofessionaldisciplines.Thesearethekindsofconversationsthatcanbehelddur-ingpracticumsupervision,astheyholdhighutilityforhelpingstudentsnavigatesomeofthemoredifficultdynamicsofworkplacesocialization.

Akeyfeatureofmobilizinginterprofessionalcollaborationisthepreparationoffacultyandsitesupervisors.Asnotedearlier,itispossiblethatmembersofeither

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grouphavenotreceivedtrainingineithersupervisionorinterprofessionaleduca-tionandpractice.Asaresult,practicestendtobecarriedforwardbasedonpriorlearning.Inotherwords,supervisorssuperviseinwaysthattheyweresupervised,andthismaynotbeconducivetointerprofessionalcollaboration.Ifweextrapolatefromtheliteratureaddressingprofessionalcultures(Hall,2005;Pecukonisetal.,2008),trainingincross-culturalsupervisionappearstobeanecessaryrequirement(Arthur&Collins,2010).

Additionally,itwilltakemorethanoneortwofacultymemberswithspecialistinterestsininterprofessionaleducationandpracticetomakeasignificantimpactonthepreparationofcounsellors.Ifwearetrulyinterestedinadoptingcollabo-rativepracticeasadirectionforprofessionaleducation,thensuchavalueneedstobetranslatedintothevaluesandstrategicplanningofcounsellingprograms.Throughintegratinglearningopportunitieswithinexistingcounsellingcurricula,amoreholisticapproachcanbetakentomodellingandsupportingcollaborativepractice,withoutthestrainofaddingadditionalresources.However,thesuccessofsuchadirectiondependsheavilyontheinterestandexpertiseoffacultymembers.

Insummary,IPtrainingandsupervisioninacademic,practicum,andservicedeliverysettingscouldbetakenupinanumberofcreativewayswithoutaddi-tionalresources.

1. Counsellor education programs could incorporate principles of IP col-laboration throughout relevant core courses of instruction like ethics orinterventioncoursesorthroughothercorecomponentsofprogramminglikeresearchseminars.

2. Practicum sites could bring students of different disciplines together tolearnstrategieswithrespecttospecificinterventions(e.g.,CBT,reflectingteams)orspecificpresentingissues(e.g.,eatingdisorders,careertransitions)showcasingtheexpertiseofindividualdisciplinesandtheadvantagesofcol-laborationinpractice.

3. Currentpracticesinservicedeliveryand/orpracticumsitesandclassescouldstartbuildinganIPcurriculumbyfocusingdiscussionsaroundthekindofIPexperiencesprofessionalsandstudentsareencountering in theirdailypractice.

4. Strategicplanningcouldincorporateprofessionaldevelopmentopportunitiesforfacultyandsitesupervisorstopromotebetterunderstandingabouttheprinciplesandpracticesassociatedwithinterprofessionalcollaboration.

fromsupervisiontointerprofessionalmentorship

Theideaspresentedinthisdiscussionareintendedtopromptfurtherexami-nationofthewaysinwhichsupervisionpracticesoccurincounselloreducation.ExpandingthetraditionalsupervisionmodeltoanIPmentorshipapproachwouldmeanopportunitiesforstudentsto“learnwithandfromstaffandstudentsfrom

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other disciplines” (Lait, Suter, Arthur, & Deutschlander, 2010, p. 1). Lateralmentoringisbasedonthepremiseofsharedexpertiseandisparticularlyrelevantforplanningsupervisoryactivitiesforstudentpracticumorclinicalplacements.

Ratherthanrelyingontheexpertiseofonesupervisor,studentswouldhaveaccesstosupervisionbyprofessionalsfrommorethanonediscipline.Aprimarysupervisormaystillbeassignedtoensureadequateattentiontodiscipline-specificprofessionalpractice.However,lateralmentoringactivitiescanbeusedtosup-portstudentstogainamultitudeofcompetenciesthatarenotprofession-specific(e.g.,problem-solving,teamwork,professionalbehaviour).Mentorsdonothavetobefromthesameprofessionaldisciplineinordertoenhancestudents’learning(Emerson,2004).ExposuretoIPteamscanbeleveragedtohelpstudentslearnabouttheroleofcounsellorsandtherolesofprofessionalsfromotherdisciplines.Thesesuggestionscanbeimplementedwithoutmajorchangestotheeducationalcurriculum,throughleveragingavailableopportunitiesinpracticesettings(Laitetal.,2010).

