Post on 18-Dec-2015
WFISD STAAR REVIEW FOR BIOLOGY
REPORTING CATEGORY #1- CELL STRUCTURE &
FUNCTION
SE 4- CELLS ARE THE BASIC STRUCTURES OF ALL LIVING THINGS WITH SPECIALIZED
PARTS THAT PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS &
VIRUSES ARE DIFFERENT FROM CELLS
CELL TYPES
How do you tell the
difference?
PROKARYOTEEUKARYOTES
CELL TYPES
Does it have a nucleus &
membrane-bound organelles?
CELL STRUCTURES
CELL STRUCTURES
“Powerhouse”
MAKES ENERGY
CELL STRUCTURES
CELL STRUCTURE
Control Center
(Houses DNA)
CELL STRUCTURES
CELL STRUCTURES
Protein Synthesis
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:
What is the difference between a prokaryotic & an eukaryotic cell?
A. A prokaryotic cell is normally a single cell & has a nucleus.
B. An eukaryotic cell is found in multi-celled organisms & has no nucleus.
C. A prokaryotic cell has no defined nucleus.D. An eukaryotic cell has no defined nucleus.
Question #2:
Which of the following may be found in all prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells?
A. cell wallB. plasma membraneC. nucleusD. chloroplasts
CELL PROCESSES- HOMEOSTASIS
Balance!
CELL PROCESSES- PERMEABILITY
Homeostasis!
CELL PROCESS- ENERGY CONVERSION
Energy currency of the Cell!
Photosynthesis
CELL PROCESS- ENERGY CONVERSION
CELL PROCESS- TRANSPORT
CELL PROCESS- TRANSPORT VIA OSMOSIS
Movement of water
Equilibrium
CELL PROCESS- SYNTHESIS OF NEW MOLECULES
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:
All cells must maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. What is this called?
A. automaticityB. homeostasisC. metabolismD. physiology
Question #2:
Cell membranes perform all the following functions except:
A. making nutrients for cells.B. holding cytoplasm within cells.C. regulating substances exiting cells.D. recognizing other cells.
VIRUSES NOT ALIVE!Needs host to
reproduce
HIV
Bacteriophage
VIRUS VS. CELLVirus Eukaryotic Cell
Outer Covering
Protein capsid (some
w/envelope)
Cell membrane +
cell wall in some
Genetic Material
DNA or RNA (ds or ss) DNA (ds)
Organelles NopeYes-
membrane-bound
Reproduction Must have host
Multiply on own
VIRAL REPRODUCTION
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:
The viruses that cause influenza tend to change over time, necessitating the development of new flu vaccines. Changes in the characteristics of the viruses are caused by changes in which structure?
A. ribosomesB. nucleic acidsC. the cell membraneD. the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Question #2:
How should drawings of a cell & a virus differ?A. only the virus would have ciliaB. only the virus should have a nucleusC. only the cell should have organellesD. only the cell should have genetic material
SE 5- HOW AN ORGANISM GROWS & THE IMPORTANCE OF
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
CELL CYCLE Animation
Video
DNA
Double stranded
A with TC with G
Deoxyribose sugar +Nitrogen base +
Phosphate
Role= “genetic blueprint” for producing RNA
RNA
Single stranded
A with UC with G
Ribose sugar +Nitrogen base +
Phosphate
Role= copy of genetic blueprint for producing proteins
REPLICATION
DNA making DNA
MITOSIS
MITOSIS
T= two cells
T= total chromosomes
Video link
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:
A DNA molecule carries information that determines an animal’s fur color. Where can copies of this molecule be found in the organism’s body?
A. in the sex cells onlyB. in specialized fur cells onlyC. only in the organism’s epithelial cells,
including fur cellsD. in all of the organism’s body cells, but
only in some of its sex cells
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #2:
Mitosis is a very complex process with several steps. During this process, at which phase does the formation of the nuclear membrane occur?
A. prophaseB. metaphaseC. anaphaseD. telophase
SPECIALIZED CELLS IN PLANTS
SPECIALIZED CELLS IN ANIMALS
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:Vascular plants transport nutrients through specialized structures called xylem & phloem. What is the purpose of xylem?
A. they take water & nutrients from the soilB. they allow water & nutrients to move from the root
through the plantC. they capture the sun’s energy to make sugarD. they move sugars & other nutrients from the leaves to
the rootsQuestion #2:The cells of skeletal muscle are long & cylindrical. Red blood cells are small & round. Which statement best explains why the two types of cells have different structures?
A. The blood cells erode as they move through the body.B. The muscles are stretched each time they contract.C. The blood cells & muscle cells are both shaped to suit
their function.D. The blood cells & muscle cells are made in different
parts of the body.
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:
A scientist wants to learn how humans develop several distinct types of muscle cells. The scientist should study which of the following phenomena?
A. meiosisB. photosynthesisC. selective expression of genetic
materialD. the effect of environmental
conditions on cellular respiration
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #2:
Proteins are the most varied & complex organic compounds. What determines how proteins are produced to perform their many functions?
A. DNA provides instructions for constructing the needed proteins.
B. Enzymes control how proteins are assembled & constructed.
C. Hormones provide the information to change protein function.
D. Cell nuclei assemble & then give instructions to construct proteins.
CELL CYCLE DISRUPTIONS CAN LEAD TO CANCER
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:
What kind of cells most likely result from uncontrolled growth due to mutations in genes that control the cell cycle?
A. nerve cellsB. bone cellsC. cardiac cellsD. cancer cells
Question #2:
Which statement does not describe cell cycle checkpoints?
A. Normal checkpoints assess damage to DNA.B. Faulty checkpoints may lead to abnormal cell
growth.C. Cell checkpoints can fail during mitosis
& meiosis.D. Defective checkpoints result in the death of
the cell.
SE 9- THE SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIOUS MOLECULES
INVOLVED IN METABOLIC PROCESSES & ENERGY
CONVERSIONS THAT OCCUR IN LIVING ORGANISMS
BIOMOLECULES
STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS- CARBOHYDRATES
Glucose (building block / monomer)
Polymer
Function= energy, structure
STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS- PROTEINS
Building block
Polymer
Function= energy, structure, catalysts
STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS- NUCLEIC ACIDS
Building block
Polymer
Function= genetic code
STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS- FATS
Polymer (w/glycerol)
Function= structure of p.m., cushion & insulate, energy storage
Building block
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:
Which biomolecule is the resulting product when a polypeptide chain is broken down?
A. a fatty acidB. a nucleotideC. an amino acidD. a simple sugar
Question #2:
Chemicals present in fungi that break down plant material are most likely members of which group?
A. carbohydratesB. proteinsC. nucleic acidsD. fats
EVIDENCE FOR THE FORMATION OF SIMPLE ORGANIC MOLECULES
SAMPLE QUESTION:Question #1:
A student designs a model of a DNA molecule. In order to demonstrate how the molecule codes for different traits, it is most important for the model to show which detail of the molecule?
A. the molecule’s lengthB. the number of genes in the moleculeC. the sequence of nitrogenous base pairsD. the chemical structure of deoxyribose
Question #2:
The Miller-Urey experiment showed: A. how life formed on a young Earth.
B. early Earth had the right ingredients for amino acids to form.
C. how life can evolve into complex lifeforms.D. how animals die according to survival of the
fittest.