The Six-kingdom

SchemeBundren, 2008 1

Recall:What is Cell Type?

• Prokaryotic – describes an organism with cells that do NOT have a nucleus

• Eukaryotic – describes an organism with cells that do have a nucleus

Bundren, 2008 2

1. The organism shown is

A.ProkaryoticB. Eukaryotic

DNA

CELL MEMBRANE

Bundren, 2008 3

What is Cellular Organization?• Multicellular – organisms are made up of

more than one cell• Unicellular – organisms are made up of

one cell

Bundren, 2008 4

2. The organism shown isA.UnicellularB. Multicellular

Bundren, 2008 5

What is Mode of Nutrition?• Autotrophic – makes its own food

• A. photosynthetic• B. chemosynthetic

• Heterotrophic – gets nutrients from the food it consumes

carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, detritivorescavenger, decomposer

Bundren, 2008 6

3. The organism shown is

A. AutotrophicB. Heterotrophic

Bundren, 2008 7

Mode of reproduction• Asexual reproduction is reproduction that

occurs without any interaction between two different members of a species.

• Sexual reproduction is reproduction that requires a male and a female of the same species to contribute genetic material.

Bundren, 2008 8

Kingdom Archaebacteria“extreme bacteria”

• Cell Type –prokaryotic• Cellular Organization –unicellular• Mode of nutrition –Autotrophic (using hydrogen

sulfide or carbon dioxide)or Heterotrophic– Means that some species are autotrophs and

some are heterotrophs

Bundren, 2008 9

Kingdom Archaebacteria Characteristics

• Reproduction – asexual

• Cell Wall – cell walls without peptidoglycan

• Habitat – live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, geysers, volcanic hot pools, brine pools, black smokers

Bundren, 2008 10

Morning Glory Pool in Yellowstone National Park – note the bright colors from the archaebacteria growing in the extremely hot water.

Bundren, 2008 11

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Bundren, 2008 12

Kingdom Archaebacteria• Archaebacteria can live

deep in the ocean near geothermal vents called black smokers

• There is no light, so they carry out chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis

Bundren, 2008 13

•Types of Archaebacteria

Bundren, 2008 14

• Methanogens can survive in places where there is no oxygen. Some members of this group inhabit digestive tracts of animals and ponds where animal, human and domestic wastes are treated

• Methanogens are also present on bottoms of lakes, swamps and rice fields. An important characteristic of this group is they produce methane gas.

Bundren, 2008 15

Halophiles

• Halophiles are adapted to very salty environments.

• Examples are Haloccocus dombrowski and Halobacterium salinarum.

Bundren, 2008 16

Thermophiles• This group of archaebacteria can live in

places with high temperature. • These areas include volcanic hot springs

with temperatures from 80 to 1100C.• They also inhabit the small deep sea

openings where hot water with temperatures higher than 2500C come out.

Bundren, 2008 17

Kingdom Eubacteria• Cell Type – Prokaryotic• Cellular Organization – Unicellular• Mode of nutrition – Autotrophic or

heterotrophic• Reproduction – asexual • Cell Wall – Thick cells walls with

peptidoglycan• Habitat – everywhere!!! (even inside you)

Bundren, 2008 18

Kingdom Eubacteria• Procholorococcus – an autotrophic bacterium

• Some cause human diseases• Many are important environmentally and commercially

Bundren, 2008 19

Three major phylum (groups) based on shapes:

• Sphere-shaped bacteria (cocci)sometimes grow in chains or in clumps like a bunch of grapes.

Examples:Streptococcus (strep throat) Staphylococci (responsible for "staph" infections and gangrene)

Bundren, 2008 20

• Rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli) can also form in chains. Some types of these bacteria also have whip like structures called flagella to help them move around.

• Example:• Escherichia coli or E.coli • (found in the intestines • of mammals) Salmonella typhi • (causes typhoid fever and food poisoning)

Bundren, 2008 21

• Spiral-shaped bacteria (spirilla) can use their shape to propel themselves by twisting like a corkscrew.

• ExampleTreponema pallidumcholera

(syphilis) Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

Bundren, 2008 22

Protist Kingdom

23

Kingdom Protista

24

Kingdom Protista: “Catch All Kingdom”

• Cell Type – Eukaryotic• Cellular Organization – Most unicellular, some

multicellular• Mode of Nutrition – Autotrophic and

heterotrophic• Reproduction – sexual and asexual• Cell Wall – Some with cell walls containing

cellulose• Habitat – all aquatic

Bundren, 2008 25

Animal-like Protists• Unicellular• Heterotrophic organisms• Animal like protists are distinguished by how they move:

1) Sarcodines—move with pseudopods2) Ciliates—move with cilia

3) Zooflagellates—move with flagella 4) Sporozoans—immobile

26

Sarcodines• Animal-like protists that use pseudopods for feeding

and moving• Pseudopods-extensions of cytoplasm• Ex) Amoeba

FOOD

27

Sarcodines

• Ameobic dysentery

• Montezuma’s revenge or “traveler’s diarrhea”

