Post on 14-Jun-2015
Aleksander Marinšek
Milan Kobal
Helena Grčman
Daniel Žlindra
Urša Vilhar
EMoNFUr Final conference 17.6.2014, Milano
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
The aim of the research:
To establish permanent survey plots for monitoring the condition
of the soil in the form of cyclic measurements.
Pedological analysis aimed to classify the soil and to investigate
physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil samples.
ADDITIONAL GOALS:
• determine the degree of contamination with heavy metals (nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), chrome (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)) • identify areas where pollution exceeds the permissible limits
• analyze spatial distribution of heavy metals in the urban and forest soils of the City of Ljubljana
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
Study area
Municipal forests of Ljubljana (locations Rožnik and Gameljne)
Rožnik: 31 plots (500 x 500 m)
Gameljne: 3 plots near
the river Sava
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
FIELD WORK:
- soil samples were taken from 5 different depths per plot:
Ol+f, Oh, 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm.
- soil classification (World Reference Base for Soil Resources - WRB)
ANALYSES of soil samples in the Laboratory for Forest Ecology of Slovenian Forestry Institute for: - pH,
- C, N, S elemental analysis,
- heavy metals concentration (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn).
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
26 of 34 plots (mostly Rožnik): Deep Dystric Cambisol
4 of 34plots (the flat part of Rožnik): Pseudogley
5 of 34 plots (mostly Gameljne): Fluvisol
Deep Dystric Cambisol Fluvisol
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
pH
In upper part of organic layer (Ol + Of), pH is scattered from 3.2 – 6.2.
In most plots pH of Oh layer is between 3.0 – 4.2 and is increasing
when going deeper.
4 plots differ (pH from 5.5 and higher in mineral layers at all depths) .
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
C, N, S elemental analysis
C org g / 100 g
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40
Ol+f
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40
M 0-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40
M 10-20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40
M 20-30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 20 40
Oh
0-40 = plot number
• C org is decreasing with depth of soil (in M20-30 more than 10x less than in Oh layer) • Oh layer completely missing in 5 plots (No. 2, 5, 16, 20, 29)
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
C, N, S elemental analysis
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
0 20 40
Ol+f
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
0 20 40
Oh
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
0 20 40
M 0-10
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
0 20 40
M 10-20
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
0 20 40
M 20-30
N g / 100 g
0-40 = plot number
• N is decreasing with depth of soil • great variability of N content in Oh layer
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
C, N, S elemental analysis
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0 20 40
Ol+f
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0 20 40
Oh
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0 20 40
M 0-10
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0 20 40
M 10-20
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0 20 40
M 20-30
S g / 100 g
0-40 = plot number
• the biggest amount of S is also in organic horizons, then decreasing with soil depth • great variability of S content in Oh layer
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATIONS (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni)
soil samples from the depth of 0 – 10 cm were collected on 31 plots of the Rožnik area
for all analysed metals the concentrations were below Limiting value, except for lead at plot No. 18, where it exceeded Warning value (100 mg/kg) (red arrow).
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
ADDITIONAL: merged results of EMONFUR and URBSOIL (2006) projects - maps of heavy metals spatial distribution in the soils (0-10 cm) of the City of Ljubljana
Cd (cadmium)
Zn (zinc) Pb (lead) Cu (copper)
Ni (nickel) Cr (chrome)
161 locations (forest, kindergarten and school playgrounds, riverbanks, parks, roadsides)
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
VALUES Cd
(mg/kg) N
(exc.) Pb
(mg/kg) N
(exc.) Zn
(mg/kg) N
(exc.) Cu
(mg/kg) N
(exc.) Ni
(mg/kg) N
(exc.) Cr
(mg/kg) N
(exc.) Limiting value 1 13 85 52 200 22/1 60 17 50 - 100 2 Warning value 2 - 100 44/1 300 5 100 2 70 - 150 1
Critical value 12 - 530 - 720 - 300 - 210 - 380 -
Limiting, warning and critical values for analised heavy metals and divided number of plots from urban and forest soils with exceeded values.
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
VALUES Cd
(mg/kg) N
(exc.) Pb
(mg/kg) N
(exc.) Zn
(mg/kg) N
(exc.) Cu
(mg/kg) N
(exc.) Ni
(mg/kg) N
(exc.) Cr
(mg/kg) N
(exc.) Limiting value 1 13 85 52 200 22/1 60 17 50 - 100 2 Warning value 2 - 100 44/1 300 5 100 2 70 - 150 1
Critical value 12 - 530 - 720 - 300 - 210 - 380 -
THE MAIN FINDINGS:
• Soils in Ljubljana are moderately polluted mainly with lead (Pb).
• The main source of lead (Pb) is traffic from the time of leaded fuel.
• The highest concentrations were measured in the soils of roadsides from the central part of the city.
• In the forest area only one location has soil concentrations for lead (Pb) above warning limit, and is located on the landscape park edge and serves as a parking place for park visitors.
Limiting, warning and critical values for analised heavy metals and divided number of plots from urban and forest soils with exceeded values.
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
• Based on our results we conclude that some urban soils of the City of Ljubljana with exceeded heavy metals concentration do exist.
• Those areas are now well identified and located.
• Forest soils have proved to be well preserved and represent one of the
cleanest environment in the city.
• The network of permanent survey plots (including first results) in the urban forests of Ljubljana is established; therefore it can be/should be used for further monitoring the condition of the soil.
• Actions toward reducing soil contamination level should be taken into
consideration; such as: providing better public transport and reducing the individual motorized
traffic within the natural parks.
INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSIONS