Post on 03-Sep-2015
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Art of Prehistory c. 50,000 BCE 2,000 BCE
Prehistory before writing systems.
The only historical records available
are in objects and images= ART
Prehistory
The challenge is in figuring out how to read this nonverbal
information
Archaeology
Is the scientific study of ancient people and cultures primarily revealed through excavation.
Prehistoric time periods
Paleolithic: Old Stone Age, c. 40,000-8,000
Neolithic: New Stone Age, c. 8000-2000 B.C.E
Prehistoric time periods
Paleolithic Neolithic These time periods roughly correspond
to methods of gathering food and the tools and weapons they
made of stone.
Paleolithic: Old Stone Age, c. 40,000-8,000
homo sapiens (meaning wise man) developed complex cultures.
Paleolithic Period Nomadic hunter-gatherers.
Primitive tools (stone, bone, plants).
Paleolithic Period
Lived communally, building shelters at cave entrances and under rocky overhangs.
Sophisticated art
verbal language
had been developed
(no written language)
Paleolithic Period
art had a functional value (served a purpose)
possibly had an aesthetic value (created just to be attractive)
Paleolithic Period
Earliest surviving works of art date around 30,000 B.C.E.
cave paintings & portable sculptures of
humans or animals
Paleolithic Sculpture
Small and portable (made to be hand held).
Stone, bone, ivory, and clay.
Sculpture in the Round- visible from all sides.
Relief Sculpture Attached to its material, visible from front only.
Woman of Willendorf
Carved sculpture in the round
4.5 (hand held)
Enlarged reproductive organs, suggesting importance of
fertility.
Limestone
25,000 B.C.E
Woman of Willendorf
De-emphasized arms
and legs, nonexistent face and feet suggest that the figure is
symbolic
She is not a portrait of a specific person
Limestone
25,000 B.C.E
Woman of Willendorf
She is CARVED, which is a subtractive technique. Sharp tools are used to gouge or chisel to remove material.
ovals
Woman of Laussel
c. 25,000 B.C.E.
relief sculpture
Face and arms are not nearly as important as the reproductive parts
Animals were often
subject matter
Some accurate images of animals that are now extinct. (ex. wooly mammoths)
Bison with turned head c. 10,000 B.C.E.
carved from a reindeer horn.
shows the artists attention to detail- keen observation as to how an animal moves in space.
Bison with turned head c. 10,000 B.C.E. About 4
INCISED
Tuc dAudaubert Bison
found inside a cave in France
c. 10,000 B.C.E. About 2 feet long
Tuc dAudaubert Bison MODELED in high relief from the clay floor
of the cave. Seems to emerge from the floor.
MODELING is an additive process
Clay that has been fired in a kiln becomes much more durable and waterproof.
Paleolithic sculpture
They also made musical instruments and objects of personal adornment- beads and pendants
Paleolithic Cave Painting
Most are in northern Spain or France
Paleolithic Cave Painting
Once there was exposure to modern atmosphere and visitor traffic, they began to deteriorate rapidly.
Many sites are now closed to the public.
Lascaux Caves, France c.14,000 B.C.E.
Paleolithic Painting
Realistic images of animals
most common animals: deer, cows,
bulls, horses
Chinese Horse 14,000 B.C.E. Lascaux, 56
Paleolithic Cave Painting illusion of movement
and to capture the essence of each species
In contrast, humans are depicted as stick figures with little anatomical detail.
animals more important than the humans
Hand prints are found in many sites. Sometimes there are missing digits (but never a thumb ritual?)
They used natural pigments like red and yellow ochre and other ground minerals
These pigments were mixed with animal fat, blood, sap Anything sticky they could find to use for a binder.
Pigments were applied with feathers, chewed sticks, moss, fur, or fingers onto damp limestone walls.
They sometimes spray painted with dried pigment blown through hollow bones or reeds
sometimes used the walls sculpturally by using bumps, indentations, and crevices to emphasize an animals contours
Animals were superimposed -indicates that ritual in these places needed to be performed over and over
Paleolithic Cave Painting
Animals seem to be scattered about the cave surface with no relationship to
one another. There are layers of paintings that may indicate that various groups wanted to establish a presence in a given location over centuries.
Paleolithic Painting
Paintings were found in areas that were difficult to get to and uninhabitable.
These areas seem to have
served as sanctuaries where fertility, initiation, and hunting rituals were preformed.
It seems like paintings were meant to be kept secret because they were tucked so deep in caves.