Ameoba histolytica

28

Ciliates• Animal-like protists that use cilia for feeding and movement• Cilia-hair-like structures• Ex) Paramecium

29

Zooflagellates• Animal-like protists swim using

flagella• Trypanosoma protist spread by

the bite of tsetse fly causes African Sleeping Sickness

• Giardia can contaminate water and cause digestive problems

• Trichonympha lives in mutualistic relationship with termites

30

Sporozoans• Animal-like protists that don’t move on their own and

are parasitic• Plasmodium sporozoan causes malaria• Sporozoan parasite is carried by female Anopheles

mosquito

31

Plasmodium Life Cycle• Mosquito bites human and

parasite injected• Parasites invade liver,

reproduce, and develop• Liver cells burst and parasites

move to red blood cells• RBC burst-person experiences

anemia, fever, chills, may result in death

• Parasites may then move into other RBC or are picked up by mosquito and transferred to another person

32

Plantlike Protists• Autotrophs- contain chlorophyll and carry out

photosynthesis• Euglenophytes• Diatoms• Algae

• Often called “phytoplankton”- small photosynthetic organisms near the surface of ocean

• Releases tons of oxygen into the atmosphere• Important food source for many “filter feeders”

33

Euglenophytes• Plant-like protists that have flagella and chloroplast, but no

cell wall.• Ex) Euglena• Autotrophs when sunny but heterotrophs when not

34

Diatoms• Plant-like protists that produce thin, delicate cell walls

made of silicon• Used in toothpaste, paints on license plates, dynamite

35

Algae• Plant-like protists

– Unicellular algae – Multicellular algae

• Red and brown algae• Contains special pigments that

allows it to live deep areas of water• Commonly called “seaweed” (ex:

Kelp)

36

Plantlike Protists: Algae• Green Algae- some are unicellular, some form

colonies, few are multicellular

37

Humans and Algae• Humans understand many beneficial uses of algae:

1) Used to make nutrient agar2) Used as ingredient in ice cream, pudding, salad dressing, syrups3) Food source – humans and other animals4) Releases oxygen from photosynthesis

• Algae causes harm in “algal blooms” – depletes water of nutrients and oxygen

38

Fungus-like Protists

• Decomposers• Heterotrophic protists that absorb

nutrients, but lack cell walls with chitin– Slime molds- found near moist,

rotting logs and composts – Water molds – can be parasitic and

cause “ick” in fish

39

40

Fungi Kingdom

41

Kingdom Fungi• Cell Type – Eukaryotic• Cellular Organization – Most multicellular• Mode of Nutrition –heterotrophic

(decomposers)• Reproduction – sexual and asexual• Cell Wall –cell walls containing chitin• Habitat – terrestrial

Bundren, 2008 42

Fungi

• All fungi are eukaryotic

• They may be unicellular or multicellular (most)

Unicellular (yeast)

Multicellular

yeast43

Fungi Characteristics• Most are immobile • All have cell walls made of “chitin”- a

carbohydrate which also makes up the exoskeleton of insects

CHITIN!

44

Fungal Structure• Fungi are made of thin strands called hyphae• Each strand consists of cells separated by a

wall called a septa

45

Fungal Structure (cont.)• As hyphae grow,

they form a tangled mass called a mycelium

• The mycelium is usually underground or embedded in some food source

• The main function of mycelium is to absorb food 46

Nutritional Status of Fungi

• Heterotrophs because they feed off non-living, organic matter

• Important decomposers in the ecosystem

• Along with bacteria, fungi are important in recycling nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen

47

Fungal Reproduction• The part of the fungus that we

see above ground is called the fruiting body

• The fruiting body is the main reproductive part of the fungus

48

49

50

51

Fungal Reproduction• Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually.• Asexual reproduction can be done by…

a. Hyphae breaking off and growing on their own.b. Producing spores.

52

Fungal Reproduction• Fungal spores are found in almost any environment.• Wind blows spores land in “favorable” spot

new fungus.• Some fungi attract animals to aid in spore dispersal.

Ex.) Stinkhorn fungus

53

Fungal Reproduction• Sexual reproduction involves

two different mating types• No males or females, instead

they are known as “+” plus or “-” minus.

• When hyphae from two different mating types come together, they fuse together forming a diploid zygote.

54

Groups of Fungi•The main phyla of fungi are divided

according to how they sexually produce spores–1.) Zygomycetes–2.) Ascomycetes–3.) Basidiomycetes–4.) Deuteromycetes

55

Zygomycetes• Ex.) Bread mold• Some of the hyphae form a

zygosporangium which produces spores• Spores can be carried by wind

56

Ascomycetes (sac fungi)• Ex.) Yeast and mildew• Form spores in saclike structures called asci• Each ascus bursts open shooting spores into the air

57

Basidiomycetes (club fungi)• Ex.) Mushrooms, toadstools, bracket fungi• Spores form under the caps of mushrooms

on structures called basidia

58

Deuteromycetes

•Ex.) Penicillin, many disease causing fungi.

