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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Janice Meeking, Mount Royal College
C H A P T E R
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Hyaline cartilages
Elastic cartilages
Fibrocartilages
Cartilages
Bones of skeleton
EpiglottisLarynx
TracheaCricoidcartilage Lung
Respiratory tube cartilagesin neck and thorax
ThyroidcartilageCartilage in
external earCartilages innose
ArticularCartilageof a jointCostalcartilage
Cartilage inIntervertebraldisc
Pubicsymphysis
Articular cartilageof a joint
Meniscus (padlikecartilage inknee joint)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3a-b
Proximalepiphysis
(b)
(a)
Epiphysealline
Articularcartilage
Periosteum
Spongy bone
Compact boneMedullarycavity (linedby endosteum)
Compact bone
Diaphysis
Distalepiphysis
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3c
(c)
Yellowbone marrow
Endosteum
Compact bone
Periosteum
Perforating(Sharpey’s) fibers
Nutrientarteries
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.5
Compactbone
Trabeculae
Spongy bone(diploë)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.6
Structuresin thecentralcanal
Artery withcapillariesVeinNerve fiber
Lamellae
Collagenfibersrun indifferentdirections
Twistingforce
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3b
(b)
Lacunae
Lamellae
Nerve
Vein
Artery
Canaliculus
Osteocytein a lacuna
Centralcanal
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.7a-c
Endosteum lining bony canalsand covering trabeculae
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibersPeriosteal blood vesselPeriosteum
Lacuna (withosteocyte)
(a)
(b) (c)Lacunae
Lamellae
NerveVeinArteryCanaliculiOsteocytein a lacuna
Circumferentiallamellae
Osteon(Haversian system)
Central(Haversian) canal
Centralcanal
Interstitial lamellae
Lamellae
Compactbone
Spongy bone
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bone Development
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9
Bone collarforms aroundhyaline cartilagemodel.
Cartilage in thecenter of thediaphysis calcifiesand then developscavities.
The periostealbud inavades theinternal cavitiesand spongy bonebegins to form.
The diaphysis elongatesand a medullary cavityforms as ossificationcontinues. Secondaryossification centers appearin the epiphyses inpreparation for stage 5.
The epiphysesossify. Whencompleted, hyalinecartilage remains onlyin the epiphysealplates and articularcartilages.
Hyalinecartilage
Area ofdeterioratingcartilage matrix
Epiphysealblood vessel
Spongyboneformation
Epiphysealplatecartilage
Secondaryossificationcenter
Bloodvessel ofperiostealbud
Medullarycavity
Articularcartilage
Childhood toadolescence
BirthWeek 9 Month 3
Spongybone
BonecollarPrimaryossificationcenter
1 2 3 4 5
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 1
Bone collar forms aroundhyaline cartilage model.1
Hyaline cartilageWeek 9
Bone collar
Primaryossificationcenter
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 2
Cartilage in the centerof the diaphysis calcifiesand then develops cavities.
2
Area of deterioratingcartilage matrix
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 3
The periosteal bud inavadesthe internal cavities andspongy bone begins to form.
3
Spongyboneformation
Bloodvessel ofperiostealbud
Month 3
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 4
The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity formsas ossification continues. Secondary ossification centersappear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.
4
Epiphysealblood vessel Secondary
ossificationcenter
Medullarycavity
Birth
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9, step 5
The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilageremains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.5
Epiphyseal platecartilage
Articular cartilage
Childhood to adolescence
Spongy bone
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9
Bone collarforms aroundhyaline cartilagemodel.
Cartilage in thecenter of thediaphysis calcifiesand then developscavities.
The periostealbud inavades theinternal cavitiesand spongy bonebegins to form.
The diaphysis elongatesand a medullary cavityforms as ossificationcontinues. Secondaryossification centers appearin the epiphyses inpreparation for stage 5.
The epiphysesossify. Whencompleted, hyalinecartilage remains onlyin the epiphysealplates and articularcartilages.
Hyalinecartilage
Area ofdeterioratingcartilage matrix
Epiphysealblood vessel
Spongyboneformation
Epiphysealplatecartilage
Secondaryossificationcenter
Bloodvessel ofperiostealbud
Medullarycavity
Articularcartilage
Childhood toadolescence
BirthWeek 9 Month 3
Spongybone
BonecollarPrimaryossificationcenter
1 2 3 4 5
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.11
Bone growth Bone remodeling
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal plate
Cartilagegrows here.
Cartilageis replacedby bone here.Cartilagegrows here.
Bone isresorbed here.
Bone isresorbed here.
Bone is addedby appositionalgrowth here. Cartilage
is replacedby bone here.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Factors in Bone Health
Factor EffectParathyroid hormone Stimulates osteoclasts, causes
bone resorption, increases blood calcium
Calcitonin Inhibits osteoclasts, builds bone, decreases blood calcium
Vitamin D Promotes calcium and phosphorous absorption in gut, decreases urinary loss of calcium
Sex hormones – testosterone, estrogens
Stimulate osteoblasts
Growth hormone Builds bone
Diet - protein, calcium, phosphorous, vitamins A, C, D,
Provides building blocks for bone, and helps metabolism
Weightbearing exercise Stresses bone, stimulate osteoblasts
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.12
Osteoclastsdegrade bonematrix and release Ca2+
into blood.
Parathyroidglands
Thyroidgland
Parathyroidglands releaseparathyroidhormone (PTH).
StimulusFalling bloodCa2+ levels
PTH
Calcium homeostasis of blood: 9–11 mg/100 mlBALANCEBALANCE
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.16
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.22
Age-Related Changes in Trabecular Bone
M. Ding et al. 2002
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Kyphosis
www.hhs.gov/od/images/ NLS0601Zhangfig1.JPG
23
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.24
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which two hormones work in opposition to control homeostatic blood levels of calcium via bone remodeling?• Thyroid hormone and estrogen
• Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
• Calcitonin and estrogen
• Parathyroid hormone and estrogen