ThekeyadvantageofIPmentoringisthatcounsellingstudentscouldlearnfrom a range of professionals. Rather than emphasizing only the differencesbetweenprofessions, IPmentoringsupports students tofindareasofcommo-nalityandeffectiveteampractices(Mullarkey&Playle,2001).Concernsaboutdevelopmentofprofessionalidentitycanbeaddressedwithinamodeloflateralsupervision.Thereispreliminaryevidencethatlearningalongsideprofessionalsfromotherdisciplinesactuallyhelpsstudentstogainastrongergraspoftheuniquecontributionsoftheirownprofession.Learningamongprofessionalsalsomirrorstherealitiesofpracticethatstudentswillfacewhentheyentertheworkforce.Tosummarize,lateralmentoringcanenhancestudents’understandingsabouttheirownprofession,otherprofessionals,andhowtoworktogethercollaborativelytoimproveservicesforclients(Laitetal.,2010).

Emphasizing Client Care

AlthoughthefocusofthisdiscussionhasbeenthepreparationofcounsellorsforIPcollaboration,theprimarypurposeofsuchcollaborationsforpromotingclient health and well-being should not be forgotten. Clients are increasinglybeingcalledupon tobeactivemembers indetermining thedirectionof theircare.However,theextenttowhichclientsdefinethemselvesasactivemembersofIPteamsorpassiverecipientsofcarevariesconsiderablyaccordingtoclientexpertiseandserviceproviderpractices(Pyle&Arthur,2009;Shaw,2006).IPmentorshipcouldincorporatewaystohelpcounsellorssupporttheirclientstofeelmoreknowledgeableandempoweredabouttheirrolesasconsumersandinactivedecision-makingregardingtheircare.Giventhetrainingthatcounsellorsreceiveincommunication,theworkingalliance,andconflictresolution,theyareinaprimepositiontotakealeadershiproleonIPteamstoinhelpclientsnavigateservicedeliverysystems.

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conclusion

Ultimately,IPsupervisionforcounsellorsshouldbedesignedtoenhancethehealthandwell-beingofourclients.Ifresourcesarecoordinatedinmoreeffectiveways,counsellorsandotherprofessionalsshouldbesupportedtousetheirbestskillstogetherinwaysthatculminateinclientservicesthatarebetterthananyoneprofessioncouldprovide.However,inordertotransferthepremisesofIPcollaborationintopractice,weneedtorevisecounselloreducation.

Itappearsmorethantimelytoconsiderhowwemightpositioncounsellorstocontributemeaningfullytocollaborativepracticeandtoappreciatetheirrolesandfunctionsforworkingalongsideprofessionalsfromotherdisciplines.AlthoughtheimportanceofcounsellingpsychologistsdevelopingskillsforIPcollaborationwasdocumentedseveralyearsago(Arredondoetal.,2004;Johnsonetal.,2004),littlehasbeenwrittentoadvanceprinciplesandpracticesintocounselloreducationcurriculum.ItalsoappearstimelytoconsiderwaysforIPsupervisionandlateralmentoringtobeincorporatedintocounselloreducationcurriculumaswepreparestudentsforfuturerolesthatinvolvecollaborativepractice.

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About the AuthorsNancyArthurisaprofessorandCanadaResearchChairinprofessionaleducationattheUniversityofCalgary.Hermaininterestsincludecounselloreducation,multiculturalcounselling,andcareerdevelopment.

ShellyRussell-MayhewisanassociateprofessorandcurrentlytheCoordinatorfortheMasterofCounselling(MC)Program,acourse-basedmastersprogramutilizingadistributedlearningmodel.Inthiscapacity,shebecameinterestedininterprofessionalworkplacesupervisionforcounselloreducationandtraining.

AddresscorrespondencetoNancyArthur,DivisionofAppliedPsychology,FacultyofEducation,UniversityofCalgary,RoomEdT302,2500UniversityDriveN.W.,Calgary,Alberta,Canada,T2N1N4;e-mail:narthur@ucalgary.ca