•These fungi do not reproduce sexually.

59

Helpful Fungi

• Fungi can be very helpful and delicious

• Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi

• Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese!

Penicillin

60

Harmful Fungi• Fungi also causes a number of

plant and animal diseases:•Athlete's Foot

61

Harmful Fungi•Ringworm

62

63

64

Kingdom Plantae

Bundren, 2008 65

Kingdom Plantae• Cell Type – Eukaryotic• Cellular Organization – multicellular• Mode of Nutrition – Autotrophic• Reproduction – sexual• Cell Wall – cell walls containing cellulose• Habitat – aquatic and terrestrial

Bundren, 2008 66

Kinds of Plants• Nonvascular Plants

– Plants without a well-developed system of vascular tissue.

– These plants are relatively small. – They lack tissue to transport water

and dissolved nutrients.– They also lack true roots, stems, and leaves.– Mosses are the most familiar example.

• Seedless Vascular Plants– They have roots, stems, and leaves

and their surfaces are coated with a waxy covering that reduces water loss.

– They reproduce with spores that are resistant to drying.

– Both haploid and diploid phases occupy significant parts of the life cycle.

– Ferns are the most common and familiar example.

Kinds of Plants• Nonflowering Seed Plants

– Gymnosperms are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds but do not produce flowers.

– Gymnosperms include plants that produce seeds in cones, such as pines and spruces.

• Flowering Seed Plants– Most plants that produce seeds also

produce flowers.– Flowering plants are called angiosperms.– Angiosperms, such as roses, grasses, and

oaks, produce seeds in fruits.• Fruits are structures that enable the

dispersal of seeds.• Seeds enable plants to scatter offspring

and to survive long periods of harsh environmental conditions, such as drought and extreme temperatures.

Non-Vascular

• plants that do not have tubes to carry water up the plant or tubes to carry food made in the leaves down the plant

• Examples:– mosses– liverworts– hornworts

Non-Vascular

• Moss

Non-Vascular

• Liverwort

Non-Vascular

• Hornwort

Vascular

• Plants that have tubes to carry water up and food down the plant

• Examples:– American dogwood tree– roses– grass

Vascular

• American dogwood tree

Vascular

• Roses

Vascular

• Grass

Parts of a Flower

Male Parts

Female Parts

Parts of a Flower

Male Parts

Female Parts

The stamen consists of two parts: the anther and the filament.The filament holds the anther.The anther produces and carries the pollen.

Parts of a Flower

Male Parts

Female Parts

The pistil consists of three parts: the stigma, style, and ovary.The stigma is the sticky part that traps and holds the pollen.The style is the tube-like structure that holds up the stigma.The ovary and the ovule are at the bottom of the style.

Parts of a Flower

Male Parts

Female Parts

The petals attract pollinators. (bees, hummingbirds, butterflies, for example)

Parts of a Flower

Male Parts

Female Parts

The sepals are the green petal-like parts at the base of the flower. Sepals help protect the developing bud.

Plant Cell

nucleus

cell wall

cell membrane

vacuoles

chloroplasts

cytoplasm

Kingdom Animalia

Coral snake

Sponge

Flatworm

Octopus

Jellyfish

Bear

Bundren, 2008 84

Kingdom Animalia• Cell Type – Eukaryotic• Cellular Organization – multicellular• Mode of Nutrition – heterotrophic• Reproduction – mostly sexual• Cell Wall – none• Habitat – aquatic and terrestrial

Bundren, 2008 85

Kinds of Animals• Sponges

– The only animals that do not have tissues, but they do have specialized cells.

• Cnidarians– Mostly marine animals; they include

jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals.• Flatworms

– Have flat, ribbon-like bodies.– Some are parasitic and live inside the

bodies of animals.– Others are free-living and may live in

soil or water.• Roundworms

– Nematodes are small worms that have long, very slender bodies.

– Some are free-living in soil or water, while others are parasites of animals and plants.

Kinds of Animals• Segmented Worms

– Annelids live in both water and soil and include the familiar earthworm.

– Bristled marine worms are segmented worms, as are leeches, which can be blood-sucking parasites.

• Mollusks– Have a saclike cavity called a coelom that

encloses internal organs. – Are very diverse aquatic and terrestrial animals.– They include snails, oysters, clams, octopuses,

and squids.– Most have a hard external skeleton (a shell).

• Arthropods– The most diverse of all animals.– They have an external skeleton, jointed

appendages with antennae and jaws.

Kinds of Animals• Echinoderms

– Includes sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars.

– Many are able to regenerate a lost limb.• Invertebrate Chordates

– Aquatic animals that have much in common with vertebrates, though they do not have a backbone.

– Some are swimmers that resemble fish, while others live attached to a rock or other object.

• Vertebrates– Have an internal skeleton made of bone, a

vertebral column (backbone) that surrounds and protects the spinal cord, and a head with a brain contained in a body skull.

– Includes mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.

Thank you…