They were never near the entrance.
These paintings were NOT painted to decorate caves. There was no such thing as leisure time.
If time and energy were used- there must have been very important purposes for these works.
At first glance, researchers believed that cave art was connected to hunting, but it is more likely that the paintings had some sort of
sympathetic magic?
(like voodoo), image magic- paint images to gain magical powers to ensure a successful hunt.
Altamira, Spain cave paintings are
older, but similar to the Lascaux paintings because they are
remarkable
pictures
of animals
the caves of Altamira, Spain
12,000 B.C.E.
Found in late 1800s, thought to be a hoax because of their complexity
Shamanism
Shamans are intermediaries between the human and spirit worlds.
Considered healers and problem solvers.
They fore tell the future, cure the sick, and assist in such rites of passage as birth and death.
Neolithic Period revolutionary shift from
hunting and gathering to farming and herding-
led to a more settled existence.
Neolithic Period
The agricultural revolution
gave civilization its greatest push forward
Neolithic Period
new art form:
Monumental stone sculpture
built not for habitation, but more likely for some sort of
worship
MENHIRS are solitary upright stone slabs
Celtic terms were used for these Neolithic structures because a large number of them are located in regions later inhabited by Celtic peoples
MENHIRS are solitary upright slabs.
Alignments are cemetery like rows of menhirs
Alignments appear to have been astronomical observatories and sites for sun worshipers.
Carnac Brittany- 3,000 menhirs 2 mile long rows. The menhirs appear to grow -3 feet to as high as 13 feet. Theycorrespond to the rising and setting sun.
a Cromlech is a circular patterns of menhirs.
They mark sacred places.
Stonehenge is an example of a cromlech
Menhirs used in the construction of a prehistoric complex are called
MEGALITHS
MEGALITHS
Most megaliths from the Neolithic period are found in Malta, France, and Britain
The post and lintel system is one of mans first architectural advancements.
Mortise-and-tenon
The most basic post and
lintel form is the trilithon
DOLMANS Are chambers or enclosures that look similar to post& lintel- more like a table. Early dolmans were built as tombs.
DOLMANS Later additions turned them into passageways. These were built for permanence as opposed to the houses built in he Neolithic period (mud, plants, wood)
-links between present time and eternity.
Built between c. 2800 B.C.E. and 1500 B.C.E.
Stonehenge is a megalith (as well as a cromlech)
Stonehenge located on Salisbury Plane in England.
an example of Post and lintel
about 97 feet in diameter 13 1/2 feet high religious site or a scientific siteboth?
The sun rises over the Heel Stone on the summer solstice
Stonehenge
solstices and eclipses -important info for people dependant on the growing season Astrological observatories? To keep track of time?
Stonehenge
The Beaker People (named for
their beaker shaped pottery) were the last group to work on Stonehenge. They brought with them knowledge
of working with metal
Stonehenge
Some stones are over 50 tons.
Hundreds of stones of unknown purpose are placed around the monument.
Some stones were imported
from over 200 miles away.
How/Why?...
We dont know how or why,
but these engineering feats require large-scale social organization and an enormous commitment of resources over a very long time.
Around 2,000 B.C.E., as the use of metal increased, the construction of large stone monuments declined.
Rock Paintings of Australia
Aboriginal societies of hunters and gatherers in the Australian outback appear to have some things in common with the Paleolithic cultures of western Europe
Studying these modern stone age people gives us a unique peek into history.
Archeologists have found tools and objects that suggest that Australia was inhabited as long ago as
175,000 B.C.E.
Some rock paintings are roughly 75,000 years old- far older than believed possible.
Similarities : hand prints
Naturalistic animals
Hunting scenes
Another similarity is that animals are painted naturalistically and people
are depicted schematically
Dreaming Is a mythological plane of
existence- the order of the universe.
It is accessible through ritual such as rock painting
Wandjinas of Dreamtime Or Cloud Spirits they combine human
with cloud forms
They made the human
race and the sea and earth.
Images have special
powers for good and bad
Approach carefully
Lightening man/ Namarrkon Is part of
dreamtime.
He lived in the sky and carried a lightening spear
Lightening man/ Namarrkon
The site where he
settled is taboo, which means it is
sacred and forbidden
It is avoided by Aborigines
Mimi Style Is the oldest style of
rock painting
They are spirits that live in rocks and caves
They can trick humans to turn into a Mimi
X-ray Style
Looks like we can see under the skin